INDEX

In the longer paragraphs a number standing alone, and separated by a semicolon from the preceding sentence, indicates a reference of smaller importance. Such numbers are, of course, not connected with the sentence preceding them.

“Abbots’ Party,” [508]
Ability, rent of, [549-552], [582], [583]
“Abstinence,” [350]
“Abuse of rights,” [606]
Act of Union of 1707, Adam Smith on, [266]
Act of Union of 1800, [104]
Adamson, Professor, [529 n.]
Adler, G., [615 n.]
Aftalion, A., [184 n.]
Agneta Park, [255]
Agoult, Mme. d’, [292 n.]
Agriculture, the sole source of the “net product,” [12], [14];
the Physiocratic influence upon the conception of, [17];
the inherent distinction between industry and, [17-18];
workers in, ignored by the Physiocrats, [22 n.];
Condillac on, [49 n.];
viewed by Quesnay as the source of all wealth, [56];
Smith and the superior productivity of, [64], [90], [112];
Smith’s admiration for, [67-68];
Buchanan on, [143];
the future of, [155-157];
List and Protection and, [276 and n.];
Carey and Protection and, [283]
Agriculturist, the, predominant importance of, in the Physiocratic hierarchy of classes, [61]
Aix-la-Chapelle, [281 n.]
Alexander II, Tsar, [639 n.]
Algeria, [339 n.]
Allgemeiner deutscher Arbeiterverein, [432]
Allix, M., [117 n.], [207 n.]
Alton Locke, [504]
America—[see United States]
Anarchism, [vii], [xv];
the development of, [516];
a fusion of Liberal and socialist doctrines, [614];
and the State, [615], [623-624], [625], [626], [627];
Proudhon the father of, [615];
indebtedness of, to Greek philosophy, [615 n.];
philosophical and literary anarchism, [615], [619];
Stirner and the cult of the individual, [615-619];
and syndicalism, [619 n.];
Bakunin, [619-620];
Kropotkin, [621-622];
the principles of social and political anarchism, [622-629];
and the individual, [622-623];
and humanity, [623];
and government, [624-627];
and property, [626-627];
and marriage, [627];
and free contract, [627-628];
and reason and science, [628-629], [641];
the anarchist conception of society, [629-636];
criticism of the social ideal, [634-636];
and revolution, [637-640], [641];
its influence, [640-642];
and individualism and socialism, [640];
and syndicalism, [641];
the moral element in the doctrine, [641]
Anarchists, and the cult of the “noble savage,” [7]
Anarchy, Proudhon and, [311 n.]
Anderson, J., [148 n.-149 n.]
Andler, C., [321 n.], [416 n.], [435 n.]
Antoine, Father, [499 n.]
Antonelli, É., [251 n.], [537 n.]
Argenson, Marquis d’, [11 n.]
Aristotle, [401];
on value, [451 n.]; [590 n.]
Arkwright, R., [65]
Ashley, W. J., [v], [vi], [xi], [385 n.], [387], [391 n.], [406]
Association, [231], [233];
Robert Owen and, [237];
Blanc and, [256], [257], [260], [263];
Buchez and, [258];
Leroux and, [263];
Cabet and, [263-264];
Proudhon and, [297 and nn.], [315 n.]; [300];
the French Liberal school and, [325];
Stuart Mill and, [370];
Le Play and, [491 n.];
the Christian Socialists and, [504-506], [507 n.];
Kingsley on, [505 n.];
solidarity and, [602], [613-614];
and exchange, [613 n.]
Associative socialists, [227], [231-235];
and the Physiocrats, [232-233];
and competition, [233-234];
Blanc and, [263]
Auburtin, F., [487 n.]
Aucuy, M., [316 n.]
Aulard, F., [200 n.]
Aupetit, J. J., [529 n.], [530 n.], [537 n.], [539 n.], [543 n.]
Auspitz, Herr, [529 n.]
Austria, and the Zollverein, [268];
Social Catholicism in, [499 n.];
anarchism in, [640]
Austrian school, [xv], [48], [397 n.], [521], [522 n.], [541], [544 and n.], [581]
Avances foncières, [22], [23 n.], [25]
Avances souveraines, [38 n.]
Avenel, M. d’, [546]
Babeuf, F., [200 and nn.], [256], [436 n.]
“Back to the land,” in Fourier’s system, [251-252];
Tolstoy and, [513]
Baden, [268 n.]
Baden, the Margrave of (Abbé Roubaud), and the Physiocrats, [4 n.], [5];
the Physiocratic experiment of, [44]
Bakunin, M., [449 n.], [459 n.], [615], [616], [619-620], [621], [622], [623], [624], [626 and nn.], [627], [628], [630], [631 n.], [634 n.], [637-640], [641]
“Balance of trade” theory, Mercier de la Rivière on, [31];
David Hume and, [53];
Adam Smith and, [98];
Ricardo and, [163-165]; [285];
List and, [285 n.]
Bank Act, English, of 1822, [166];
of 1844, [166]
Bank of Amsterdam, [85]
Bank, Bonnard’s, [316 n.-317 n.]
Bank of England, [166]
Bank of Exchange—[see Exchange Bank]
Bank of France, [305], [311], [312], [314], [638]
Bank-notes, Adam Smith and, [85], [96];
Ricardo and, [165-167];
and Proudhon’s exchange notes, [311-312]
Banks, Adam Smith and, [85], [96];
Ricardo and, [138], [139 n.], [163], [167];
in the Saint-Simonians’ system, [218-219 and n.], [226];
Fourier’s co-operative, [251 n.];
influence on crises in the money market, [285 n.];
Count Mollien and, [314];
the Raiffeisen agricultural credit banks, [503 n.]
Barone, Signor M., [529 n.]
Barrès, A. M., [254 n.]
Bastiat, F., [xv], [92], [93], [115], [117], [118 n.], [146 n.], [156], [160], [163 n.], [223 n.], [277 n.];
and the Classical school, [322];
and Protection, [323], [328 n.], [329]; [324];
and liberty, [324 n.];
and State intervention, [325 n.], [408-409];
and the Liberal school, [327];
Carey and, [327-328];
his career, [328 n.];
and socialism, [328 n.], [329];
criticism of, [329];
estimate of his work, [329 and n.];
and individualism, [330];
his theory of universal harmony, [330-346];
and the Providential order, [331];
his theory of service-value, [332-335];
and Proudhon, [333 n.-334 n.];
his law of free utility, [335-337];
and the proprietor, [336];
and rent, [337-340], [425], [545], [546];
and the relation of profits to wages, [340-342], [427];
on the subordination of producer to consumer, [342-343];
and solidarity, [344-345]; [363 n.];
and international exchange, [365];
and Optimism, [377];
and the State, [438 n.], [439]; [459 n.], [516], [572], [589];
his fable, The Blind and the Paralytic, [608]; [617], [624];
and government and society, [631 n.]
Baudeau, the Abbé, on the Physiocrats, [3 n.];
a member of the Physiocratic school, [4 n.];
on the “natural order,” [10];
on the productivity of agriculture, [13 n.];
on industry and commerce, [13];
on the Tableau économique, [18 n.], [20 n.];
on the dependence of the productive classes on the landed proprietors, [22 n.];
on the landed proprietors as nobility, [22 n.];
and the origin and justification of private property, [22];
on the avances foncières, [23 n.], [25 n.];
on the duties of landed proprietors, [25];
on the regard to be paid to the peasants, [26];
on useless laws, [33 n.];
on the Greek states, [34 n.];
on the sovereignty of the people, [36 n.];
on the supreme will, [36 n.];
on education, [37];
on international antagonism, [37 n.];
on the three errors of States, [37 n.-38 n.];
on avances souveraines, [38 n.];
on the revenue from land, [40 n.];
on the sovereign, [41 n.];
on the gross and net revenue, [43 n.]; [118 n.]
Bauer, Bruno, [616]
Bauer, Professor S., [19 nn.]
Bavaria, Tariff Union between Würtemberg and, [268]
Bazard, St. A., [201 n.], [211], [212], [213]
Bebel, F. A., [437]
Bentham, J., [96 n.], [586]
Béranger, J. P. de, [331]
Berens, E., [547 n.]
Bergson, H., [403 n.]
Bernstein, E., [473], [474 n.], [475 and n.], [479], [480 n.]
Berth, É., [479 n.], [619 n.], [642 n.]
Berthélemy, H., [569 n.]
Biological method, [544 n.]
Biological Naturalism, the school of, [593 n.]
Bismarck, Prince, and Lassalle, [414]; [436];
and State Socialism, [445]
Blanc, Louis, [169], [198], [227], [235];
quality of his work, [255-256];
and competition, [256-257], [260];
and association, [257-261], [263];
and interest, [259-260];
a pioneer of State Socialism, [261], [262], [414];
and State intervention, [262], [414]; [290];
Proudhon and, [296 n.]; [300];
and the Revolution of 1848, [300-306];
Lassalle and, [434]; [599], [607 n.]
Blanqui, A., [197], [295]
Blind and the Paralytic, The, Bastiat’s fable, [608]
Block, M., [375]
Böhm-Bawerk, E. von, on capital, [71 n.];
on Adam Smith’s conception of the determinant of value, [78 n.-79 n.]; [150];
and Bastiat, [329]; [474 n.], [516];
on the Classical school, [518 n.];
on wages, [520]; [522 n.];
on final utility, [523 n.];
his theory of interest, [530], [540]; [541 n.], [583]
Boisguillebert, P., [29 n.], [33 n.], [54]
Bon prix, the, [15-16], [29], [45]
Bonar, J., [52 n.], [121]
Bonnard’s Bank, [316 n.-317 n.]
Booth, C., [388]
Bortkevitch, V., [529 n.]
Bouglé, C., [594 n.]
Bourgeois, L., [593-599], [603 nn.], [605 n.]
Bourgin, H., [201 n.], [246 n.], [265 n.]
Bourguin, M., [231 n.], [320 n.], [449 n.]
Bournville, [255], [513 n.]
Bouvier, M., [538 n.]
Boyve, M. de, [508 n.]
Brandes, G., [432 n.]
Brants, V., [xi]
Braun, K., [368]
Bray, J. F., [315], [316]
“Brazen law of wages,” the, [361], [426], [433], [453 n.], [541]
Brentano, L., [386], [389 n.]
Briand, M., [251 n.]
Bright, John, [366]
Brissot de Warville, J. P., [200 n.], [292 n.]
Brodnitz, Herr, [445 n.]
Brook Farm, [255 n.]
Brunetière, F., [485 n.]
Brunhes, Mme., [510 n.]
Brunswick, [268 n.]
Buccleuch, Duke of, and Adam Smith, [51 n.]
Buchanan, J., [52 n.], [143]
Bücher, K., [252 n.], [271 n.], [386], [397]
Bucher, L., [414]
Buchez, P., [258], [259], [306], [496 and n.], [505]
Buffon, the Comte de, [121], [523 n.]
Buisson, M., [249 n.], [603 n.]
Buonarotti, F., [256 and n.]
Bureau, P., [493 n.], [495 n.]
Buret, A. E., [197]
Burgin, M., [95 n.]
Cabet, É., [233], [235], [246], [263-264], [290], [296 n.], [297]
Cairnes, J. E., [329], [374-375], [387]
Calvin, John, [503 n.]
Cameralists, [110], [383]
Campanella, T., [200 n.], [246]
Cannan, Dr. E., [v], [52 n.], [56 n.], [71 n.], [79 n.], [145 and n.], [427 n.], [549 n.]
Canonists, the, [110]
Cantillon, R., [46]
Capital, Adam Smith and, [56], [71-73], [89-91];
Ricardo and the identification of, with labour, [149-150];
the law of the concentration of, [187];
Saint-Simon and, [206], [214];
the Saint-Simonians and, [214];
Proudhon and, [293], [308-309], [310], [313-314];
Bastiat and, [340-342];
Colson and, [342 n.];
Dunoyer on, [347 n.];
Senior and, [350];
Marx and, [455-465];
Marx’s law of the concentration of, [459-465], [475-476];
the socialist’s conception of, [459-460];
the Marxian school and, [467 n.];
the productivity theory of, [502];
final utility and, [528];
the rent of, [548-549 n.], [558 n.];
the rent of fixed, [556], [583];
Henry George on the relation of labour to, [564-565];
co-operators and, [605 n.]
Capitalism, Marx and, [461-462]
Carey, H. C., and trade, [28];
and rent, [115], [338-340], [425], [545], [546]; [156], [278];
and Protection, [282-284];
and Free Trade, [282-283];
and List, [284]; [289 n.];
and the Optimistic school, [327];
and Bastiat, [327-328], [340];
and the Ricardian theory of value, [332]; [333 n.];
and Bastiat’s profits theory, [342 n.];
and solidarity, [345];
his population theory, [346]; [549], [572]
Carey, M., [278]
Carlyle, T., [196], [511], [512 n.]
Carnot, H., [212], [213 n.]
Carnot, S., [367 n.]
Carrel, A., [212]
Cartwright, E., [65]
Carver, J. N., [522 n.]
Catherine, Empress of Russia, and the Physiocrats, [5];
and Mercier de la Rivière, [34]
Catholic Church, Roman, [485]
Catholic Socialism, [495]
Catholicism, and the economic order, [483 n.], [484 n.];
Social Catholicism, [495-503]
Cauwès, P., [285 n.]
Cazamian, L., [510 n.]
Chambre consultative des Associations de Production, [257 n.]
Channing, W. E., [255 n.], [504 n.]
Chapelier, Le, decree of, [233 n.]
Chaptal, J. A., [112], [277 n.], [278 n.], [281 n.]
Charity, solidarism distinguished from, [614 n.]
Charléty, S., [226 n.]
Charmont, M., [607 n.]
Charter of 1814, [205]
Chartist movement, the, [235]
Chatelain, M., [50 n.], [369 n.], [415 n.], [427 n.]
Cherbuliez, A. É., [376], [541 n.]
Chevalier, M., [212], [213], [226], [289 n.], [366], [375], [411-412], [444]
Child, Sir J., [54]
Chrematistic school, [178-179]
Christian Social Union, [506 n.]
Christian Socialism (Social Protestantism), [xv], [378], [495], [503-509];
origin of the movement, [503-504];
and association, [504-506];
and moral reform, [505], [509];
and private property, [506];
the movement in America, [506];
in Germany and in Switzerland, [507];
in France, [508];
and solidarity, [508];
and individualism, [509]
Christian Socialists, [111], [196], [370], [483];
and socialism, [483-485];
and Classical Liberalism, [484];
and the “natural order,” [484];
and Marx’s collectivism, [485];
and State Socialism, [485];
their doctrines, and their influence, [486];
and economic theory, [515]
Christianity, economic doctrines inspired by, [483-514]
Christliche Gewerkvereine, [501]
Civitas Solis, [246]
Clark, J. B., [522 n.], [527], [542 n.], [552], [564 n.]
