Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction

by Charles H. McCarthy

INDEX

• A
• Abolition societies, Southern, ended by new industrial era, [5]
• Adams, Charles Francis, [50]
• Alabama, in Federal control, [50];
  • Arkansas Legislature addressed by commissioner from, [77];
  • insurrection in, [314];
  • injury sustained by, [437]
• Alabama, The, [50], [288]
• Albemarle, The, destruction of, [288]
• Alexandria, capital of loyal Virginia, [129];
  • convention meets at, [130];
  • blockade of, rescinded, [133];
  • Legislature assembles at, [137];
  • ceases to be capital, [446];
  • recognition of government of, marks no distinct Executive policy, [448]
• Alleghany Mountains, Virginia divided by, [96]
• Allegiance, oath of, [24];
  • Governor Johnson’s modification of, [27];
  • registration of, [28];
  • required of Louisiana voters, [45];
  • value of, [487]
• Allen, Henry Watkins, end of administration of, [418];
  • mentioned for governor of Louisiana, [422]
• Amendment, Thirteenth, Hampton Roads conference refers to, [399];
  • adoption of, by Georgia Legislature, [466]
• Amnesty and Reconstruction, Lincoln’s proclamation of, [23], [24], [25], [224];
  • authority for, [24];
  • classes excepted from benefits of, [25];
  • explanation of, [28];
  • applied in Louisiana, [61];
  • Howard’s reference to, [365];
  • Johnson’s proclamation of, [450];
  • Seward’s approval of, [451];
  • all insurgent States affected by, [452].
  • See Reconstruction
• Anthony, Lieutenant-Colonel, arrest of, [169]
• Antietam, Md., Lee defeated at, [186]
• Arkansas, effect of Union victories in, [10];
  • enrolling agent sent to, [27];
  • loyal part of, [77];
  • Alabama commissioner addresses Legislature of, [77];
  • position of, [77];
  • interests of, [77];
  • opposition to separate State action in, [77];
  • convention bill passed by, [77];
  • conditional secession defeated in, [78];
  • influence of President’s inaugural in, [78];
  • secession of, [78];
  • secession favored by Governor of, [78];
  • military preparations in, [78];
  • confiscation ordinance of, [78];
  • Confederate Congress admit delegates from, [79];
  • convention conflicts with government of, [79];
  • military division of, [79];
  • dissatisfaction among soldiers of, [80];
  • troops of, in Confederate army, [80];
  • indifference of Germans and Irish, [80];
  • bonds of, [81];
  • Union sentiment in, [81];
  • menaced by Federal troops, [81];
  • flight of Governor, [82];
  • troops sent to Corinth from, [82];
  • John S. Phelps, military governor of, [82];
  • regiments furnished Union army by, [83];
  • return of leading secessionists, [83];
  • Federal reverses in, [84];
  • reconstruction of, [85];
  • amended constitution of, [88];
  • Confederate debt repudiated by, [88];
  • division among Union men of, [88];
  • Lincoln’s letter on reconstruction in, [89];
  • Gen. Steele’s address to people of, [90];
  • election in, [90];
  • adoption of amended constitution for, [90];
  • Congressman elected in, [91];
  • Congress excludes Representatives from, [91];
  • no Presidential election in, [92], [195];
  • legality of government of, maintained by Lincoln, [195];
  • loyal government in, [286];
  • insurrection in, [314];
  • Reverdy Johnson favors recognition of, [378];
  • Thirteenth Amendment ratified by, [409];
  • slavery abolished by constitution of, [410];
  • disfranchising act of, [410];
  • loyal government acquiesced in, [410];
  • pacification of, [411];
  • destitution in parts of, [412]
• Arnell, Daniel W., election of, [415]
• Arnold, Isaac N., resolution introduced by, [170]
• Army of the United States, Provost Court of, [40];
  • discontinuance of enlistments for, [408];
  • mustering out of volunteers in the, [409]
• Ascension, parish of, vote in, [74]
• Ashley, James M., reconstruction bill reported by, [289];
  • proposal to confer suffrage on negro soldiers and sailors, [294];
  • no provision for education of negroes in bill of, [298];
  • effects of reconstruction bill of, [302];
  • substitute introduced by, [304];
  • remarks on reconstruction by, [304];
  • motives for compromise offered by, [306];
  • reconstruction bill of, tabled, [311];
  • revived bill of, [312];
  • explanation of inconsistency of, [312];
  • reconstruction bill of, tabled, [313];
  • remarks on reconstruction by, [313]
• Atlantic Monthly, The, Sumner’s article in, [200]
• B
• Baker, Joshua, member-elect from Louisiana, [56]
• Baldwin, Augustus C., reconstruction bill opposed by, [241]
• Baltimore convention, Lincoln renominated by, [32];
  • Lincoln did not openly influence, [34];
  • adjournment of, [277]
• Bancroft, George, relief meeting presided over by, [150];
  • address of, [151];
  • letter of, to Lincoln, [151];
  • Lincoln’s letter to, [152]
• Banks, N. P., expedition of, [43];
  • at Port Hudson, [49];
  • plans for invasion of Texas, [51];
  • petition of New Orleans convention to, [59];
  • intention of ordering an election, [61];
  • Free State General Committee’s attack of, [61];
  • decides against Free State Committee, [64];
  • Gen. Shepley’s disagreement with, [64];
  • Lincoln’s letter to, [65];
  • reconstruction letter of, [66];
  • Lincoln appreciates services of, [67];
  • urged by President to reconstruct Louisiana, [67];
  • date for election fixed by, [67];
  • Shepley’s registration approved by, [68];
  • proclamation by, [69];
  • order of, relative to election, [69];
  • letter to Lincoln, [70];
  • date of delegate election fixed by, [74];
  • before Congressional committee, [75];
  • Boutwell’s defence of, [255];
  • Powell’s criticism of, [346];
  • Governor Wells not in harmony with, [418]
• Bates, Edward, Attorney-General, letter to A. F. Ritchie, [105];
  • on admission of West Virginia, [123];
  • on Norfolk affairs, [135];
  • letter to Marshal McDowell, [147]
• Batesville, Gen. Curtis’s occupation of, [82]
• Baton Rouge, secession convention in, [36]
• Baxter, Elisha, election of, [91]
• Bayard, James F., [103];
  • admission of West Virginia Senators opposed by, [193]
• Bell, Joseph M., [40]
• Bell and Everett, vote for in Louisiana, [37]
• Belmont, August, Lincoln’s letter to, [39]
• Benjamin, Judah P., resignation of, [76], [424]
• Bent, Charles, [12]
• Berkeley County, provision for annexing to West Virginia, [110];
  • annexation of, [127]
• Bingham, John A., debate on West Virginia closed by, [119]
• Black, Jeremiah S., diplomatic mission of, [390]
• Blaine, James G., [73];
  • existence of schism in Republican party ignored by, [313];
  • quotation from, [441];
  • Johnson’s change of policy explained by, [489]
• Blair, Francis P., Sr., Lincoln interviewed by, [390];
  • camp of Gen. Grant visited by, [391];
  • Jefferson Davis interviewed by, [391];
  • plan of reunion proposed by, [391];
  • Mr. Davis’s letter to, [393];
  • Lincoln’s letter to, [394];
  • mission a failure, [394]
• Blair, Montgomery, on admission of West Virginia, [123];
  • time of emancipation deemed inopportune by, [188];
  • reply to Sumner by, [208]
• Bliss, C. C., [88]
• Blockade of Louisiana ports, [37]
• Blow, Henry T., remarks on reconstruction by, [301]
• Bonzano, M. F., election of, [76];
  • seat in Congress claimed by, [341];
  • report by Committee of Elections on, [341]
• Bordeaux, visit of Confederate naval agent to, [50]
• Border States, Lincoln supported by delegates from, [1];
  • Cotton States expected aid from, [161];
  • Lincoln interviewed by Congressmen from, [163], [171];
  • interests of South bound up with, [171];
  • majority reply of Congressmen from, [173];
  • emancipation proclamation did not affect status of slaves in, [383]
• Boreman, Arthur I., [100], [128], [129]
• Bouligny, John E., [43]
• Boutwell, George S., reconstruction speech of, [254];
  • President Johnson visited by, [458]
• Bowden, Lemuel J., [131], [138]
• Boyers, J. E., [128]
• Bradley, General, [79]
• Bragg, General, raid of, [19]
• Brandegee, Augustus, [342]
• Brazos, battle of, [50]
• Breckenridge, John C., election of, [316]
• Bright, Hon. John, Sumner’s letters to, [200], [290]
• Brooks, James, inquiry of, [225]
• Brown, B. Gratz, substitute of, [264];
  • amendment of, [272]
• Brown John, [142]
• Brown, William G., bill of, [113];
  • remarks on admission of West Virginia, [114]
• Brownlow, William G., [7];
  • unites in call for convention, [21], [29];
  • nomination of, [31];
  • election of, [32];
  • Mr. Johnson’s dispatch to, [414];
  • remarks on negro suffrage, [416];
  • policy recommended by, [417]
• Brownson, Orestes, theory of State suicide summarized by, [210]
• Bryant, William Cullen, [150]
• Buchanan, James, election of, [316]
• Buell, General Don Carlos, army of, [3], [10], [19];
  • treatment of fugitive slaves by, [158]
• Bullett, Cuthbert, Lincoln’s letter to, [39]
• Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. See Freedmen’s Bureau
• Burke, Edmund, [200]
• Burnside, General Ambrose E., [150]
• Butler, General Benjamin F., [33];
  • investigation of, [38], [39];
  • relieved from command, [40];
  • Lincoln’s letter to, [44];
  • new department assigned to, [133];
  • Pierpont criticised by, [134];
  • Attorney-General criticised by, [135];
  • Lincoln’s letter to, [136];
  • department of Virginia commanded by, [143];
  • fugitive slaves arrive at camp of, [144], [147];
  • legal defence of attitude toward slaves, [146]
• C
• Caldwell, A. B., [128]
• California, Upper, [12];
  • admission of, [13];
  • first election in, [350]
• Cameron, Simon, Butler’s treatment of slaves approved by, [146]
• Campbell, John A., commissioner to Hampton Roads conference, [393], [395]
• Campbell, William B., election of, [415]
• Canby, General E. R. S., Lincoln’s letter to, [402]
• Carey, John B., fugitive slave law pleaded by, [144]
• Carlile, John S., [98];
  • election of, [103];
  • admission of, to United States Senate, [104];
  • speech on admission of West Virginia, [111];
  • term expires, [131];
  • reconstruction speech of, [267]
• Chadsey, Charles E., President Johnson’s surrender to the South explained by, [489]
• Chandler, Lucius H., Representative-elect from Virginia, [131];
  • remarks of, [132];
  • exclusion of, [133]
• Chandler, Zachariah, interest in reconstruction bill, [274];
  • Sumner’s opposition to Trumbull’s resolution supported by, [380]
• Chase, Salmon P., on admission of West Virginia, [121];
  • authorized to organize labor of abandoned slaves, [160], [386];
  • emancipation favored by, [180];
  • quotation from diary of, [186];
  • conservatism of Lincoln observed by, [275];
  • Andrew Johnson takes oath of office before, [408]
• Chattanooga, [4];
  • taken by Federal forces, [22]
• Clark, Daniel, remarks on reconstruction by, [376]
• Clarke, Governor Charles, insurgent legislature convoked by, [459];
  • imprisonment of, [460];
  • petition for pardon of, [460]
• Clarke, Isaac E., [43]
• Cleveland, Tennessee, [4]
• Colfax, Schuyler, on admission of West Virginia, [115]
• Collamer, Jacob, on admission of West Virginia, [111];
  • substitute of, [328];
  • amendment of substitute, [334];
  • defeat of amendment of, [334];
  • defeat of substitute of, [336];
  • remarks on electoral vote of Louisiana by, [328], [335]
• Colonization, suggested by Lincoln, [153];
  • resolutions of Baltimore Union Convention on, [167];
  • message of Governor Brownlow on, [416]
• Colored troops, Lincoln urges raising of, [20], [22];
  • General Hunter recommends raising of, [180];
  • policy of enlistment of, [386]
• Committee, Central Executive of Louisiana, [53]
• Committee, Free State General of Louisiana, [47], [54], [59], [61];
  • controversy of, with General Banks, [62];
  • confers with General Shepley, [63];
  • friends of, protest against election, [70]
• Confederate army, Louisiana troops in, [37];
  • Arkansas troops in, [80];
  • driven from western Virginia, [98]
• Confederate Government, offer of Arkansas to, [80];
  • Arkansas not aided by, [81], [82];
  • hold of, weakened in Arkansas, [83];
  • aid from border States expected by, [171]
• Confederate officers, disfranchisement of, [236]
• Confederate States, theory that disunionists were in a minority in, [192];
  • functionaries in, not bound by oaths, [204];
  • governments of, vacated, [205];
  • governments could be organized by Congress in, [206];
  • Constitution the only law in, [206];
  • power of Congress over, [210];
  • people of, unable to plead Constitution, [212];
  • original idea relative to reorganization of, [213];
  • Stevens’s idea of status of, [214];
  • status of, [260];
  • approaching disruption of, [286];
  • rights of citizens in, [366];
  • political rights of people in, [367];
  • no foreign engagements entered into by, [391];
  • anarchy threatens many of, [409], [431];
  • Federal troops preserve order in, [432];
  • obstacles to restoration in, [432];
  • blockade of, [444];
  • importance of understanding public opinion in, [471];
  • legislation of, [472];
  • prompt acquiescence of, [472];
  • sentiments of citizens of, [474];
  • Congress excludes delegations from, [474];
  • reaction in, [482];
  • Northern example no defence of legislation in, [485];
  • reconstructed not very different from disloyal governments of, [486];
  • States represented at opening of 39th Congress, [489];
  • Congress ignores claims of members from, [490]
• Confiscation, in Arkansas, [78]
• Congress, amnesty authorized by, [24];
  • President disclaims authority to admit members to, [26];
  • electoral vote of Tennessee excluded by, [35];
  • Representatives from Louisiana admitted to, [46];
  • Louisiana elects members to, [55];
  • organization of, [55];
  • Louisiana not redistricted by, [57];
  • A. P. Field denied admission to, [60];
  • Louisiana elects members to, [76];
  • government of Louisiana not recognized by, [76];
  • electoral vote of Louisiana excluded by, [76];
  • Arkansas elects members to, [91];
  • consents to transfer of Virginia counties, [127];
  • resolution on compensated emancipation passed by, [167];
  • slavery in Territories abolished by, [170];
  • confiscation act of, [179];
  • restored Virginia recognized by, [191];
  • President in agreement with, [191];
  • slavery in rebellious States should be ended by, [197];
  • power possessed over seceding States by, [206];
  • doctrines of Stevens abhorrent to members of, [216];
  • unanimity of, [221];
  • reconstruction discussed by, [224];
  • form of State government should be determined by, [228];
  • reconstruction bill passed by, [273];
  • Lincoln’s contest with, [284];
  • President disclaims right to admit members to, [287];
  • constitutional amendment passed by, [288];
  • exclusion of electoral votes by resolution of, [338];
  • protest against admission of members to, [341];
  • power to readmit States resides in, [358];
  • authority over rebellious States possessed by, [365];
  • desire to discipline South winning adherents in, [407];
  • Johnson’s distrust of, [461];
  • why reconstruction conventions should have been called by, [470];
  • Southern States reorganized at meeting of, [486];
  • Johnson intended to be guided by, [488];
  • Presidential system suspended by legislation of, [489];
  • Southern members not admitted to, [490];
  • reconstruction assumed by, [490];
  • suffrage in the first reconstruction measure, [494]
• Confederate Congress, [36];
  • admission of Arkansas delegates to, [79]
• Contrabands, multitudes of, in camp of General Butler, [147]
• Constitution, The, those who repudiate cannot plead provisions of, [212], [213];
  • ceases to be a restraint on Government, [213];
  • State in rebellion not embraced by, [214];
  • scope of not contracted by secession ordinances, [218];
  • necessity as an interpreter of, [222];
  • number of States necessary to ratify amendment of, [232];
  • Georgia adopts Thirteenth Amendment of, [466]
• Constitutional Union men, attitude of, [7]
• Convention bill, defeated by popular vote in Tennessee, [8]
• Convention, Lincoln nominated by the Chicago, [1];
  • Southern commercial held at Knoxville, [6];
  • the Greeneville, [9];
  • the Nashville, [30];
  • meeting of the Louisiana constitutional, [75];
  • the Arkansas constitutional, [87];
  • the Richmond secession, [93];
  • the Wheeling, [99], [104];
  • ordinances of the Wheeling, [100];
  • the Wheeling votes on dismemberment, [101];
  • the Wheeling adjourns, [101], [107];
  • the Wheeling authorizes formation of new State, [105];
  • slavery in the Wheeling, [107];
  • meeting of the Baltimore Union, [167];
  • revolutionary character of the Wheeling, [468]
• Conventions, the reconstruction, character of, [468];
  • irregularity of those called under Presidential plan, [469];
  • why Congress should have called, [470];
  • character and work of those called by President Johnson, [470];
