Mind and Hand: Manual Training the Chief Factor in Education

by Charles H. Ham

STATISTICS.—MANUAL TRAINING, 1883-1898, IN THE UNITED STATES

MANUAL TRAINING IN PUBLIC HIGH-SCHOOLS

Name of School	City or Town	State	Manual Training Estab- lished	Teachers of Manual Training	Pupils Taking Manual Training
High-school	Peru	Ill.	1883	2	41
Polytechnic High-school	Baltimore	Md.	1883	16	674
High-school	Eau Claire	Wis.	1884	1	50
Central Manual-training School	Philadelphia	Penn.	1885	13	406
Industrial Training High-school	Indianapolis	Ind.	1885	10	676
Rochester Free Academy	Rochester	N. Y.	1885	..	908
High-school	Toledo	Ohio	1885	11	394
Central Manual-training School	Cleveland	Ohio	1885	4	200
Central High-school	Washington	D. C.	1886	..	235
Manual-training High-school	New Haven	Conn.	1886	13	..
Manual-training School	Springfield	Mass.	1886	3	34
High-school	Minneapolis	Minn.	1886	4	375
Newburg Free Academy	Newburg	N. Y.	1886	2	133
Manual-training School	Galesburg	Ill.	1887	1	74
High-school	St. Paul	Minn.	1887	5	350
Manual-training High-school	Stillwater	Minn.	1887	1	12
High-school	Jamestown	N. Y.	1887	1	48
Central High-school	Easton	Del.	1888	..	..
High-school	Easton	Md.	1888	..	..
Ridge Manual-training School	Cambridge	Mass.	1888	9	178
High-school	Concord	N. H.	1888	4	52
Orange High-school	Orange	N. J.	1888	3	180
High-school	Albany	N. Y.	1888	3	750
Dist. 20 Central High-school	Pueblo	Col.	1889	1	160
Manual-training High-school	Davenport	Iowa	1889	1	82
West Des Moines High-school	Des Moines	Iowa	1889	1	50
Manual-training High-school	Fall River	Mass.	1889	1	62
High-school	Duluth	Minn.	1889	2	80
High school	Omaha	Neb.	1889	..	100
High-school	Union	N. J.	1889	3	200
High-school	Westchester	Penn.	1889	4	240
English High and Manual-training School	Chicago	Ill.	1890	17	430
Manual-training High-school	Louisville	Ky.	1890	13	212
Approved High-school	Vineland	N. J.	1890	1	150
High-school	Passaic	N. J.	1890	2	53
High-school	South Orange	N. J.	1890	1	150
West Manual-training School	Cleveland	Ohio	1890	3	100
East and West High-schools	Milwaukee	Wis.	1890	4	144
Norwich Free Academy	Norwich	Conn.	1891	1	33
High-school	Waterbury	Conn.	1891	1	..
High-school	Springfield	Ill.	1891	1	20
Moline High-school	Moline	Ill.	1891	1	47
Manual training High-school	Waltham	Mass.	1891	2	18
High-school	Bay City	Mich.	1891	[120]	[120]
Ridgewood High-school	Ridgewood	N. J.	1891	3	35
Manual training High-school	Camden	N. J	1891	3	150
Manual training High-school	Seattle	Wash.	1891	2	70
High-school	Menominee	Wis.	1891	5	103
High-school	Bristol	Conn.	1892	1	30
Willard Hall High-school	Wilmington	Del.	1892	3	210
Fremont Manual-training School	Fremont	Ohio	1892	1	50
North East Manual-training School	Philadelphia	Penn.	1892	9	369
High-school	Norristown	Penn.	1892	2	290
Manual-training High-school	Providence	R. I.	1892	18	280
High-school	Spokane	Wash.	1892	3	85
Polytechnical High-school	San Francisco	Cal.	1893	4	250
Manual-training High-school	Mason City	Iowa	1893	1	125
High-school	Manchester	N. H.	1893	1	12
High-school	Atlantic City	N. J.	1893	1	235
East Orange High-school	East Orange	N. J.	1893	3	125
Manual-training High-school	Denver	Col.	1894	..	400
High-school	Frankfort	Ky.	1894	2	100
Mechanics Arts High-school	Boston	Mass.	1894	11	324
Manual-training High-school	Brooklyn	N. Y.	1894	..	800
Washington High-school	Washington	Penn.	1894	..	27
Townsend Industrial School	Newport	R. I.	1894	2	26
Ryan High-school	Appleton	Wis.	1894	1	26
Manual-training School	Lowell	Mass.	1895	2	50
English High-school	Somerville	Mass.	1895	2	75
English and Classical High-school	Worcester	Mass.	1895	4	283
High-school	Medford	Mass.	1895	2	20
English High-school	Lynn	Mass.	1895	3	72
High-school	Lawrence	Mass.	1895	1	33
Royen High-school	Youngstown	Ohio	1895	1	200
High-school	Fitchburg	Mass.	1895	..	..
High-school	Burlington	Wis.	1896	..	..
High-school	Los Angeles	Cal.	1896	6	315
High-school	Rockford	Ill.	1896	1	27
High-school	Florence	Wis.	1896	2	36
Brookline High-school	Brookline	Mass.	1896	1	50
High-school	Janesville	Wis.	1896	..	..
High-school	Malden	Mass.	1896	2	60
Hackley Manual-training School	Muskegon	Mich.	1896	4	350
Ishpeming Manual-training School	Ishpeming	Mich.	1896	1	75
Menominee Manual-training School	Menominee	Mich.	1896	1	25
High-school	Summit	N. J.	1896	1	40
Barlow School of Industrial Art	Binghamton	N. Y.	1896	3	173
High-school	Syracuse	N. Y.	1896	..	50
High-school	Akron	Ohio	1896	2	180
Cross Creek School	Washington	Penn.	1896	..	14
High-school	Waupaca	Wis.	1897	1	16
High-school	Winnetka	Ill.	1897	1	16
High-school	Fond du Lac	Wis.	1897	1	50
Manual-training High-school	Kansas City	Mo.	1897	27	800
High-school	Oshkosh	Wis.	1897	3	250
Central and Martin Park High-schools	Buffalo	N. Y.	1897	1	50
High-school	Mayville	Wis.	1897	1	30
High-school	Red Bank	N. J.	1897	1	375
High-school	Hartford	Conn.	1898	4	140
Manual-training High school	Newark	N. J.	1898	..	..
Howard School	Wilmington	Del.	[121]	1	45
High-school	Iowa City	Iowa	[121]	..	..
High-school	Brockton	Mass.	[121]	..	..
High-school	South Omaha	Neb.	[121]	..	..
High-school	Stamford	Conn.	[121]	..	..
	101 Cities	23 States		320	15,942