“Class war,” [465 n.], [471], [478], [479], [481-482]
Classical school, doctrine of, [xv];
the Physiocratic doctrine and, [10];
List and, [169];
and the critical school, [170];
Sismondi and, [174], [177], [179], [195-196];
and machinery, [180], [182];
and over-production, [181];
resemblance of doctrines of, to those of Marx, [181];
and competition, [182];
and the beneficence of the spontaneous economic forces, [230];
and Free Trade, [264];
List and, [289], [290];
severance of, into English and French schools, [322];
apogee and decline of, [348-376];
Senior and, [349-350];
spread of the doctrines of, [351-352];
Stuart Mill and, [352], [353], [354], [368], [374];
and natural laws, [354-366];
called the Individualist school, [355];
and individualism, [355-356];
and liberty, [356];
definition of, [356 n.], [357 n.];
and laissez-faire, [357];
and international exchange, [363];
doctrines of, in the middle of the nineteenth century, [366-367];
and peasant proprietorship, [371 n.];
decline of the Classical doctrine, [378];
Roscher and Hildebrand and, [383-385];
Knies and, [384];
the Historical school’s criticism of, [385], [389-398], [517];
and self-interest, [393-394];
and the deductive method, [395-396]; [407];
Hermann and, [410-411];
and distribution, [422];
State Socialism and, [438];
and Marxism, [467], [472];
Carlyle and, [511];
the Hedonists and, [518-521], [539], [541 n.], [544];
and rent, [520], [547];
and price, [520];
and value, [530 n.], [558]
Clavières, É., [107]
Cobden, R., [280], [323], [328 n.], [360], [366], [375]
Colbert, J. B., [11 n.], [280]
Colbertian system, Physiocracy antagonistic to, [29];
and agriculture and industry, [30 n.]; [97], [178]
Colins, Baron, [155], [560]
Collectivism, [xv];
the Saint-Simonians and, [201], [202], [211], [218-221], [231];
of Marx, [250], [459 n.], [485];
development of, [378];
origin of the term, [459 n.];
and property, [464 and n.];
and Christian Socialism, [509];
the working-class ideal, [516], [579];
the Fabian, [581];
Kropotkin and, [627]
Collinsists, [465 n.]
Colson, L. C., [342 n.], [427 n.], [537 n.]
Combination Laws, [361]
Commerce, regarded as unproductive by the Physiocrats, [13]
Communism, Sismondi and, [194];
Marx and, [221], [459 n.], [464];
Cabet and, [264];
Proudhon and, [298], [300];
Bastiat and, [337];
Stuart Mill and, [353], [367];
Ruskin and, [513];
Tolstoy and, [513];
Kropotkin and, [627]
Communists, the, Proudhon and, [296 and n.]
Competition, Sismondi and, [182-184], [186], [193 n.], [198];
Adam Smith and, [182];
the Associationists and, [233-234];
Robert Owen and, [240];
Blanc and, [256-257], [260];
Ollivier on, [325];
Stuart Mill on, [353], [358];
free, the Classical school and, [358], [544];
Cairnes and, [375];
the State Socialists and, [440];
F. D. Maurice and, [504 n.];
free, the Hedonists and, [518], [541-542], [605 n.];
free, Walras and, [541-542]; [543]
Composite rent, [552]
Comptabilisme sociale, [242]
Comte, A., [36 n.], [201 n.], [203 and n.], [211];
and Saint-Simon, [222];
and the spontaneity of the “natural order,” [331]; [335], [352], [367], [374 n.];
and the Historical method, [404-405];
and the equality of men, [486 n.];
and solidarity, [589], [601 n.];
and the sociological analogy, [590 n.]; [595]
Comte, C., [207]
Condé-sur-Vesgres, Fourier colony at, [255 n.]
Condillac, É. B. de, [xiii], [46], [47], [48-50], [74], [75], [109 and n.], [117], [118 n.], [523 n.]
Condorcet, M. C., [122], [224]
Confédération général du Travail, [480], [502], [640]
Congress of Catholic Circles, [498 n.]
Considérant, V., [234 n.], [255], [264], [296 n.], [301], [303], [304], [599], [607 n.]
Consumer, Bastiat and the subordination of producer to, [342-343]
Consumer’s rent, [527 n.]
Consumers and social reorganisation, [605 n.]
Consumption, the Psychological school and, [526-527];
the Mathematical school and, [530]
Continental Blockade, the, [266], [279]
Cooper, W., [244]
Co-operation, Fourier and Owen and, [234], [257];
in Fourier’s Phalanstère, [246-252], [257];
Blanc and, [257-263], [306];
Buchez and, [258];
Proudhon and, [315];
Stuart Mill and, [353], [370];
the Social Catholics and, [496-500];
F. D. Maurice and, [504 n.];
the Christian Socialists and, [505], [506];
Tomy Fallot and, [508 n.];
solidarity and, [588], [604];
the École de Nîmes and, [605 n.];
co-operators and capital, [605 n.]
Co-operative societies, beginnings of, [243];
Robert Owen and, [243-244], [504];
character of, [250 n.], [504-505]
Co-partnership, [251 n.]
Corn, high price of, in England, in the early nineteenth century, [145-146]
Corn Laws, English, Sismondi and, [175]; [269], [277], [280], [354], [361], [366]
Corporative associations, the Social Catholics and, [496-500], [501 and n.]
Cossa, L., [xi], [367], [376]
Cost of production theory, Adam Smith’s, [78-79], [80]
Courcelle-Seneuil, J. G., [118 n.], [316 n.], [317 n.], [375], [541 n.]
Cournot, A., [x], [265 n.], [349], [360 n.], [412-413], [420 n.], [444], [519], [520], [529 n.], [531 nn.]
Coux, de, [483 n.]
Credit, Enfantin on, [213 n.], [226 n.];
the Saint-Simonians and, [226];
Proudhon and, [313 n.], [314]
Crémieux, H. J., [303]
Crises, J. B. Say and, [115-117];
industrial, in England, [172];
Sismondi and, [173], [190-192], [426];
Robert Owen and, [239];
Rodbertus and, [426];
Marx and, [462-463], [478-479];
Henry George and, [566]
Croce, B., [474 n.]
Crompton, S., [65]
Cunningham, W., [v], [vi], [387]
Curmond, M., [13 n.]
Darimon, A., [316 n.]
Darwin, Charles, his debt to Malthus, [121];
the French Liberal school and his doctrine of the survival of the fittest, [326];
Kidd and the Darwinian theory, [485 n.];
Kropotkin and, [621]
Dechesne, M., [498 n.]
Declaration of the Rights of Man, [233]
Deductive method, the, [387], [395-398]
Deherme, G., [587 n.]
Demand and supply, Adam Smith and, [73-74], [80-85], [89];
the law of, of the Classical school, [359-360];
the Hedonists and, [519-520]
Demand, price and, [519-520]
Demography, [121], [645]
Demolins, E., [494 and n.], [495], [608 n.]
Denis, Professor H., [xi];
on Physiocracy, [2 n.], [8 n.];
on the Tableau économique, [19 and n.]; [140 n.], [141 n.], [164 n.], [184 n.], [404]
Denis, M., [242 n.]
Descartes, [629]
Deschamps, M., [x n.], [xi n.]
Despotism, the Physiocrats and, [35-37]
Destutt de Tracy, [118 n.]
Dictionnaire d’Économie politique, [354], [358]
Diehl, K., [317 n.]
Differential rents, [546-558]
Discount, in Proudhon’s Exchange Bank scheme, [310 n.], [313];
normal, [312]
Distribution, the Physiocrats and, [18], [21], [113], [114];
Adam Smith and, [55], [80], [93], [113], [114], [228];
J. B. Say and, [93], [113-114], [228];
Ricardo and, [114], [139-140], [162-163], [228];
Sismondi and, [177-178], [185], [186], [198];
the Saint-Simonians and, [229];
Fourier and, [245];
Vidal and, [259];
Stuart Mill and, [368], [369];
Rodbertus and, [421-429], [430-431];
State Socialism and, [443-444];
the Hedonists and, [527], [529-530], [541];
Henry George and, [565 n.-566 n.];
Mr. and Mrs. Webb and, [583];
the anarchists and, [636];
development of the theory, [645]
Distributive societies, [604]
Dolléans, É., [236 n.], [239 n.], [244 n.]
Dollfus, J. H., [490]
Doubleday, T., [137 n.]
Dove, P. E., [560 and n.]
Dragomanov, M. P., [619 n.]
Drôme, M. de la, [303]
Droz, N., [197 and n.]
Drysdale, Dr., [134 n.]
Dubois, J. B., [xi]
Duguit, L., [607 n.]
Dühring, E., [117], [208 n.], [289 n.], [420 n.]
Dumas, G., [202 n.]
Dumont, M., [137]
Dumoulin, C., [503 n.]
Dumping, [275]
Dunoyer, C., [207], [325 n.], [326 n.], [327], [346-348 and n.], [363], [439], [614-615], [631 n.]
Dupin, C., [277]
Dupont de Nemours, P. S., on Quesnay’s “rural economy,” [2];
as a member of the Physiocratic school, [3 n.-4 n.];
originator of the term “Physiocracy,” [4 n.];
his definition of Physiocracy, [5];
on natural society, [6 n.];
on the “natural order,” [7 n.], [8 n.], [9 n.];
on the “net product,” [12 n.];
on the productive and non-productive classes, [14 n.];
on the need for the security of property, [24 n.];
on representation in the State, and on the parliamentary régime, [34 n.];
on despotism, [35 n.];
on the duty of the sovereign, [37];
on taxation, [38 n.], [40 n.];
on the landowner, [39 and n.];
on the relation of expenditure to production, [41 n.-42 n.];
on regulating national expenditure, [44 n.];
on the amount of the tax, [44 n.];
and “proportionality,” [45 n.];
on natural law, [354 n.]
Dupont-White, C., [221], [304];
on the State, [408 n.], [409], [440], [441];
on the State and the individual, [440];
and individualism, [443 n.];
and distribution, [443-444]
Dupuit, A. J., [521 n.], [531 n.]
Durand Union, [606 n.]
Durkheim, É., [61], [388 n.];
and solidarity, [599-600]
Duverger, [213]
East India Company, [96]
École de Nîmes, [605 n.]
“Economic chivalry,” [335]
Economic equilibrium, theory of, [474], [521 n.], [555 n.], [558 n.]
Economic forces, Proudhon and, [296-297], [315]
“Economic law,” [69], [70]
Economic liberty, Adam Smith and, [93-98];
the consummation of, [326-327]
“Economic rent,” [582 n.], [583 n.]
Economics, Senior and, [349-350];
Stuart Mill’s influence upon, [367];
theory of the universality of the laws of, [390];
relativity of the laws of, [390-395];
the deductive method in, [395-398];
the Historical school and, [398-407];
the varied scope of, [399];
environment a principal factor in, [400];
the place of history in, [400-407];
and statistics, [407 n.];
as a science, [543 n.], [644];
the separation between pure and descriptive, [645]
Economics, pure, [392-393], [515], [517], [541 and n.], [645]
Economie sociale, [178]
“Economistes,” [4 n.]
Eden, Lord, [105 n.]
Eden, Treaty of, [105], [269]
Edgeworth, Maria, [119 n.]
Edgeworth, Professor, [529 n.], [536 n.]
Education, Adam Smith on compulsory, [60], [96];
Robert Owen and, [238 n.];
Fourier and, [253]
Effertz, O., [420 n.]
Eheberg, K. T., [266 n.]
Eichthal, G. d’, [374], [594 n.]
Einaudi, L., [546 n.], [567]
Eisenach, Congress of, [354], [417], [436], [437], [438]
Eltzbacher, P., [621 n.], [625 n.], [638 n.]
Ely, R. T., [351 n.], [507 n.]
Enclosure Acts, in England, [145]
Enfantin, B. P., [201 n.], [203 n.], [211], [212 and n.], [213], [216 n.], [226 and n.], [229], [230 n.], [231]
Engels, F., [208 n.], [209], [228], [449 n.], [450 n.], [464 n.], [616]
Ensor, R. C., [449 n.]
Entrepreneur, the, J. B. Say and, [65 n.], [113-114];
Sismondi and, [183];
the Saint-Simonians and, [215], [216];
French and English economists’ conception of the income of, [373 n.], [550];
and production, [426];
in Walras’s system, [533-534];
and Walker’s conception of profit, [550];
distinguished from the capitalist, [550 and n.];
a “captain of industry,” [550]
Environment, Robert Owen and, [238], [239];
Fourier and, [247];
the Associationists and, [259];
Le Play and, [494]
Equalitarians, [200]
Equilibrium, the Mathematical school and, [533-536], [539]
Erfurt, Congress of, [507]
“Ergonomy,” [375]
Escarra, É., [560 n.], [577 nn.]
Esmein, A., [34 n.], [35 n.]
Espinas, A., [xi]
Etiology, Robert Owen regarded as the father of, [238]
Evolution, and solidarity, [609]
Exchange, the Physiocratic view of, [27], [46], [49], [114];
Condillac on, [50];
Proudhon and, [299-300], [309-314];
Dunoyer and, [348];
Marx and, [450];
the final utility theory and, [523-524], [525], [526];
the Mathematical school and, [528-530];
and solidarity, [607], [613-614];
and association, [613 n.]
Exchange Bank, Proudhon’s, [242], [243], [291], [293 n.], [308-320], [334 n.], [627]
Exchange banks, [316]
Exchange notes, Proudhon’s, [309-314], [316], [317 n.]
Exchange value, profit dependent on, [90]
“Exploitation,” the Saint-Simonians and, [214], [215], [216];
Sismondi and, [215], [216];
Marx and, [215], [216];
Bakunin and, [626];
Kropotkin and, [627 n.]
Fabian socialists, [221], [465 n.], [475], [579-587]
Fabian Society, [vii], [579-581]
Fable of the Bees, The, [54], [70 n.]
Factory legislation, beginnings of, in England, [171];
Act of 1819, [171], [237]
Faguet, M., [251 n.]
Fallot, Pastor Tomy, [508 and n.], [509]
Familistère, [255]
Faucher, J., [616]
February Revolution—[see Revolution of 1848]
Ferrara, F., [333 n.]
Ferrier, F., [278 n.]
Festy, O., [258 n.]
Fetter, Professor F. A., [522 n.]
Feuerbach, L. A., [616], [623 n.]
Fichte, J. G., [435-436 n.]
Final utility theory, [474], [521-528], [539], [583]
Finance, the science of, [645]
Fiscal reform, and solidarity, [602]
Fisher, Irving, [71 n.], [522 n.], [529 n.], [541 n.], [583]
Fix, T., [197]
Fleurant, M., [594 n.]
Fontenay, R. de, [146 n.], [156], [338 n.]