  • origin would not affect work of, if acquiesced in, [472]
• Conway, Martin, speech on West Virginia by, [113]
• Cooper, Edmund, election of, [415]
• Cooper Union, Lincoln’s address in, [1];
  • relief meeting in, [150]
• Cottman, Thomas, [48];
  • election of, [56];
  • Lincoln’s letter to, [64]
• Cotton States, aid from border States expected by, [161]
• Cowan, Edgar, on admission of Mr. Segar, [139];
  • remarks on electoral vote of Louisiana, [330], [332];
  • inquiry of, concerning electoral votes, [338]
• Cox, Samuel S., reconstruction speech of, [252]
• Crane, Samuel, [128]
• Cravens, James A., reconstruction speech of, [249]
• Creole, The, [6]
• Crisfield, John W., interview with Lincoln reported by, [163]
• Crittenden, John J., speech on West Virginia by, [116]
• Crittenden Resolution, introduction of, [220];
  • Mr. Strouse refers to, [249]
• Cruisers, Confederate, [50]
• Curtin, Governor Andrew G., [98]
• Cutler, R. King, Senator-elect from Louisiana, [76], [343], [424]
• D
• Davis, Garrett, admission of West Virginia Senators opposed by, [128];
  • resolutions of, [210]
• Davis, Henry Winter, remarks on Louisiana election, [58];
  • amendment of, [225];
  • chairman of Committee on Rebellious States, [226];
  • reconstruction address of, [226];
  • on Southern loyalists, [231];
  • on modes of establishing republican governments, [232];
  • Thirteenth Amendment approved by, [232];
  • policy of Lincoln criticised by, [232];
  • protest of against policy of Lincoln, [279];
  • character of, [283];
  • defeat of, for renomination, [284];
  • postponement of Ashley’s bill opposed by, [295];
  • reconstruction speech of, [307];
  • last reconstruction speech in Congress, [310];
  • alliance with Stevens, [311];
  • motion relative to Louisiana, [341]
• Davis, Jefferson, Blair’s interview with, [391];
  • proposal for joint invasion of Mexico entertained by, [392];
  • letter to Mr. Blair, [393];
  • on Lincoln’s assassination, [407];
  • members of Mississippi convention intercede for, [460];
  • Georgia convention invokes Executive clemency in behalf of, [466]
• Davis-Wade Bill, passed by House, [262];
  • passed by Senate, [273];
  • Lincoln’s action on, [273];
  • proclamation concerning, [277];
  • no provision for negro suffrage in, [494]
• Dawes, Henry L., on Louisiana Representatives, [56];
  • on admission of West Virginia, [116];
  • report on Mr. Segar’s election, [131];
  • on election of Mr. Chandler, [132];
  • reconstruction speech of, [295];
  • Mr. Davis’s criticism of, [306];
  • bill of Representative Wilson criticised by, [312];
  • report on election of Mr. Bonzano, [341];
  • remarks of, [342]
• Delaware, slave interest in, [155];
  • Lincoln’s bill for compensated emancipation in, [155];
  • Federalist party in, [157];
  • Federal interference in, [377]
• Democratic party, defeat of, [1];
  • vote of, in West Virginia, [129];
  • reconstruction theory of, [218];
  • attitude on reconstruction, [220];
  • negro suffrage opposed by New Orleans convention of, [421];
  • South misled by attitude of, [483]
• Dennison, Charles, reconstruction speech of, [247]
• Dennison, William, [32]
• Dickinson, Daniel S., [33]
• District of Columbia, slaves not allowed to depart from, [148];
  • colored persons liable to arrest if found in, [152];
  • compensation to owners of slaves in, [167]
• Dix, General John A., [33];
  • treatment of fugitive slaves by, [149]
• Donnelly, Ignatius, reconstruction speech of, [245]
• Doolittle, James R., credentials of Mr. Underwood offered by, [141];
  • reconstruction bill opposed by, [273];
  • on electoral vote of Louisiana, [324], [326], [333];
  • remarks on Louisiana, [348];
  • policy of Administration supported by, [380];
  • credentials of Mr. Hahn offered by, [383]
• Doubleday, General Abner, treatment of fugitive slaves by, [159]
• Douglas-Lincoln debates, [1]
• Dorr, Thomas W., government under, [350]
• Dunlap, George W., admission of West Virginia opposed by, [214]
• Durant, Thomas J., [47];
  • Attorney-General of Louisiana, [48];
  • registry conducted by, [51];
  • spokesman of planters, [53];
  • enrollment by, satisfactory to Lincoln, [63];
  • disagreement with General Banks, [65];
  • protest of, against election, [348];
  • recognition of Louisiana opposed by, [378]
• Durell, E. H., [75]
• E
• East, E. H., [28]
• Edgerton, Joseph K., reconstruction speech of, [219], [301]
• Election, Presidential, loss of a pretext for secession, [1];
  • in Tennessee, [29];
  • in Arkansas, [92];
  • in West Virginia, [129];
  • electoral votes in, [338];
  • result of, [339]
• Elections, Committee of, report on Louisiana Representative, [56]
• Electoral College, bill on representation in, [314]
• Eliot, Thomas W., amendment to reconstruction bill offered by, [289];
  • reconstruction speech of, [292];
  • Stevens’s interruption of, [294];
  • Davis’s criticism of, [306];
  • bill for bureau of emancipation introduced by, [386]
• Emancipation, in Tennessee, [22];
  • East Tennessee convention favors immediate, [29];
  • Lincoln’s proclamation of, [47];
  • proclamation of not to be revoked, [52];
  • vote on, in West Virginia, [110];
  • in West Virginia constitution, [125];
  • Lincoln suggests compensated, [155];
  • Lincoln considering, [178];
  • discussion in Cabinet, [180];
  • draft of proclamation of, [181];
  • urged by Chicago clergymen, [184];
  • not hastened by deputations, [186];
  • Lincoln reads proclamation of, [187];
  • Sumner proposes to convert proclamation of, into law, [272];
  • effect of proclamation on status of slaves, [384];
  • discussed at Hampton Roads Conference, [398];
  • Lincoln favored gradual, [398]
• Emancipation, compensated, Lincoln prepares bill on, [155];
  • message refers to, [161];
  • New York Tribune favors, [164];
  • resolution of Congress on, [167];
  • Baltimore Union convention’s resolution on, [167];
  • House of Representatives appoints committee on, [168]
• Emancipator, The, [5]
• England, Cromwell’s division of, [200]
• Europe, the civil war pleasing to powers of, [393]
• F
• Federalist, The, [269]
• Fellows, John Q. A., nomination of, [69];
  • defeat of, [70]
• Fishback, William M., Lincoln’s letter to, [89];
  • election of, [91]
• Fisher, George P., interest in compensated emancipation, [155]
• Flanders, Benjamin F., election of, [46];
  • Lincoln’s letter to, [52];
  • vote received by, [60];
  • interview with Lincoln, [63];
  • nomination of, [69];
  • defeat of, [70];
  • hostility of Congress toward Louisiana said to have been promoted by, [73]
• Florida, martial law proclaimed over, [168];
  • unworthy of a place in the Union, [256];
  • insurrection in, [314];
  • damage sustained by, [436];
  • nature of reorganized government of, [488]
• Florida, The, capture of, [288]
• Forfeiture, State, idea of, [204]
• Forrest, General, [15]
• Fort Donelson, General Grant in possession of, [10]
• Fort Henry, Federal occupation of, [10]
• Fortress Monroe, fugitive slaves at, [144], [385]
• Foster, Lafayette S., reconstruction policy of Lincoln supported by, [380]
• Fowler, Joseph S., election of, [413]
• France, relations with, [409]
• Franchise, elective, in Tennessee to be fixed by Legislature, [30];
  • free negroes of Louisiana petition for, [55];
  • States have always exercised right to confer, [452]
• Franchise, negro, Lincoln’s opinion concerning, [73].
  • See Negroes
• Frederick City, [184]
• Frederic County, provision for annexing to West Virginia, [110]
• Freedmen, no provision for education of, [298];
  • Brownlow would admit testimony of, [416];
  • character of, [416];
  • Southern feeling toward, [475];
  • Mississippi legislation relative to, [475]
• Freedmen’s Aid Societies, Lincoln memorialized by, [386]
• Freedmen’s Bureau, act of Congress relative to, [385], [387];
  • germ of, [386];
  • duties of commissioner of, [387];
  • Governor of Arkansas coöperates with, [411];
  • influence in producing Southern reaction, [483];
  • political aspirations of agents of, [484]
• Fremont, General John C., proclamation concerning slaves, [148];
  • Lincoln’s letter to, [148];
  • reply to Lincoln, [149]
• Fugitive slaves, repeal of acts for rendition of, [144];
  • exclusion from Department of Washington, [148]
• G
• Gantt, General E. W., secession abjured by, [83]
• Garrison, William Lloyd, [7]
• Georgia, martial law proclaimed over, [168];
  • Boutwell would exclude from restored Union, [256];
  • insurrection in, [314];
  • injuries sustained by, [433];
  • Governor Brown’s efforts at restoration of, [465];
  • appointment of provisional governor for, [465];
  • leading ex-Confederates aid governor, [465];
  • reconstruction convention of, [465];
  • convention repeals secession ordinance, [465];
  • war debt repudiated by, [465];
  • slaves freed by constitution of, [466];
  • Executive clemency in behalf of Jefferson Davis invoked by convention, [466]
• Germans, The, indifferent to secession, [80]
• Gilmore-Jacquess mission, [389]
• Gooch, Daniel W., reconstruction address of, [250]
• Government, a republican form guaranteed by reconstruction proclamation, [26];
  • perfection of Congressional system, [385]
• Grant, General Ulysses S., in possession of Forts Henry and Donelson, [10];
  • martial law proclaimed by, [15];
  • at Mission Ridge and Lookout Mountain, [23];
  • Lee driven back by, [288];
  • Blair visits camp of, [391];
  • influence in bringing about Hampton Roads Conference, [396];
  • movements by army of, [401];
  • management of Freedmen’s Bureau criticised by, [484]
• Great Britain, relations with, [409]
• Greeley, Horace, [390]
• Greeneville, Tennessee, [4], [9]
• Grimes, James W., remarks on Louisiana election, [382]
• Gulf, Department of, Butler relieved from command in, [40];
  • General Banks in command of, [49]
• H
• Hahn, Michael, election of, [46];
  • Lincoln’s letter to, [52];
  • vote of, [60];
  • nomination of, [69];
  • election of, [70];
  • oath of, [72];
  • Lincoln’s letter to, [73];
  • election of delegates authorized by, [74];
  • election called by, [75];
  • credentials filed in U. S. Senate, [383], [418], [424]
• Hall, Ellery R., [107]
• Hall, John, [107]
• Hale, John P., on admission of West Virginia, [111];
  • on electoral vote of Louisiana, [325]
• Halleck, General H. W., Tennessee included in department of, [20];
  • General Buell instructed by, [21];
  • General Banks instructed by, [51];
  • order on surrender of fugitive slaves, [158]
• Hamilton, Andrew J., appointment of, [467]
• Hampton Roads Conference, [396];
  • Confederate commissioners to, report failure, [400];
  • results of, [400]
• Harris, Ira, remarks on Crittenden resolution by, [222];
  • remarks on electoral vote of Louisiana, [323], [334];
  • amendment offered by, [334]
• Harris, Isham G., authorized to appoint commissioners, [8];
  • Legislature convoked at Memphis by, [15]
• Harlan, James, bill of, [195]
• Hawkins, Isaac R., election of, [415]
• Hay and Nicolay, account of Lincoln’s message by, [24];
  • quotation from history of, [273]
• Helena, Arkansas, Union occupation of, [82], [86]
• Henderson, John B., reply to Lincoln’s appeal, [177];
  • reconstruction bill opposed by, [273];
  • recognition of Louisiana favored by, [348];
  • inconsistency of Sumner exposed by, [375], [377];
  • inquiry concerning Louisiana loyalists, [378];
  • letter on reconstruction, [495]
• Hendricks, Thomas A., Republican factiousness agreeable to, [380]
• Hiestand, Judge J., appointment of, [41]
• Holden, William W., appointment of, [448];
  • proclamation of, [450];
  • message of, [454];
  • President Johnson’s telegram to, [455];
  • public career of, [457];
  • Republican leaders alarmed at appointment of, [459]
• Holman, William S., resolution introduced by, [222]
• Hood, General J. B., [30]
• Hooker, General Joseph, treatment of fugitive slaves, [158]
• Howard, Jacob M., on electoral vote of Louisiana, [328];
  • on recognition of Louisiana, [358];
  • Sumner’s opposition to Trumbull’s resolution supported by, [380]
• Howard, Oliver O., General, Freedmen’s Bureau organized by, [389]
• Howe, Timothy O., speech on Ten Eyck’s amendment, [321]
• Howell, Rufus K., [41]
• Hughes, Augustus de B., [43]
• Humphreys, Benjamin G., election and pardon of, [464]
• Hungary, similarity of ideas lacking in, [237]
• Hunter, General David, freedom of slaves proclaimed by, [168];
  • authority to arm negroes requested by, [180]
• Hunter, Robert M. T., authorized to act as commissioner, [395]
• Hurlbut, General S. A., on reorganization of Tennessee, [21];
  • Lincoln’s letters to, [84], [401]
• I
• Illinois, amendment abolishing slavery adopted by, [384]
• Indiana, troops from, assist western Virginians, [98]
• Intelligencer, The National, [61]
• Ireland, unsuccessful campaign of James II in, [203];
  • similarity of ideas lacking in, [237]
• Irish, The, indifference to secession, [80]
• J
• Jacks, T. M., Congressman-elect, [91];
  • proposed compensation to, [342]
• Jackson, General Andrew, new industrial era marked by inauguration of, [5];
  • invasion by way of Mexico expected by, [392]
• Jacquess-Gilmore mission, [389]
• James II, King, abdication of, [202]
• Jefferson County, provision for annexation of, [110];
  • annexation of, [127]
• Jefferson, Thomas, declaration of, [357]
• Johnson, Andrew, [12];
  • in Thirtieth Congress, [14];
  • people of Nashville addressed by, [15];
  • activity of, [18];
  • Nashville saved by, [19];
  • Lincoln’s opinion of, [19];
  • addresses of, [19];
  • urged to raise negro troops, [20];
  • Lincoln’s letter to, [22];
  • enlarged authority of, [23];
  • Nashville meeting called by, [27];
  • election of county officers authorized by, [27];
  • proclamation of, [31];
  • nomination of, for Vice-Presidency, [32];
  • Nashville address of, [32];
  • letter of, to Mr. Dennison, [32];
  • popularity in the North, [33];
  • credentials of West Virginia Senators presented by, [103];
  • resolution offered by, [221];
  • election of, as Vice-President, [339];
  • installation of, as President, [408];
  • problem confronting, [408];
  • letter to Governor Murphy, [411];
  • despatch to Governor Brownlow, [414];
  • reconstruction policy endorsed by National Democratic party, [420];
  • Lincoln’s policy alleged to have been changed by, [426];
  • Pierpont’s government recognized by, [427];
  • Nashville speech of, [438];
  • forecast of policy of, [439];
  • addresses of, [440];
  • visit of Illinois delegation to, [440];
  • visit of Indiana delegation to, [442];
  • visit of negro delegation, [443];
  • South Carolina delegation addressed by, [443];
  • blockade partly raised by, [444];
  • blockade of trans-Mississippi ports rescinded by, [445];
  • work done for reconstruction retained by, [447];
  • Lincoln’s policy need not have been adopted by, [447];
  • at inauguration sentiments of Congress already known to, [448];
  • results of attempting reunion without coöperation of Congress, [448];
  • reconstruction of North Carolina begun by, [448];
  • amnesty proclamation of, [450];
  • cases excluded from benefits of amnesty, [450];
  • reconstruction plan of, based on guaranty clause of Constitution, [452];
  • telegram to Governor Holden, [455];
  • visit of North Carolina delegation to, [456];
  • North Carolina election unsatisfactory to, [457];
  • interview of Boutwell and Morrill with, [458];
  • William L. Sharkey appointed Provisional Governor by, [459];
  • appointment of provisional governors by, [459];
  • telegram to Governor Sharkey, [461];
  • attitude of Congress characterized by, [461];
  • Governor Sharkey’s reorganization of militia approved by, [462];
  • Mississippi people trusted by, [463];
  • change in sentiments of, [463], [488];
  • General Slocum directed to revoke order by, [463];
  • proceedings in reconstruction conventions directed by, [465];
  • organization of a police force for Georgia approved by, [466];
  • policy toward Congress unknown in the South, [483];
  • prompt acquiescence of South in policy of, [486];
  • reconstruction theory similar to Lincoln’s, [487];
  • falling back from Lincoln’s plan, [487];
  • Lincoln’s Cabinet retained by, [488];
  • change of attitude of, [489];
  • influence of Seward upon, [489];
  • movement to procure resignation from Vice-Presidency, [489];
  • limitations of, [490];
  • reconstruction work of, not marked by originality, [491];
  • negro suffrage, [494]
• Johnson, Bradish, [48]
• Johnson, Herschel V., election of, [465]
• Johnson, James, appointment of, [459], [465]
• Johnson, James M., election of, [91];
  • proposed compensation to, [342];
  • election of, [412]
• Johnson, Reverdy, in New Orleans, [38];
  • on electoral vote of Louisiana, [335];
  • on President’s message, [339];
  • remarks on recognition of Louisiana, [370];
  • Sumner’s argument with, [374];