[120] Abandoned temporarily for want of funds.

[121] Date of establishment not reported.

MANUAL TRAINING IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS—GRAMMAR GRADES

City or Town	State	Manual Training Estab- lished in Grammar Grades	Separate Manual- training Schools	Teachers of Manual Training	Pupils Taking Manual Training
Montclair	N. J.	1882	All	4	530
Peru	Ill.	1883	2	2	..
New Haven	Conn.	1884	..	..	..
Jamestown	N. Y.	1884	2	2	800
Eau Claire	Wis.	1884	1	..	100
Waltham	Mass.	1885	1	2	425
Rochester	N. Y.	1885	..	..	336
Toledo	Ohio	1885	11	11	2,257
Washington	D. C.	1886	40	43	9,452
Springfield	Mass.	1886	1	3	267
Boston	Mass.	1886	All	81	37,240
Newburg	N. Y.	1886	1	2	95
Tidioute	Penn.	1886	..	..	..
Beardstown	Ill.	1887	1	2	..
Easton	Del.	1888	..	..	..
Brookline	Mass.	1888	1	2	525
Winchester	Mass.	1888	1	2	408
Concord	N. H.	1888	2	4	402
Hoboken	N. J.	1888	6	6	1,229
Orange	N. J.	1888	5	3	842
New York	N. Y.	1888	37	32	10,187
Meadville	Penn.	1888	..	2	263
Wilmington	Del.	1889	1	..	45
Davenport	Iowa	1889	1	1	101
Vineland	N. J.	1889	All	1	500
Union	N. J.	1889	All	All	643
St. Louis	Mo.	1890	1[122]	8[122]	116[122]
Duluth	Minn.	1890	12	25	1,000
Passaic	N. J.	1890	..	2	152
Garfield	N. J.	1890	1	2	550
Paterson	N. J.	1890	1	1	300
Ridgewood	N. J.	1890	..	4	200
Knoxville	Tenn.	1890	..	..	..
South Orange	N. J.	1890	1	1	300
Waterbury	Conn.	1891	..	..	..
Springfield	Ill.	1891	1	1	50
Moline	Ill.	1891	1	1	279
Salem	Mass.	1891	1	1	160
Northampton	Mass.	1891	1	1	900
Bay City	Mich.	1891	[123]	[123]	[123]
San Francisco	Cal.	1892	3	2	560
St. Paul	Minn.	1892	..	4	2,366
Camden	N. J.	1892	..	4	4,600
Norristown	Penn.	1892	2	3	1,430
Providence	R. I.	1892	13	..	..
Menominee	Wis.	1892	2	4	200
Bristol	Conn.	1893	2	..	276
Haverhill	Mass.	1893	1	1	190
Manistee	Mich.	1893	..	..	..
Minneapolis	Minn.	1893	5	5	1,214
St. Cloud	Minn.	1893	1	1	150
Manchester	N. H.	1893	All	1	196
Bayonne	N. J.	1893	All	All	All
East Orange	N. J.	1893	All	2	755
Cleveland	Ohio	1893	2	1	3,500
Newport	R. I.	1893	..	4	633
Staunton	Va.	1893	..	1	200
Santa Barbara	Cal.	1894	1	2	232
San Diego	Cal.	1894	5	1	270
Portland	Maine	1894	1	3	900
Medford	Mass.	1894	1	2	400
New Bedford	Mass	1894	1	1	400
Ithaca	N. Y.	1894	2	2	420
Mason City	Iowa	1894	1	1	50
Denver	Colo.	1895	All	..	2,500
Chicago	Ill.	1895	28	32	8,200
Cape May	N. J.	1895	All	3	411
Fitchburg	Mass.	1895	..	..	..
Buffalo	N. Y.	1895	..	1	200
Pittsburg	Penn.	1895	3	2	400
Barbadoes Township	N. J.	1895	3	3	713
Woonsocket	R. I.	1895	..	1	150
Oakland	Cal.	1896	1	1	425
Carlstadt	N. J.	1896	All	5	240
Los Angeles	Cal.	1896	7	..	2,080
Summit	N. J.	1896	3	3	200
Hartford	Conn.	1896	All	5	800
Des Moines	Iowa	1896	2	2	80
Florence	Wis.	1896	1	..	..
Menominee	Mich.	1896	1	1	80
Brooklyn	N. Y.	1896	..	..	..
Glens Falls	N. Y.	1896	1	1	60
Utica	N. Y.	1896	..	4	2,300
Akron	Ohio	1896	..	2	210
Washington	Penn.	1896	5	3	112
Pueblo Dist. No. 1	Colo.	1897	..	2	180
Winnetka	Ill.	1897	1	1	48
Oshkosh	Wis.	1897	25	28	1,400
Indianapolis	Ind.	1897	1	2	1,000
North Adams	Mass.	1897	1	1	247
Lynn	Mass.	1897	1	1	351
Newton	Mass.	1897	1	1	135
Worcester	Mass.	1897	..	2	397
Cambridge	Mass.	1897	1	2	136
Muskegon	Mich.	1897	2	4	700
Kansas City	Mo.	1897	..	..	..
Newark	N. J.	1897	..	3	2,265
Milwaukee	Wis.	1897	1	1	15
Pueblo Dist. No. 20	Colo.	1898	..	2	300
New Britain	Conn.	1898	..	..	190
Peabody	Mass.	1898	..	..	..
Moberly	Mo.	1898	..	..	..
Stockton	Cal.	[124]	..	..	..
Santa Cruz	Cal.	[124]	..	..	..
Manchester	Conn.	[124]	..	..	..
Stamford	Conn.	[124]	..	..	..
Iowa City	Iowa	[124]	..	..	..
Augusta	Me.	[124]	..	..	..
Baltimore	Md.	[124]	All	..	All
Hyde Park	Mass.	[124]	3	3	204
Holyoke	Mass.	[124]	1	..	..
Easton	Mass.	[124]	..	..	..
Fall River	Mass.	[124]	..	..	..
Dedham	Mass.	[124]	..	..	..
Malden	Mass.	[124]	..	..	..
Milton	Mass.	[124]	..	..	..
Waterbury	Mass.	[124]	..	..	..
Wellesley	Mass.	[124]	..	..	..
Canton	Mass.	[124]	..	..	..
Richmond	Va.	[124]	..	..	..
119 Cities	24 States		287	444	118,835