Fouillée, A., [560], [600 n.], [606]
Fourier, C., [137 n.], [169], [194];
and the Saint-Simonians, [201 n.]; [231];
on association, [232 n.]; [233];
and Robert Owen, [234-235], [245];
his work and ideas, [245-246];
his Phalanstère, [246-251], [257];
“Back to the land,” [251-252];
and the attractiveness of labour, [252-253];
and education, [253];
and the sex question, [253-254];
and anti-militarism, [254];
his influence and following, [254-255];
Stuart Mill on Fourierism, [255];
and interest, [259]; [261], [264];
and Free Trade, [265 n.]; [290];
Proudhon and, [296], [297 n.]; [300];
and “the right to work,” [301]; [323], [378], [465], [470], [486], [544], [589];
and guarantism, [599], [604];
claimed as an anarchist, [615]
Fournière, E., [465 n.], [469 n.]
Foville, M. de, [156 nn.]
Foxwell, Professor, [231 n.], [244 n.], [316 n.], [607 n.]
France, population in, [125], [136 n.], [137];
economic unity of, achieved, [266];
and tariffs, [269], [280];
List on Protection and, [276 n.];
the classic land of socialism, [323];
Protection in, [323];
the Classical doctrines in, [352];
Stuart Mill on the growth of population in, [359];
Christian Socialism in, [508];
anarchism and, [640]
Frankfort, [268 n.]
Franklin, B., [329];
Bastiat and, [329 n.]
Free contract, the anarchists and, [627-628]
“Free credit,” [307], [319], [320]
Free Trade, the Physiocrats and, [17], [29-31], [98], [153];
the Physiocrats the founders of, [29];
Adam Smith and, [98-102], [153];
J. B. Say and, [115];
Ricardo and, [153], [154], [163];
the theory in the middle of the nineteenth century, [264-265];
Fourier and, [265 n.];
Cournot and, [265 n.];
and agriculture, List on, [276];
Carey and, [282-283];
List and, [287-288]; [298];
follows the interest of the consumer, [343];
Dunoyer and, [347];
Stuart Mill and, [365], [411 n.];
and the Corn Laws, [366];
Prince Smith and, [376]
Free utility theory, Bastiat’s, [335-340]
Frézouls, P., [547 n.], [554 n.]
Froebel, F., a disciple of Fourier, [253]
Galiani, the Abbé, his criticism of the Physiocratic doctrine, [32]; [46], [47]
Garantisme, Fourier’s, [254].
[See Guarantism]
Garçon, M., [44 n.]
Garden cities, [251], [513]
Garnier, G., [103], [106], [108], [115], [295], [379 n.]
Garnier, J., [379]
Gendre, F. Le, [11 n.]
George, Henry, and the Physiocrats, [45 n.];
and rent, [141], [565-568], [575];
and land nationalisation, [141], [155], [577 n.]; [376], [465 n.], [506];
and man’s right to the land, [561];
his career and his works, [563-564]; [569], [573];
and laissez-faire, [573 n.]
Germany, political and economic condition of, in the nineteenth century, [265], [266];
tariffs in, [266], [280], [281];
the movement for economic unity in, [267-268];
List and the claim of, to Holland and Denmark, [272];
the English Corn Laws and, [276-277];
and Protection, [281 n.], [289];
the Classical doctrines in, [352];
State Socialism in, [445-446];
Christian Socialism in, [507]
Gervinus, G. G., [383 n.]
Gibbon, E., [105]
Gide, C., [245 n.], [246 n.], [334 n.], [342 n.], [522 n.], [576 n.], [592 n.], [605 n.]
Godin, A., [255]
Godwin, Wm., [122], [131], [136 n.], [200 and n.], [579], [615]
Goehre, Pastor, [507]
Goethe, [400]
“Good price”—[see Bon prix]
Gossen, H. H., [155], [349], [474 n.], [522 n.], [529 n.];
and land nationalisation, [571-577];
and the confiscation of rent, [574-575]
Gounelle, E., [506 n.], [508 nn.], [509]
Gournay, V. de, [4 n.];
and the origin of the term laissez-faire, [11 n.]
Gouth, Pastor, [508]
Government, in Saint-Simon’s system, [207-209];
Adam Smith on, [217], [625];
Proudhon and, [310-311], [624 n.];
Chevalier and, [412];
the State Socialists and, [439-440], [441];
the anarchists and, [624-627];
and society, [631];
and the social instinct, [632]
Grand, G., [482 n.]
Grave, J., [615], [619 n.], [622], [626 n.], [628], [629], [630], [631 n.], [633 n.], [634], [635 n.], [636 n.]
Great Britain, growth of wealth and population in, [131]
Grün, K., [298 n.], [323 n.]
Guarantism, [599], [604].
[See Garantisme]
Guesde, J., [453 n.], [465 n.]
Guillaume, J., [459 n.], [619 n.], [631 n.]
Guillaumin, U. G., [295]
Gustavus III, of Sweden, and the Physiocrats, [5]
Guyau, J. M., [598 n.]
Guyot, Y., [343 n.], [358 n.], [608 n.]
Halévy, É., [104 n.], [119 n.], [141 n.], [207 n.], [230 n.]
Hall, C., [579]
Hamilton, A., [277]
Hanover, [268 n.]
Hardie, J. Keir, [506]
Hargreaves, J., [65]
Harmel, L., [499 n.]
Harmony, Bastiat’s doctrine of, [330-346]
Harmony, Fourier’s ideal city, [249 and n.], [254]
Hasbach, W., [69 n.]
Hawthorne, N., [255 n.]
Hedonism, [xv], [10];
Adam Smith’s Optimism distinct from that of, [93]; [355];
Ruskin and Tolstoy and, [510];
definition of, [518]
Hedonistic school, and free competition, [91], [240], [373 n.], [518], [543], [605 n.]; [335], [395], [407];
its doctrines, [518-544];
and the Classical school, [518-521], [539], [541 n.], [544];
and wages, [520-521], [541];
and interest and rent, [520-521];
France and, [529], [537];
criticism of its doctrines, [537-544];
and distribution, [541]
Heeren, A. H. L., [383 n.]
Hegel, [435 and n.], [619]
“Hegelian school, left,” [616 n.]
Hegelian terminology, Proudhon and, [298 n.]
Held, A., [386]
Heredity, and solidarity, [588]
Hermann, F., [410-411], [548 n.], [551], [556]
Herron, G. D., [507 n.]
Hesse-Darmstadt, Tariff Union between Prussia and, [268]
Higgs, H., [5 n.]
Hildebrand, Bruno, [196], [271 n.], [380 n.], [381 n.], [383-384], [385], [389 and n.], [390], [394], [400 and n.], [404], [405]
Hirst, Miss M. E., [275 n.], [277 n.], [278 nn.]
Historical school, [vi-vii], [xv], [111];
and political economy, [175], [222];
Sismondi and, [196];
List and, [287]; [368], [374], [377];
origin and development of, [379], [380-388];
the newer school, [385-386];
influence of, in England, and in France, [387-388];
critical ideas of, [388-398];
the positive ideas of, [398-407];
A. Comte and, [404-405];
and Le Play’s school, [493-494];
and economic theory, [515];
and the Classical school, [517]; [648]
History, the consideration of economic reforms based upon, [221], [222];
the philosophy of, in economics, [221], [224];
the place of, in economics, [400-403]
Hitze, the Abbé, [496]
Hobbes, T., [630]
Holyoake, G. J., [244 n.]
Homo œconomicus, Adam Smith and, [86]; [399];
Carlyle and, [511];
the Hedonists and, [518], [543]
Howarth, C., [244]
Huet, F., [495], [560]
Hughes, T., [504]
Humanity, in the anarchist doctrine, [623]
Hume, David, Adam Smith and, [50 n.], [53], [64 n.], [105], [106], [273 n.];
and money, [85]; [120 n.], [149 n.], [165]
Huskisson, W., [265], [267]
Hutcheson, F., [50 n.], [53]
Hyndman, H. M., [579 n.]
Ibsen, H., [511]
Icaria, Cabet’s ideal State, [246], [263], [264 n.]
Identity of interests, Adam Smith and, [185], [410];
Sismondi and, [185-186], [410], [413];
Malthus and Ricardo and, [410];
Hermann and, [410-411];
Stuart Mill and, [411];
Cournot and, [413]
Immortale Dei, Encyclical, [501]
Impôt unique, [45], [61], [567]
Indirect and direct taxation, the Physiocrats and, [44-45]
Individual, the State and, [442-443];
Walras on the State and, [573-574];
in philosophical anarchism, [615];
Stirner and the cult of the, [617-619], [622-623];
Proudhon and the anarchists and, [622-623], [630];
and society, the anarchists and, [629-631];
Bakunin on, [630], [631 n.];
Jean Grave and, [631 n.]
Individualism, [xi], [263];
List and, [270];
the Classical school and, [322], [355], [356];
Bastiat and, [330];
Stuart Mill and, [355], [356 and n.];
Ricardo and Malthus and, [355];
Herbert Spencer and, [356];
and solidarity, [356 n.];
and liberty, [356];
the Liberal school and, [357 n.];
Dupont-White and, [443 n.];
Wagner and, [443 n.];
Christian Socialism and, [509];
modern development of, [516];
anarchism and, [640], [642];
syndicalism and, [642]
Individualist school, [355];
known also as the Liberal school, [356];
definition of, [356 n.];
and inheritance, [372 n.]
Individuality, solidarity and, [612-613]
Induction, [395], [397-398]
Industrial and Provident Societies Acts of 1852-62, [505]
Industrial Revolution, [65], [104], [111]
Industrialism, of Saint-Simon, [202-211], [224];
Fourier and, [251]
Industry, regarded as sterile by the Physiocrats, [13];
the inherent distinction between agriculture and, [17-18];
the Physiocrats’ erroneous view of, [46];
Sismondi and, [194];
Saint-Simon and, [204], [205 and n.], [206];
List and, [274], [286], [287]
Ingersoll, C., [278]
Ingram, J. K., [v], [xi], [385 n.], [404]
Inheritance, the Saint-Simonians and [217-218], [223], [224];
the State to be sole inheritor of property, [223];
the French Revolution and, [223];
the Phalanstère and, [246];
Dunoyer and, [347 n.];
Senior and, [351 and n.], [372];
Stuart Mill and, [372]
Institutional Church, [506]
Interest, the Physiocrats and, [32-33];
Condillac and, [50];
Adam Smith and, [65 n.], [92], [96];
Bentham and, [96 n.];
Sismondi and, [176 n.], [192-193 n.];
Marx and, [184-185];
the Saint-Simonians and, [213 n.], [214];
downward trend of the rate of, [223];
Robert Owen and, [240 n.];
Blanc and, [259-260];
Fourier and, [259];
Proudhon’s Exchange Bank and, [298 n.], [308-310], [312], [313], [314], [319];
Solway’s scheme and, [319];
the People’s Bank and, [319];
Bastiat and Proudhon’s controversy as to the legitimacy of, [333 n.-334 n.];
Bastiat and, [340-342];
Senior and, [350];
the term as used by the French economists, [373 n.];
final utility and, [528];
Böhm-Bawerk and, [530], [540];
and wages, Henry George on, [565];
the proposed confiscation of, [568];
“the remuneration of sacrifice,” [568];
the Fabian school and the confiscation of, [582]
Interests, the spontaneous harmony of, [633].
[See Identity of Interests]
International trade, Adam Smith and, [98-100];
Stuart Mill and, [98-100];
Ricardo and, [98], [138], [163], [363 and n.-364 and n.];
List and, [290];
Bastiat and, [330];
Dunoyer and, [363]
International Working Men’s Association (the “International”), [321], [449 n.], [620]
Internationalism, Marx’s, [465 n.]
Interventionism, [407]
Interventionists, Sismondi the first of the, [192], [196]; [601]
Ireland, [104]
“Iron law,” the, [42], [342 n.]
Italy, [xii];
anarchism and, [640]
Janet, P., [254]
Jannet, C., [490 n.], [592 n.]
Jaurès, J., [469 n.]
“Jeunes Abbés, Les,” [502]
Jevons, Stanley, [46 n.], [48], [75], [78], [117];
on the Ricardian school, [118 n.];
and the law of indifference, [148], [525 n.];
his economic method, [380]; [406], [474 n.];
on the purpose of economics, [518 n.];
and the final utility theory, [521 n.], [522 n.];
and Cournot, [529 n.];
a member of the Mathematical school, [529 n.];
and value, [530 n.]; [537 n.], [541], [572 n.], [581]
Joint-stock companies, Marxism and, [463], [476]
Joint-stock principle, [248]
Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, and the Physiocrats, [5]
“Juridical socialism,” [606], [607 n.]
Jurisprudence, solidarity and, [606-607]
Justice, Proudhon on, [298-299]
Kapital, Marx’s, [354], [386], [449 n.];
Labriola on, [467]
Kautsky, K., [480 n.]
Ketteler, Monseigneur von, [496]
Kidd, B., [485 n.]
King, G., [54]
Kingsley, C., [504 and n.], [505 n.]
Knies, K., [89], [196 and n.], [380 n.], [381 n.], [382 n.], [384-385], [389], [390-391], [392], [393], [400 n.], [402], [403 n.], [404], [405]
Kohler, C., [277 n.]
Kraus, Professor, [106 n.]
Kropotkin, Prince, [459 n.], [615], [616], [619 and n.], [621-622], [623], [625], [627 and n.], [628], [630], [631 n.], [632], [633], [634 and n.], [635], [636], [637-638], [641]
Kurella, Herr, [584 n.]
Kutter, Pastor, [507]
Labour, regarded by Adam Smith as the true source of wealth, [56-57];
regarded as the measure of value, [77], [149];
regarded by Marx as the cause of value, [77], [151 n.], [184-185];
regarded by Ricardo as the cause and measure of value, [140], [144 n.], [149], [201 n.], [332];
Ricardo and the territorial division of, [164];
Sismondi and, [176 n.];
Saint-Simon on, [206 n.];
Fourier and the attractiveness of, [252-253];
Proudhon on the organisation of, [291 n.];
Proudhon and the productiveness of, [293 and nn.];
regarded by Bastiat as the determinant of value, [332];
Carey on, as the measure of value, [332];
and value, Ferrara and, [333 n.];
Dunoyer on, [347-348 and n.];
Rodbertus and, [423];
Marx’s theory of surplus labour, [450-459];
rent of, [558 n.];
Henry George and the relation of capital to, [564-565]
Labour, division of, Adam Smith and, [56-62], [91];
the outcome of personal interest, [70-71];
dependent upon capital, [90];
Ricardo and the territorial division of labour, [164];
Tolstoy and, [514];
solidarity and, [607]
Labour notes, Robert Owen’s, [315], [316]
Labour-value theory, Marx’s, [474-475], [581]
Labriola, A., [36 n.], [449 n.], [462 n.], [464 n.], [465 and n.], [467], [469 n.], [470 n.], [473 n.], [474 n.]
