PRONOUNS.
The personal pronouns are declined almost exactly like nouns.
First person minä; the singular is formed from the root minu, the plural from the root me.
| Sing. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | minä | me |
| Part. | minua | meitä |
| Gen. | minun | meidän |
| In. | minussa | meissä |
| El. | minusta | meistä |
| Il. | minuun | meihin |
| Ad. | minulla | meillä |
| Abl. | minulta | meiltä |
| All. | minulle | meille |
| Abes. | minutta | meittä |
| Transl. | minuksi | meiksi |
| Ess. | minuna | meinä |
The other cases are not used.
Second person, sinä, root in sing. sinu, in plur. te.
| Sing. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | sinä | te |
| Part. | sinua | teitä |
| Gen. | sinun | teidän |
| In. | sinussa | teissä |
| El. | sinusta | teistä |
| Il. | sinuun | teihin |
| Ad. | sinulla | teillä |
| Abl. | sinulta | teiltä |
| All. | sinulle | teille |
| Abes. | sinutta | teittä |
| Transl. | sinuksi | teiksi |
| Ess. | sinuna | teinä |
Third person hän, he, she, or it, there being no distinction of genders. Root in sing. häne, in plur. he.
| Sing. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | hän | he |
| Part. | häntä | heitä |
| Gen. | hänen | heidän |
| In. | hänessä | heissä |
| El. | hänestä | heistä |
| Il. | häneen | heihin |
| Ad. | hänellä | heillä |
| Abl. | häneltä | heiltä |
| All. | hänelle | heille |
| Abes. | hänettä | heittä |
| Transl. | häneksi | heiksi |
| Ess. | hänenä | heinä |
There are also found accusatival forms ending in -t: minut, plur. meidät, sinut, plur. teidät, hänet, plur. heidät. The forms in -n are also used as accusatives.
In poetry and some dialects shortened forms are also found: first person nominative ma or mä, partitive mua, genitive mun, adessive mulla, ablative multa, allative mulle. Second person sa or sä, sun, sua, sulla, sulta, sulle. Third person hällä, hältä, hälle. For the part. minuta, sinuta are found in the Bible, and milma, silma in poetry.
Mie, sie, hä, are used in the Wiburg dialect.
Possessive Pronouns.
The possessive pronouns are usually expressed by suffixes added to nouns.
These suffixes are:—
| Sing. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st pers. | -ni | -mme |
| 2nd ” | -si[9] | -nne |
| 3rd ” | -nsa or -nsä | -nsa or nsä |
(1) To form the nominative sing. of a noun with a possessive suffix the suffix is added to the root. Käsi, a hand, but käteni, my hand; kysymys, a question, kysymyksesi, thy question, because the roots are käte, kysymykse.
(2) In the other cases the suffix is added after the termination, but should a case end in a consonant, that consonant is rejected before the suffix. Veljeni, my brothers, because veljetni is euphonically disagreeable.
(3) The possessive suffix does not cause the consonants of the root to be weakened: e.g. pelto, genitive pellon, but with suffix peltomme, etc. Kirkko, church, kirkon, but kirkkonsa.
But d in the genitive plur. remains and does not become t: e.g. maidensa.
(4) The term of the translative before a pronoun-suffix is -kse not -ksi.
E.g. Tapa, with suffix -ni.
| Sing. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | tapani | tapani |
| Part. | tapaani | tapojeni or tapaini |
| Gen. | tapani | tapojani ([7]) |
| In. | tavassani | tavoissani ([7], [35], [36]) |
| Il. | tapaani | tapoihini |
| Ad. | tavallani | tavoillani |
| and so the allative, etc. | etc., etc. | |
| Transl. | tavakseni | tavoikseni |
| Ess. | tapanani | tapoinani |
Here the genitive sing. tapani is for tavanni, the nominative sing. for tavatni, tapaani in the illative for tapaanni. The p is weakened to v only where the case inflexion requires it. The declension of the second person sing. is exactly analogous, only -si is affixed instead of -ni.