[122] Colored School.

[123] Abandoned temporarily for want of funds.

[124] Date of establishment not reported.

MANUAL TRAINING IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS—PRIMARY GRADES

City or Town[125]	State	Manual Training Estab- lished in Primary Grades	Separate Manual Training Primary Grades	Teachers of Manual Training	Pupils Taking Manual Training
Montclair	N. J.	1882	All	All	1,047
Jamestown	N. Y.	1882	All	All	2,400
Baltimore	Md.	1884	..	..	..
Washington	D. C.	1886	55	..	12,900
Newburg	N. Y.	1886	..	..	..
Tidioute	Penn.	1886	..	..	..
Oakland	Cal.	1888	..	2	2,159
Springfield	Mass.	1888	All	..	29,256
Concord	N. H.	1888	..	..	..
Orange	N. J.	1888	4	3	2,132
New York	N. Y.	1888	..	..	12,000
Union	N. J.	1889	All	All	560
Vineland	N. J.	1889	All	1	700
Westchester	Penn.	1889	..	1	..
Garfield	N. J.	1890	..	1	200
South Orange	N. J.	1890	1	1	200
Waterbury	Conn.	1891	..	1	..
Moline	Ill.	1891	..	..	..
Northampton	Mass.	1891	..	1	900
Ridgewood	N. J.	1891	..	3	200
San Francisco	Cal.	1892	1	1	176
St. Paul	Minn.	1892	40	..	4,500
Camden	N. J.	1892	..	..	3,080
Providence	R. I.	1892	50	..	..
Bristol	Conn.	1893	2	2	144
Minneapolis	Minn.	1893	44	..	4,446
Stillwater	Minn.	1893	..	..	..
Cleveland	Ohio	1893	..	..	3,500
Staunton	Va.	1893	..	1	200
Menominee	Wis.	1893	..	2	200
St. Cloud	Minn.	1894	..	2	488
Philipsburg	N. J.	1894	All	All	700
Elyria	Ohio	1894	All	All	700
Newport	R. I.	1894	..	2	101
Denver	Colo.	1895	..	..	..
Oshkosh	Wis.	1896	20	25	800
Waltham	Mass.	1896	..	..	100
Carlstadt	N. J.	1896	All	5	..
Utica	N. Y.	1896	..	..	..
Akron	Ohio	1896	All	All	1,800
San Diego	Cal.	1897	5	3	250
Newark	N. J.	1897	..	..	..
Indianapolis	Ind.	1897	..	2	500
Moberly	Mo.	1897	..	..	..
Passaic	N. J.	1897	..	1	375
Pueblo Dist. No. 1	Colo.	1898	..	1	180
Santa Cruz	Cal.	..	..	..	..
Elgin	Ill.	..	..	1	..
Augusta	Me.	..	..	..	..
Detroit	Mich.	..	..	..	..
Toledo	Ohio	..	..	..	..
Pittsburg	Penn.	..	..	..	..
Shenandoah	Penn.	..	..	..	..
La Crosse	Wis.	..	..	..	..
54 Cities	20 States		222	62	88,398

[125] Of the 54 cities tabulated, only 9 report the number of separate primary schools in which Manual Training is taught. These 9 cities report 202 schools, or an average of 22.4 schools per city. Nine cities report all. Thirty-four cities do not report. If the average obtained from the cities reporting can be applied to all, then 1120 primary schools have Manual Training. Thirty-one cities do not report the number of teachers. Twenty cities report 34. Applying the above method shows 85 teachers of Manual Training in primary schools. It must be remembered that there are special or supervising teachers; the regular teachers doing most of this work under supervision. Thirty-two cities report 87,598 pupils taking Primary Manual Training; or 2737 on the average to each city reporting. Applying this average to the 51 cities reporting, the total is 139,587.

