5. CURIOUS SHOWERS.
Showers of blood, sulphur, manna, frogs, fishes, and what not figure in all the old chronicles, and are still frequently reported. Many occurrences of this kind are recorded in Camille Flammarion’s book “The Atmosphere,” Dr. E. E. Free’s “Movement of Soil Material by the Wind” (U. S. Bureau of Soils, Bulletin 68), and Mr. W. L. McAtee’s article “Showers of Organic Matter” in the “Monthly Weather Review” for May, 1917.
The power of the wind to whirl objects aloft is a matter of familiar observation. McAtee tells of seeing a silk hat lifted from its owner’s head and blown over a ten-story building in the city of Washington. The vortex of a tornado or a waterspout furnishes the most favorable skyward route for things that belong on terra firma. Objects weighing scores or even hundreds of pounds are lifted by these whirls. Within a mile or so of a tornado a shower of cart wheels or cook stoves would not necessarily constitute a “prodigy.” A chicken coop weighing 75 pounds has been carried four miles and a church spire seventeen miles. Oersted tells of a waterspout at Christiansö, on the Baltic, that emptied the harbor to such an extent that the greater part of the bottom was uncovered, while McAtee says that “waterspouts have been observed to accomplish the comparatively insignificant feat of emptying fish ponds and scattering their occupants.”
There is, in fact, no mystery about the way in which terrestrial objects of many sorts get into the air; nor, considering the force of the winds and their occasional strong vertical components, is it strange that such objects sometimes travel a long way from home before they return to earth.
There are, however, a great many cases of reported showers in which the objects did not really fall, as supposed. McAtee gives the following account of these spurious showers in the “Monthly Weather Review”:
“Insect larvæ.—The rains of insect larvæ that have been investigated have proved to be merely the appearance in large numbers on the surface of the ground or upon snow of the larvæ of soldier beetles (Telephorus), or sometimes caterpillars, which have been driven from their hibernating quarters by the saturation of the soil by heavy rains or melting snow.
“Ants.—Accounts of showers of ants have usually been founded on incursions of large numbers of winged ants, which of course needs no assistance from the elements to follow out their habit of swarming forth periodically in immense numbers.
“Honey; sugar.—Showers of honey and of sugar are popular names for what scientists know are exudations of certain plants, or of plant lice which feed on a great variety of plants and whose product is often known also as honeydew.
“Grains.—Showers of grain, usually considered miraculous, have in most cases been determined to be merely the accumulation by washing during heavy rains of either the seeds or root tubercles of plants of the immediate neighborhood.
“Manna.—An account of manna ‘rains’ certainly pertains to the discussion of showers of vegetable matter, for the substance manna consists of lichens of the genus Lecanora but in none of the numerous recorded instances of manna ‘rains’ is there any direct evidence that the substance really fell from the sky. These lichens form small, round bodies that are easily blown over the surface of the ground and accumulate in depressions; they are very buoyant also and hence easily drifted into masses during the run-off of rain water. Manna ‘rains’ have not occurred except in countries where these lichens are common, and as for statements of their falling down upon roofs or upon people, or for any other proofs that they really rained down, I have seen none.
“Blood rains.—The most frequently reported showers that are spurious, at least in name, are the so-called blood rains. In all times the phenomena going under this name have frightened the people and have been taken as portents of terrific calamities. One of the famous plagues of Egypt was a bloody rain which prevailed throughout the whole land, continuing three days and three nights. Homer and Virgil both allude to blood rains, and, in fact, the general subject of preternatural rains was a favorite with the older writers.
“But scientific investigation has done away with the element of mystery in these phenomena and has explained, with the others, the rains of blood. Some blood rains have been found to be the meconial fluid ejected by large numbers of certain lepidoptera simultaneously emerging from their chrysalides; other red rains are due to the rapid multiplication in rain pools of algæ and of rotifers containing red coloring matter; “red snow” results from the presence of similar organisms. But in no case have they rained down, except in the sense that their spores or eggs have at some time been transported, probably by the wind. The precipitation of moisture furnishes favorable conditions for their rapid development and multiplication.”
Most of the reported showers of blood, however, have probably been rainstorms in which the rain was colored with reddish dust. The occurrence of such dust in the atmosphere is very common in some parts of the world, as we have stated in a previous chapter. It has been asserted that rain which fell at Oppido Mamertina, Italy, May 15, 1890, actually contained blood, believed to be from birds.
Showers of supposed “sulphur” are due to pollen, chiefly from pine trees. The air in the vicinity of pine forests is sometimes filled with clouds of this material and the wind carries it for many miles. It is reported that a pollen shower at Pictou, Nova Scotia, in June, 1841, was so heavy that bucketfuls were swept up on a ship.
In the case of alleged showers of “paper” the material has been found to be the crusts of dried algæ, which form on the surface of the ground exposed by the evaporation of the water of shallow ponds.