| Sing. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | tapasi | tapasi |
| Part. | tapaasi | tapojasi |
| Gen. | tapasi | tapojesi or tapaisi |
| In. | tavassasi | tavoissasi |
| El. | tavastasi | tavoistasi |
| Il. | tapaasi | tapoihisi |
| Ad. | tavallasi | tavoillasi |
| Abl. | tavaltasi | tavoiltasi |
| All. | tavallesi | tavoillesi |
| Abes. | tavattasi | tavoittasi |
| Transl. | tavaksesi | tavoiksesi |
| Ess. | tapanasi | tapoinasi |
| Com. | tapanesi | tapoinesi |
For the declension of the first person plur. -mme is suffixed to all the cases.
| Sing. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | tapamme | tapamme |
| Part. | tapaamme | tapojamme |
| Gen. | tapamme | tapojemme, tapaimme |
| In. | tavassamme | tavoissamme |
| El. | tavastamme | tavoistamme |
| Il. | tapaamme | tapoihimme |
| Ad. | tavallamme | tavoillamme |
| Abl. | tavaltamme | tavoiltamme |
| All. | tavallemme | tavoillemme |
| Abes. | tavattamme | tavoittamme |
| Transl. | tavaksemme | tavoiksemme |
| Ess. | tapanamme | tapoinamme |
| Com. | tapanemme | tapoinemme |
The second person is declined exactly like the above, only nne and not -mme is suffixed.
The third person of the sing. and plur. alike takes the suffix -nsa (-nsä), which in all the cases except the nominative, genitive, and partitive is optionally shortened to n, before which the preceding vowel is doubled.
| Sing. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | tapansa | tapansa |
| Part. | tapaansa | tapojansa, tapojaan |
| Gen. | tapansa | tapojensa, tapojeen, tapainsa |
| In. | tavassansa, tavassaan | tavoissansa, tavoissaan |
| El. | tavastansa, tavastaan | tavoistansa, tavoistaan |
| Il. | tapaansa, [tapahaan] | tapoihinsa, [tapoihiin] |
| Ad. | tavallansa, tavallaan | tavoillansa, tavoillaan |
| Abl. | tavaltansa, tavaltaan | tavoiltansa, tavoiltaan |
| All. | tavallensa, tavalleen | tavoillensa, tavoilleen |
| Abes. | tavattansa, tavattaan | tavoittansa, tavoittaan |
| Transl. | tavaksensa, tavakseen | tavoiksensa, tavoikseen |
| Ess. | tapanansa, tapanaan | tapoinansa, tapoinaan |
| Com. | tapanensa, tapaneen | tapoinensa, tapoineen |
Demonstrative Pronouns.
The demonstrative pronouns are tämä, this, tuo, that, and se, it or that. The corresponding plur. roots are nämä, nuo or noi, and ne.
Tämä:—
| Sing. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | tämä | nämät or nämä |
| Part. | tätä | näitä |
| Gen. | tämän | näiden, näitten |
| In. | tässä | näissä |
| El. | tästä | näistä |
| Il. | tähän | näihin |
| Ad. | tällä | näillä |
| Abl. | tältä | näiltä |
| All. | tälle | näille |
| Abes. | tättä | näittä |
| Transl. | täksi | näiksi |
| Ess. | tänä | näinä |
| Instr. | tämän | näin |
Tuo:—
| Sing. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | tuo | nuot or nuo |
| Part. | tuota | noita |
| Gen. | tuon | noiden, noitten |
| In. | tuossa | noissa |
| El. | tuosta | noista |
| Il. | tuohon | noihin |
| Ad. | tuolla | noilla |
| Abl. | tuolta | noilta |
| All. | tuolle | noille |
| Abes. | tuotta | noitta |
| Transl. | tuoksi | noiksi |
| Ess. | tuona | noina |
| Instr. | tuon | noin |
In poetry are found such forms as tää for tämä, nää for nämä, tään or tän for tämän.