  • remarks on negro suffrage, [378];
  • recognition of Arkansas and Louisiana favored by, [378]
• Johnson, R. W., secession of, [91]
• Johnston, General Joseph E., retires to Murfreesboro, [11]
• Jones, Hon. Ira P., [12]
• Jordan, Warren, [27]
• K
• Kanawha, proposed State of, [105];
  • change in name of, [107]
• Kearney, General Stephen W., [12]
• Kelley, William D., reconstruction speech of, [252], [291];
  • proposes amendment of Ashley’s bill, [312];
  • Field’s assault of, [342]
• Kernan, Francis, bill of Mr. Wilson criticised by, [312]
• Kimball, General, [86]
• King, Preston, Mr. Johnson influenced by, [441]
• Kingwood, Va., Union meeting at, [99]
• Kitchen, Benjamin M., Representative-elect, [131];
  • denied admission to Congress, [133]
• Knoxville, early capital of Tennessee, [4];
  • Southern Commercial Convention held at, [6];
  • taken by Federal forces, [22]
• Kyle, G. H., election of, [412]
• L
• Lamont, George D., [43]
• Lane, James H., on electoral vote of Louisiana, [337]
• LeBlond, Frank C., reconstruction speech of, [300]
• Lee, General Robert E., Maryland invaded by, [183];
  • repulse of, [186];
  • driven back by Grant, [288];
  • weakness of, [401];
  • surrender of, [426]
• Leftwich, John W., election of, [415]
• Letcher, Governor John, United States could not recognize, [205], [445]
• Lieber, Dr. Francis, [150], [151];
  • Sumner’s letters to, [199], [289]
• Lincoln, Abraham, Cooper Union address of, [1];
  • conservatism of, [1];
  • nomination of, [1];
  • border State delegations support of, [1];
  • popular vote received by, [1];
  • peer of tried Republican leaders, [1];
  • policy of, [2];
  • sympathy for Tennessee loyalists, [3], [10];
  • Andrew Johnson appointed by, [11];
  • in Thirtieth Congress, [14];
  • authority for appointing military governors, [14];
  • view of their utility, [20];
  • letter to Governor Johnson, [20], [22];
  • authority of Johnson enlarged by, [23];
  • reply to General Rosecrans, [23];
  • proclamation issued by, [23];
  • authority to admit members to Congress disclaimed by, [26];
  • enrolling agents sent to Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana by, [27];
  • renomination of, [32];
  • declined to interfere in nominating convention, [34];
  • reply to protest of McClellan electors, [35];
  • letter to Cuthbert Bullett, [39];
  • letter to August Belmont, [39];
  • Court of Record for Louisiana constituted by, [42];
  • letter to General Butler and others, [44];
  • restoration of Louisiana urged by, [44];
  • letter to General Shepley, [44];
  • Emancipation Proclamation published by, [47];
  • requested to order an election, [48];
  • reply to Louisiana committee, [48];
  • more advanced ground taken by, [49];
  • letter to General Banks and others, [51];
  • urges restoration, [51];
  • enrollment of Durant approved by, [63];
  • willingness to recognize part of Louisiana, [63];
  • letter to Thomas Cottman, 64;
  • letter to General Banks, [65];
  • General Banks’s letter to, [66];
  • Banks’s services appreciated by, [67];
  • authority conferred on General Banks by, [67];
  • Banks on Louisiana election, [70];
  • letter to Governor Hahn, [73];
  • authority of Mr. Hahn enlarged by, [73];
  • letter to General Hurlbut, [84];
  • letter to General Steele, [89];
  • letter to William M. Fishback, [89];
  • result of Arkansas election gratifying to, [91];
  • requests opinion of Cabinet on admission of West Virginia, [119], [124];
  • approves bill for admission of West Virginia, [125];
  • proclamation concerning West Virginia, [126];
  • letter to General Butler, [136];
  • slavery in first inaugural of, [143];
  • letter to General Fremont, [148];
  • General Fremont instructed by, [149];
  • Bancroft’s letter to, [151];
  • letter to Mr. Bancroft, [152];
  • emancipation and colonization suggested by, [153];
  • advance in position of, [154];
  • arming of slaves opposed by, [154], [180];
  • bill for compensated emancipation drafted by, [155];
  • Mr. Pierce’s interview with, [160];
  • compensated emancipation proposed by, [161];
  • further advance in position of, [162];
  • letter to Henry J. Raymond, [163];
  • border State Congressmen interview, [163];
  • letter to James A. McDougall, [165];
  • proclamation of General Hunter rescinded by, [168];
  • Sumner’s letter concerning, [170];
  • border State Congressmen appealed to, [171];
  • emancipation proposed by, [178];
  • confiscation act approved by, [179];
  • draft of emancipation proclamation read by, [181];
  • rebellious citizens warned by, [183];
  • Chicago clergymen interview, [184];
  • resolves to issue postponed proclamation, [186];
  • meeting of Cabinet, [186];
  • emancipation proclamation read by, [187];
  • first inaugural of, [190];
  • central idea of reconstruction plan of, [190];
  • confidence in ultimate success, [191];
  • Congress substantially agrees with, [191];
  • change in policy of, [193];
  • only one plan of reconstruction proposed by, [194];
  • remarks on Blair-Sumner controversy, [208];
  • reconstruction plan of, criticised by Henry Winter Davis, [232];
  • Mr. Donnelly’s character of, [245];
  • Mr. Boutwell defends reconstruction policy, [254];
  • treatment of reconstruction bill by, [273];
  • Sumner’s opinion of, [275];
  • proclamation on reconstruction bill, [277];
  • Wade-Davis manifesto concerning action of, [279];
  • result of contest with Congress, [284];
  • reëlection of, [286];
  • silence as to controversy with Congress, [286];
  • no right over admission of Congressmen claimed by, [287];
  • adoption of more vigorous measures hinted at, [287];
  • resolution relative to electoral votes approved by, [339];
  • electoral votes received by, [339];
  • popular approval of Thirteenth Amendment pleasing to, [385];
  • Freedmen’s Aid Societies appeal to, [386];
  • Mr. Blair’s visit to, [390];
  • Blair’s mission not officially sanctioned by, [391];
  • letter to Mr. Blair, [394];
  • letter to Secretary Seward, [395];
  • conference opposed by, except on basis of reunion, [397];
  • last speech on reconstruction, [403];
  • assassination of, a calamity to the South, [407];
  • policy would have saved South from many evils, [407];
  • telegram to Governor Pierpont, [426];
  • Pierpont’s interview with, [426];
  • attitude toward Confederate legislatures, [470];
  • a loose system of reconstruction opposed by, [487];
  • reconstruction theory of, similar to Johnson’s, [487];
  • President Johnson retains Cabinet of, [488];
  • constructive statesmanship of, [491];
  • a wide constituency favored by, [493];
  • conditions on returning States imposed by, [494];
  • Mr. Henderson’s views on, [495]
• Lincoln-Douglas debates, [1]
• Little Rock, seized by Confederate troops, [79];
  • threatened by Federal forces, [82];
  • capture of, [83];
  • loyal newspaper published in,83;
  • Union convention at, [87]
• Liverpool, abandoned by Confederate naval agent, [50]
• Longyear, John W., reconstruction address of, [244]
• Lookout Mountain, battle of, [23], [224]
• Louisiana, effect of Union victories in, [10];
  • enrolling agent sent to, [27];
  • secession spirit in, [36];
  • secession of, [36];
  • prosperity at the beginning of the war, [36];
  • treasury of, [37];
  • citizens of, in Confederate army, [37];
  • blockade of ports in, [37];
  • attitude toward Richmond government, [37];
  • loyalists of, [37];
  • secessionists of, intimidated, [38];
  • activity of Unionists in, [38];
  • necessity of courts in, [40];
  • courts established in, [41];
  • court of record for, [42];
  • Supreme Court of, [43];
  • Lincoln urges restoration of, [44];
  • Union associations request an election, [45];
  • proclamation for an election in, [45];
  • members of Congress elected in, [46];
  • vote cast in, [46];
  • admission of Representatives to Congress, [46];
  • named as one of the rebellious States, [47];
  • parishes excepted from emancipation proclamation, [47];
  • disagreement among Unionists of, [47];
  • enrollment of citizens in, [48];
  • Lincoln visited by committee from, [48];
  • reorganization interrupted, [49];
  • portion covered by Union arms, [50];
  • Lincoln urges reconstruction of, [52];
  • condition of, [53];
  • amended constitution of 1852 destroyed by rebellion, [54];
  • voting in, [55];
  • franchise asked by free negroes, [55];
  • credentials of Representatives from, [56];
  • suppression of election in, [56];
  • constitution altered by General Shepley, [58];
  • citizens from, in Union army, [60];
  • General Banks to order an election in, [61], [64];
  • Banks on reconstruction in, [66];
  • Banks fixes date of election for, [67];
  • constitution modified by proclamation of General Banks, [68];
  • provision for voting of loyalists in, [69];
  • election in, [70];
  • protest against election in, [70];
  • Hahn inaugurated Governor, [72];
  • civil subordinate to military power, [73];
  • Free State leaders unite with Radicals in Congress, [74];
  • election in, [74];
  • vote on constitution, [75];
  • Legislature chosen in, [76];
  • Presidential electors appointed for, [76], [195];
  • Senators elected by, [76];
  • government of, not recognized by Congress, [76];
  • electoral vote of, [129], [314];
  • radicals propose to recognize government of, [290];
  • insurrection in, [314];
  • amendment to except from joint resolution, [315];
  • Ten Eyck’s speech on electoral vote of, [318];
  • Howe’s speech on electoral vote of, [321];
  • Trumbull’s speech on electoral vote of, [321];
  • highest vote cast in, [323];
  • remarks of Harris on electoral vote of, [323];
  • speech of Doolittle on electoral vote of, [324];
  • remarks of Hale on electoral vote of, [325];
  • remarks of Collamer on electoral vote of, [328];
  • Howard’s speech on electoral vote of, [328];
  • Cowan’s remarks on electoral vote of, [330];
  • Powell on electoral vote of, [331];
  • Wade’s remarks on electoral vote of, [332];
  • loss of Ten Eyck’s amendment concerning, [334];
  • Johnson’s remarks on electoral vote of, [335];
  • Pomeroy’s amendment, [337];
  • passage of joint resolution, [338];
  • Cowan’s inquiry, [338];
  • Senate debate on recognition of, [341];
  • Representatives-elect from, [341];
  • protest against admission of members from, [341];
  • compensation to claimants from, [341];
  • United States Senators chosen in, [343];
  • Trumbull’s resolution relative to, [343];
  • Powell opposes recognition of, [344];
  • Henderson favors recognition of, [348];
  • recognition of, would enfeeble Union, [358];
  • Howard’s speech on recognition of, [358];
  • governed by bayonet, [367];
  • Howard characterizes government of, [369];
  • Reverdy Johnson’s argument on recognition of, [370], [377];
  • Sprague’s remarks on election in, [381];
  • Grimes’s remarks on election in, [382];
  • slavery in parts of, not affected by emancipation proclamation, [384];
  • draft in, [417];
  • election in, [418];
  • Mr. Wells chosen Governor, [422];
  • Warmoth elected as Territorial Delegate, [422];
  • United States Senators chosen, [424];
  • Thirteenth Amendment ratified by, [424];
  • injuries which rebellion inflicted on, [424]
• Lovejoy, Owen, resolution offered by, [132];
  • resolution of, relative to emancipation, [170];
  • doctrines of Thaddeus Stevens repudiated by, [217]
• Lundy, Benjamin, Genius of Universal Emancipation published by, [5]
• Lyon, General Nathaniel, [79]
• M
• Madison, parish of, [75]
• Malhiot, E. E., [48]
• Mallory, Robert, yeas and nays on Ashley’s bill demanded by, [311];
  • bill of Mr. Wilson criticised by, [312]
• Manassas, battle of, [183]
• Mann, W. D., Representative-elect from Louisiana, [76];
  • seat in Congress claimed by, [341]
• Manumission Intelligencer, The, [5]
• Marcy, William, Secretary, [12]
• Marvin, Governor, Seward’s message to, [488]
• Maryland, attitude on emancipation, [165]
• Mason, James M., [103]
• Mason, Richard B., [13], [14]
• Massachusetts, sentiments on slavery, [375]
• Maynard, Horace, [9], [10]; joins in call for convention, [21];
  • emancipation policy of Lincoln approved by, [177];
  • election of, [415]
• Memphis, Legislature convenes in, [15]
• Mexico, [12], [13];
  • French interests in, [50];
  • invasion of, a part of Napoleon’s policy, [391];
  • proposal for joint invasion of, [392]
• Mileage, allowed to Arkansas claimants, [91]
• Military commissions, [12]
• Military Governor, office of, [11], [12], [14], [193]
• Minority, loyal, rule by, inconsistent with American principles, [205], [217];
  • should institute government for their own protection, [353];
  • further examination of, [491]
• Mission Ridge, battle of, [23], [224]
• Missouri, provisional government appointed in, [10];
  • origin of government of, [350]
• Mississippi, State of, in Federal control, [50];
  • insurrection in, [314];
  • injury sustained by, [437];
  • Provisional Governor for, [459];
  • Governor Clarke summons insurgent Legislature of, [459];
  • secession ordinance declared null and void, [460];
  • slavery abolished in, [460];
  • people advised to form a patrol, [461];
  • disorder in, [462];
  • General Slocum prevents organization of militia in, [462];
  • freedmen of, [463];
  • election in, [464];
  • conflict of civil and military authorities, [464];
  • supremacy of military in, [464];
  • November legislation of, [475];
  • practical revival of black code in, [480];
  • spirit of reconstructed Legislature, [482];
  • character of reorganized government, [488]
• Monroe Doctrine, Northern Democrats and Republicans adhere to, [392];
  • Mexico to be conquered under pretence of defending, [393]
• Morrill, Justin S., President Johnson visited by, [458]
• Morton, Oliver P., Governor, President Johnson interviewed by, [442]
• McClellan, electors, protest of, [34];
  • ticket in Tennessee withdrawn, [35]
• McClellan, George B., General, proclamation concerning slaves, [145];
  • instructions to, [152];
  • collapse of Richmond campaign of, [178];
  • Union army again commanded by, [184];
  • Lee defeated by, [186];
  • vote for Presidency received by, [339]
• McCulloch, General, [79]
• McDougall, James A., on admission of Mr. Segar, [139];
  • Lincoln’s letter to, [165]–166
• McDowell, General Irwin, treatment of fugitive slaves by, [144]
• McDowell, J. L., inquiry concerning fugitive slaves, [147]
• N
• Napoleon III, [50];
  • policy of, [391]
• Nashville, occupation of, [10];
  • panic in, [11];
  • occupied by General Nelson, [15];
  • Governor Johnson arrives in, [15];
  • Governor Johnson addresses people of, [15];
  • mayor and council imprisoned, [17];
  • press under restraint, [17];
  • treatment of clergymen in, [17];
  • Union convention at, [21];
  • action of convention, [21];
  • public meeting at, [27];
  • convention at, [29];
  • convention of January, 1865, [30];
  • Legislature meets at, [32]
• National Conservative Union party, negro suffrage opposed by, [421];
  • reconstruction policy of Mr. Johnson endorsed by, [421];
  • Mr. Wells nominated for governor by, [422]
• Navy, proportions of, [286]
• Negroes, free, elective franchise asked by, [55];
  • North Carolina denies franchise to, [452];
  • condition of, in Mississippi, [463];
  • testimony of, [464];
  • numbers in Texas, [467]
• Nelson, General, enters Nashville, [15]
• Nelson, Thomas A. R., [9]
• New Hampshire, President Johnson addresses citizens of, [442]
• New Mexico, [12]
• New Orleans, State troops from, seize Federal property, [36];
  • enthusiasm in, [37];
  • bankruptcy of, [37];
  • importance to Confederacy, [38];
  • capture of, [38];
  • results of Federal occupation of, [39];
  • members of court of record arrive in, [43];
  • excepted from emancipation proclamation, [47];
  • menaced by General Taylor, [49];
  • General Shepley forbids election in, [56];
  • amount of taxes paid by, [58];
  • without civil government, [58];
  • extent of the State of Louisiana, [75];
  • constitutional convention in, [75];
  • unqualified voters enrolled in, [418];
  • new registration in, [418];
  • J. Madison Wells nominated by convention held in, [420]
• Newport News, fugitive slaves arrive at, [144], [386]
• New York, electoral vote not counted in Washington’s election, [326]
• Nicolay and Hay. See Hay and Nicolay
• Noell, John W., on admission of West Virginia, [118];
  • inquiry of, [164]
• Norfolk, Va., destitution in, [133]
• North Carolina, Union victories in, [10];
  • secession spirit in, [150];
  • insurrection in, [314];
  • injuries sustained by, [436];
  • Provisional Governor appointed for, [448];
  • “loyal people” of, [452];
  • suffrage withheld from negroes of, [452];
  • nearly all counties choose delegates, [453];
  • ordinance of secession repealed by, [454];
  • abolition of slavery in, [454];
  • payment of rebel debt prohibited by, [455];