KINDERGARTENS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS

City or Town	State	Kinder- garten Estab- lished	Separate Kinder- gartens	Kinder- garten Teachers	Kinder- garten Pupils
St. Louis	Mo.	1873	60	400	7,694
Milwaukee	Wis.	1880	42	83	3,816
Cedar Rapids	Iowa	1881	12	16	766
Newport	R. I.	1882	4	8	250
Lowell	Mass.	1883	12	25	400
Pawtucket	R. I.	1883	4	9	295
La Porte	Ind.	1884	3	5	163
Muskegon	Mich.	1884	8	10	581
Philadelphia	Penn.	1884	135	180	6,500
Traverse City	Mich.	1885	4	4	180
San José	Cal.	1885	7	17	337
Augusta	Ga.	1887	4	8	183
Des Moines	Iowa	1887	14	28	807
Marshalltown	Iowa	1887	7	10	260
Louisville	Ky.	1887	10	59	750
Albany	N. Y.	1887	19	30	750
Boston	Mass.	1888	67	126	3,925
Brookline	Mass.	1888	11	18	373
Rochester	N. Y.	1888	13	68	1,972
Sheboygan	Wis.	1888	9	27	980
Bristol	Conn.	1889	3	7	253
Richmond	Ind.	1889	2	2	75
Cambridge	Mass.	1889	11	22	583
Grand Rapids	Mich.	1889	8	7	352
Montclair	N. J.	1889	5	12	273
Louisburg	N. Y.	1889	5	10	165
North Tonawanda	N. Y.	1889	4	4	200
Norwich	Conn.	1890	3	7	120
Lexington	Ky.	1890	5	10	360
Grand Haven	Mich.	1890	1	3	105
Garfield	N. J.	1890	2	2	80
East Orange	N. J.	1890	6	6	180
South Orange	N. J.	1890	1	2	55
Providence	R. I.	1890	15	31	700
Los Angeles	Cal.	1891	29	78	1,800
Covington	Ky.	1891	5	10	600
Frankfort	Ky.	1891	1	2	50
Somerville	Mass.	1891	5	11	200
Iron Mountain	Mich.	1891	11	11	586
Ironwood	Mich.	1891	3	9	290
Negaunee	Mich.	1891	2	2	78
Concord	N. H.	1891	5	7	288
Passaic	N. J.	1891	6	8	284
Greenwich	Conn.	1892	1	1	52
Terre Haute	Ind.	1892	16	11	435
Worcester	Mass.	1892	10	19	518
Lowell	Mass.	1892	12	26	900
Duluth	Minn.	1892	16	27	1,000
Omaha	Neb.	1892	26	40	1,600
Plainfield	N. J.	1892	5	5	230
Utica	N. Y.	1892	11	26	750
Cohoes	N. Y.	1892	2	4	127
Niagara Falls	N. Y.	1892	4	6	156
San Diego	Cal.	1893	6	6	250
Denver	Colo.	1893	25	50	2,534
Chicago	Ill.	1893	51	121	2,500
Newton	Mass.	1893	13	29	569
Lincoln	Neb.	1893	8	22	700
Menominee	Mich.	1893	5	5	350
Kansas City	Mo.	1893	5	5	200
Ridgewood	N. J.	1893	1	2	75
Union	N. J.	1893	2	3	120
Saratoga Springs	N. Y.	1893	9	24	500
Flushing	N. Y.	1893	3	4	60
New Rochelle	N. Y.	1893	5	7	476
El Paso	Tex.	1893	1	3	100
Burlington	Vt.	1893	4	8	137
Racine	Wis.	1893	6	11	573
Fond du Lac	Wis.	1894	5	11	250
Hammond	Ind.	1894	1	2	80
Oskaloosa	Iowa	1894	5	5	210
Sioux City	Iowa	1894	3	6	125
Springfield	Mass.	1894	8	17	346
Peabody	Mass.	1894	3	6	126
Medford	Mass.	1894	4	8	220
Superior	Wis.	1894	5	11	225
Lawrence	Mass.	1894	1	2	36
Escanaba	Mich.	1894	4	4	225
Winona	Minn.	1894	8	13	400
Natchez	Miss.	1894	1	1	50
Portsmouth	N. H.	1894	4	6	180
Binghamton	N. Y.	1894	13	14	600
Geneva	N. Y.	1894	4	5	150
Sing Sing	N. Y.	1894	3	3	91
Wilkesbarre	Penn.	1894	2	2	80
Marinette	Wis.	1894	5	5	300
La Crosse	Wis.	1894	3	3	150
Madison	Wis.	1894	2	6	134
Oakland	Cal.	1895	1	1	60
Jeffersonville	Ind.	1895	7	7	200
Burlington	Iowa	1895	5	10	200
North Adams	Mass.	1895	3	6	120
Vicksburg	Miss.	1895	4	5	180
Fremont	Ohio	1895	3	5	160
Oshkosh	Wis.	1895	9	25	800
Winnetka	Ill.	1896	1	5	57
Indianapolis	Ind.	1896	1	1	53
Dubuque	Iowa	1896	4	8	232
Malden	Mass.	1896	2	5	85
Northampton	Mass.	1896	2	4	90
Ishpeming	Mich.	1896	2	6	300
Detroit	Mich.	1896	6	12	91
Nashua	N. H.	1896	2	4	120
Syracuse	N. Y.	1896	2	4	97
Mt. Vernon	N. Y.	1896	2	2	30
Cleveland	Ohio	1896	12	24	500
Stevens Point	Wis.	1896	4	5	180
New Bedford	Mass.	1897	3	6	140
Walden	Mass.	1897	1	2	40
Newark	N. J.	1897	26	50	2,100
Hoboken	N. J.	1897	7	15	368
Bayonne	N. J.	1897	[126]	[126]	[126]
Brooklyn	N. Y.	1897	14	28	..
Woonsocket	R. I.	1897	1	2	30
Pueblo	Colo.	1898	1	2	65
Akron	Ohio	1898	1	3	30
Seattle	Wash.	1898	1	2	51
Appleton	Wis.	1898	4	8	200
Anniston	Ala.	..	2	..	122
Hot Springs	Ark.	..	1	1	16
Sacramento	Cal.	..	4	8	172
Santa Cruz	Cal.	..	1	2	53
Manchester	Conn.	..	1	8	210
New Britain	Conn.	..	6	13	410
New Haven	Conn.	..	8	19	676
Hartford	Conn.	..	12	138	1,326
Norwalk	Conn.	..	3	6	95
Rockville	Conn.	..	1	1	..
Willimantic	Conn.	..	2	6	229
Rome	Ga.	..	1	1	16
Evanston	Ill.	..	2	6	100
Augusta	Me.	..	1	1	..
Portland	Me.	..	6	10	125
Fall River	Mass.	..	2	4	202
Sault Ste. Marie	Mich.	..	3	5	300
St. Paul	Minn.	..	28	57	..
Trenton	N. J.	..	1	1	65
Paterson	N. J.	..	15	17	500
[127]Buffalo	N. Y.	..	10	15	925
Gloversville	N. Y.	..	4	4	411
New York	N. Y.	..	15	16	571
Schenectady	N. Y.	..	1	2	40
Newark	Ohio	..	2	3	33
Pittsburg	Penn.	..	16	48	800
Oil City	Penn.	..	2	2	104
Allegheny	Penn.	..	3	12	120
146 Cities	26 States	..	1,202	2,695	73,543