Lacordaire, J., [262]
Lafargue, P., [465 n.]
Lafayette, G., [267]
Lagardelle, H., [482 n.], [619 n.]
Laissez-faire, in the Physiocratic doctrine, [11];
the origin of the formula, [11 n.]; [170], [173], [197];
List and, [277];
the Classical school and, [322], [357], [390];
the right interpretation of, [324];
Stuart Mill and, [357];
Cairnes and, [374];
the Christian schools and, [377];
the Historical school and, [389];
Adam Smith and, [408], [410];
Carlyle and, [511];
the Hedonists and, [541];
Henry George and [573 n.]
Lalande, A., [600 n.]
Lamartine, A., [302 n.], [303]
Lammenais, the Abbé de, [496]
Land, the Physiocratic conception of, as an agent in production, [12];
and rent, in Ricardo’s view, [143-149];
nationalisation of, [155], [570-578];
the Saint-Simonians and, [214];
Carey’s theory of the order of cultivation of rich and poor land, [338-339];
growth in value of, [546];
a gift of nature, [559];
confiscation of, [559-562];
and the theory of rent, [561]
Land Tenure Reform Association, [562]
Landez, A., [540 n.]
Landowners, the Physiocrats’ esteem for, [39-40]
Landrecht, the Prussian, [445]
Landry, A., [420 n.], [470 n.], [537 n.], [544 n.]
Langlois, C. V., [405 n.]
Laskine, M., [208 n.]
Lassalle, F., [73 n.], [159], [261], [294], [329], [376];
and the “brazen law,” [321], [426];
and State Socialism, [414];
and Rodbertus, [414-415], [416], [417];
and Bismarck, [414];
his career, [432];
his political and economic programme, [433-435];
and Marx, [433 n.], [434 n.];
and State intervention, [434-435]; [436], [437], [449 n.], [453 n.], [496 n.], [607 n.]
Lauderdale, Earl of, [109 n.]
Launay, M. de, [609 n.]
Launhardt, Herr, [529 n.]
Laveleye, É. de, [222], [376], [577 n.]
Lavergne, L. G. de, [371 n.]
Lavoisier, A. L., [15], [125]
Law, Kropotkin on, [627 n.], [632 n.];
Reclus on, [632 n.]
Law of capillarity, [137]
Law of concentration of capital, Marx’s, [450], [475-476]
Law of demand and supply, [359-360]
Law of diminishing returns, [118], [126], [146-147], [148], [153], [157], [340], [341], [373], [558 and n.]
Law of free competition, [356-358]
Law of indifference, [148], [525], [527 n.]
Law of international exchange, [362-366]
Law of population, Malthus’s, [120], [121-137];
of the Classical school, [358-359], [373]
Law of rent, [362]
Law of sale, Cournot’s, [531 n.]
Law of self-interest, [355-356]
Law of substitution, [525], [526], [528], [537 n.]
Law of variation of intensity of need, [543 n.]
Law of wages, [360-362]
Lazare, B., [620]
Ledru-Rollin, A. A., [303]
Legrand, D., [486]
Leo XII, Pope, [500 n.]
Leo XIII, Pope, [501]
Leopold, Grand Duke, of Tuscany, and the Physiocrats, [5]
Leroux, P., [235 and n.], [263], [344 n.], [589]
Leroy-Beaulieu, P., [137], [254 n.], [342 n.], [375 n.];
and the Mathematical method, [537 n.]; [546]
Leslie, Cliffe, [196], [387]
Lesseps, F. de, [212]
Letchworth, [513 n.]
Levasseur, É., [326 n.], [388 n.]
Lévy de Lyon, E., [607 n.]
Lévy-Brühl, L., [435 n.]
Lexis, Professor, [448 n.]
Liberal individualists, and co-operation, [343]
Liberal Optimists, [322-348]
Liberal school, [xv];
the Physiocratic doctrine and, [46];
Adam Smith a member of, [53];
beginnings of, [54];
and Adam Smith’s theory of value, [75]; [205];
Saint-Simon and, [210 n.];
the Associationists and, [231]; [233];
severance of, into French and English sections, [322];
and Protection and socialism, [323], [326], [354];
and Optimism, [324-326];
and liberty, [324], [325-326];
origin of the name, [324];
and association, [325];
and Darwin’s doctrine of the survival of the fittest, [326];
and the Physiocrats, [327];
Bastiat and, [327];
and Bastiat’s theory of profits, [342 n.];
synonymous with the Individualist school, [356];
definition of, [356 n.], [357 n.];
and the repeal of the Corn Laws, [366];
Le Play and, [486-487];
and solidarity, [607-608]; [629];
and government and society, [631]; [648]
Liberal Socialism, [573]
Liberalism, economic, [vii], [xv], [170];
Sismondi and, 173, 185; [209]; [311 n.];
the Classical school and, [322];
and Optimism, [377];
the reaction against, [377-378];
effect of Bismarck’s policy upon, [436];
and measures of social reform in Germany, [436 n.];
growth of, in Germany, [439];
State Socialism and, [447];
the Christian schools and, [484]; [493];
modern revival of, [516]; [586];
political economy and, [646], [647]
Liberalism of Adam Smith, [207];
of the Liberal school, [326]
Liberalism, political, the Saint-Simonians and, [211]
Liberty, the French Revolution and, [104];
Blanc on, [262];
Sismondi on, [262 n.];
Proudhon and, [293], [297], [315];
the French Liberal school and, [324], [325-327];
Dunoyer and, [327];
Stuart Mill and, [353], [358], [413];
and the natural laws, [355];
the Classical school and, [356];
and State intervention, [413];
Cournot and, [413];
the State Socialists and, [440];
the anarchists and, [622-623], [624], [629];
Kropotkin on liberty as the corrective for the excesses of liberty, [634]
Liberty, individual, the Physiocratic doctrine and, [10 n.], [11];
Proudhon and, [315];
Ricardo and Malthus and, [410];
Stuart Mill and, [411 n.];
Rodbertus and, [429]
Lichtenberger, A., [200 n.]
Lieben, R., [529 n.]
Liebknecht, W., [437]
Lilienfeld, von, [590 n.]
List, F., [111];
and the Classical school, [169], [289], [290];
his National System, and Protection, [265], [268];
and the German tariffs, [266], [267-268];
and nationality, [270-272];
and productive power, [270];
and Germany’s claim to Holland and Denmark, [272];
and Adam Smith and his school, [273];
and manufactures, [273-274];
and agriculture, [274], [276-277];
his Protectionism, [275-276], [281-282];
origin of his Protectionist ideas, [277-280];
his influence, [280-287];
and history, [282], [381];
and Carey, [282-284];
and Stuart Mill, [284-285];
his originality, [287-289];
and the Historical school, [287], [360 n.];
and free exchange, [287-288];
and the individual and the nation, [288], [411];
and the duty of Governments, [288];
and economic reforms in Germany, [288-289];
his aim and achievement, [290]; [323], [378];
his economic method, [380];
the Historical school and, [380 n.]; [439]
Littré, M., [222 n.]
Lloyd, S., [266 n.]
Locke, J., [559]
Loesewitz, J., [502]
Longe, F. D., [361]
Loria, A., [469 n.];
and land nationalisation, [578 n.]
Lorin, H., [499 n.]
Louis Bonaparte, [320]
Louis Philippe, [301]
Ludlow, J. M. F., [504], [505]
Luxembourg Commission, the, [302], [304-306], [319 n.]
Mably, the Abbé de, [200 and n.]
McCulloch, J. R., [52 n.], [109 n.], [139 n.], [140 n.], [141 n.], [150], [168], [175], [177], [349 n.], [379]
Mackay, J. H., [615 n.]
McVickar, J., [349]
Machinery, Adam Smith and, [112];
J. B. Say on, [112];
Sismondi and, [180-182];
the Classical school and, [180-182];
Ricardo and, [180 n.], [181]
Maitland, F. W., [vi]
Malon, Benoît, [465 n.]
Malthus, T. R., [xiv], [108], [109 n.], [110], [116 and n.], [117];
one of the Pessimists, [vi], [119-120], [192];
regarded as an Optimist, [119 n.];
his career, [120 n.];
his law of population, [120], [121-137], [157], [345];
and moral restraint, [127-129];
and the Neo-Malthusians, [134];
on charity, [135 n.-136 n.];
correspondence with Ricardo, [139 n.], [141 n.];
and rent, [142], [152], [164];
and the law of diminishing returns, [146-147 and n.]; [149 n.], [150 n.], [155], [156 n.];
and wages and population, [158-159], [189]; [163 n.];
and Protection, [164];
Sismondi and, [175];
Sismondi and the theory of population of, [189 n.];
the Saint-Simonians and, [227]; [264], [322], [324], [326], [348], [353];
and individualism, [355]; [358], [359], [371];
and the identity of public and private interests, [410]; [416], [564]
Malthusian League, the, [134 n.]
Manchester school, [xi], [436], [437], [438], [539]
“Manchesterism,” [357], [447]
“Manchesterthum,” [357], [438]
Mandeville, B. de, [54], [70 n.]
Mangoldt, H. von, [548 n.], [551], [556]
Manifesto, Communist, [449 n.], [450 n.]
Mantoux, P., [66 n.], [97 n.], [103], [104]
Manu, the laws of, Malthus and, [132 n.]
Manufactures, List on, [273-274], [276 and n.]
Marat, J. P., [199 n.]
Marcet, Mrs., [119 n.], [349]
Marcus Aurelius, [588]
“Marginal utility,” [521 n.], [539]
Marie, A. T., [301], [302 n.]
Markets, Say’s theory of, [115]
Marmande, R. de, [622 n.]
Maroussem, P. du, [495 n.]
Marrast, A., [303]
Marriage, effect of, upon population, [136 n.];
the anarchists and, [627]
Marshall, Professor A., [329 n.], [335], [386], [390 n.], [391], [392], [394], [396], [397 n.], [401], [402 n.];
compared with Marx, [474 n.]; [513 n.], [516], [527 n.], [529 n.], [531], [544 nn.], [546 n.], [551 n.], [552];
and rent, [557 and n.]; [581]
Martineau, Miss, [119 n.], [349]
Marx, Karl, [x];
on Adam Smith, [66 n.];
his labour-value theory, [77], [151 n.], [184-185], [201 n.], [216], [293 n.], [474-475], [581];
intellectually a scion of the Ricardian family, [120];
his theory of surplus value and Ricardo’s theory, [140];
resemblance of doctrines of, to those of the Classical school, [181];
similarities between Sismondi and, [184];
his theory of surplus value, [184], [198], [228], [294];
and profit and interest, [185], [216];
debt to Sismondi, [198]; [209 n.];
and “exploitation,” [215], [216];
his system and communism, [221];
his system compared with the Saint-Simonians’, [225]; [227];
and List, [278 n.];
and his “Utopian” predecessors, [301];
and Bray’s scheme, [315 n.];
and Proudhon, [320-321];
and distribution, [368 n.]; [386];
his socialism, [416], [433], [449-450], [470];
the object of his system, [423];
and the “brazen law,” [426]; [429];
and Rodbertus, [429 n.];
Lassalle and, [433 n.], [434 n.]; [437], [448 n.];
his career, his works and influence, [449 n.-450 n.];
his theory of surplus labour and surplus value, [450-459], [474-475];
and capital, [455-458];
his law of concentration of capital, [459-465], [475-476];
the Marxian school, [465-473];
his following, [465 n.];
and Ricardo, [466];
his obscurity of style, [466];
and value, [466 and n.], [474];
on production, [468 n.-469 n.];
the French socialists and, [469];
quality of his economic theories, [473];
compared with Marshall, [474 n.];
and syndicalism, [480-481], [641]; [483];
the Christian schools and his collectivism, [485];
Herron on, [507 n.]; [579];
the Fabians and his theories, [583-584], [586];
and the anarchists, [616];
influenced by Hegel, [619];
and Bakunin, [620];
anarchy and his socialism, [640]
Marxian school, characteristics of, [465-472];
and production, [468]; [515];
beginnings of, [579];
and Marx’s theory of value, [583]; [647], [648]
Marxism, [vii], [xv], [447], [449-483];
and the Classical school, [467], [472];
Sorel on, [467 n.];
and capitalism, [467];
a working-class socialism, [470-471], [480];
the evolution of, [473 n.];
and syndicalism, [479-483];
its contempt for intellectualism, [480];
traced in the doctrines of Le Play’s school, [495];
the Fabians and, [583-584], [586];
the rupture with anarchism, [620]
Mathematical school, the, [x];
Quesnay a pioneer of, [19 n.];
and the abstract method, [138]; [335];
and the Mathematical method, [392 n.], [537 n.], [538-539];
and the Psychological school, [521];
principal adherents of, [528 n.];
doctrines of, [528-537];
and exchange, [528-530];
and distribution, [529-530];
and consumption, [530];
and value, [530 n.];
and production, [536];
and free competition, [543];
influence of, [544];
and solidarity, [613]
Maurice, F. D., [504 and n.], [505], [508 n.]
Mazel, F., [316], [317]
Mecklenburg, [268 n.]
Mehring, F., [434 n.]
Méline, M., [17 n.]
Melouga family, [489], [493]
Menenius Agrippa, [588]
Menger, A., [209], [212], [231 n.], [316 n.];
and the origin of Rodbertus’s ideas, [415 n.];
and Marx, [416 n.], [450 n.];
and Fichte, [436 n.];
and private and public rights, [607 n.]
Menger, K., [76], [380];
and the historical method [382], [383 n.], [402 n.];
and the Historical school, [389], [390], [395], [517];
and the deductive method, [396 nn.];
and the final utility theory, [522 n.];
and the theory of rent, [557]
Mercanti di tenute, [190]
Mercantilism, the “net product” theory and, [17];
influence of Physiocratic ideas upon, [27];
Physiocracy antagonistic to, [29];
and agriculture and industry, [30 n.];
Adam Smith and, [83], [97], [98], [100], [101], [169];
List and, [279]
Mercantilist school, [1];
and the increase of wealth, [17];
their view of the State, [27];
Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations and, [83];
and money, [83], [314];
List and, [280], [285 n.]
Meredith, George, [432 n.]
Meslier, the Curé, [200 n.]
Method, the relative importance of, [397], [645]
Métin, A., [577 n.], [579 n.]
Meyer, Ed., [402 n.], [405 n.]
Meyer, R., [416 and n.], [417 nn.], [423 n.], [428 n.]
Mieux value, [184]
Milcent, M., [502 n.]
Mill, James, and rent, [155], [168], [562];
and land nationalisation, [155], [168];
a disciple of Ricardo, [168], [349 n.]; [352 n.]