  • adjournment of convention, [455];
  • convention ordinances ratified, [457];
  • election unsatisfactory to President Johnson, [457];
  • Thirteenth Amendment ratified by, [457];
  • Congressmen chosen by, [457];
  • why President began reconstruction policy with, [458]
• O
• Oglesby, Governor, President Johnson visited by, [440]
• Ohio, western Virginians assisted by troops of, [98]
• Olin, Abraham B., on admission of West Virginia, [116]
• Olustee, battle of, a result of administration policy, [253]
• Orange, William, Prince of, [203]
• Orleans, courts established in, [41]
• P
• Paine, Colonel, arrest of, [169]
• Parker, Granville, anti-slavery work of, [108]
• Parliament, absolute power vested in, [203]
• Patterson, David T., election of, [413]
• Patterson, General, proclamation relative to slaves, [145]
• Peabody, Charles A., appointment of, [42]
• Peace and Constitutional Society, in Arkansas, [81]
• Pea Ridge, battle of, [82]
• Pendleton, George H., reconstruction speech of, [257];
  • votes received by, for Vice-Presidency, [339]
• Pensacola, Florida, Louisiana soldiers vote at, [70]
• Perry, Nehemiah, reconstruction address of, [250]
• Phelps, General John S., alleged opposition to rule of, [38];
  • military governor, [82]
• Pierce, E. L., labor of abandoned slaves organized by, [160], [386];
  • Lincoln interviewed by, [160]
• Pierpont, Francis Harrison, chosen Governor of restored Virginia, [101];
  • inauguration of, [101];
  • views of the Constitution, [102];
  • message of, [109];
  • address of, [128];
  • elected Governor, [129];
  • duties of, [133];
  • protests against military interference, [134];
  • application for assistance, [191];
  • Lincoln’s telegram to, [426];
  • Lincoln visited by, [426];
  • reception at Richmond, [427];
  • the problem confronting, [428]
• Placquemines, voting in parish of, [56];
  • vote of, [74]
• Poland, similarity of ideas lacking in, [237]
• Polk, President James K., message of, [13]
• Pollard, E. A., quotation from “Lost Cause” of, [400]
• Pool, John, election of, [457]
• Pomeroy, Samuel C., on electoral vote of Louisiana, [330];
  • amendment offered by, [337];
  • remarks on reconstruction by, [376];
  • extent of Congressional power over reconstruction stated by, [377]
• Port Hudson, General Banks at, [49];
  • fall of, [49]
• Portsmouth, Va., Union vote in, [132];
  • destitution in, [133]
• Powell, Lazarus W., remarks on Louisiana, [331];
  • recognition of Louisiana opposed by, [344];
  • General Banks denounced by, [346];
  • proclamation of Banks quoted by, [347];
  • remarks on Trumbull’s resolution by, [373]
• Property, Federal, seizure of, in Baton Rouge, [36]
• R
• Raleigh, convention assembles at, [453]
• Raymond, Lincoln’s letter to, [163]
• Reade, Edwin G., North Carolina convention presided over by, [453];
  • farewell address of, [455]
• Reconstruction, in Tennessee, [1];
  • Lincoln’s proclamation of, [23];
  • in Louisiana, [36], [44], [61];
  • loyal minority authorized to restore States, [25];
  • Lincoln’s plan not indispensable to, [26];
  • interrupted in Louisiana, [49];
  • Lincoln’s letter relative to, [51];
  • President urges in Louisiana, [52];
  • Banks’s plan of, [66];
  • proposed for Arkansas, [85];
  • Lincoln’s letters on, [89];
  • in Louisiana connected with war powers of President, [36];
  • emancipation introduced into, [189];
  • theories and plans of, [190];
  • central idea of Lincoln’s plan, [190];
  • both parties agree on Presidential plan, [193];
  • great number of theories and plans of, [193];
  • difficulties of, increased by abolition, [194];
  • Lincoln propounded only one plan of, [194];
  • “Louisiana plan” and negro suffrage, [195];
  • sensation caused by Sumner’s scheme of, [198];
  • final work of, influenced by Sumner’s resolutions, [199];
  • Stevens’s theory of, [211];
  • first act of, a modification of Stevens’s theory, [212];
  • theory held at commencement of rebellion, [213];
  • Democratic theory of, [217];
  • Edgerton’s speech on, [219];
  • attitude of Democratic party toward, [220];
  • conservative views of Senators on, [220];
  • House of Representatives on, [220];
  • resolution of Thaddeus Stevens concerning, [224];
  • resolution of Henry Winter Davis, [225];
  • address of Mr. Davis, [226];
  • of Southern States premature, [230];
  • President’s plan criticised by Mr. Davis, [232];
  • address of Representative Scofield on, [236];
  • address of Representative Williams on, [238];
  • indemnity, security and punishment, elements of, [240];
  • bill opposed by Mr. Baldwin, [241];
  • address of Representative Thayer on, [242];
  • remarks of Representative Yeaman on, [243];
  • address of Representative Longyear on, [244];
  • speech of Ignatius Donnelly on, [245];
  • speech of Representative Dennison, [247];
  • remarks of Thaddeus Stevens on, [247];
  • bill opposed by Representative Strouse, [249];
  • opposition of Mr. Cravens, [249];
  • Representative Gooch on, [250];
  • Representative Perry’s remarks on, [250];
  • Fernando Wood’s opposition to bill for, [251];
  • remarks of William D. Kelley on, [252];
  • speech of S. S. Cox on, [252];
  • Mr. Boutwell’s speech on, [254];
  • speech of George H. Pendleton, [257];
  • bill for, unconstitutional, [258];
  • Representatives pass bill on, [262];
  • provisions of bill on, [262];
  • Senator Wade on, [264];
  • Senator Carlile’s speech on, [267];
  • Congress passes bill on, [273];
  • Lincoln’s treatment of bill on, [273];
  • interest of Mr. Chandler in bill on, [274];
  • Lincoln’s proclamation concerning bill on, [277];
  • notice of in annual message, [286];
  • progress of, [287];
  • forced upon attention of Congress by Union victories, [288];
  • Mr. Ashley reports bill on, [289];
  • Representative Eliot offers amendment to bill on, [289];
  • provisions of Ashley’s bill, [289];
  • revived bill recognizes Louisiana and Arkansas, [289];
  • new bill a substitute for Wade-Davis bill, [290];
  • Kelley’s speech on, [291];
  • Eliot’s speech on, [292];
  • consideration of bill postponed, [295];
  • Mr. Dawes resumes debate on, [295];
  • power conferred on President by bill, [296];
  • remarks of Fernando Wood on, [300];
  • speech of Mr. LeBlond on, [300];
  • remarks of Representative Blow, [301];
  • speech of J. K. Edgerton, [301];
  • Edgerton’s summary of bill, [302];
  • substitute for Ashley’s bill, [304];
  • further remarks of Ashley on, [305];
  • Ashley explains compromise, [306];
  • Henry Winter Davis speaks on, [306];
  • Mr. Davis’s last words in Congress on, [310];
  • Mr. Wilson’s bill, [311];
  • revival of Ashley’s bill on, [312];
  • defects of Presidential plan of, [358];
  • Howard’s speech on, [358];
  • Reverdy Johnson’s remarks on, [370];
  • Sumner proposes conditions of, [376];
  • remarks of Senator Clark, [376];
  • remarks of Senator Pomeroy, [377], [378];
  • Presidential plan of, ignored by Congress, [385];
  • Lincoln’s conditions for effecting, [395], [397];
  • Lincoln’s letter to General Hurlbut on, [401];
  • Lincoln’s letter to General Canby, [402];
  • Lincoln’s last words on, [403];
  • culmination of Presidential plan of, [407];
  • President Johnson’s policy of, endorsed by Democratic convention, [420];
  • views of Louisiana Republicans on, [422];
  • Andrew Johnson’s views of, in 1864, [438];
  • Johnson under no obligation to accept Lincoln’s plan of, [447];
  • Mr. Johnson’s policy of, [449];
  • steps to, in Mississippi, [458];
  • obstacles to, in Texas, [467];
  • conventions called under Presidential plan, [468];
  • course of Confederate governors relative to, [469];
  • Lincoln’s intention to employ Confederate legislatures in work of, [470];
  • expected results of, [473];
  • prediction of Henry Winter Davis relative to, [473];
  • enemies of Union entrusted with, [486];
  • Lincoln opposed a loose system of, [486];
  • Lincoln’s and Johnson’s theories identical, [487];
  • organizations effected under Lincoln different from “Johnson governments,” 487;
  • Johnson’s original policy of, [488];
  • acts of Congress suspend governments established under Presidential plan, [489];
  • Joint Committee on, [490];
  • Presidential plan examined, [491];
  • the suffrage in the Presidential system of, [494];
  • precedent conditions for returning States, [494];
  • Senator Henderson’s letter on Lincoln’s plan, [495]
• Rector, Governor, call for troops, [81];
  • threat of seceding from Confederacy, [82];
  • flight of, [82]
• Red River, General Taylor retires to, [50]
• Republican electoral ticket, none offered for suffrage of Tennesseeans in 1860, [7]
• Republican form of government, Sumner’s resolutions relative to, [196];
  • position that war was fought to fulfil guaranty of, untenable, [209];
  • Henry Winter Davis on, [228];
  • duty of Congress to guarantee, [228];
  • Mr. Davis on modes of establishing, [232];
  • Fernando Wood on, [251];
  • Pendleton on, [259], [260], [261];
  • Carlile on, [268], [269];
  • cannot originate in military orders, [357];
  • military government not republican under the Constitution, [368]
• Republican party, radical members of, unite with Free State leaders, [74];
  • Sumner’s resolutions disavowed by leaders of, [199];
  • relations of Stevens to, [216];
  • change in attitude of, [220];
  • revolutionary policy of, [257];
  • beginning of division in, [273];
  • some radical members of, opposed controversy with President, [289];
  • schism in, [313];
  • change in sentiments of, [377];
  • Hendricks on factiousness of, [380];
  • mass-meeting in New Orleans held by radical members of, [422]
• Representation, basis of, [354]
• Representatives, House of, committee on compensated emancipation appointed by, [168];
  • reconstruction views of, [220];
  • reconstruction bill passed by, [262];
  • Ashley’s reconstruction bill tabled by, [311], [312];
  • resolution of Mr. Wilson introduced into, [314];
  • measure excluding electoral votes of certain States passed by, [314];
  • constitutional amendment abolishing slavery passed by, [384]
• Revenue, surplus of 1837, distribution of, [157]
• Revolution, American, legal forms not ignored in effecting, [206]
• Revolution, English, [202]
• Reynolds, General, report on government of Arkansas, [412]
• Rhode Island cases, [228]
• Richmond, Arkansas messenger sent to, [80];
  • secession convention meets in, [93];
  • work of convention denounced, [100];
  • fall of, [426]
• Richmond government, offers concessions to western Virginia, [97];
  • resistance to, [97]
• Riddell, John Leonard, certificate from, [56]
• Riley, General Bennett, [13]
• Ritchie, A. F., letter to Attorney-General Bates, [105]
• Rogers, A. A. C., Congressman-elect, [91];
  • proposed compensation of, [342]
• Rosecrans, General W. S., inactivity of, [21];
  • suggestion to Lincoln, [23];
  • removed from command, [23], [224]
• Ryers, William, election of, [412]
• S
• Saulsbury, Willard, [103];
  • on admission of Mr. Segar, [139];
  • admission of West Virginia Senators opposed by, [193];
  • Administration criticised by, [377]
• Schenck, General, [251]
• Schofield, General, Governor Holden assisted by, [453]
• Schurz, General Carl, Governor Sharkey criticised by, [462]
• Scofield, Glenni W., address of, [236]
• Sebastian, William K., resignation from United States Senate, [85];
  • return to loyalty, [85]
• Secession, in Tennessee, [8];
  • Tennessee abrogates act of, [30];
  • spirit of, in Louisiana, [36];
  • ordinance of, [36];
  • in Arkansas, [78];
  • Germans and Irish of Arkansas indifferent to, [80];
  • in Virginia, [93];
  • western Virginia refuses to acquiesce in, [97];
  • war powers unlocked by, [213];
  • attitude of Democratic party toward, [218];
  • Henry Winter Davis on, [227];
  • Pendleton on acts of, [259];
  • Henderson on potency of, [351];
  • Sumner denies that States were taken out of Union by, [351]
• Secessionists, in Arkansas, [77]
• Segar, Joseph E., on admission of West Virginia, [118];
  • remarks of, [131];
  • Committee of Elections reports concerning, [131];
  • denied admission to Congress, [133];
  • election to United States Senate, [138]
• Senate, The United States, reconstruction bill in, [264];
  • exclusion of States from Electoral College, [315];
  • Trumbull’s resolution abandoned by, [383];
  • amendment abolishing slavery passed by, [384]
• Seward, William H., on admission of West Virginia, [120];
  • General McClellan instructed by, [152];
  • Lincoln broaches emancipation to, [178];
  • postponement of emancipation recommended by, [182];
  • Lincoln’s letter to, [395];
  • injuries prevented attendance at inauguration of Mr. Johnson, [408];
  • message to Governor Marvin, [488];
  • President Johnson influenced by, [489]
• Sharkey, William L., appointment of, [459];
  • address of, [460];
  • Johnson’s telegram to, [461];
  • conduct of, criticised by Carl Schurz, [462];
  • negro testimony to be considered by, [464]
• Shelbyville, Tenn., Andrew Johnson’s address at, [19]
• Shenandoah Valley, discontent of, [96];
  • proposed annexation to West Virginia, [109]
• Shepley, General George F., appointment of, [39];
  • system of courts established by, [41];
  • Lincoln’s letter to, [44];
  • requested to hold an election, [45];
  • proclamation for an election issued by, [45];
  • plan of Louisiana Free State Committee approved by, [48];
  • Attorney-General for Louisiana appointed by, [48];
  • orders an enrollment of loyal citizens, [53];
  • election prohibited by, [56], [58];
  • conference of Free State Committee with, [63];
  • disagreement with General Banks, [64], [65];
  • General Banks approves registration of, [68];
  • Norfolk proclamation of, [134]
• Sheridan, General Philip H., at Mission Ridge and Lookout Mountain, [23];
  • a Confederate army destroyed by, [288]
• Sherman, John, on election of Mr. Segar, [140];
  • on electoral vote of Louisiana, [332]
• Sherman, General Thomas W., instructions of War Department to, [149]
• Sherman, General William Tecumseh, projected march of, [286];
  • safety of, [288]
• Shreveport, movement toward, [51];
  • ceases to be capital of Louisiana, [419]
• Slavery, abolition of, in British colonies, [6];
  • to be ignored in reconstruction, [27];
  • Nashville convention urges abolition of, [29];
  • amended Tennessee constitution abolishes, [30];
  • constitution of Arkansas abolishes, [88];
  • introduction into Virginia, [94];
  • in the Wheeling convention, [107];
  • Lincoln’s views of, [143];
  • Congress claims no right to interfere with, [167];
  • advance of Northern opinion on, [167];
  • abolished in District of Columbia, [167];
  • not possible for negroes freed by war, [194];
  • reconstruction rendered more difficult by abolition of, [194];
  • ceases to exist when State ceases to exist, [197];
  • duty of Congress to put an end to, [197];
  • recognition of, by a Federal officer analogous to treason, [197];
  • government should protect persons in a state of, [198];
  • Chicago platform on, [207];
  • Emancipation Proclamation not necessary to abolish in seceding States, [207];
  • destruction of, not an end of the war, [222];
  • the one subject of estrangement in the Union, [237];
  • theory of the Fathers concerning, [237];
  • anti-slavery amendment recommended to consideration of Congress, [287];
  • Congress passes joint resolution relative to, [288];
  • restoration useless with, [352];
  • sentiments of Massachusetts and South Carolina on, [375];
  • not affected by emancipation proclamation in certain States, [384];
  • Congress passes anti-slavery amendment, [384];
  • amendment ratified by 20 States, [384];
  • Arkansas abolishes, [410];
  • Virginia abolishes, 425;
  • abolition an injury to slave owners, [433];
  • North Carolina abolishes, [454];
  • Mississippi abolishes, [460];
  • Georgia abolishes, [466]
• Slaves, bred in Virginia, [94];
  • number in Virginia, [94];
  • in western Virginia, [95];
  • policy of commanders relative to fugitive, [144], [145], [158], [159];
  • declared contraband of war, [146];
  • compensated emancipation of, [153];
  • colonization of, [153];
  • abandoned by masters, [160];
  • to organize labor of abandoned, [160];
  • General Hunter proclaims freedom of, [168];
  • Lincoln asserts right to emancipate, [168];
  • employment of, [169];
  • confiscation of property in, [179];
  • proposed emancipation of, [182];
  • Stevens on employment of, against United States, [212];
  • abandoned lands to be colonized by, [385]
• Slidell, John, resignation from United States Senate, [423]
• Slocum, General, organization of Mississippi retarded by, [462];
  • orders of, revoked by President, [463]
• Smith, Caleb B., resignation of, [119]
• Smith, Charles, Senator-elect from Louisiana, [76], [343]
• Smith, General E. Kirby, [50]
