FOOTNOTES
[1]Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs (Oxford: 1961), p. 207
[2]James Breasted, A History of Egypt (New York: 1909), p. 356
[3]Ibid.
[4]James H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, II (Chicago: 1906), p. 935
[5]Texts in N. deG. Davies, The Rock Tombs of El Amarna, V (London: 1908)
[6]Vol. I (London: 1903), p. 19
[7]The originality of Akhenaton’s contribution to Egyptian life is challenged by L. A. White, “Ikhanton; the Great vs. the Culture Process,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, LXVIII (1948), pp. 91-114. He is answered by W. F. Edgerton, “The Great Man: A note on methods.” Ibid. pp. 192-193
[8]A. W. Shorter, “Historical Scarabs of Tuthmosis IV and Amenophis III,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, XVII (1931), pp. 23-25. See also XVIII (1932), pp. 110-111; XXII (1936) pp. 3-7
[9]M. Sandman, Texts for the Time of Akhenaton 92.8-9, 60.6; 1.7-9, 80.17-81.1
[10]M. Sandman, Texts from the Time of Akhenaton pp. 93-96
[11]The Dawn of Conscience (New York: 1933) pp. 286-87
[12]The words “Re” (meaning “the sun”) and “end” are similar in Egyptian. The principal shrine of Re was at Heliopolis.
[13]The Pharaoh was regarded as the son of Aton, hence divine in his own right.
[14]Cf. Psalm 104:20, “Thou makest darkness and it is night when all the beasts of the forest creep forth.”
[15]Cf. Psalm 104:21, “The young lions roar for their prey, seeking their food from God.”
[16]The Two Lands are: Upper Egypt, the Nile Valley from the First Cataract to the head of the Delta; and Lower Egypt, the Delta region. The two Egypts were united ca. 3000 B.C. to form the united Egypt of subsequent history. Pharaohs continued to bear the title, “King of Upper and Lower Egypt” throughout ancient Egyptian history.
[17]Cf. Psalm 104:22-23, “When the sun arises, they get them away and lie down in their dens. Man goes forth to his work, and to his labor until the evening.”
[18]The spirit (Egyptian ka) was regarded as the vital principle or fundamental nature of a person. “In praise to thy ka,” is, essentially, “In praise to thee.”
[19]Psalm 104:10-14, “Thou makest springs to gush forth in the valleys; they flow between the hills, they give drink to every beast of the field; the wild asses quench their thirst. By them the birds of the air have their habitation; they sing among the branches. From thy lofty abode thou waterest the mountains; the earth is satisfied with the fruit of thy work. Thou dost cause the grass to grow for the cattle, and plants for man to cultivate.”
[20]The “great green sea” is the Mediterranean. Cf. Psalm 104:25-26, “Yonder is the sea, great and wide, which teems with things innumerable, living things both small and great. There go the ships, and Leviathan which thou didst form to sport in it.”
[21]Cf. Psalm 104:24, “O Lord, how manifold are thy works, in wisdom hast thou made them all; the earth is full of thy creatures.”
[22]Cf. Psalm 104:27, “These all look to thee to give them their food in due season.”
[23]The Nile which watered Egypt was thought to have its source in a subterranean river which provided water for Egypt’s Nile.
[24]Egypt, essentially rainless, received its water from the Nile. Foreign lands, however, received water from rains, hence the reference to a “Nile in the sky.”
[25]Cf. Psalm 104:6, 10, “Thou didst cover it with the deep as with a garment; the waters stood above the mountains: ... Thou makest springs gush forth in the valleys, they flow between the hills.”
[26]Names of Akhenaton
[27]The Egyptian Pharaohs were both gods, and intermediaries between the gods and the people of Egypt.
[28]Text 19, lines 59-67. The classification follows J. A. Knudtzon, Die El-Amarna Tafeln (Leipzig: 1907-15)
[29]Text 23, lines 13-29
[30]Text 15
[31]Text 16. The quotation is from lines 32 and 33
[32]Text 9
[33]Text 74, lines 30-65
[34]Text 158. The terms “father” and “son” are used to show respect. Aziru was the son of Abdi-Ashirta.
[35]Text 126, lines 34-61
[36]Text 137, lines 75-76; 97-99
[37]Text 169, lines 12-15; 24-34
[38]Text 254, lines 10-19
[39]Text 244
[40]Text 245
[41]Text 246
[42]Text 288, lines 33-40. Nahrim is the land of Mitanni; Kapasi may be Cush.
[43]Text 287, lines 53-57
[44]Text 280, lines 21-35
[45]F. Thureau-Dangin, “Nouvelles lettres d’el-Amarna,” Revue d’Assyriologie et d’Archeologie orientale, XIX, pp. 91-108. Text 290a in S. A. B. Mercer, The Tell el-Amarna Tablets (Toronto: 1939)
[46]F. Thureau-Dangin, op. cit., pp. 91-108: Mercer text 248a
[47]This view was popularized by Sir Charles Marston in, The Bible Comes Alive (New York: n.d.), pp. 89-108. Marston felt that he could identify Joshua in the Amarna texts.
[48]“The Ha-BI-ru—Kin or Foe of Israel?” The Westminster Theological Journal XIX-X), pp. 1-24; 170-184; 46-70
[49]So, for example, John Bright, A History of Israel (Philadelphia: 1959), p. 113; G. Ernest Wright, Biblical Archaeology, 2nd edition (Philadelphia: 1962), p. 60; Cyrus H. Gordon, The World of the Old Testament (Garden City: 1958), p. 144.
[50]Text 8, lines 25-34
[51]Text 34, lines 16-21; 35, lines 10-20
[52]Text 22, column 1, line 38; column 2 lines 1, 3, 16
[53]N. deG. Davies, The Tomb of Rekh-mi-Re’ at Thebes (New York: 1943).
[54]The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt (Baltimore: 1958), p. 175
[55]Op. cit., p. 18
[56]Life and Times of Akhenaton (London: 1922), p. 63
[57]The Burden of Egypt (Chicago: 1954), p. 193
[58]J. D. S. Pendlebury, Tell el-Amarna (London: 1935), p. 19
[59]J. Bennett, “The Restoration Inscription of Tut’Ankhamun,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, XXV (1939), pp. 8-15
[60]Albrecht Goetze, “Hittite Historical Texts,” in Ancient Near Eastern Texts, James Pritchard, ed. (Princeton: 1955), p. 319
[61]Ibid.
[62]Albrecht Goetze, “Hittite Prayers,” in Ancient Near Eastern Texts, James Pritchard, ed. (Princeton: 1955), p. 395
[63]Archaeology of the Old Testament: Was the Old Testament Written in Hebrew? (London: 1913), p. 4
[64]Text 103, lines 39-43
[65]Text 93, lines 10-12
[66]Text 149, lines 17-19
[67]Text 148, lines 13-17
[68]Text 238, lines 9-12
[69]Text 118, lines 55-56
[70]Problems of chronology are acute. H. H. Rowley, From Joseph to Joshua (London: 1950) argues that Joseph was actually Akhenaton’s Prime Minister. Cf. pp. 119-120. Most contemporary scholars place Joseph’s entry into Egypt in Hyksos times (ca. 1720-1550 B.C.). Cf. G. Ernest Wright, Biblical Archaeology (Philadelphia: 1962), pp. 53-58
[71]The Scarab is reproduced in A. deBuck, Egyptian Reading Book I (Leiden: 1948), p. 67
[72]Musees Royaux (Bruxelles) tablet E6753, edited by Georges Dossin in Revue d’Assyriologie et d’Archaeologie orientale, XXXI, pp. 125-136. Mercer Number 31a