Se.—The nominative, genitive, and instructive sing. are formed from the root se, the remaining cases of the singular from si, except the inessive and elative which are irregular. The nominative plur. is ne. The remaining cases from the root nii.
| Sing. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | se | ne or net |
| Part. | sitä | niitä |
| Gen. | sen | niiden, niitten |
| In. | siinä | niissä |
| El. | siitä | niistä |
| Il. | siihen | niihin |
| Ad. | sillä | niillä |
| Abl. | siltä | niiltä |
| All. | sille | niille |
| Abes. | sittä | niittä |
| Transl. | siksi | niiksi |
| Ess. | sinä | niinä |
| Instr. | sen | niin |
Interrogative Pronouns.
The interrogative pronouns are kuka, ken, who, mikä, what, kumpi, which or what of two.
The root of kuka is ku, the syllable ka being added to the former which would otherwise be monosyllabic. The plural is not much used.
| Sing. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | kuka | kutka |
| Part. | kuta | kuita |
| Gen. | kunka | kuiden, kuitten |
| In. | kussa | kuissa |
| Il. | kuhun | kuista |
| Instr. | —— | kuin or kuinka |
| etc. | etc. |
In poetry are found ku (nominative sing.), kut (nominative plur.), kun (genitive sing.).
The root of ken is kene, but in the partitive sing. and nominative plur. this is shortened to ke, and the same form is optionally used for the other cases. The root of the plural except in the nominative is kei.
| Sing. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | ken | ketkä |
| Part. | ketä | keitä |
| Gen. | kenen | keiden, keitten |
| In. | kessä or kenessä | keissä |
| Il. | kenehen or kehen | |
| etc., etc. | etc., etc. |
Mikä is declined like kuka: the plur. root is mi.
| Sing. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | mikä | mitkä |
| Part. | mitä | mitä |
| Gen. | minkä | [miden or mitten] |
| In. | missä | missä |
| Instr. | min | min |
| etc. | etc. |
In poetry are found mi (nominative) and min (accusative).
Kumpi is declined like a comparative.
Relative Pronouns.
The relative pronouns are joka, who or which, jompi, which of two.
Joka is declined on the same principle as kuka, jompi like a comparative.
| Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | joka | jotka | jompi | jommat |
| Part. | jota | joita | jompaa | jompia |
| Gen. | jonka | joiden | jomman | jompien |
| joitten | jompain | |||
| In. | jossa | joissa | jommassa | jommissa |
| etc. | etc. | |||
Indefinite Pronouns.
The indefinite pronouns are joku, some one, jompi-kumpi, one of two; both the component parts are declined.
Nominative joku, jompikumpi, genitive jonkun, jomman-kumman, inessive jossakussa, jommassa-kummassa, etc.
Jokin, something, kukin, each, mikin, anyone or anything, kumpi-kin, one or other of two: decline only the first part.
Kukaan, mikään, kenkään, kumpikaan, kumpainenkaan, meaning anyone, anything, etc., are used only in negative sentences or in questions which are virtually negative; the suffix -kaan, -kään, is not declined.
Joka, any or every, is not declined. Joka mies, any man you like.
Reflexive Pronoun.
The reflexive pronoun is itse, self. It is declined. Genitive itsen, partitive itseä, etc. It always takes a pronominal suffix to define its meaning: itseäsi (partitive) thyself, itseksensä (translative) himself.
Among pronouns may also be reckoned the following:—
Muu, another (muuta, muun, etc., plur. muut).
Muutama or eräs, some one.
Molempi, plur. molemmat, both.
Kaikki, plur. kaikki, all. Koko, indeclinable, all.
Moni, many.
Sama, the same, or samainen.
Oma, one’s own.