• Smith, Governor William, nullity of acts of, [445]
• Snow, William D., election of, [91]
• Society, civil not necessarily identical with political, [354];
  • political liable to reduction, [354];
  • political may be reduced by loss of citizenship, [354]
• South Carolina, martial law proclaimed over, [168];
  • Stevens on secession ordinance of, [215];
  • Boutwell would exclude from restored Union, [256];
  • insurrection in, [314];
  • sentiments on slavery, [375];
  • damage sustained by, [435];
  • Mr. Johnson receives citizens of, [443];
  • revolutionary character of convention, [469]
• Southern States, reorganization of, premature, [230];
  • black code of, 293;
  • an asylum for broken-down politicians, [297];
  • proposed taxation of, [297];
  • power of Congress over, [362];
  • not convertible into Territories, [364].
  • See Confederate States
• Speed, Attorney-General, reply to Albemarle County voters, [430]
• Sprague, William, remarks on Louisiana election, [381]
• Stanton, Edwin M., aids western Virginians, [98];
  • on admission of West Virginia, [122];
  • disbanding of army by, [409]
• State, indestructibility of, [192];
  • suicide of a, [197], [201], [209];
  • effect of termination of, [197];
  • slavery terminated by termination of, [197];
  • Federal restraints upon action of a, [198];
  • difficulty of defining, [201];
  • basis of suicide theory, [208];
  • levying war changes status of, [217];
  • the people of, constitute the, [218];
  • constitutions must be formed by people of, [218];
  • only successful revolution can unmake, [218];
  • attitude of Democratic party on suicide of, [219]
• St. Bernard, parish of, voting in, [56]
• Steele, General Frederick, Lincoln’s letters to, [85], [86], [89]
• Stephens, A. H., peace commissioner, [395];
  • Lincoln’s advice to, [399]
• Stevens, Thaddeus, on admission of West Virginia, [117], [214];
  • reconstruction theory of, [211];
  • characteristics of, [211];
  • consistency of, [212];
  • remarks on slaves employed in hostility to Government, [212];
  • taxation of seceding States proposed by, [213];
  • secession discussed by, [215];
  • relations to his party defined by, [216];
  • conquered province theory of, [217];
  • remarks on minority government, [217];
  • resolution relative to President’s message, [224];
  • on constitutional amendments, [232];
  • reconstruction speech of, [247];
  • distributing President’s message, [288];
  • Mr. Eliot interrupted by, [294];
  • remarks of, [342];
  • credentials of Warmoth offered by, [422];
  • sneer at Pierpont’s government, [427]
• Stokes, William B., election of, [415]
• Strouse, Myer, reconstruction speech of, [249]
• Suffrage, Representative Kelley on, [291];
  • provisions of Ashley’s bill on, [294], [304];
  • a restricted electorate favored by Government, [354];
  • basis of, [354];
  • qualifications for, in Massachusetts, [354];
  • proposal to confer on negroes, [358];
  • Reverdy Johnson on, [378];
  • negroes petition for, [413];
  • Brownlow opposes conferring on negroes, [416];
  • National Conservative party on, [421];
  • provision of Virginia constitution on, [425];
  • North did not intend to force on South, [486]
• Sumner, Charles, on admission of West Virginia, [110];
  • letter on policy of Lincoln, [170];
  • faith of, [191];
  • resolutions of, [196];
  • sensation produced by restoration scheme of, [198];
  • letters to Francis Lieber, [199], [289];
  • public character of, [199];
  • letters to John Bright, [200], [290];
  • article in Atlantic Monthly, [200];
  • Mr. Blair replies to, [208];
  • preamble to resolutions of, [210];
  • proposal relative to emancipation proclamation, [272];
  • estimate of Lincoln, [275];
  • substitute offered by, [344];
  • amendment offered by, [356];
  • Reverdy Johnson’s argument with, [374];
  • inconsistency of, [375];
  • conditions of reunion proposed by, [376];
  • remarks on Trumbull’s resolution, [379], [382];
  • Howard and Chandler support position of, [380];
  • remarks on Louisiana election, [382]
• Sumter, influence of fall, on Arkansas, [78]
• Supreme Court, The United States, opinion in Cross vs. Harrison, [13];
  • decision relative to rebellious States, [362]
• T
• Taliaferro, Robert W., seat in Congress claimed by, [341]
• Taney, Roger B., Chief Justice, quoted by Mr. Davis, [228]
• Tarr, Campbell, [98], [128]
• Taylor, Nathaniel, attitude of loyal Tennesseeans defined by, [7];
  • election of, [415]
• Taylor, General Richard, [37], [49], [50]
• Ten Eyck, John C., reconstruction bill opposed by, [273];
  • amendment offered by, [315];
  • remarks in support of amendment, [318];
  • defeat of amendment offered by, [334]
• Tennessee, Presidential reconstruction in, [1];
  • no Republican electoral ticket in, [7];
  • league with Confederacy authorized by, [8];
  • turns military force over to the Confederacy, [8];
  • secession of, [8];
  • activity of loyalists in, [9];
  • proposed dismemberment of, [9];
  • Confederates losing hold of, [10];
  • derangement of government in, [10];
  • Legislature assembles at Memphis, [15];
  • Andrew Johnson appointed military governor of, [15];
  • condition in the Union, [16];
  • judges imprisoned, [18];
  • reprisals on secessionists, [18];
  • lawlessness of, [18];
  • citizens in Union army, [20];
  • included in department of General Halleck, [20];
  • ready for restoration, [21];
  • free from armed insurrectionists, [22];
  • emancipation in, [22];
  • excluded from effects of emancipation proclamation, [22], [384];
  • enrolling agent sent to, [27];
  • county elections in, [27];
  • returns, [28];
  • reconstruction in, [29];
  • Presidential election in, [29], [195];
  • amended constitution of, [30];
  • abrogates act of secession, [30];
  • bonds of disloyal government, [30];
  • constitution ratified by, [31];
  • slaves emancipated in, [31];
  • meeting of loyal Legislature, [31];
  • McClellan electors, [35];
  • electoral vote of, [35], [76], [129];
  • Lincoln maintains legality of government in, [195];
  • Mr. Davis on Unionists of, [230];
  • insurrection in, [314];
  • electoral vote of, [334];
  • exclusion of electoral votes, [338];
  • Cowan’s inquiry concerning vote of, [338];
  • Thirteenth Amendment ratified by, [412];
  • United States Senators chosen by, [413];
  • disfranchising act of, [413];
  • irregularities in election, [414];
  • negroes and Indians made witnesses, [415];
  • harshness to traitors favored by, [414];
  • franchise demanded by freedmen of, [415];
  • ravages of war in, [417];
  • insurrection ended in, [444];
  • Joint Committee recommend admission of, [490]
• Tennessee, Bank of, notes of, irredeemable, [30]
• Tennessee, East, slavery in, [3];
  • loyalty of, [3];
  • services in Revolution, [4];
  • resources of, [4];
  • anti-slavery journals in, [5];
  • abolition movement in, [5];
  • a thoroughfare to the south-west, [6];
  • Yancey agitates in, [7];
  • treatment of loyalists in, [9];
  • importance of, [21];
  • convention of, revived, [29]
• Tennessee, West, politics influenced by industries of, [4];
  • martial law in, [15]
• Texas, expedition into, [50], [51];
  • insurrection in, [314];
  • damages sustained by, [437];
  • blockade of, [444];
  • appointment of Provisional Governor for, [467];
  • obstacles to restoration in, [467];
  • negro population of, [467];
  • reconstruction incomplete, [467];
  • not represented at opening of Thirty-ninth Congress, [490]
• Thayer, General, [89]
• Thayer, M. Russell, reconstruction address of, [242]
• Thomas, Dorsey B., counted out, [415]
• Thomas, General George, at Mission Ridge and Lookout Mountain, [23];
  • a Confederate army crippled by, [288]
• Thompson, Jacob, Mr. Black’s visit to, [390]
• Thompson, General Jefferson, [245]
• Treat, Hon. Samuel, excerpt from letter of, [354]
• Tribune, The New York, emancipation favored by, [164];
  • protest of Wade and Davis printed in, [279]
• Trumbull, Lyman, on admission of Mr. Segar, [139];
  • remarks on Crittenden resolution, [221];
  • reconstruction bill opposed by, [273];
  • speech on Ten Eyck’s amendment, [316];
  • on electoral vote of Louisiana, [321], [327];
  • resolution offered by, [343];
  • Sumner’s offer to amend resolution of, [356];
  • Howard’s speech on resolution of, [358];
  • Wade moves postponement of resolution, [378];
  • Powell’s speech on resolution of, [378];
  • consistency of, [380];
  • resolution recognizing Louisiana abandoned, [383]
• Tyng, Rev. Doctor, [151]
• U
• Underwood, John C., Senator-elect from Virginia, [141]
• Union, dismemberment of, [1];
  • admission of new States into, [207]
• Union army, Arkansas troops in, [83];
  • troops of restored Virginia in, [109]
• Union associations, demand an election in Louisiana, [45];
  • delegates appointed by, [47]
• Unionists, importance of Southern, [3];
  • in Louisiana, [37], [38], [47];
  • Lincoln’s advice to, [38];
  • numbers in Arkansas, [77];
  • loyalty in Arkansas, [88];
  • conflicting views of, [88];
  • difficulty of enlisting in Virginia, [133];
  • oath of allegiance taken by, in North Carolina, [150];
  • Henry Winter Davis on Southern, [231]
• Union party, vote of, in West Virginia, [129]
• United States, The, policy toward conquered provinces, [12];
  • Tennessee promised republican form of government by, [16];
  • oath of allegiance required of Louisiana voters, [45];
  • policy toward loyal minorities, [105], [349];
  • policy toward South after rebellion, [190];
  • number of States not diminished by secession, [192];
  • republican governments obligatory on members of, [208];
  • duty of each to be represented in Congress, [208];
  • union of, perpetual, [218], [219];
  • Chase’s dictum concerning nature of, [219];
  • Government not to interfere in affairs of States, [220];
  • authorized to impose conditions on returning States, [366];
  • demand for revenue felt by, [409];
  • disloyal governments not recognized by, [409]
• Universal Emancipation, The Genius of, [5]
• Upshur County, emancipation favored by citizens of, [108]
• V
• Van Winkle, P. G., election of, [128]
• Vicksburg, surrender of, [49]
• Virginia, rebel government abrogated in, [10];
  • loyalists without civil government, [93];
  • secession of, [93];
  • opposition to secession in, [94];
  • physical features of, [94];
  • slavery introduced into, [94];
  • slaves in, [94];
  • historical part of, [94];
  • birthplace of many illustrious Americans, [94];
  • settlement of trans-Alleghany region, [95];
  • population of western, [95];
  • sympathy of people in western, [95];
  • representation in Legislature, [96];
  • taxation in, [96];
  • power in hands of slaveholders, [96];
  • dismemberment of, discussed, [96];
  • danger of insurrection in, [96];
  • change of representation in, [96];
  • expenditure of revenue, [96];
  • concessions to western, [97];
  • western refuses to acquiesce in secession, [97];
  • the disloyal in, [97];
  • State officials favor secession, [97];
  • Federal Government aids western, [98];
  • ravages of war in western, [98];
  • movement for dismemberment, [98];
  • secession denounced by Clarksburgh meeting, [99];
  • State government reconstituted, [100];
  • Legislature of restored government, [102];
  • election of United States Senators, [102];
  • State of Kanawha to be erected in, [105];
  • dismemberment ratified, [107];
  • convention of, [107];
  • Legislature meets, [109];
  • Legislature consents to formation of new State, [110];
  • Assembly consents to transfer of Berkeley County, [126];
  • act annexing counties to West Virginia, [127];
  • transfer of Berkeley and Jefferson counties, [127];
  • opposition to transfer, [127];
  • removal of capital, [129];
  • Legislature passes convention bill, [130];
  • who were voters in, [130];
  • amended constitution of, [130];
  • civil in conflict with military authorities, [134];
  • Legislature meets, [137];
  • attitude of Congress and army toward, [138];
  • feebleness of restored government, [138];
  • admission of Senators from, [141];
  • disloyal government discusses emancipation, [162];
  • United States should protect loyalists of, [191];
  • electoral vote from restored government, [314];
  • slavery in parts of, excepted from emancipation proclamation, [384];
  • division permanent, [399];
  • constitution of 1864, [425];
  • suffrage in, [425];
  • slavery abolished in, [425];
  • prohibitions on Legislature, [425];
  • President Johnson recognizes government of Pierpont, [427], [445];
  • ravages of war in, [427];
  • steps to restoration of, [428];
  • election in, [431];
  • acts of secession authorities void, [445];
  • acts of Congress to be enforced in, [446];
  • Alexandria ceases to be capital of, [446]
• W
• Wade, Benjamin F., bill for admission of West Virginia reported by, [110];
  • remarks on admission of West Virginia, [111];
  • reconstruction bill reported by, [264];
  • address of, [264];
  • protest of, with Henry Winter Davis, [279];
  • character of, [283];
  • on electoral vote of Louisiana, [333];
  • remonstrance offered by, [343];
  • postponement of Trumbull’s resolution moved by, [378];
  • motion to postpone, defeated, [379];
  • Louisiana election criticised by, [381]
• Wade-Davis bill, House of Representatives passes, [262];
  • Senate passes, [273];
  • President’s action on, [273];
  • President’s proclamation concerning, [277];
  • revival of, [290];
  • no provision for negro suffrage in, [494]
• War, expenses of, [161];
  • condition of cessation of, [161], [397];
  • obligations between States abrogated by, [214];
  • Crittenden resolution on objects of, [221];
  • objects of, [364];
  • vindictiveness engendered by, [393]
• Ward, Artemus, [186]
• War Department, application of part of contingent fund of, [43]
• Warmoth, Henry C., election of, [422];
  • elements of political strength possessed by, [423]
• Washburne, Elihu B., remarks of, [342]
• Webster, Daniel, prediction of, [126]
• Welles, Gideon, on admission of West Virginia, [122];
  • Lincoln broaches emancipation to, [178];
  • quotation from diary of, [178];
  • narrative of, [188]
• Wells, J. Madison, proclamation of, [418];
  • General Banks not in harmony with, [418];
  • address of, [419];
  • qualifications of voters defined by, [420]
• Wells, T. M., seat in Congress claimed by, [341]
• Wellsburgh, meeting at, [97];
  • appointment of commissioners by, [98];
  • arms and ammunition stored at, [98]
• West Virginia, Congress admits Senators from, [104], [193];
  • prosecution of war favored by, [104];
  • stay law passed by, [104];
  • of revolutionary origin, [105];
  • convention for, [107];
  • slavery in, [107];
  • vote on constitution, [109];
  • vote on emancipation, [110];
  • Senate bill for admission of, [110];
  • allotment of Representatives to, [110];
  • Sumner on admission of, [110];
  • proposal to prohibit slavery in, [111];
  • Senate on admission of, [110];
  • Senate passes bill to admit, [113];
  • House bill for admission of, [113];
  • House on admission of, [113];
  • House passes bill for admission, [119];
  • Lincoln approves bill for admission of, [125];
  • constitutional amendment, [125];
  • convention approves constitution, [126];
  • constitution ratified by voters, [126];
  • becomes a State, [126];
  • Berkeley County transferred to, [126];
  • proposal to annex counties to, [127];
  • election in, [128];
  • inauguration of, [128];
  • United States Senators chosen by, [128];
  • opposition to admission of Senators from, [128];
  • Democrats alienated by President’s recognition of, [193];
  • Stevens finds no warrant in constitution for admission of, [214];
  • strong enough to maintain a loyal government, [230]
• Wheeling, delegate convention at, [99];
  • resolutions adopted by convention of, [100];
  • adjournment of convention, [101];
  • convention reassembles at, [104]
• Whiskey Insurrection, effects on status of Pennsylvania, [335]
• White, R. T. J., [88]
• Whittaker, John S., [41]
• Wickliffe, Charles A., Lincoln interviewed by, [165]
• Willey, Waitman T., election of, [103], [128];
  • admitted to seat, [104];
  • on admission of West Virginia, [112];
  • remarks on credentials of Mr. Segar, [138], [140]
• Williams, General, treatment of fugitive slaves by, [159]
• Williams, Thomas, reconstruction address of, [238]
• Wilson, Henry, on recognition of restored Virginia, [140]
• Wilson, James F., previous question on Ashley’s bill demanded by, [295];
  • reconstruction bill introduced by, [311];
  • joint resolution introduced by, [314]
• Wisconsin, electoral vote of, [316]
• Wood, Fernando, reconstruction bill opposed by, [251];
  • remarks on Ashley’s bill, [300];
  • remarks on Wilson’s bill, [312]
• Y
• Yancey, William L., [7]
• Yeaman, George H., reconstruction address of, [243]