Mill, John Stuart, [xv];
and productive and unproductive works, [62];
“industry is limited by capital,” [72 n.];
and Adam Smith’s conception of utility, [75 n.];
and international trade, [98], [100], [330 n.];
and “products,” [109 n.]; [138];
and Ricardo’s theory of rent, [141];
and the stationary state, [162], [373-374], [605 n.]; [222 n.];
on Saint-Simonism and Fourierism, [255]; [280];
and Protection, [283], [284-285], [365];
and List, [285 n.];
and the Classical school, [322], [352-353], [368]; [349];
his career and works, [352 n.], [353];
and socialism, [352 n.], [353], [358], [367], [368];
and communism, [353], [367];
and competition, [353], [358];
and co-operation, [353];
and individualism, [355], [356 and n.];
and laissez-faire, [357];
and the law of population, [358-359];
and the law of demand and supply, [359-360], [519];
and value, [360];
and the law of wages, [360-362];
and trade unionism, [360], [362 n.];
and Malthus, [362 n.];
and rent, [362], [370-372], [548], [551], [553], [554-555];
and international exchange, [364-365];
and Free Trade, [365], [411 n.];
influence upon economics, [367];
French influence upon, [367], [579];
and natural law, [368];
his programme of social reform, [369-374];
and wages, [369-370];
and association, [370], [505];
and inheritance, [372];
his successors, [374-376]; [377], [379];
and relativity, [392];
and self-interest, [394], [411]; [404];
and the identity of general and personal interests, [411];
and State intervention, [411], [413];
and individual liberty, [411 n.], [413];
Chevalier and, [411];
and the State and the individual, [442], [443], [444];
on Le Play’s theory of the salvation of the working-classes by the upper, [491];
on the rent of ability, [549];
and man’s right to the land, [561];
and the confiscation of rent, [562-563], [566], [567], [568], [569], [570-571], [575]; [564];
and private property, [568 n.];
and the abolition of profit, [605 n.]
Millerand, A., [587 n.]
Mines and the “net product,” [14]
Mirabeau, Marquis de, one of the Physiocrats, [3 n.];
and Rousseau and Physiocracy, [6 n.];
and the origin of the term laissez-faire, [11 n.];
on the Tableau économique, [18 n.];
and interest, [32-33];
Cantillon’s influence upon, [46 n.];
on population, [121]
Molinari, M. de, [248], [329 n.], [358 n.]
Mollien, the Comte, [314]
Money, Adam Smith and, [71], [82-85], [89], [106], [115];
the Physiocrats and, [115];
Ricardo and the quantity theory of, [164-165];
Ricardo and paper money, [165-167];
Robert Owen and, [240-241], [243];
Proudhon and, [308-310], [313], [316];
Solvay’s scheme, [318-319];
the Classical school and, [360];
Ruskin and Tolstoy and, [510]
Monod, W., [508 n.], [509 n.]
Monopoly, [x];
Adam Smith and, [95], [96];
Stuart Mill and, [554 n.];
and the rent of land, [554 n.]
Monopoly price, Adam Smith on, [81 n.]
Montagne, La, [200 n.]
Montalembert, the Comte de, [487 n.]
Montchrétien, A. de, [1]
Montesquieu, C. de S., [121]
More, Sir Thomas, [200 and n.], [246]
Morellet, the Abbé, [46]
Morelly, [200 and n.]
Morris, Wm., [251]
Moufang, Canon, [496]
Mulhouse, the Industrial Society of, [172]
Müller, Adam, [278 n.]
Mun, the Comte de, [484 n.], [497], [502]
Mutual aid, the anarchists and, [629-636]
Mutual credit, [314], [315];
solidarity and, [606]
Mutualists, and solidarity, [602], [603-604]
Mutuality, Proudhon and, [297 n.], [299], [300]
Napoleon I, [107]
Napoleon III, [280], [323], [366], [375], [490 n.]
Nassau, [268 n.]
National Equitable Labour Exchange, [236 n.], [241-242], [244 n.]
National workshops of the 1848 Revolution, [301-303]
Nationalisation of the land, [570-578]
Nationality, List and, [270-272]
Natural laws, [354-366], [368], [385 n.];
the anarchists and, [628], [629]
“Natural order,” the, [xiv], [5-12];
meaning of the term, [5-8];
the Physiocrats’ conception of, [8], [9-10], [109];
Turgot on the universality and immutability of, [10];
and the old régime, [10];
the aim of, [10-11];
and the right of private property and individual liberty, [10 n.], [11];
comprehensiveness of, [12];
the bon prix and, [15];
property the “foundation-stone” of, [21];
and trade, [29];
the conception of, constitutes the foundation of political economy, [46];
Adam Smith and, [109];
Ricardo’s theory of rent and, [152];
the French Classical school and, [322], [323];
the Christian schools and, [484]
“Naturalism,” Adam Smith’s, [68-88]
Naumann, Pastor, [507]
Navigation Laws, [101 n.]
Neale, Vansittart, [504]
Necessity, the laws of, Kropotkin on, [628 n.]
Necker, J., and free trade in corn, [32]; [157]
“Negative rent,” [558]
Neill, C. P., [277 n.]
Neo-Classical school, [10], [397]
Neo-Malthusians, [130], [134]
Neo-Marxism, [473-483];
and the labour-value theory, [474];
and surplus labour and surplus value, [475];
and syndicalism, [479-483]
“Net product,” the, [12-18];
agriculture the sole source of, [12], [14];
mines doubtful yielders of, [14 and n.];
disappears when prices are low, [15];
the illusion of, [16];
rent and, [16];
value of the theory of, [17];
and Mercantilism, [17];
non-existent, [24];
interest a symbol of, [32];
taxation should be drawn from, [38-40], [41];
adaptation of, to the impôt unique, [43]; [453 n.]
Netchaieff, [639 and n.]
Nettlau, M., [619 n.]
New Harmony, Owen’s colony, [236 n.], [241 n.], [246], [257]
New Moral World. [236 n.]
Nicholas I, Tsar, [639 n.]
Nicholson, Professor J. S., [52 n.], [266 n.], [592 n.]
Nietzsche, [511], [616 and n.]
Nitti, F. S., [503 n.]
“Noble savage,” the cult of the, [7]
“Normal,” the term, [271]
North, Dudley, [54]
North, Lord, [105]
Oberlin, Pastor, [486]
Office du Travail, [257 n.]
Ogilvie, W., [560 and n.]
Oldenburg, [268 n.]
Olivier, P., [611 n.]
Ollivier, E., [324]
Oncken, H., [11 n.], [17], [19 n.], [30], [383 n.], [414 n.], [432 n.]
Ophelimity, [75], [91], [99], [522 n.], [541 n.], [572]
Optimism, [xv];
Adam Smith’s, [68-69], [88-93];
the French Liberal school and, [324-327];
Bastiat and, [327], [377];
Carey and, [327], [493]
Optimist school, definition of, [356 n.], [357 n.]
Optimists, the, [118], [322-348], [354], [356], [368], [438]
Orbiston, Robert Owen’s colony at, [236 n.]
Organic sociologists, the Physiocrats the forerunners of, [7]
“Organisation of labour,” [300], [303-305], [319]
Orthodox school, [169], [176], [326]
Ott, A., [317 n.], [420 n.]
Over-production, J. B. Say and, [115-117]; [171];
Sismondi and, [176], [178-182];
the Classical school and, [181];
Marx and, [461]
Owen, Robert, [169], [171];
Sismondi and, [173 n.], [184], [194]; [201 n.];
and association, [232 n.], [233];
and Fourier, [234-235], [245];
and the Chartist movement, [235];
and socialism, [235];
his career, [235 n.];
his industrial reforms, [236-237];
and association, [237];
and the social milieu, [237-239];
and profit, [239-244];
and money, [240-241];
and the National Equitable Labour Exchange [241-242];
and co-operative societies, [243-244], [504];
founded no school, [244]; [246], [255], [261], [264], [290], [293], [315], [316], [323], [370], [378], [470], [579]
Paepe, C. de, [459 n.]
Paillottet, P., [343 n.]
Paine, Tom, [560 and n.]
Pantaleoni, M., [36 n.], [530], [538 n.], [542], [551 nn.]
Parable, Saint-Simon’s, [204-205]
Pareto, V., [71 n.];
on prices, [76 n.-77 n.]; [99], [231 n.];
and Free Trade, [288 n.];
on method, [397];
and maximum utility and maximum ophelimity, [412]; [421], [448], [516], [521 n.], [522 n.], [529 n.], [533 n.], [534 n.], [536 and n.], [537 n.], [540 n.], [541 n.];
and the Hedonists, [542]; [544 n.], [555 n.];
and the relative duration of rents, [557];
and negative rent, [558];
on solidarity, [608 n.]
Passy, F., [509 n.], [592 n.]
Passy, H., [371 n.]
Patten, Professor, [285 n.], [522 n.], [542 n.]
Pearson, K., [407 n.]
Peasant proprietorship, [371-372]
Pecqueur, C., [304-305], [449 n.]
Peel, Sir Robert, [280], [366]
Pellarin, C., [245 n.]
People’s Bank, [308 n.], [317 n.], [319-320]
Péreire, E. and I., [212], [226]
Périn, C., [502 n.]
Personal interest—[see Self-interest]
Pervinquière, M., [14]
Pessimism, the French Liberal school and, [324]
Pessimists, the, [118-120];
and rent, [118];
and the law of diminishing returns, [118];
Mill and, [372]
Petty, W., [54]
Pflüger, Pastor, [507]
Phalange, [248-250]
Phalanstère, [245 n.], [246-252], [255], [257], [297 n.], [604], [635]
Physiocracy, [4 n.];
a popular craze, [5];
Adam Smith and, [63];
J. B. Say and, [108-109]
Physiocrats, the, [xi n.], [1-50];
and the conception of political economy, [2];
the first school of economists, [3];
the Abbé Baudeau on, [3 n.];
bibliography of the system, [4 n.-5 n.];
and the “natural order,” [5-12];
Rousseau and, [6 n.];
and the civilised state as opposed to a state of nature, [7];
forerunners of the organic sociologists, [7];
their conception of the “natural order,” and man’s duty with regard to it, [8], [9-10], [87-88];
and the rights of private property and individual liberty, [10 n.], [11];
and the “net product,” [12-18], [141];
and land as an agent in production, [12];
on industry and commerce, [12-13];
and the “sterile classes,” [14], [21];
and mines and the “net product,” [14 and n.];
and agricultural and industrial production, [15];
their influence upon practical politics, [17];
and the circulation of wealth, [18-26];
their regard for private property, [21-26], [199 n.-200 n.], [217];
and the duties incumbent upon landed proprietors, [25-26];
and the abolition of corporations, [26 n.-27 n.];
and trade, [27-33];
and Mercantilism, [27], [29], [169], [314];
the founders of Free Trade, [29];
and reciprocity, [31];
Galiani’s criticism of, [32];
and the question of interest, [32-33];
and the functions of the State, [33-37];
and legislation, [33-34];
and political liberty, [34 n.];
and the sovereign authority, [35-37], [41];
and education, [37];
and internationalism, [37];
and taxation, [38-45];
and the fiscal system of the French Revolution, [44], [104];
résumé of their doctrine, [45-50];
Adam Smith and, [51 n.], [55], [56], [62], [63], [64], [65], [69], [80], [88], [93], [98], [100]; [89], [97];
J. B. Say and, [108-109];
Germain Garnier and, [108];
and money, [115];
and population, 122; and rent, [142];
and Free Trade, [98], [153], [163];
and the natural identity of individual and general interests, [185]; [201 n.];
the Associationists and, [232-233]; [322], [323];
and their successors, [327]; [331], [338 n.], [347], [348], [354], [371], [572], [629], [644]
Pitt, William, [104], [105]
Place, F., [159 n.]
Plato, [200 and n.]
Play, F. Le, [137], [196], [238], [304];
his school, [486-495];
his career, [486 n.-487 n.];
his family system, [488-493];
and the State, [488];
his method, [492];
and the Historical school, [493-494];
the division in his school, [494-495]; [497], [502]
“Plutology,” [375]
Podmore, F., [236 n.]
Political economy, origin of the term, [1];
Quesnay and his school the virtual founders of the science, [2];
Adam Smith as founder of, [50-51], [103];
the scope of, in Adam Smith’s system, [55-56];
Quesnay’s conception of, [88];
Adam Smith’s conception of, [88], [89], [110];
J. B. Say’s influence upon, [107], [111];
influence of Malthus and Ricardo upon, [108];
the Physiocrats and, [109];
J. B. Say’s conception of, [110-111];
Say’s treatment of, [117], [175];
a fashionable craze, [119 n.], [349];
Ricardo and, [138], [139 n.], [175];
the new, the attack upon, [169];
Sismondi and, [173-178], [184], [196], [198], [380];
the Historical school and, [175], [222], [380], [381];
the Classical school and, [177];
A. Comte and, [201 n.];
Saint-Simon on, [209 n.];
List and, [270], [380-381];
and politics, [288];
significance of the advent of, [327];
McVickar on, [349];
Senior and, [350];
Stuart Mill and, [353];
not a “dismal science,” [354];
the reaction against Liberalism, [377];
development of the abstract method in, [379-380];
the socialists and, [381];
Roscher and, [383-384];
Hildebrand and, [383-384];
Knies and, [384-385];
the newer Historical school and, [386];
Toynbee and, [386 n.];
development of, in France, [388];
influence of the Historical method upon, [388];
Menger and, [389];
Ashley and, [391 n.];
and sociology, [404];
Ruskin and, [510 n.];
Carlyle on, [511 and n.];
modern claims for, [517];
Pareto and, [536 n.];
recognised as independent of parties and ideals, [583];
development and future of, [643-648];
simplicity of Adam Smith’s system, [644];
divergency of objects and methods among economists, [646-647];
Liberalism and, [646], [647]
Political Economy Club, [139 n.]
Pollock, Sir F., [559]
Poor Law, English, Malthus and, [135 n.], [136 n.];
Sismondi and, [195]
Population, Adam Smith’s supply and demand theory applied to, [82], [89], [188];
dependent upon capital, [90];
Malthus’s law of, [120], [121-137], [142], [157], [345];
the “repressive checks,” [126-127];
the “preventive checks,” [127-129], [137];
the reproductive capacity and intellectual activity, [137 n.-138 n.];
Sismondi on the regulation of, by revenue, [188];
wages and, [189];
Sismondi and Malthus’s theory, [189 n.];
Carey’s theory of, [346];
development of the theory of, [645]
Port Sunlight, [255], [513 n.]
Positivism, Saint-Simon the father of, [203]; [213]
Pothier, R. J., [587 n.]
Potter, B. (Mrs. Sidney Webb), [587 n.]