[126] All first-grade schools have kindergartens.

[127] Kindergartens are conducted by a private association financially assisted from public-school funds.

MANUAL TRAINING IN SCHOOLS FOR THE COLORED RACE

Name of Institution	Location	Grade of Academic Work	Manual Training Estab- lished	Teachers of Manual Training	Pupils Taking Manual Training
Storrs School	Atlanta, Ga.	Grammar	1865	..	120
Shaw University	Raleigh, N. C.	Collegiate	1865	6	216
Storer College	Harper’s Ferry, W. V.	High	1867	9	121
Hampton Normal Institute	Hampton, Va.	Gram. and High	1868	48	658
Mt. Hermon Female Seminary	Clinton, Miss.	High	1875	2	16
Southland Col. and Normal Inst.	Southland, Ark.	Primary to Coll.	1876	..	56
Princess Anne Academy	Princess Anne, Md.	High	1878	7	101
Colored Industrial School	Huntsville, Ala.	High	1879	4	150
Knoxville College	Knoxville, Tenn.	Gram. and High	1879	4	125
Penn Normal and Ind. School	Frogmore, S. C.	High	1880	3	164
State Colored Normal School	Salisbury, N. C.	Gram. and High	1881	4	118
Allen University	Columbia, S. C.	Primary to Coll.	1881	4	332
Tuskegee Nor. and Ind. Institute	Tuskegee, Ala.	Gram. and High	1882	..	661
Tougaloo University	Tougaloo, Miss.	Primary to Coll.	1882	..	175
Albion Academy	Franklinton, N. C.	High	1882	5	100
Spelman Seminary	Atlanta, Ga.	Gram. and High	1883	16	375
Ballard Normal and Ind. School	Macon, Ga.	Gram. and High	1883	12	415
Scotia Seminary	Concord, N. C.	Gram. and High	1883	16	286
Central Tennessee College	Nashville, Tenn.	Gram. to Coll.	1884	7	103
Hartshorn Memorial College	Richmond, Va.	High	1884	8	108
Biddle University	Charlotte, N. C.	Gram. to Coll.	1885	6	136
Fisk University	Nashville, Tenn.	Gram. and High	1885	4	275
Roger Williams University	Nashville, Tenn.	High and Coll.	1885	1	68
Paul Quinn College	Waco, Tex.	High	1885	3	31
Norfolk Mission College	Norfolk, Va.	..	1886	2	320
Howard University	Washington, D. C.	..	1887	6	169
Colored Public Schools	Jacksonville, Fla.	Prim. to Gram.	1887	..	..
Straight University	New Orleans, La.	High	1887	3	50
Wilberforce University	Wilberforce, Ohio.	Gram. and High	1888	7	133
Mary Allen Seminary	Crockett, Tex.	Gram. and High	1888	..	445
Virginia Institute	Petersburg, Va.	High	1888	5	389
Scofield Industrial School	Aiken, S. C.	Grammar	1889	6	155
Institute for Colored Youth	Philadelphia, Penn.	High and Norm.	1889	9	259
Burrell Academy	Selma, Ala.	Grammar	1890	8	238
Emerson Mem. Home School	Ocala, Fla.	Gram. and High	1890	2	30
State Normal and Ind. College	Tallahassee, Fla.	High	1890	1	27
State Nor. School for Col. Persons	Frankfort, Ky.	High	1890	3	96
Southern University	New Orleans, La.	Gram. to Coll.	1890	5	107
Alcon Agr. and Mech. College	West Side, Miss.	Collegiate	1890	5	298
State Normal School	Goldsboro, N. C.	High	1890	4	163
Lincoln Academy	King’s Mount’n, N. C.	Gram. and High	1890	6	186
St. Augustine School	Raleigh, N. C.	Gram. to Coll.	1890	4	88
Lincoln Academy	Jefferson City, Mo.	High	1891	8	400
Arkansas Industrial University	Pine Bluff, Ark.	High	1892	6	62
Berea College	Berea, Ky.	High and Coll.	1892	2	56
Colored Industrial School	Bordentown, N. J.	Gram. and High	1892	6	54
Bishop College	Marshall, Tex.	Gram. and High	1892	5	109
Brewer Normal School	Greenwood, S. C.	Gram. and High	1893	1	120
Hearne Academy	Hearne, Tex.	High	1893	1	35
Shorter University	Arkadelphia, Ark.	Gram. and High	1894	1	20
Knox Institute	Athens, Ga.	Gram. and High	1894	2	87
Walker Baptist Institute	Augusta, Ga.	High	1894	2	67
Chandler Normal School	Lexington, Ky.	Gram. and High	1894	2	150
Washburn Seminary	Beaufort, N. C.	Gram. and High	1894	1	77
State Col’d Nor. and Ind. School	Normal, Ala.	High	..	10	248
Cookman Institute	Jacksonville, Fla.	High	..	..	..
Beach Institute	Savannah, Ga.	Gram. and High	..	7	85
Allen Industrial School	Thomasville, Ga.	High	..	2	80
Leland University	New Orleans, La.	High and Coll.	..	..	..
New Orleans University	New Orleans, La.	..	..	..	..
Mississippi State Normal School	Holly Springs, Miss.	High	..	1	85
State Colored Normal School	Elizabeth City, N. C.	High	..	..	..
Plymouth State Normal School	Plymouth, N. C.	High	..	..	..
Rankin-Richards Institute	Orangeburg, S. C.	Gram. and High	..	20	454
Slater Training School	Knoxville, Tenn.	Gram. and High	[128]	1	25
Tillotson Institute	Austin, Tex.	..	..	4	55
Emerson Institute	Mobile, Ala.	Gram. and High	..	..	..
67 Manual-training Schools				327	10,332