---

[1]. McPherson’s Political History of the United States, p. 1.

[2]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 389–399; “Parson” Brownlow’s Book, pp. 54, 159, 160; Lalor’s Cyclopedia of Political Science, Political Economy and United States History, Vol. III. p. 698.

[3]. Letters and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 112. The edition of Nicolay and Hay is used throughout.

[4]. The Loyal Mountaineers of Tennessee, p. 24.

[5]. More correctly, 301,056. Ibid.

[6]. The Loyal Mountaineers of Tennessee, p. 32.

[7]. Ibid.

[8]. Thirty years before President Lincoln published his Emancipation Proclamation Great Britain abolished slavery throughout her colonies. Naturally this action was viewed in no friendly spirit by the slave interest in America, for it brought the free negro to the very door of the Southern States, and though it was regarded as a menace to the “peculiar institution,” it was not until a positive loss was sustained that any controversy arose with England. In October, 1841, the brig Creole, of Richmond, with a cargo of 135 slaves left Hampton Roads for New Orleans. The negroes, under Madison Washington, killed one of the owners, took possession of the vessel and steered her into the port of Nassau. There those slaves not expressly charged with murder were set at liberty, and though the administration demanded their surrender they were not given up. The experience of the Creole was not singular, several cases of a similar nature being recorded. These facts showed the danger of navigating the Bahama channel after 1833, and at least one reason for preferring the overland route down the Tennessee valley was an expectation of avoiding such accidents.—(See Wilson’s Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. I. pp. 443–444; Lalor’s Cyclopedia of Political Science, etc., Vol. I. pp. 709–710.)

[9]. Brownlow’s Book, p. 52.

[10]. The Loyal Mountaineers of Tennessee, pp. 80–81.

[11]. Brownlow’s Book, p. 67.