Price, demand and supply and, [519-520];
cost of production and, [520];
and rent, [520]
Prices, Adam Smith’s theory of, [74-81];
Walras and, [114];
the recent theory of, [515];
development of the theory of, [645]
Principles of Revolution, The, [639]
Producer, subordination of, to consumer, [342-343]
Producer’s rent, [527 n.]
Producers, and social reorganisation, [605 n.]
Producers’ associations, [604]
Production, the accretion of value is, [16];
labour as the cause of, [24];
the Physiocratic conception of, [46], [49];
the three factors of, [56 n.];
Adam Smith and, [80], [419];
adaptation of supply to demand the basis of our theory of, [82];
J. B. Say and, [109];
Sismondi and, [177], [178-182], [193], [419];
the Classical school and, [177];
net and gross, Sismondi and, [189-190];
the Christian Socialists and, [196];
the Saint-Simonians and, [199], [226-227];
Dunoyer and, [347-348];
Senior on agricultural and industrial production, [362 n.];
Stuart Mill and, [368-369];
Rodbertus and, [419-421], [430];
State Socialism and, [444];
Marx on, [468 n.-469 n.];
cost of, and value, [520], [526];
cost of, and price, [520], [534 n.];
the Hedonists and, [533];
the expansion of, under the influence of applied science, [635-636]
Productive power, List and, [270], [272-274]
Productivity theory of capital, [502], [583];
of wages, [527-528]
Profit, Adam Smith on the relation of, to rent, [64 n.];
Adam Smith’s conception of, [65 n.], [80], [114];
Smith on high profits, [67], [74 n.];
dependent on exchange value, [90];
Ricardo and, [114], [160-163], [373];
the Pessimists and, [118];
Marx and, [185], [457-458 and n.];
Robert Owen and the abolition of, [239-243];
Bastiat and the relation of, to wages, [340-342], [550-551];
Stuart Mill and, [373 n.];
the term as understood by English and French economists, [373 n.];
the Classical school and, [520];
Walras and, [534 n.-535 n.];
rent and, [545];
Walker and, [550-551];
Pantaleoni on, [551 n.];
Stuart Mill and the abolition of, [605 n.]
Profit-sharing, the Saint-Simonians and, [227]
Property, private, the Physiocratic doctrine and, [10 n.], [11], [21], [24-25];
respect for, during the French Revolution, [25];
Turgot’s views upon, [25];
Ricardo’s theory of rent and, [154], [558-559];
Sismondi and, [198];
the Saint-Simonians and, [199-201], [213-225], [294 n.];
considered from the point of view of ethics, [200];
Saint-Simon and, [210];
exploitation and, [215];
Fourier’s Phalanstère and, [248-249];
the Radical Socialists and, [251];
Proudhon and, [290-300], [315];
Brissot and, [292 n.];
Bastiat and, [337];
Marx and, [463-464];
the Christian Socialists and, [506];
Tolstoy and, [513];
the Hedonists and, [540 n.];
considered to be unjust, [559];
Stuart Mill and, [568 n.];
Gossen and, [572-573];
solidarity and, [606-607];
the anarchists and, [626-627], [641];
syndicalism and, [641];
socialism and, [642]
Proprietor, the, in Ricardo’s, Proudhon’s, and Bastiat’s view, [336]
Protection, the probable attitude of the Physiocrats to, [17];
influence of, on agriculture and on industry, [30 n.];
Adam Smith’s criticism of, [98-99];
Ricardo and, [163 n.];
Malthus and, [164];
Sismondi and, [264 n.-265 n.];
Saint-Simon and, [265 n.];
the Saint-Simonians and, [265 n.];
List and, [265], [268-290];
and agriculture, List on, [276 and n.];
in the United States, [279];
in Germany, [279], [280], [281];
in France, [280], [281], [323], [354];
Carey and, [282-284];
Dühring and, [289 n.];
in England, [323], [354];
Bastiat and, [329-330];
follows the interest of the producer, [343];
the Liberal school and, [354];
Stuart Mill and, [365];
the Social Catholics and, [501 n.];
and solidarity, [602]
Proudhon, J. J., [169];
and government, [209], [310], [311], [624 n.], [627];
his Exchange Bank, [242], [291], [293 n.], [308-319];
and private property, [290-300];
his works, [291 n.-292 n.];
his career and his character, [291-292];
and interest, [293 n.];
and labour, [293];
and socialism, [296-300];
and Fourier, [296], [297 n.];
and the communists and communism, [296], [297], [298], [299], [300];
and the economic forces, [296-297];
on liberty, [297], [315];
and association, [297 and n.];
on justice, [298-299];
and exchange, [299-300];
and the Revolution of 1848, [300-308];
and “the right to work,” [301];
and money, [308-310], [313-314];
and co-operation, [315];
and solidarity, [317];
and the People’s Bank, [319-320];
influence after 1848, [320-321];
Marx and, [320-321], [449 n.] [462];
new interest in his ideas, [321]; [323], [329];
and Bastiat, [333 n.-334 n.], [343];
and the proprietor, [336]; [378], [415 n.], [429 n.], [450], [486];
on land, [559];
and the confiscation of land, [560]; [607 n.], [613];
the and anarchists, [615], [641]; [616], [619 and n.];
and Bakunin, [620]; [622];
and the individual, [622-623];
and the idea of humanity, [623];
and reason, [628];
and society, [630], [631 n.];
on the harmony of individual and general interests, [633 n.]; [634];
and revolution, [637];
and syndicalism, [641]
Providential order, Bastiat and, [331]
Prudhommeaux, M., [264 n.]
Prussia, the tariff of 1821 of, and Adam Smith’s doctrines, [106 n.];
tariffs in, in the early nineteenth century, [266];
and the Zollverein, [268];
industry in, [281 n.]
Psychological school, the, [397 n.], [521-528]
Puech, M., [321 n.], [323 n.]
“Pure” school, the, [353], [392]
Quantity theory of money, [360]
Quasi-contract theory, [595-599], [603 n.], [606]
Quesnay, F., [2-5];
virtually the founder of political economy, [2];
his works, [3 n.];
on natural right, [7 nn.];
and the analogy between social and animal economy, [7];
and the “natural order,” [9], [10 and n.];
and the “net product,” [15];
his theory of the circulation of wealth, and the Tableau économique, [18-20];
on the productive and sterile classes, [21 n.];
on the landed proprietors, [21 n.];
on the security residing in property, [24 n.];
on the safety of property as the basis of economic order, [25];
on the poor, [26 n.];
on foreign trade, [28];
on Free Trade, [29 nn.];
on the “good price,” [29];
on American competition, [30 n.];
on Protection, [31 n.];
and interest, [33];
on laws, [34];
on the sovereign authority, [35];
on despotism, [36 n.];
on education, [37];
on Government expenditure, [38 n.];
and the “iron law,” [42-43];
and wages, [43 n.];
and value, [47 n.]; [54];
and Adam Smith, [55];
and agriculture as the source of all wealth, [56];
his conception of political economy, [88];
Adam Smith’s criticism of his theory, [88]; [201 n.], [232], [298]
Quetelet, L., [407 n.]
Quod Apostolici, Encyclical, [500 n.]
Radical party, English, [372]
Radical-Socialist party, [592], [601]
Rae, J., [52 n.], [64 n.], [66 n.], [96 n.], [103 n.], [106 n.]
Ragaz, Professor, [507]
Raiffeisen, F. W., [496], [503 n.]
Rambaud, J., [xi], [277 n.], [503 n.]
Rau, K. H., [352], [379]
Rauschenbusch, W., [507 n.]
Raymond, D., [277 n.]
Reason, the anarchists and, [628], [641]
Reciprocity, Mercier de la Rivière on, [31];
Proudhon on, [310 n.]
Reclus, É., [615], [619], [622], [624], [627 n.], [628], [632 n.], [636], [637]
Reichel, [631 n.]
Reid, T., [560]
Religion, Robert Owen and, [238-239]
Renard, G., [465 n.], [469 n.]
Renouvier, C. B., [403 n.], [560]
Rent, the theory of, [xv];
Ricardo’s conception of the nature of, [16], [114];
and the “net product,” [17];
Adam Smith and, [64], [80], [92];
relation of wages and profit to, [64 n.];
J. B. Say and, [114-115], [556];
the Pessimists and, [118];
Ricardo’s theory of, [138], [140-157], [164], [335], [338], [339], [370], [545-546], [547], [548 and n.], [552-553], [544 n.], [555 n.], [558-559], [561], [581-583], [587];
differential rent, [142], [546-558];
Malthus and, [142], [152], [164];
James Mill and, [155], [562];
the Saint-Simonians and, [213 n.], [214], [562];
Carey and, [327], [338-340], [425], [545], [546];
Bastiat and, [335-338], [340], [425], [545], [546];
Fontenay and, [338 n.];
Senior and, [350-351], [362];
the Classical school and, [362], [520], [547];
Stuart Mill and, [362], [370-372], [548], [554], [555], [562-563], [566], [567-568], [569];
Rodbertus and, [424], [425];
modern economists and, [516];
and price, [520];
an “unearned increment,” [545];
growth in, [546];
of land, [546-548], [554-555], [556-557];
of capital, [548-549 n.]; [558 n.], [583];
of ability, [549], [551], [582], [583];
Walker’s theory, [549-552];
and profit, [550-552];
and the Classical theory of distribution, [553];
a consequence of the laws of value, [555];
of land, a species of the income of fixed capital, [556];
a scarcity price, [556];
Schäffle and, [556-557];
K. Menger and, [557];
relative permanence of rents, [557];
negative rent, [558];
J. B. Clark and, [558 n.];
and private property, [558-559];
man’s right to the land and the theory of rent, [561];
of land, spontaneous character of, [561];
the confiscation of, [562-570];
Henry George and, [563-568], [569];
the relation of wages to the increase in, [566 and n.];
Gossen and Walras and the confiscation of, [574-575];
Sidney Webb and Ricardo’s theory of, [581-583];
interest regarded as, [582];
“economic rent,” [582 n.], [583 n.];
the Fabian doctrine and Ricardo’s theory of, [587]
Rerum Novarum, Encyclical, [501 n.]
Revolution, Proudhon on, [320 n.];
Marxism and, [471-472];
Neo-Marxism and, [481-482];
Buchez on Christianity and, [496];
the anarchists and, [637-640], [641]
Revolution, French, the Physiocratic system and, [44], [104];
socialism and, [199 n.];
the leaders of, and private property, [199 n.-200 n.]; [205], [214], [223]
Revolution, the Industrial, [65], [104], [111]
Revolution of 1848, Blanc and, [256];
Proudhon and, [300-308], [311 n.];
and socialism, [300]; [436-437]
Revolutionary Catechism, Netchaieff’s, [639]
Reybaud, M., [300-301], [306], [354]
Ribbes, M. de, [492 n.]
Ricardo, D., [x], [xiv];
against the idea that nature is the only source of value, [16];
his conception of what rent is, [16];
and Adam Smith’s reference to utility, [75 n.];
and international trade, [98], [99], [100], [163-164], [363 and n.-364 and n.];
influence on political economy, [108], [138], [175];
and distribution, [114], [139-140];
and wages and profits, [114], [157-163], [373];
and crises, [117], [177], [192];
compared with J. B. Say, [118];
regarded as an Optimist, [119 n.];
one of the Pessimists, [vi], [119-120], [192];
his place in economics, his work and literary style, [138-139];
his career, [139 n.];
his theory of rent, [138], [140], [141-157], [164], [335], [338], [339], [370], [545-546], [547-548 and n.], [552-553], [554 n.], [555 n.], [558-559], [576];
his theory of value, [138], [140-141], [149-151], [240];
and labour and value, [140], [144 n.], [332];
and the law of diminishing returns, [146-147], [373], [576];
and the balance of trade theory and the quantity theory of money, [164-165];
and paper money, [165], [168];
Sismondi and, [174-175], [177 and n.], [380];
and machinery, [180 n.], [181 and n.];
and wages and population, [189];
the Saint-Simonians and, [227]; [228];
and property, [228]; [264];
List and, [269]; [287], [322], [324];
and the proprietor, [336]; [348], [349];
and the income of capital, [350]; [353];
and individualism, [355]; [362], [371], [379], [386 n.], [390];
and the identity of public and private interests, [410];
Rodbertus on his theory of value, [415 n.]; [416], [453 n.];
the Marxian school and, [466];
his method, [466];
man’s right to the land, and his theory of rent, [561]; [564], [566 n.];
Sidney Webb and his theory of rent, [581-583];
the Fabian doctrine and his theory of rent, [587]
Richelot, H., [265 n.]
“Right to exist, the,” [607 n.]
“Right to the whole produce of labour, the,” [607 n.]
“Right to work, the,” [300], [301], [303], [319], [599], [607 n.]
Rist, C., [172], [342 n.], [423 n.], [539 n.]
Rivière, Mercier de la, one of the Physiocrats, [3 n.], [5];
on the social order, [7];
on the “natural order,” [8 n.-9 n.], [9], [10 n.], [11];
and the origin of the term laissez-faire, [11 n.];
on the creation of value, [13 and n.];
on property as a “divine” institution, [21];
on the landed proprietor, [23 n.];
on property as the parent of social institutions, [25];
on the regard to be paid to the peasants, [26 n.];
on the fallacy that wealth grows from foreign trade, [28];
on freedom of trade, [29 n.-30 n.];
on the balance of trade theory, [31];
on reciprocity, [31];
on laws, [34 n.];
and Catherine the Great, [34];
on despotism, [35 n.];
on taxation, [40 n.];
on the relation of expenditure to production, [42 n.];
on the felicity following on the establishment of the “natural order,” [46 n.]; [232]
Rochdale Pioneers, [263 n.], [243], [244], [605]
Rodbertus, J. K., [73 n.];
and Sismondi, [198];
and the products of labour, [293 n.]; [294], [316];
on the relative returns of capital and labour, [341 n.-342 n.]; [369];
and State Socialism, [414-415], [428], [431];
and Lassalle, [414-415], [416], [417], [433], [434];
French origin of his ideas, [415], [416], [423];
his works, [415 n.-416 n.];
his political and economic views, [416-417];
his social theory, [417-432], [590];
and the State, [261], [418], [429-430], [441];
and production, [419-421], [423], [430];
and the utilisation of the means of production, [421];
and distribution, [421-428], [430-431];
and labour’s share of the national product, [425-426], [427];
and the “brazen law,” [426];
his theory of crises, [426-427];
and the regulation of national production and distribution, [427-429];
and the State and economic functions, [430-431];
the State Socialists and his doctrine, [430]; [437], [443], [448 n.], [450], [475];
and Professor Schäffle, [590 n.]
Rodrigues, E., [211], [212]
Rodrigues, O., [203], [204 n.], [211]
Rogers, Thorold, [52 n.]
