CONTENTS

PAGE
[BOOK I: THE FOUNDERS]
CHAPTER I: THE PHYSIOCRATS (M. Gide)[1]
I
I.The Natural Order[5]
II.The Net Product[12]
III.The Circulation of Wealth[18]
II
I.Trade[27]
II.The Functions of the State[33]
III.Taxation[38]
IV.Résumé of the Physiocratic Doctrine. Critics and Dissenters[45]
CHAPTER II: ADAM SMITH (M. Rist)[50]
I.Division of Labour[56]
II.The “Naturalism” and “Optimism” of Smith[68]
III.Economic Liberty and International Trade[93]
IV.The Influence of Smith’s Thought and its Diffusion. J. B. Say[102]
CHAPTER III: THE PESSIMISTS (M. Gide)[118]
I.Malthus[120]
The Law of Population[121]
II.Ricardo[138]
1.The Law of Rent[141]
2.Of Wages and Profits[157]
3.The Balance of Trade Theory and the Quantity Theory of Money[163]
4.Paper Money, its Issue and Regulation[165]
[BOOK II: THE ANTAGONISTS]
CHAPTER I: SISMONDI AND THE ORIGINS OF THE CRITICAL SCHOOL (M. Rist)[170]
I.The Aim and Method of Political Economy[173]
II.Sismondi’s Criticism of Over-production and Competition[178]
III.The Divorce of Land from Labour as the Cause or Pauperism and of Crises[186]
IV.Sismondi’s Reform Projects. His Influence upon the History of Doctrines[192]
CHAPTER II: SAINT-SIMON, THE SAINT-SIMONIANS, AND THE BEGINNINGS OF COLLECTIVISM (M. Rist)[198]
I.Saint-Simon and Industrialism[202]
II.The Saint-Simonians and their Criticism of Private Property[211]
III.The Importance of Saint-Simonism in the History of Doctrines[225]
CHAPTER III: THE ASSOCIATIVE SOCIALISTS[231]
I.Robert Owen (M. Gide)[235]
1.The Creation of the Milieu[237]
2.The Abolition of Profit[239]
II.Charles Fourier (M. Gide)[245]
1.The Phalanstère[246]
2.Integral Co-operation[248]
3.Back to the Land[251]
4.Attractive Labour[252]
III.Louis Blanc (M. Rist)[255]
CHAPTER IV: FRIEDRICH LIST AND THE NATIONAL SYSTEM OF POLITICAL ECONOMY (M. Rist)[264]
I.List’s Ideas in relation to the Economic Conditions in Germany[266]
II.Sources of List’s Inspiration. His Influence upon subsequent Protectionist Doctrines[277]
III.List’s Real Originality[287]
CHAPTER V: PROUDHON AND THE SOCIALISM OF 1848 (M. Rist)[290]
I.Criticism of Private Property and Socialism[291]
II.The Revolution of 1848 and the Discredit of Socialism[300]
III.The Exchange Bank Theory[307]
IV.Proudhon’s Influence After 1848[320]
[BOOK III: LIBERALISM]
CHAPTER I: THE OPTIMISTS (M. Gide)[322]
I.The Theory of Service-Value[332]
II.The Law of Free Utility and Rent[335]
III.The Relation of Profits to Wages[340]
IV.The Subordination of Producer to Consumer[342]
V.The Law of Solidarity[344]
CHAPTER II: THE APOGEE AND DECLINE OF THE CLASSICAL SCHOOL. JOHN STUART MILL (M. Gide)[348]
I.The Fundamental Laws[354]
II.Mill’s Individualist-Socialist Programme[366]
III.Mill’s Successors[374]
[BOOK IV: THE DISSENTERS]
CHAPTER I: THE HISTORICAL SCHOOL AND THE CONFLICT OF METHODS (M. Rist)[370]
I.The Origin and Development of the Historical School[381]
II.The Critical Ideas of the Historical School[388]
III.The Positive Ideas of the Historical School[398]
CHAPTER II: STATE SOCIALISM (M. Rist)[407]
I.The Economists’ Criticism of Laissez-faire[410]
II.The Socialistic Origin of State Socialism. Rodbertus and Lassalle[414]
1.Rodbertus[415]
2.Lassalle[432]
III.State Socialism—Properly so called[436]
CHAPTER III: MARXISM (M. Gide)[449]
I.Karl Marx[449]
1.Surplus Labour and Surplus Value[450]
2.The Law of Concentration or Appropriation[459]
II.The Marxian School[465]
III.The Marxian Crisis and the Neo-Marxians[473]
1.The Neo-Marxian Reformists[473]
2.The Neo-Marxian Syndicalists[479]
CHAPTER IV: DOCTRINES THAT OWE THEIR INSPIRATION TO CHRISTIANITY (M. Gide)[483]
I.Le Play’s School[486]
II.Social Catholicism[495]
III.Social Protestantism[503]
IV.The Mystics[510]
[BOOK V: RECENT DOCTRINES]
CHAPTER I: THE HEDONISTS (M. Gide)[517]
I.The Pseudo-Renaissance of the Classical School[517]
II.The Psychological School[521]
III.The Mathematical School[528]
IV.Criticism of the Hedonistic Doctrines[537]
CHAPTER II: THE THEORY OF RENT AND ITS APPLICATIONS (M. Rist)[545]
I.The Theoretical Extension of the Concept Rent[545]
II.Unearned Increment and the Proposal to Confiscate Rent by Means of Taxation[558]
III.Systems of Land Nationalisation[570]
IV.Socialist Extensions of the Doctrine of Rent[579]
CHAPTER III: THE SOLIDARISTS (M. Gide)[587]
I.The Causes of the Development of Solidarism[587]
II.The Solidarist Thesis[593]
III.The Practical Application of Solidarist Doctrines[601]
IV.Criticism[607]
CHAPTER IV: THE ANARCHISTS (M. Rist)[614]
I.Stirner’s Philosophical Anarchism and the Cult of the Individual[616]
II.Social and Political Anarchism and the Criticism of Authority[619]
III.Mutual Aid and the Anarchist Conception of Society[629]
IV.Revolution[637]
CONCLUSION (MM. Gide and Rist)[643]
INDEX[649]