[12]. Art. I. sec. 10, Constitution of the United States.

[13]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 5.

[14]. Misc. Doc. No. 55, H. of R., 1 Sess. 39th Cong., p. 5.

[15]. Why The Solid South? p. 170.

[16]. Cutt’s Conquest of California and New Mexico, p. 246.

[17]. Statesman’s Manual, Vol. IV. p. 1742.

[18]. Ibid.

[19]. The Lost Cause, p. 209.

[20]. Ann. Cycl., 1862, p. 763.

[21]. Life and Speeches of Andrew Johnson, pp. 451–456. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1866.

[22]. Life, Speeches, and Services of Andrew Johnson, pp. 101–104. Philadelphia: T. B. Peterson & Brothers.

[23]. Memorial Addresses on the Life and Character of Andrew Johnson, pp. 76–80; Memoir by Frank Moore, pp. xxvi-xxvii in Life and Speeches of Andrew Johnson. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.

[24]. Life of Andrew Johnson, pp. 98–101; Philadelphia: T. B. Peterson & Brothers.

[25]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 828.

[26]. Letters and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 318.

[27]. Abraham Lincoln, A History by Nicolay & Hay, Vol. VIII. p. 440.

[28]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 405.

[29]. History of Abraham Lincoln, by Isaac N. Arnold, p. 303.

[30]. Letters and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 408.

[31]. Ibid., p. 419.

[32]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 443.

[33]. Art. I. sec. 5, Constitution of the U. S.

[34]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 443–444.

[35]. Ibid., p. 486.

[36]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 487.

[37]. Ibid., pp. 504–505.

[38]. Misc. Doc. No. 55, p. 5, H. of R., 1 Sess. 39th Cong.

[39]. Misc. Doc. No. 55, p. 9, H. of R., 1 Sess. 39th Cong.

[40]. Life of Andrew Johnson, pp. 159–160.

[41]. Life of Andrew Johnson, pp. 160–161. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1866.

[42]. McClure’s Lincoln and Men of War Times, pp. 106–108; Blaine’s Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. II. p. 7; Hamlin’s Life and Times of Hannibal Hamlin, pp. 449–489 and 591–615.

[43]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 438–439.

[44]. Ibid., p. 425.

[45]. Ibid., p. 441.

[46]. For a discussion of this subject see Chapter IX.

[47]. Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 427.

[48]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 4n.

[49]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 25; Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 428.

[50]. Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 432.

[51]. Ibid.

[52]. Taylor’s Destruction and Reconstruction, pp. 102–103.

[53]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 1.

[54]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 589.

[55]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II., pp. 214–215; Ann. Cycl., 1862, p. 650.

[56]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II., p. 216.

[57]. Ibid., pp. 217–218.

[58]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 586.

[59]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 586.

[60]. Ibid.

[61]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 586.

[62]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 587; Ibid., pp. 770–776. Scott’s Reconstruction During the Civil War, pp. 325–326, 328–331, 376.

[63]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 247.

[64]. Ibid.

[65]. Ibid., p. 255.

[66]. Globe, Part I., 3 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 835.

[67]. Globe, Part I., 3 Sess. 37th Cong., pp. 831–837, 1030–1036.

[68]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 228–229.

[69]. Blaine’s Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. II. p. 39; Nicolay and Hay’s Lincoln, Vol. VIII. p. 419.

[70]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 589.

[71]. N. & H., Vol. VIII. p. 420.

[72]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 590; Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 536.

[73]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 356.

[74]. Ibid., pp. 214–215.

[75]. Ibid., p. 356.

[76]. Taylor’s Destruction and Reconstruction, ch. x; also the general history of military operations in the Red River country.

[77]. Bulloch’s Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe, Vol. II. chs. i and ii.

[78]. N. & H., Vol. VIII. pp. 285–286; Conduct of the War, Vol. II. pp. 1–401 (passim).

[79]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 380.

[80]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 436.

[81]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 591.

[82]. Ibid.

[83]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, pp. 591–592.

[84]. Globe, Part I., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 5–6.

[85]. Globe, Part I., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 411–415, 543–547.

[86]. See pp. [24]–28 ante.

[87]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, pp. 592–593.

[88]. Globe, Part I., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 543.

[89]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 590.

[90]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 591.

[91]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 458–459.

[92]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 465–466.

[93]. N. & H., Vol. VIII. pp. 428–430.

[94]. Ibid., p. 469.

[95]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 592.

[96]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, pp. 592–593.

[97]. Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 476.

[98]. Ibid.

[99]. Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 476.

[100]. N. & H., Vol. VIII. pp. 432–433.

[101]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, pp. 593–594.

[102]. Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 477.

[103]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 496.

[104]. Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. II. p. 40.

[105]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 498.

[106]. Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 478.

[107]. Ibid.

[108]. Ann. Cycl., 1864, pp. 478–479.

[109]. Ibid.

[110]. Ibid., p. 479.

[111]. Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 479.

[112]. Ibid.

[113]. Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 22.

[114]. Ibid.

[115]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 4.

[116]. Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 22.

[117]. Ibid.

[118]. Ibid., p. 23.

[119]. Ibid., pp. 23–24.

[120]. Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 24.

[121]. Ibid.

[122]. Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 24.

[123]. Ibid.

[124]. Ibid.

[125]. Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 25.

[126]. Ibid.

[127]. Ibid.

[128]. Ibid., 1862, p. 11.

[129]. Ann. Cycl., 1862, p. 11.

[130]. Ibid.

[131]. Ibid.

[132]. N. & H., Vol. VI. p. 346.

[133]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 15.

[134]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 15.

[135]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 379.

[136]. Ibid., p. 247.

[137]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 467.

[138]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 472–473.

[139]. Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 29; Hough’s American Constitutions, Vol. II. p. 81.

[140]. Quoted in N. & H., Vol. VIII. p. 414.

[141]. Hough’s Amer. Cons., Vol. II. p. 81.

[142]. Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 29.

[143]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 475.

[144]. Ibid., p. 476.

[145]. Ibid., p. 479.

[146]. Ibid., p. 482.

[147]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 483–484.

[148]. Ann. Cycl., 1864, pp. 29–30.

[149]. Ibid., p. 30.

[150]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 501.

[151]. Ibid., p. 515.

[152]. Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 30.

[153]. See remarks of Senator Pomeroy, February 2, 1865, Congressional Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 555.

[154]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 7.

[155]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 7n.

[156]. Eighth Census, pp. 516–522.

[157]. Density maps in Tenth Census (Population), pp. xii-xiii, xiv-xv, xvi-xvii.

[158]. Blair in Appendix to Globe, pp. 327–331, 2 Sess. 37th Cong.; Eighth Census, pp. 516–522; Seventh Census, pp. 242–261.

[159]. Parker, The Formation of West Virginia, p. 125.

[160]. Globe, 2 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 3038.

[161]. Ann. Cycl., 1861, pp. 743–744.

[162]. The Formation of West Virginia, p. 36.

[163]. The Formation of West Virginia, p. 42.

[164]. Ann. Cycl., 1861, pp. 742–743.

[165]. The Formation of West Virginia, p. 43.

[166]. Ibid.

[167]. Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 743; The Formation of West Virginia, p. 45, gives the oath in a form slightly different.

[168]. Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 743.

[169]. Ann. Cycl., 1862, p. 801.

[170]. Mr. A. W. Campbell in The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer, April 14, 1897.

[171]. Globe, 1 Sess. 37th Cong., pp. 103–109.

[172]. The Formation of West Virginia, pp. 47–48.

[173]. The Formation of West Virginia, pp. 48–50; also Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 745.

[174]. The Formation of West Virginia, p. 57.

[175]. The Formation of West Virginia, p. 79.

[176]. Ibid., p. 93.

[177]. The Formation of West Virginia, p. 96, says 16,981 for and 441 against the constitution. The Annual Cyclopædia for 1862, p. 801, gives the vote as 18,862 in favor of, and 514 against, the constitution. Poore’s Charters and Constitutions, Vol. II. p. 1977, is the authority for the statement in the text.

[178]. Globe, Part III., 2 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 864; Part IV., pp. 2941–2942, 3034–3039, 3134–3135, 3307–3320.

[179]. Globe, 2 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 2933.

[180]. Ibid., p. 3397.

[181]. Globe, Part I., 3 Sess. 37th Cong., pp. 37–38.

[182]. Globe, Part I., 3 Sess. 37th Cong., pp. 38–39, 41–42.

[183]. Globe, Part I., 3 Sess. 37th Cong., pp. 43–45.

[184]. Ibid., p. 46.

[185]. Ibid., pp. 46–47.

[186]. Globe, Part I., 3 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 48.

[187]. Globe, Part I., 3 Sess. 37th Cong., pp. 50–51.

[188]. Ibid., p. 35.

[189]. Globe, Part I., 3 Sess. 37th Cong., pp. 54–55.

[190]. Ibid., p. 59.

[191]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 283.

[192]. Quoted in N. & H., Vol. VI. pp. 300–301.

[193]. Quoted in N. & H., Vol. VI. pp. 302–303.

[194]. Ibid., p. 304.

[195]. Quoted in N. & H., Vol. VI. pp. 304–306.

[196]. See pp. [105]–106 ante.

[197]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 285–287.

[198]. The Formation of West Virginia, p. 152.

[199]. Ibid., pp. 192–193.

[200]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 326.

[201]. Webster’s Works, Vol. II. pp. 607–608.

[202]. By a joint resolution, approved March 10, 1866, Congress agreed that both counties formed a part of West Virginia. The parent State, however, by an act of December 5, 1865, had already repealed both the statutes of January 31 and February 4, 1863, as well as section two of the act of May 13, 1862; and on December 11, 1866, a bill in equity was filed in the Supreme Court of the United States in which it was contended that it was not the intention of that State to consent to the annexation of Berkeley and Jefferson counties except upon the performance of certain conditions; the state of the county on election day was such as not to permit the opening of all the polls in Berkeley and Jefferson, nor indeed at any considerable part of the usual election places. The voters did not have adequate notice. In short, a great majority of them were then and now, December, 1866, opposed to annexation. Other irregularities are alleged in the complaint of Virginia. A decision, however, has been rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States in favor of the new Commonwealth. [See Virginia vs. West Virginia, 11 Wall., p. 39; also Transcripts of Records, Supreme Court U. S., Vol. 152, December Term, 1870.]

[203]. Notwithstanding the new State had been organized by a law which passed both Houses of Congress, and was approved by the President, Mr. Davis, of Kentucky, when the members-elect presented themselves before the Senate, opposed their admission on the ground that there was legally and constitutionally no such State in existence as West Virginia. On his motion to administer the customary oath thirty-six Senators voted in the affirmative, five in the negative. [Globe, 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 1–3.]

[204]. A History of Presidential Elections, Stanwood, pp. 246–247. Edition of 1884.

[205]. Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 809.

[206]. Butler’s Book, p. 618.

[207]. N. & H., Abraham Lincoln, A History, Vol. IX. pp. 439–442.

[208]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 619–621.

[209]. Ibid., p. 623.

[210]. Why The Solid South? p. 222.

[211]. Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 810.

[212]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 845–849.

[213]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 209.

[214]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 1.

[215]. Addresses and Papers of Edward L. Pierce, pp. 20–25.

[216]. Addresses and Papers of E. L. Pierce, p. 26.

[217]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist. p. 244.

[218]. Ibid.

[219]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 244.

[220]. Ibid., p. 245.

[221]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 235n.

[222]. Addresses and Papers of E. L. Pierce, p. 29.

[223]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 245.

[224]. Appendix, Globe, 1 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 42.

[225]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 245.

[226]. Ibid., pp. 245–246.

[227]. General Anderson had telegraphed President Lincoln that an entire company of Kentucky soldiers had laid down their arms upon hearing of Fremont’s action.

[228]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 77.

[229]. Ibid., pp. 78–79.

[230]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 247–248.

[231]. Ibid., p. 248.

[232]. N. Y. Tribune, November 8, 1861.

[233]. Letters and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 90.

[234]. Ibid.

[235]. Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 646.

[236]. First Annual Message, December 3, 1861. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 134; Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 102–103.

[237]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 249.

[238]. Letters and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 91.

[239]. See “Journal of the Senate of the State of Delaware, At a Special Session of the General Assembly, Commenced and held at Dover, on Monday, the 25th day of November, 1861.”

[240]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 250.

[241]. Ibid., p. 248.

[242]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 250.

[243]. Ibid.

[244]. Ibid., p. 251.

[245]. Addresses and Papers of E. L. Pierce, p. 87; also Letters and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 126.

[246]. Letters and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 129.

[247]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 129–130.

[248]. Ann. Cycl., 1862, pp. 799–800.

[249]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 132.

[250]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 210.

[251]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 133–135; also McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 210–211.

[252]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 137–138.

[253]. Ann. Cycl., 1862, pp. 346–347.

[254]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 1496.

[255]. See p. [143], ante.

[256]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 226–227.

[257]. The question of colonizing free blacks out of the United States engaged the attention of Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe, who had some correspondence on the subject at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Late in the year 1816 there was organized in the city of Washington the “National Colonization Society,” of which the expressed purpose was to encourage emancipation by procuring a place outside the United States, preferably in Africa, to which free negroes could be aided in emigrating. This, it was believed, would rid the South of its free colored population which had already become a nuisance. Until 1830 it was warmly supported everywhere, and branches of the society were established in nearly every State. In the South its purposes were furthered by James Madison, by Charles Carroll and by Henry Clay. Bushrod Washington became president of the association. Rufus King and President Harrison were among its friends in the North.

Though Texas and Mexico were looked upon as favorable places for locating a colony of free blacks, they were sent to the British possession of Sierra Leone. In 1821 a permanent location was purchased in Liberia. This settlement, with Monrovia as its capital, became independent in 1847. The American Colonization Society attracted little notice after the rise, about 1829–30, of those known as immediate abolitionists.

[258]. Letters and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 155.

[259]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 251.

[260]. Ibid., p. 252.

[261]. Globe, Part III., 2 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 2068.

[262]. Ibid., p. 2618. Ibid., p. 2769.

[263]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 233.

[264]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 204–205.

[265]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 214–217.

[266]. Ibid., pp. 217–218.

[267]. Ibid., p. 218.

[268]. Ibid., pp. 218–220.

[269]. Quoted in Nicolay and Hay’s Abraham Lincoln, A History. Vol. VI. p. 121 et seq.

[270]. Schuckers’ Life of Salmon Portland Chase, pp. 439–440.

[271]. Ibid., p. 440.

[272]. Shuckers’ Life of Chase, pp. 440–441.

[273]. Ibid., p. 441.

[274]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 213.

[275]. Carpenter’s Six Months at the White House, pp. 21–22.