Roscher, W., [106 n.], [196], [379 and n.], [380 n.];
founder of the Historical school, [381-383]; [389], [400 n.], [402]
Rossi, P., [315 n.], [352], [375], [379]
Roubaud, the Abbé—[see Baden, Margrave of]
Round, J. H., [vi]
Rousiers, P. de, [495 n.]
Rousseau, J. J., [1];
and the Physiocrats, [6 n.];
and the natural state compared with the social state, [7]; [120 n.];
and private property, [200 n.]; [238 n.], [596]
Royal Economic Society, [506 n.]
“Rural economy,” [2], [3 n.], [5]
Ruskin, John, [196], [251], [510 and n.], [511-513]
Rutten, Father, [498 n.]
Sabotage, [481 n.]
Sadler, Michael, [67]
Saint-Leon, M., [500 n.]
St. Paul, [588]
Saint-Simon, C. H., and Fourier, [201 n.];
quality of his socialism, [201-202];
his career, [202-203];
his works, [203 n.];
his earlier philosophic system, [203];
his economic ideas, [204];
his “Parable,” [204-205];
on the future of the industrial classes, [205 n.];
on industry, [205 n.];
and the new industrial system, [205-211], [224];
and socialism, [209-211];
the Saint-Simonians and their doctrine, [211-231];
and capital, [214];
and A. Comte’s theory of the three estates, [222];
and history, [224];
on politics, [225 n.];
on philanthropy in social reorganisation, [225 n.];
Engels on, [228];
and private property, [217]; [233], [256];
and Protection, [265 n.]; [290], [300];
Proudhon and, [311 n.]; [318], [323], [352], [402], [404], [405];
Rodbertus and, [418]; [450], [470], [475], [486]
Saint-Simonians, the, [169], [184];
and Sismondi, [193];
and the equalitarians, [200 n.-201 n.];
and their socialist contemporaries, [201 n.];
and collectivism, [201], [202], [211], [218-220];
their doctrine, [202], [213-225];
and governmental control, [207 n.];
the development of their doctrine from Saint-Simon’s, [211];
earliest members of the school, [211];
organisation of the school, [211-212];
Enfantine and the downfall of the school, [212-213];
and private property, [199-202], [213-225], [294 n.];
and “exploitation,” [215-216];
and production, [217-218], [226-227];
and inheritance, [217-218];
and the historical method in the criticism of private property, [221-224];
their socialism, [225], [230 n.];
part played by members of the school in practical economic administration, [226];
and banks and credit, [226];
influence upon the socialists, [227];
and distribution, [229];
and the general and particular interest, [229-230];
on the disadvantages of the spontaneous economic forces, [230];
and profits and wages, [216 n.];
and value, [216];
compared with the Associationists, [231];
Fourier on, [245];
and Protection, [265 n.];
and the State, [289 n.];
List and, [289 n.]; [293];
Proudhon and, [296]; [297];
Stuart Mill and, [367], [372]; [378], [381], [415 and n.];
Rodbertus and, [421], [423]; [465 n.];
and class antagonism, [471 n.];
and the confiscation of rent, [562]
Saint-Simonism, [112];
Fourier and, [201 n.]; [212], [219], [254], [255]
Sainte-Beuve, and Sismondi, [193];
and Proudhon, [292], [295 n.], [298 n.]
Sand, George, [263]
Sangnier, M., [496], [502 n.]
Sartorius, G. F., [106]
Saumaise, C., [503 n.]
Savigny, F. K. von, [382]
Saving, Adam Smith on, [73]
Sax, Professor, [522 n.]
Saxony, [281 n.]
Say, J. B., [xii], [34 n.];
and production, [56 n.];
and capital, [56];
and productive and unproductive works, [62], [348 n.];
and the entrepreneur, [65 n.], [113-114], [550 n.]; [70];
on Adam Smith’s theory of distribution, [80];
and distribution, [93], [113-114], [422];
on the loss of England’s American colonies, [103-104];
on the Wealth of Nations, [106];
and Adam Smith’s doctrines, [107-117];
his career, [107 n.];
and the Physiocrats, [108-109];
and political economy, [110-111], [175], [178];
on machinery, [112], [181];
and rent, [114-115], [551], [554 n.], [555 n.], [556];
his theory of markets, [115];
and over-production crises, [115-117], [192];
correspondence with Ricardo, [139 n.]; [148];
on the poverty of the English worker, [171];
Sismondi and, [175], [177], [178], [181];
and the relative poverty of industrial society, [193]; [201 n.], [207];
Saint-Simon and, [209 n.], [210 n.]; [228];
and property, [228]; [264], [265 n.];
List and, [269 n.]; [279 n.], [280], [287], [298], [311 n.];
and anarchy, [311 n.]; [314], [322], [328 n.], [335 n.], [336 n.], [352 n.], [353], [375], [379], [390], [425], [615 n.], [645]
Say, Louis, [107 n.], [265 n.]
“Scarcity,” [521 n.], [522 n.]
Schäffle, A., [438 n.], [469], [556-557], [590 n.]
Schatz, A., [54 n.], [357 n.], [372 n.]
Schelle, M., [4 n.], [11 n.]
Schmidt, Kaspar—[see Stirner, Max]
Schmoller, G., [196], [379 and n.], [383], [385-386], [389 nn.], [393 n.], [395], [397], [400], [403], [406 n.], [407], [438], [443 n.], [517], [647]
Schönberg, G., [439]
School of Social Science, [494]
Schulze-Delitzsch, F. H., [376], [434 and n.]
Schumpeter, Herr, [547 n.]
Schuster, R., [323]
Schweitzer, Herr, [434 n.]
Science, Bakunin and, [628-629]
Seager, Professor H. R., [349 n.]
Secrétan, C., [560], [600 n.]
Seebohm, F., [vi]
Ségur-Lamoignon, M., [500 n.]
Seignobos, C., [405 n.]
Self-interest, Adam Smith on, as the mainspring of progress, [86-87], [88], [89], [92], [95], [393]; [99];
the Classical school and, [393-394];
Wagner and, [394];
Stuart Mill and, [394], [404], [411]
Seligman, Professor, [349 n.], [570 n.]
Semaines Sociales, [500 n.]
Senior, N. W., [109 n.], [168], [349-351], [358], [362 and n.], [371], [372], [379], [549], [551]
Sensi, Signor, [555 n.]
Service, in Bastiat’s theory of value, [332-335];
place of the term in economic terminology, [335]
Service-value, Bastiat’s theory of, [332-335]
Shaftesbury, Lord, [67];
Robert Owen and, [237];
and Christian Socialism, [486]
Shaw, G. Bernard, [579 n.], [580 and n.], [583 n.]
Sidgwick, H., [329]
Sillon, the, [502]
Simiand, M., [388 n.], [402 n.], [538 n.]
Sismondi, S. de, [x], [111], [116], [117], [169];
life, [173 n.];
and political economy, [173], [174], [175], [178], [196], [198];
and Adam Smith, [173], [174], [410];
and Ricardo and J. B. Say, [174-175];
and Malthus, [175];
and the English Corn Laws, [175];
and the abstract method in economics, [176 and n.], [380];
and production and over-production, [176-177], [178-182];
and interest, [176 n.]; [192-193 n.], [215];
and distribution, [177-178], [185], [186], [198], [422], [443];
and the Classical school, [179-182], [195-196];
and machinery, [180-182];
and competition, [182-184], [193 n.], [198], [410];
and socialism, [184-185];
and the theory of the identity of individual and general interests, [185-186], [410];
and the concentration of capital, [187-189];
on the regulation of population by the revenue, [188-189];
and economic crises, [187], [190-192], [426];
and net and gross production, [189-190], [420];
his reform projects, [192-197];
the first of the Interventionists, [192];
influence upon writers and movements in the nineteenth century, [195-196];
influence upon his contemporaries, [196], [197];
and State Socialism, [197];
and the socialists, [196], [197-198];
Marx’s debt to, [198];
and private property, [198];
and “exploitation,” [215], [216]; [228 n.], [230], [233], [256];
on liberty, [262 n.]; [264];
and Protection, [264 n.-265 n.]; [289];
Stuart Mill and, [367];
and peasant proprietorship, [371 n.]; [377], [378], [415 and n.];
and production, [419], [421]; [440], [450];
and increment value, [453 n.]; [475];
and guarantism, [599], [604];
and Liberalism and political economy, [647]
Slavery, Le Play and, [491 n.]
Smith, Adam, [vi];
on the object of political economy, [1];
accredited the founder of political economy, [2], [50-51], [103];
and Quesnay, [3], [55];
Turgot resembles, [4 n.], [47];
and nature regarded as the only source of value, [16];
on “sterile” labour, [17];
his career, [50 n.-52 n.];
his Wealth of Nations, [51 et seq.], [105];
intimate with David Hume, [50 n.], [53];
and the Physiocrats, [51 n.], [55], [62-65], [69];
his admiration for Voltaire, [52 n.];
and Bernard de Mandeville, 51; and Turgot, [55];
and the Tableau économique, [55];
and the division of labour, [56-68], [70-71];
on labour as the true source of wealth, [56-57];
and taxation, [61-62];
on equality in the State, [62];
and productive and unproductive workers, [62-63];
and the superior productivity of agriculture, [63-64], [65], [67], [108], [143];
and rent, [64], [80], [141-143];
and industry, [65-66], [67-68];
his sympathy for the worker, [66-67];
on profits, [67-80], [114];
his “naturalism,” [68-88];
and the spontaneity of economic institutions, [69-88];
and money, [71], [82-85], [115];
and capital, [71-73], [89-91], [272 n.];
on saving, [73];
on demand and supply, [73-85];
his theory of prices, [74-82];
on “value in use” and “value in exchange,” [75-77];
on labour as the measure of value, [77-78], [149];
and cost of production as the determinant of value, [78-79];
his theory of wages, [80];
and distribution, [80], [93];
on the regulation of population to the demand, [82], [188];
on banks, [85];
on self-interest as the root of all economic activity, [86-87], [88], [393];
and the homo œconomicus, [86];
and the “spontaneous order,” [87-88];
on Quesnay’s economic theory, [88];
his “optimism,” [88-93];
and the harmony between self-interest and the general well-being of society, [92], [185], [410];
on the duty of the sovereign, [93], [94], [409];
and economic liberty, [93-97], [315];
on the inefficiency of State administration, [94-95];
and Mercantilism, [98], [169], [314];
and international trade, [97-102];
and Protection, [98-102];
influence of his thought, and its diffusion, [102-107];
and Lord North, [105];
and Pitt, [105];
J. B. Say and, [107-118];
on the basis and the aim of political economy, [110];
and the entrepreneur, [114];
and Malthus’s Principles of Population, [121];
compared with Ricardo, [138];
and the products of mines, [143 n.];
and the interests of the landlords, [153 n.];
and Free Trade, [153], [163], [287]; [165], [166];
Sismondi and, [173], [174], [192];
on competition, [182];
and high wages and population, [189]; [201 n.], [204], [207];
Saint-Simon and, [209 n.];
on government, [217], [625]; [228];
and property, [228]; [264];
on the Act of Union of 1800, [266];
List and, [269 n.], [270], [271 n.], [273], [278 n.], [279 n.], [280];
and the three stages in economic evolution, [271 n.];
on national power, [271 n.]; [272];
on moral forces, [273 n.];
on the prosperity of Britain as the outcome of her legal system, [273 n.]; [322], [323], [326], [338 n.], [355 n.], [371], [379], [380 and n.], [390];
and State intervention, [408-410];
and laissez-faire, [408], [410]; [416], [417], [418], [423], [438 n.], [440], [516];
Mr. and Mrs. Webb on his theory that labour is the cause of value, [581 n.]; [588], [615 n.];
simplicity of his system, [644]
Smith, Prince, [376], [439]
“Smithianismus,” [438]
Social biology, [590 n.]
Social Catholicism, [495-503];
and co-operation, [496-500];
and the emancipation of the workers by themselves, [500];
and the State, [501];
and Protection, [501 n.];
and socialism, [501];
and the employer and the worker, [502];
compared with Social Protestantism, [503]
Social Catholics, [494]
Social Christianity, [509]
Social contract, the, [6 n.]
Social Democratic Federation, [579 n.]
Social Democratic party, German, Rodbertus and, [417]; [432];
founded, [437]; [480 n.]
Social economics, [1], [181], [645]
“Social function,” [335]
“Social instinct,” the, [632];
Kropotkin on, [632-633]
Social League of Buyers, [500 n.]
Social Protestantism—[see Christian Socialism]
“Social workshops,” Blanc and, [301]
Socialism, [xi];
Adam Smith regarded as the father of, [79 n.];
Adam Smith a forerunner of, [92];
Ricardo’s theory of value the starting-point of modern, [138];
the Marxian theory of surplus value and, [140];
and the French Revolution, [199 n.-200 n.];
equalitarian, [200 n.];
the Saint-Simonians and, [200 n.-201 n.], [212], [225], [227], [230 n.], [231];
Saint-Simon and, [201], [202], [209], [210 n.];
Saint-Simon the father of, [203];
Robert Owen and, [235];
origin of the term, [235 n.], [263 and n.];
Wm. Thompson and, [244];
Leroux and, [263];
Proudhon and, [290-291], [296-299], [315];
and the Revolution of 1848, [300-307];
Marx and, [320], [470];
France the classic land of, [323];
Bastiat and, [328 n.], [329];
Stuart Mill and, [352 n.], [353], [358];
the Liberal school and, [354];
Reybaud on, [354];
revival of, [377];
Marx’s Kapital and, [377];
Rodbertus and, [417];
State Socialism and, [431];
Lassalle and, [433];
the Christian schools and, [483-485];
the Social Catholics and, [500];
the Sillon and, [502];
the Christian Socialists and, [509];
modern changes in, [515-516];
in England in mid-nineteenth century, [579];
of the Fabian Society, [vii], [580 n.-581 n.], [584-587];
Sidney Webb on the present realisation of, [585];
“juridical socialism,” [606], [607 n.];
criticism of solidarity, [611];
anarchism and, [640], [641];
and violence, [641];
and the State and private property, [642]
Socialists, favour Adam Smith’s theory of value, [75];
Sismondi reckoned among, [184];
Saint-Simon reckoned among, [210 n.];
Proudhon and, [296-297];
and the Revolution of 1848, [300]; [335];
and State Socialism, [414];
Rodbertus and, [417];
and capital, [459-460];
F. D. Maurice on the motto of the socialist, [504 n.];
and interest and rent, [568], [579]
Society, the reality of, [618], [619 n.];
Kropotkin on, [625 n.], [630], [631 n.];
Bakunin on, [625 n.-626 n.], [630], [631 n.];
the anarchist conception of, [629-636];
Proudhon and, [630], [631 n.];
Jean Grave and, [630], [631 n.];
and government, [631]
Sociological analogy, the, [590-591]
Sociology, [388], [392], [404], [590]
Solidarity, [xv];
in France, [136 n.], [516];
Protection and, [289 n.], [602];
Proudhon and, [317];
the Liberal school and, [325];
Bastiat and the law of, [344-345];
origin of the term, [344 n.], [587];
modern conception of, [344];
Carey and, [345];
and individualism, [356 n.];
State Socialism and, [439], [592], [601], [602-603];
Le Play’s new school and, [495];
Gounelle on, [508 n.];
the Christian Socialists and, [508];
development of the ideal, [587];
the ancients and, [588-589];
heredity and, [588];
A. Comte and, [589];
bacteriology and, [589];
the sociological analogy and, [590-591];
growth and universality of, [591-592];
the Solidarity school, [592 n.-593 n.];
Gide on, [593 n.];
a new watchword, [593];
M. Bourgeois and, [593-594], [596], [597-599];
and natural solidarity, [594-599];
progress of the movement, [593-594];
Durkheim and, [599-600];
a movement towards universal unity, [600-601];
practical applications of, [601-607];
fiscal reform and, [602];
and association, [602], [613-614];
the syndicalists and, [603];
the mutualists and, [603-604];
and co-operation, [604];
the École de Nîmes, [605 n.];
and the mutual credit society, [606];
and private property, [606];
and jurisprudence, [606];
criticism of, [607-614];
the Liberal school and, [607-608];
evolution and, [609];
and collective responsibility for misdemeanour, [610];
the moralists and, [610-611];
socialist criticism, [611];
its moral influence, [611-612];
and individuality, [612-613];
and exchange, [613-614];
distinguished from charity, [614 n.];
the anarchists and social solidarity, [630]; [632]
Solidarist, or Solidarity, school, [592 n.-593 n.], [601]
Solvay, E., [242], [318-319]
Sombart, W., [271 n.], [386]
Sorel, G., [209], [321], [447-448], [466 nn.], [467 n.], [473 n.], [474 n.], [479 nn.], [480 n.], [481 nn.], [482 and nn.], [483], [515], [638 n.], [641], [642]
Souchon, A., [xi]
Sovereign, the, Adam Smith on, [93], [94], [409]
Sozialpolitik, [178]
Spain, anarchism in, [640]
Spence, T., [560 and n.]