[128] The date given is that of establishment of school. Date of establishment of Manual Training was not ascertained in these instances.

PRIVATE MANUAL-TRAINING SCHOOLS

Name of Institution	Location	Grade of Academic Work	Date of Estab- lishment	Teachers of Manual Training	Pupils
Massachusetts Inst. of Technology[129]	Boston, Mass.	High	1876	..	..
Penn. School of Industrial Arts	Philadelphia, Penn.	High	1876	..	..
Working-men’s School	New York, N. Y.	Grammar	1878	19	353
Miller Manual-labor School	Crozet, Va.	High	1878	..	198
Washington University M. T. School	St. Louis, Mo.	High	1879	14	300
Girard College	Philadelphia Penn.	Gram. and High	1882	11	650
Chicago Manual-training School	Chicago, Ill.	High	1893	13	263
Hebrew Technical Institute	New York, N. Y.	Grammar	1883	11	254
M. T. School of Tulane University	New Orleans, La.	High	1884	6	114
H. Mann School and Teachers’ Coll.	New York, N. Y.	Primary to Coll.	1884	12	257
Haish Manual-training School	Denver, Col.	..	1886	2	11
Pratt Institute	Brooklyn, N. Y.	High	1887	..	125
H. S. Newcom Memorial College	New Orleans, La.	High and Coll.	1887	..	..
Sloyd Manual-training School	Boston, Mass.	Normal	1889	3	104
Tyler School	Providence, R. I.	Gram. and High	1890	6	330
Jewish Training School	Chicago, Ill.	Prim. and Gram.	1890	27	700
National University	Chicago, Ill.	..	1890	5	500
Miss Sayer’s School	Newport, R. I.	Gram. and High	1891	2	20
Swedenborgian School	Waltham, Mass.	Grammar	1891	1	60
Thorp Polytechnic Institute	Pasadena, Cal.	Gram. to Coll.	1892	8	300
Friends’ Select School	Philadelphia, Penn.	High	1892	..	123
Providence Training School for Sloyd	Providence, R. I.	Normal	1893	1	49
Plainfield Academy	Plainfield, N. J.	Prim. to High	1893	2	25
California School of Mechanical Arts	San Francisco, Cal.	High	1895	7	310
St. Andrew’s	Rochester, N. Y.	High	1895	1	60
Lewis Institute	Chicago, Ill.	High and Coll.	1896	10	200
Free Industrial School	San Diego, Cal.	Gram. and High	1896	2	80
Commons Manual-training School	Chicago, Ill.	Grammar	1896	1	40
Hull House Manual-training School	Chicago, Ill.	Gram. and High	1897	2	70
Elmwood School	Buffalo, N. Y.	..	..	..	..
Franklin School	Buffalo, N. Y.	..	..	..	..
Lasell Seminary	Auburndale, Mass.	..	..	..	..
Talladega College	Talladega, Ala.	..	..	..	..
Kenilworth Academy	Kenilworth, Ill.	..	..	..	..
Y. M. C. A. Manual-training Dep’t.	Hartford, Conn.	..	..	..	..
Clark University	Atlanta, Ga.	..	..	..	..
Private Manual-training Class	Winnetka, Ill.	..	..	..	..

[129] The Massachusetts Institute of Technology was established in 1865; but in 1876 it adopted Manual Training as a system into all its grades, and thus became the first distinctive Manual-training School without prejudice to its high standing as an Institute of Technology.