[276]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 214.

[277]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 231–232.

[278]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 233.

[279]. Quoted in Schuckers’ Life of Chase, pp. 453–455.

[280]. The Galaxy, December, 1872, pp. 846–847.

[281]. Ibid., p. 847.

[282]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 106.

[283]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 129.

[284]. Ibid., p. 125.

[285]. See p. [73], ante.

[286]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 322–323.

[287]. Memoir of Charles Sumner by E. L. Pierce, Vol. IV. pp. 74–75.

[288]. General Richard Taylor in Destruction and Reconstruction, p. 245.

[289]. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. II. p. 114.

[290]. Memoir of Sumner by E. L. Pierce, Vol. IV. p. 143.

[291]. Mr. Sumner, notwithstanding this view, proposed to enact the Emancipation Proclamation into a law. See pp. [272]–273 infra.

[292]. N. and H., Vol. IX. pp. 335–336.

[293]. In his Theory of our National Existence (passim) and in the American Law Review for January, 1865, Mr. John C. Hurd has much keen criticism of the reconstruction theories of Sumner and others.

[294]. Colloquy with Senator Doolittle, December 19, 1866, Cong. Globe, p. 192.

[295]. Brownson’s American Republic, p. 308.

[296]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 323.

[297]. Mr. Davis is sometimes classed as a Unionist.

[298]. Globe, 1 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 414.

[299]. Globe, Part I., 3 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 238.

[300]. Globe, Part I., 1 Sess. 37th Cong., pp. 239–243.

[301]. Globe, Part I., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 317.

[302]. Texas vs. White, 7 Wall., p. 725.

[303]. See Chapter VII., pp. 257–261, infra.

[304]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 36th Cong., p. 857.

[305]. Globe, 1 Sess. 37th Cong., pp. 222–223.

[306]. Ibid., p. 258.

[307]. Globe, 1 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 259.

[308]. Ann. Cycl., 1862, p. 277.

[309]. See p. [23], ante.

[310]. Globe, Part I., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 33.

[311]. Globe, Part I., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 34.

[312]. Appendix, Part IV., Globe, 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 82–85; also Speeches and Addresses of Henry Winter Davis. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1867, pp. 368–383.

[313]. Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 1970–1972.

[314]. Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 1974–1981.

[315]. Ibid., pp. 1981–1983.

[316]. Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 2002–2006.

[317]. Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 2008.

[318]. Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 2011–2014.

[319]. Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 2038.

[320]. Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 2039–2041.

[321]. Ibid., p. 2041.

[322]. Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 2041–2042.

[323]. Ibid., p. 2043.

[324]. Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 2071.

[325]. Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 2073.

[326]. Ibid., p. 2074.

[327]. Globe, Part III., 1 Sess 38th Cong., p. 2078.

[328]. Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 2095–2102.

[329]. Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 2102–2105.

[330]. Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 2105–2107.

[331]. Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 2108.

[332]. Globe, Part IV., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 3448–3449.

[333]. Ibid., p. 3449.

[334]. Globe, Part IV., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp 3448–3450.

[335]. Globe, Part IV., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 3451–3453.

[336]. Ibid., p. 3460.

[337]. Globe, Part IV., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 3461.

[338]. Ibid., p. 3491.

[339]. Diary of John Hay, quoted in Abraham Lincoln, A History, Vol. IX. pp. 120–122.

[340]. Pierce’s Memoir of Sumner, Vol. IV. pp. 57, 60, 83, 84, 106, 108, 130, etc.

[341]. Shuckers’ Life of Chase, pp. 440n, 442, 453, 495.

[342]. Letters and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 545; McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 318–319.

[343]. Ann. Cycl., 1864, pp. 307–310n.

[344]. Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. II. p. 44.

[345]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 557.

[346]. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 555–558.

[347]. Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, Vol. III. p. 452.

[348]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 12–13.

[349]. Ibid., p. 234.

[350]. Pierce, Memoir of Charles Sumner, Vol. IV. p. 205.

[351]. Ibid., p. 221.

[352]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 281–291.

[353]. An interesting account of the imprisonment of colored seamen in the ports of South Carolina is given in The Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, Vol. I. pp. 576–586.

[354]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 298–301.

[355]. Ibid.

[356]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 934–937.

[357]. Ibid., pp. 937–939.

[358]. Appendix to Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 73–75.

[359]. Appendix to Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 75–83.

[360]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 968–969.

[361]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 969–970.

[362]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 970–971.

[363]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 997–1001.

[364]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1002.

[365]. Ibid.

[366]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 505.

[367]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 533.

[368]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 534–535.

[369]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 535–536.

[370]. Ibid., p. 536.

[371]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 535–537.

[372]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 537, 548.

[373]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 548–549.

[374]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 549–550.

[375]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 550.

[376]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 550–551.

[377]. Ibid., pp. 551–552.

[378]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 553–554.

[379]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 554–555.

[380]. Ibid., pp. 555–556.

[381]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 556.

[382]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 557–558.

[383]. Ibid., p. 558.

[384]. Ibid.

[385]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 576–582.

[386]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 575.

[387]. Ibid., pp. 576–582.

[388]. Ibid., p. 582.

[389]. Ibid., p. 583.

[390]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 585.

[391]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 591.

[392]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 593.

[393]. Ibid., p. 594.

[394]. Ibid., pp. 594–595.

[395]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 595.

[396]. The subject of the counting of the electoral votes will be found in the Congressional Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 668–669.

[397]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 711.

[398]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 711.

[399]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1395.

[400]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 971–974.

[401]. Ibid., p. 903.

[402]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1011.

[403]. Ibid.

[404]. Ibid.

[405]. Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 1061–1064.

[406]. While this chapter was in press an interesting letter from Senator Henderson informed the author that the Hon. Samuel Treat, of St. Louis, formerly Judge of the United States Court for the Eastern District of Missouri, is the distinguished jurist referred to in the text.

[407]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 1065–1070.

[408]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1091.

[409]. In support of this view the Senator cited Penhallow’s Case, 3 Dallas, p. 94.

[410]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 1091–1095.

[411]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1097.

[412]. Ibid.

[413]. Ibid., pp. 1095–1098.

[414]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1099.

[415]. Ibid., pp. 1101–1102.

[416]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 1101–1102.

[417]. Ibid., p. 1102.

[418]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 1106–1107.

[419]. Ibid., p. 1107.

[420]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1111.

[421]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1128.

[422]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1129.

[423]. Ibid.

[424]. Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1129.

[425]. Globe, 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 141 (appendix).

[426]. Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, by James R. Gilmore.

[427]. Gorham’s Life and Public Services of Edwin M. Stanton, Vol. II. pp. 148–153.

[428]. N. and H., Vol. X. pp. 101–102.

[429]. N. and H., Vol. X. p. 107.

[430]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 644–645.

[431]. An interesting account of this entire subject will be found in Nicolay and Hay’s Lincoln, Vol. X. ch. VI.; see also Raymond’s Life of Lincoln, pp. 647–662.

[432]. The Lost Cause, pp. 684–685.

[433]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 597–598.

[434]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 616–617.

[435]. Why the Solid South? p. 1.

[436]. This recollection has been verified by correspondence with Col. A. K. McClure, the gentleman referred to.—Author.

[437]. Ex. Doc. No. 70, H. of R., 1 Sess. 39th Cong., p. 78.

[438]. Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 28.

[439]. Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 28.

[440]. Acts of the State of Tennessee, 1865, p. 33.

[441]. Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 779.

[442]. Ibid.

[443]. This election resulted in the choice of Nathaniel G. Taylor, Horace Maynard, Edmund Cooper, Isaac R. Hawkins, John W. Leftwich, William B. Stokes, William B. Campbell and Dorsey B. Thomas. The last named, however, was affected by the Governor’s recount, and Daniel W. Arnell, who was declared the successful candidate, was admitted to Congress with the other Tennessee Representatives on the 24th of July, 1866. See Why the Solid South? pp. 182–183.

[444]. Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 780.

[445]. Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 781.

[446]. Ibid.

[447]. Having been elected United States Senator, Mr. Hahn resigned the governorship on the 4th of March and was succeeded in office by Lieutenant-Governor Wells.

[448]. Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 510.

[449]. Globe, Part I., 1 Sess. 39th Cong., p. 101.

[450]. Three Decades of Federal Legislation, p. 429; also Why the Solid South? p. 397.

[451]. Poore’s Charters and Constitutions, Vol. II. p. 1938 et seq.

[452]. Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 670.

[453]. Letter of Mrs. Anna Pierpont Siviter to the author.

[454]. Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 817.

[455]. Ibid.

[456]. Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 817.

[457]. McPherson’s Hand-Book of Politics, 1868, p. 46.

[458]. Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 800.

[459]. Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. II. pp. 9–11.

[460]. Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 800.

[461]. McPherson’s Pol. Hand-Book, 1868, pp. 45–46.

[462]. Ann. Cycl., 1865, pp. 801–802.

[463]. Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 802.

[464]. Letcher and Smith were Governors of Virginia during the war.

[465]. McPherson’s Pol. Hand-Book, 1868, p. 8.

[466]. Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. II. p. 70.

[467]. McPherson’s Pol. Hand-Book, 1868, pp. 10–11.

[468]. Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 626.

[469]. This ordinance was ratified by a vote of 20,506 to 2,002; Poore’s Charters and Constitutions, Vol. II. p. 1419n; also Three Decades of Federal Legislation, p. 385.

[470]. Ratified by 19,039 to 3,970 votes. Poore’s Charters and Constitutions, Vol. II. p. 1419n.

[471]. McPherson’s Pol. Hand-Book, 1868, p. 19.

[472]. Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, Vol. XXXII., p. 127.

[473]. Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 628.

[474]. McClure’s Magazine, Dec., 1899, p. 174.

[475]. The Provisional appointments were made in the following order: June 13, 1865, William L. Sharkey, Mississippi; June 17, James Johnson, Georgia, and Andrew J. Hamilton, Texas; June 21, Lewis E. Parsons, Alabama; June 30, Benjamin F. Perry, South Carolina; July 13, William Marvin, Florida.

[476]. Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 580.

[477]. Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 581.

[478]. Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 583.

[479]. Constitution of the United States, by Francis N. Thorpe, p. 49.

[480]. See Why The Solid South? pp. 9–10, for an ingenious explanation of the unanimity and promptness with which the Presidential policy of reconstruction was accepted by the South.

[481]. Laws of Mississippi, pp. 86–88.

[482]. Ibid., pp. 89–90.

[483]. Laws of Mississippi, 1865, pp. 82–86.

[484]. Ibid., p. 231.

[485]. Laws of Mississippi, 1865, pp. 165–167.

[486]. Laws of Mississippi, 1865, pp. 90–93.

[487]. Laws of Mississippi, 1865, pp. 199–200.

[488]. Ibid., pp. 210–211.

[489]. Ibid., p. 240.

[490]. Ann. Cycl., 1866, p. 132.

[491]. Ann. Cycl., 1863, pp. 780–781.

[492]. Gorham’s Life of Stanton, Vol. II. p. 255.

[493]. McPherson’s Pol. Hand-Book, 1868, p. 25.

[494]. President Johnson and Reconstruction, pp. 33–34.

[495]. In this connection his repudiation of the Sherman-Johnston agreement will occur to the reader.

[496]. Strait’s Roster of Regimental Surgeons and Assistant Surgeons, p. 314. This estimate includes all the troops furnished by the new State of West Virginia.

[497]. The author believes himself fortunate in being able to place before his readers a letter from the pen of Hon. J. B. Henderson, the only surviving Senator who participated in the debates summarized in chapter X., and, so far as the writer is informed, the only living member who served in the United States Senate during that eventful period. Coming, as it does, from one who supported many of Mr. Lincoln’s most cherished measures, the letter will be welcomed as a valuable historical document. It contrasts forcibly the Presidential plan with the theory of Senator Sumner, and though written on August 21, 1901, more than a generation after the occurrence of the principal events discussed in this book, it is characterized by the clearness and the energy of expression which marked even the unpremeditated addresses of the Senator’s Congressional career. On the subject of reunion he writes as follows:

“Time, in my judgment, has stamped its approval on Mr. Lincoln’s views touching the questions of reconstruction during the Civil War. He was always calm and judicial. He was philosophical in periods of the most intense excitement. He never lost his head, but under all circumstances preserved his temper and his judgment. He was not the buffoon described by his enemies. On the contrary, he was a wise statesman, a learned lawyer, and a conscientious patriot; and, better than all, an honest man.

“The infirmity in Mr. Sumner’s theories of reconstruction came from the great exuberance of his learning. He ransacked history, ancient and modern, for precedents growing out of civil wars. But these precedents all antedated the American Constitution. They grew out of monarchical systems of government, and had no relation to the republican forms created by our Constitution. Under our system there can be no suicide of a State. Individual citizens by rebellion and disloyalty may forfeit their political rights, but the State as an entity commits no treason and forfeits no rights to existence. Under our Constitution the State cannot die. It is the duty of the Federal Government to see that it does not die—that it shall never cease to exist. If the State be invaded from without, the duty of the General Government is to protect and defend it. If domestic violence threatens the subversion of the local government, the nation’s duty is to intervene and uphold the hands of those who maintain the laws. The trustee of an express trust cannot excuse himself to a minority of the beneficiaries because the majority repudiate his agency.

“‘The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government.’ No State government is republican in form that does not acknowledge the supremacy of the Federal Constitution. This is the essential test of republicanism. No State can enter the Union without conforming its Constitution to this supreme organic law. And whenever by force or violence, a majority of its citizens undertake to withdraw the State from its obedience to Federal law and to repudiate the sovereignty of the Federal Government, it at once becomes the duty of Congress to act.

“This duty of Congress is not to destroy the State or to declare it a suicide, and proceed to administer on its effects. On the contrary, the duty clearly is to preserve the State, to restore it to its old republican forms. Its duty is not to territorialize the State and proceed to govern it as a conquered colony. The duty is not one of demolition, but one of restoration. It is not to make a Constitution, but to guarantee that the old Constitution or one equally republican in form, and made by the loyal citizens of the State, shall be upheld and sustained.

“If a majority of the people of a State conspire to subvert its republican forms, that majority may be, and should be, put down by the Federal power, while the minority, however few, sustaining republican forms may be constitutionally installed as the political power of the State.

“These, as I understand, were the views of Mr. Lincoln; and they were not the views of Mr. Sumner, as enunciated in his resolutions of 1862 and advocated by him in his subsequent career in the Senate.

“A departure from these views gave us the carpet-bag governments of the Southern States, and brought upon us divers other evils in our ideas and theories of government, whose effects are yet visible.”

[498]. N. & H., Vol. X., p. 145.

[499]. The West Virginia Representatives took their seats Dec. 7, 1863.

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