Spencer, Herbert, xiii. [356], [376], [560], [590 nn.]
Spontaneity of economic institutions, Adam Smith and, [68-85], [87], [88], [89]
Staël, Mme., [173 n.]
Stangeland, C. E., [121 n.]
Stanislaus II, King of Poland, and the Physiocrats, [5]
State, the, in the Mercantilist view, [27];
in the Physiocratic view, [27];
the functions of, in the Physiocratic doctrine, [33-37];
Adam Smith on the functions of, [95];
the sole inheritor of property, in the Saint-Simonians’ system, [223];
Blanc and, [261], [262];
Dupont-White and, [408 n.], [440], [441];
Walras and, [413];
Rodbertus and, [418-419], [429-431];
Hegel on, [435 n.];
Fichte and, [435 n.-436 n.];
the Congress of Eisenach and, [437];
Wagner and, [438 n.], [439-440];
the duties of, under State Socialism, [439];
incapacity of, as an economic agent, [439];
and the individual, [442-443];
the Christian schools and, [484];
Le Play and, [488];
the Social Catholics and, [501];
Carlyle on the Classical ideal, [511];
the anarchists and, [615], [623-624], [625], [626], [627], [630], [641];
syndicalism and, [641]
State intervention, [xv], [407 et seq.];
Adam Smith and, [94-97], [408-410];
Malthus and Ricardo and, [164];
Sismondi and, [197], [413];
the French Liberal school and, [325];
Bastiat and, [325 n.], [408-409]; [377], [378];
Stuart Mill and, [411], [413];
Cournot and, [413];
Lassalle and, [434-435];
Kingsley on, [505 n.]
[See State Socialism]
State Socialism, [xi], [xv], [197], [221], [259], [261], [262], [304-305], [346], [377], [387], [389 n.], [407];
origin of, [410], [413], [438];
not simply an economic doctrine, [414];
Rodbertus and, [414-415], [417], [428], [431], [432];
Lassalle and, [414], [432];
Wagner and, 414; and socialism, [431];
Andler and the philosophical origin of, [435 n.];
Fichte and, [435 n.];
principles and characteristics of the movement, [436-448];
and the Classical school, [438];
and solidarity and Lassalle, [439];
and government and the individual, [439-443];
and distribution, [443-444];
and production, [444];
Bismarck and, [445];
in Germany, [445-446];
influence in politics, [447];
and economic Liberalism, [447];
syndicalism and, [447-448];
the Christian schools and, [485];
and economic theory, [515];
modern development of, [516];
the Fabians and, [586]; [592], [593 n.];
and solidarity, [601], [602-603]
Stationary state, Stuart Mill and, [373-374]
Statistics, the science of, and economics, [407 n.]; [645-646]
Statute of Apprentices, the, [104], [170]
Statutes of the International Brotherhood, [639]
Statutes of the International Socialist Alliance, [639]
Stein, H. F. K., [106 n.]
Stein, L. von, [294 n.]
“Sterile classes,” the, in the Physiocratic system, [14], [21], [24];
Adam Smith and, [57]
Sterile labour, in the Physiocratic system, [16-17]
Stewart, Dugald, [52 n.]
Stiegler, M., [592 n.]
Stirner, Max (Kaspar Schmidt), [615-619], [622-623], [628], [630]
Stöker, Pastor, [507]
Storch, H. F. von, [118 n.], [379]
Strong, J., [506 n.]
Stumm, Baron, [507 n.]
Sully, Duc de, [17]
Supply, price and, [519]
Surplus labour, Marx’s theory of, [450-459], [474-475]
Surplus value, Marx’s theory of, [184], [198], [228], [294], [450-459];
Sismondi and, [184-185], [198], [475];
decline of the theory of, [516]
Surplus values, the taxation of, [569-570]
Switzerland, Christian Socialism in, [507]
Syndicalism, [321], [447], [448], [472 n.], [473], [479-483], [491];
the Social Catholics and, [498 and n.];
the Sillon and the C.G.T. and, [502];
and solidarity, [603];
and anarchism, [619 n.], [641-642];
and the State, [641-642];
its ideal, [642]
Syndicat, the, [480-481]
Synthetic socialism, [573]
Syntheticism, [573]
Tableau économique, [3 n.], [5], [18-19], [20 n.], [21], [162], [534]
Taillandier, Saint-René, [616 n.]
Tariffs, in France, [266], [269], [280-281];
in Germany, [266-269], [280-281];
in the United States, [269];
the economic nature of, [282]
Taxation, the Physiocratic theory of, [38-45];
Adam Smith and, [61-62 and nn.], [102];
development of the theory of, [645]
Theory, economic, recent revival of, [515]
Thierry, A., [203], [211]
Thiers, L. A., [303]
Thomas, É., [302 and n.]
Thomas, P. F., [263 n.]
Thompson, R., [156 n.]
Thompson, W., [194], [201 n.], [244], [450 n.]
Thornton, W. T., [361], [371 n.]
Thünen, J. H. von, [148 n.], [352], [558]
Tocqueville, A. C. de, [303]
Todt, Pastor, [507]
Tolstoy, Count Leo, [510], [511], [512], [513-514]
Tooke, T., [109 n.]
Torrens, Colonel, [349 n.]
Tourville, the Abbé de, [494], [495 n.]
Toynbee, A., [196], [374], [379], [386 n.], [387]
Trade, the Physiocrats and, [27-33]
Trade, Free—[see Free Trade]
Trade unionism, Robert Owen and, [236 n.];
Stuart Mill and, [361], [362 n.];
the Neo-Marxians and, [479];
Le Play and, [491]; [496 n.], [504];
Durkheim and, [600];
the syndicalists and, [603], [642];
the French anarchists and, [640]
Travail, Le, co-operative society, [257 n.]
Treitschke, H. G. von, [443 n.]
Trosne, G. F. Le, one of the Physiocrats, [4 n.];
on the earth as the sole productive source, [12 n.], [13];
and the “net product,” [14 n.], [15 n.];
on the Tableau économique, [19];
on exchange, [27 n.];
on Free Trade, [29 n.]; [49], [118 n.]
Trusts, Ollivier on, [325]
Tucker, J., [54]
Turgot, A. R. J., one of the Physiocrats, [4 and n.];
on the universality and immutability of the “natural order,” [10];
and the origin of the term laissez-faire, [11 n.]; [12 n.];
on artisans and agriculturists, [14 and n.];
on mines and the “net product,” [14];
on the circulation of wealth, [18];
and the Tableau économique, [20 n.];
and property, [25 n.];
on the “good price,” [30 n.];
on Protection, [31 n.];
and the edict establishing Free Trade in corn, [32];
and interest, [33], [50 n.];
distinguished from the other Physiocrats, [33], [46-47];
on industry and agriculture, [37 n.];
on the burdens of the poor, [42 n.];
and the “iron law,” [42], [157], [453 n.];
on value, [46-47];
and Condillac and Galiani, [47]; [50];
acquainted with Adam Smith, [51 n.], [55]; [117];
and the law of diminishing returns, [146-147 n.], [340]; [222 n.], [228 n.], [298]
“Unearned increment,” rent is, [545];
the confiscation of, [558-570]
United States, [xii];
increase of population in, [124 n.];
growth of per capita wealth of the population in, [131];
and tariffs and Protection, [269], [278-279];
List on the economic condition of, [279];
cultivation and rents in, [339];
Christian Socialism in, [506]
Unity, the movement towards universal, [600]
University economists, [436]
Ure, A., [171 n.]
Usury, the Catholic Church and, [503 n.]
Utilitarian Radicals, [586]
Utilitarian school, [352]
Utility, social, [24], [91];
Dunoyer and, [348 and n.]
Utility theory, [328 n.];
Bastiat and, [335-338]
Utopia, More’s, [246]
Utopian socialism, [232]
Value, the accretion of, constitutes production, [16];
nature the only source of, [16];
the Physiocrats and, [46], [49];
Turgot on, [46-47];
Galiani on, [47];
Condillac and, [48-49], [74], [75];
Adam Smith’s theory of, [74-80], [149];
Ricardo’s theory of, [138], [140-141], [149-151], [240], [332];
Sismondi and, [184-185];
Marx and, [185], [293 n.], [466 and n.], [474], [583];
Marx’s theory of surplus value, [184], [450-459];
Proudhon and, [293 n.];
Bastiat’s theory of service-value, [332-335], [338];
Carey and, [332];
Ferrara and, [333 n.];
in Bastiat’s utility theory, [335-338];
the Classical law of, [360], [558];
Rodbertus and, [415 n.];
Aristotle and, [451 n.];
determined by cost of production, [520], [526];
definition of, [523];
the Classical school and, [530 n.];
the Mathematical school and, [530 n.];
Aupetit and, [530 n.]
“Value in use,” and “value in exchange,” [75-76], [451]
Value, surplus—[see Surplus value]
Vandervelde, É., [221], [470 n.]
Varlin, M., [459 n.]
Verein für Sozialpolitik, [437]
Vidal, F., [259], [304-305], [414], [420 n.]
Villeneuve-Bargemont, Vicomte A. de, [197]
Villermé, L. R., [171], [491 n.]
Villey, E., [327 n.]
Vinet, A. R., [509]
Voltaire, and the Physiocrats, [5]; [32];
his L’Homme avec Quarante Écus, [41 n.]; [43];
Adam Smith and, [51 n.]; [52 n.]
Wage fund theory, Stuart Mill and, [361-362], [374];
Walker and, [362 n.], [549];
Cairnes and, [374]; [456]
Wages, the Physiocrats and, [43];
Condillac on, [49-50];
Adam Smith on the relation of, to rent, [64 n.];
Smith’s theory of, [80];
Ricardo and, [114], [157-163];
Sismondi and, [176 n.];
Stuart Mill and, [360 n.], [369-370]; [353];
the law of, of the Classical School, [360-362];
Cobden on, [360-361];
the “brazen law” of, [361], [426], [433], [453 n.], [528];
Böhm-Bawerk and the Classical school and, [520];
final utility and, [527-528];
the productivity theory of, [527-528], [549-550];
the Hedonists and, [541];
relation of, to profit, [550-551];
and interest, Henry George on, [565];
relation of, to the increase in rents, [566 and n.]
Wagner, A., [222], [393 n.], [394], [396 nn.], [401 n.], [403], [414], [416], [431 n.], [433 n.];
and State Socialism, [438 and n.], [439], [440-441], [443 n.], [444];
and the State and the individual, [442]
Wakefield, Gibbon, [349 n.]
Walker, A., [550 n.]
Walker, F., [362 n.], [549-552]
Wallace, A. R., and land nationalisation, [561], [577]
Wallas, Graham, [159 n.]
Walras, L., on Free Trade, [30]; [75];
J. B. Say and, [114];
and land nationalisation, [155], [561], [571], [572 n.], [573-577];
and “scarcity,” [351]; [521 n.], [522 n.]; [376], [380], [392 and n.];
on the State, [413]; [495], [529 n.];
his economic system, [533-536], [541-542]; [537], [538 n.], [540 n.], [544];
and rent and profit, [552];
and the individual and the State, [573-574];
and the confiscation of rent, [574-577]; [631 n.]
War of Independence, American, [103-104], [202]
Waring, Colonel, [253 n.]
Watt, James, [65]
Wealth, the Physiocratic conception of the circulation of, [18-26];
a material element, in the Physiocratic view, [27];
Quesnay regards agriculture as the source of all, [56];
Adam Smith’s view of the origin of, [56-57];
Adam Smith on, [83];
solely a product of the soil, in the Physiocratic view, [348]
Wealth of Nations, [51 et seq.], [353]
Webb, Mr. and Mrs. Sidney, [170], [221], [387], [580], [581], [583], [584], [585], [586]
Weber, Max, [381 n.]
Weill, G., [202 n.], [203 n.], [226 n.]
Weitling, W., [323]
Wellington, Duke of, [366]
Wells, H. G., [580]
West, Sir E., [147 n.], [149 n.]
Weulersse, G., [5 n.], [22 n.], [26 n.]
Wieser, F. von, [522 n.]
William II, Emperor of Germany, [446], [507]
Wilson, G., [96 n.]
Wirth, M., [416 n.], [417 n.]
Wollemborg, [503 n.]
Wolowski, L., [304]
Woman question, Saint-Simonism and, [254];
Fourier and, [254]
“Working men’s associations,” [305-306], [319]
Worms, R., [590 n.]
Würtemberg, Tariff Union between Bavaria and, [268]
Young, A., [136 n.], [371]
Yule, Udny, [407 n.]
Zola, É., [254 n.]
Zollverein, formation of the, [268]; [280]
Zollvereinsblatt, [280 n.], [288]