MANUAL TRAINING IN PUBLIC NORMAL SCHOOLS

Name of School	Location	Manual Training Estab- lished	Teachers of Manual Training	Pupils Taking Manual Training
Santee Normal Training School	Santee Agency, Neb.	1870	12	72
Cook County Normal School[130]	Chicago, Ill.	1883	..	450
State Normal School	Whitewater, Wis.	1883	2	100
State Normal Training School	New Britain, Conn.	1884	5	253
Industrial Institute and College	Columbus, Miss.	1885	1	123
West Chester State Normal School	West Chester, Penn.	1889	2	220
State Normal School	San José, Cal.	1890	3	700
Georgia Normal and Industrial College	Milledgeville, Ga.	1891	15	284
State Normal and Model School	Trenton, N. J.	1891	1	225
State Female Normal School	Farmville, Va.	1891	2	75
Normal College of New York	New York, N. Y.	1892	12	257
Normal and Industrial School	Greensboro, N. C.	1892	5	300
Keystone State Normal School	Kutztown, Penn.	1892	2	106
State Normal School	Framingham, Mass.	1893	1	25
Westfield Normal School	Westfield, Mass.	1893	5	70
State Normal School	Los Angeles, Cal.	1894	2	475
Alabama Normal College for Girls	Livingston, Ala.	..	1	..

[130] The Cook County (Illinois) Normal School was originally established as a private school. It is now the public training school for teachers in the public schools.

PRIVATE TRADE SCHOOLS AND INSTITUTES OF TECHNOLOGY

Name of Institution	Location	Date of Estab- lishment	Teachers	Pupils
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute	Troy, N. Y.	1824	18	..
Ohio Mechanics’ Institute	Cincinnati, Ohio.	1828	..	720
Massachusetts Institute of Technology	Boston, Mass.	1865	6	222
Cornell University	Ithaca, N. Y.	1865	36	599
Worcester Polytechnic Institute	Worcester, Mass.	1868	..	..
Stevens Institute of Technology	Hoboken, N. J.	1871	22	256
Lowell School of Practical Designing	Boston, Mass.	1872	..	65
Rhode Island School of Design	Providence, R. I.	1878	..	341
Chicago College of Horology	Chicago, Ill.	1880	..	..
Case School of Applied Sciences	Cleveland, Ohio.	1881	11	..
School of Ind. Art and Tech. Design for Women	New York, N. Y.	1881	..	..
New York Trade School	New York, N. Y.	1881	26	556
Rose Polytechnic Institute	Terre Haute, Ind.	1883	6	..
[131]Textile Schools	Philadelphia, Penn.	1883	..	65
Milwaukee Cooking School	Milwaukee, Wis.	1884	2	..
Newark Technical School	Newark, N. J.	1885	6	250
Technical School of Cincinnati	Cincinnati, Ohio.	1886	..	..
Technical Drawing School	Providence, R. I.	1887	..	..
Cogswell Polytechnic School	San Francisco, Cal.	1888	7	150
Institute for Artisans	New York, N. Y.	1888	..	..
Watchmakers’ Trade School	La Porte, Ind.	1888	..	..
Institute for Colored Youth	Philadelphia, Penn.	1889	9	259
Master-Builders’ Mechanical School of Phil’a.	Philadelphia, Penn.	1890	6	67
Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard Univ’ty	Cambridge, Mass.	1891	3	64
Baron de Hirsch Trade School	New York, N. Y.	1891	..	..
[132]University of Cincinnati	Cincinnati, Ohio.	1891	..	..
Leland Stanford University	Palo Alto, Cal.	1891	..	..
Williamson Free School of Mechanical Trades	Williamson Schools, Pa.	1891	10	160
Springfield Industrial Institute	Springfield, Mass.	1891	5	105
Drexel Institute	Philadelphia, Penn.	1892	38	..
Armour Institute	Chicago, Ill.	1893	15	300
Mechanics’ Institute	Rochester, N. Y.	1893	15	972
Private School of Carpentry	Racine, Wis.	1896	1	30
Lafayette College	Easton, Penn.	..	..	..
Vanderbilt University	Nashville, Tenn.	..	..	..
Boston Normal School of Cookery	Boston, Mass.	..	..	..

Note.—Private trade schools for teaching watch-making, some fifteen in number, are united, because no data was secured. Private cooking schools, dress-making schools, barber schools, etc., have within the last five years sprung up in various parts of the country. Some of these are of considerable importance, but most are small, and no effort has been made to secure reports from them.

[131] These schools are supported by both legislative appropriations and private endowments. They are not public schools in the usual sense of the term.

[132] The University of Cincinnati is supported by both public funds and private endowments. It is unique in this, that, although a university in its grade of work, it is essentially a part of the public-school system. The city collects a one-tenth mill tax annually for its benefit; and the university, including its technical and Manual-training course, is free to residents of the city. The necessary expenses, such as laboratory fees, are kept to the lowest possible limit; and every family in the municipality is entitled to educate its children in this thoroughly equipped university, practically without cost.

TECHNOLOGY IN PUBLIC EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF COLLEGIATE GRADE—EXCLUSIVE OF PURELY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES

Institution	Location	Technical Training Estab- lished	Teachers	Pupils
United States Naval Academy	Annapolis, Md.	1845	..	..
State Agricultural College	Agricultural College, Mich.	1857	14	332
Maine State College	Orono, Me.	1864	13	191
University of Vermont	Burlington, Vt.	1865	11	119
Illinois University	Urbana, Ill.	1868	..	..
University of Minnesota	Minnesota, Minn.	1869	9	159
University of Tennessee	Knoxville, Tenn.	1869	6	150
University of Iowa	Ames, Iowa.	1869	9	284
Kansas State Agricultural College	Manhattan, Kan.	1873	20	530
Ohio State University	Columbus, Ohio.	1873	9	373
University of California	Berkeley, Cal.	1874	3	84
[133]Purdue University	Lafayette, Ind.	1874	10	280
Agricultural and Mechanical College	College Station, Tex.	1876	16	313
State Agricultural College	Fort Collins, Col.	1879	2	137
Agricultural and Mechanical College	Agricultural College, Miss.	1880	3	..
Agricultural and Mechanical College	Blacksburg, Va.	1880	18	190
Mechanical College of State University	Baton Rouge, La.	1880	1	56
Storrs Agricultural College	Storrs, Conn.	1881	4	145
Agricultural and Mechanical College	Auburn, Ala.	1885	4	200
Arkansas Industrial University	Fayetteville, Ark.	1885	7	150
Michigan Mining School	Houghton, Mich.	1886	11	82
Agricultural College of South Dakota	Brookings, S. D.	1887	11	160
Florida Agricultural College	Lake City, Fla.	1888	2	62
Oregon State Agricultural College	Corvallis, Ore.	1888	9	237
Agricultural College of Utah	Logan, Utah.	1889	7	119
New Mexico College of Mechanical Arts	Messilla Park, N. M.	1890	..	..
University of Michigan	Ann Arbor, Mich.	1890	5	..
Delaware College	Newark, Del.	1891	3	23
Agricultural and Mechanical Coll. of Kentucky	Lexington, Ky.	1891	3	31
State University	Columbia, Mo.	1891	2	145
College of Mining	Rolla, Mo.	1891	7	225
University of Nebraska	Lincoln, Neb.	1891	3	210
Nevada State University	Reno, Nev.	1891	1	106
University of Wyoming	Laramie, Wy.	1891	4	60
North Dakota Agricultural College	Fargo, N. D.	1892	2	24
West Virginia University	Morgantown, W. Va.	1892	5	79
Clemson Agricultural College	Clemson College, S. C.	1893	9	635

[133] Purdue University is partially supported by endowment, but as it secures regular appropriations, it is here classified as a State University.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING IN CHARITY SCHOOLS[134]

Name of School	Location	Industrial Training Estab- lished	Teachers of Industrial Training	Pupils Taking Industrial Training
Baltimore Manual-labor School	Arbutus, Md.	1841	2	60
Wilson Industrial School for Girls	New York, N. Y.	1853	3	100
Industrial Home School	Washington, D. C.	1867	6	60
McDonough School	McDonough, Md.	1873	5	140
South End Industrial School	Roxbury, Mass.	1884	21	313
Five Points House of Industry	New York, N. Y.	1885	9	331
Indiana Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home	Kingstown, Ind.	1885	7	80
Skyland Institute	Blowing Rock, N. C.	1886	..	..
Samuel Ready School for Female Orphans	Baltimore, Md.	1887	3	60
Chicago Waifs’ Mission and Training School	Chicago, Ill.	1888	3	30
Industrial School Association	Brooklyn, N. Y.	1888	8	80
Kalamazoo Industrial School	Kalamazoo, Mich.	1889	18	224
Industrial School of Rochester	Rochester, N. Y.	1890	5	120
Industrial School for Boys	Glenwood, Ill.	1890	..	400
Jewish Orphan Asylum	Cleveland, Ohio	1891	8	157
St. George’s Boys’ Industrial Trade School	New York, N. Y.	1892	6	259
Boys’ Club in Carpentry	Lynn, Mass.	1895	1	25
Polish Orphans’ Home	Chicago, Ill.	..	..	..
Unity Church Manual-training School	Chicago, Ill.	..	..	..
Iowa Orphans’ Home	Davenport, Iowa.	..	..	..

[134] Industrial Training, rather than Manual Training, characterizes the Charity Schools, the central idea being to prepare the child for some occupation by which it can become self-supporting. As will be seen by the table, this idea found very early expression in the Manual-labor School at Arbutus, Maryland. The co-education of mind and hand, because of its equal, or greater, educational value, was not thought of in these charity institutions until recently, and cannot be said to obtain in any of them even now.

PROGRESS OF MANUAL TRAINING BY YEARS, IN CITIES

The following table shows growth by years, as represented by cities establishing Manual Training or Kindergartens in Public Schools. The number refers to cities adopting this feature of education in the years named.

High Schools		Grammar Grades		Primary Grades		Kinder- gartens
Year	Number of Cities	Year	Number of Cities	Year	Number of Cities	Year	Number of Cities
..	..	..	..	..	..	1873	1
..	..	..	..	..	..	1880	1
..	..	..	..	..	..	1881	1
..	..	1882	1	1882	2	1882	1
1883	2	1883	1	1883	0	1883	2
1884	1	1884	3	1884	1	1884	3
1885	5	1885	3	1885	0	1885	2
1886	5	1886	5	1886	3	1886	0
1887	4	1887	1	1887	0	1887	5
1888	6	1888	8	1888	5	1888	4
1889	8	1889	4	1889	3	1889	7
1890	7	1890	8	1890	2	1890	7
1891	10	1891	6	1891	4	1891	9
1892	7	1892	6	1892	4	1892	10
1893	5	1893	11	1893	6	1893	15
1894	7	1894	7	1894	4	1894	20
1895	8	1895	8	1895	1	1895	7
1896	15	1896	13	1896	5	1896	12
1897	8	1897	13	1897	5	1897	7
1898	2	1898	4	1898	1	1898	4
[135]	5	[135]	18	[135]	8	[135]	28

[135] Not reported.