| CHAPTER I | |
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| ECONOMIC EFFECT OF THE CANAL | Page |
| Philosophic Spanish-American View—Henry Clay’s Mistaken Population
Prophecy—The Andes Not a Canal Limitation—Intercontinental
Railway Spurs—Argentina and the Amazon
as Feeders—Centres of Cereal Production—Crude Rubber—Atlantic
and Pacific Traffic—Growth of West Coast Commerce—North
and South Trade-wave—Distances via Panama,
Cape Horn, and the Straits of Magellan—Waterway Tolls
and Coal Consumption—Ecuador and Peru—Bolivia and
Chile—Isthmian Railroad Rates—Value of United States Sanitary
Authority—American Element in New Industrial Life
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| CHAPTER II | |
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| TRAVEL HINTS | |
| Adopting Local Customs—Value of the Spanish Language—Knowledge
of People Obtained through Their Speech—English
in Trade—Serviceable Clothing in Different Climates—Moderation
in Diet—Coffee at its True Worth—Wines and
Mineral Waters—Native Dishes—Tropical Fruits—Aguacate
and Cheremoya Palatal Luxuries—Hotels and Hotel-keepers—Baggage
Afloat and Ashore—Outfits for the Andes: Food and
Animals—West Coast Quarantines—Money Mediums—The
Common Maladies and How to Treat Them | [21] |
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| CHAPTER III | |
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| THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA | |
| Canal Entrance—Colon in Architectural Transformation—Unchanging
Climate—Historic Waterway Routes—Columbus
and the Early Explorers—Darien and San Blas—East and
West Directions—Life along the Railway—Chagres River and
Culebra Cut—Three Panamas—Pacific Mouth of the Canal—Functions
of the Republic—Natural Resources—Agriculture
and Timber—Road-building—United States Authority
on the Zone—Labor and Laborers—Misleading Comparisons
with Cuba—The First Year’s Experience | [37] |
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| CHAPTER IV | |
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| A GLIMPSE OF ECUADOR | |
| Tranquil Ship Life—Dissolving View of Panama Bay—The
Comforting Antarctic Current—Seeking Cotopaxi and Chimborazo—Up
the Guayas River—Activity in Guayaquil Harbor—Old
and New Town—Shipping via the Isthmus and Cape
Horn—Chocolate and Rubber Exports—Railway toward
Quito—A Charming Capital—Cuenca’s Industries—Cereals
in the Inter-Andine Region—Forest District—Minerals in
the South—Population—Galapagos Islands—Political Equilibrium—National
Finances | [57] |
| CHAPTER V | |
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| PERUVIAN SHORE TOWNS | |
| Pizarro’s Landing-place at Tumbez—Last Sight of the Green
Coast—Paita’s Spacious Bay—Lively Harbor Scenes—An
Interesting and Sandy Town—Its Climatic and Other Legends—Future
Amazon Gateway—Sugar and Rice Ports—Eten and
Pacasmayo—Transcontinental Trail—Cajamarca—Chimbote’s
Naval Advantages—Supe’s Attractions—Ancon’s Historic
Treaty—Callao’s Excellent Harbor—Importance of the Shipping—Customs
Collections—Pisco’s Varied Products—Rough
Seas at Mollendo—Bolivian and Peruvian Commerce for the
Canal | [73] |
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| CHAPTER VI | |
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| LIMA AND THE CORDILLERAS | |
| Pleasing Historic Memories—Moorish Churches and Andalusian
Art—Pizarro’s Remains in the Cathedral—Transmitted
Incidents of the Earthquake—The Palace, or Government
Building—General Castilla’s Humor—Decay of the Bull-fight—Cultured
Society of the Capital—Foreign Element—San
Francisco Monastery—Municipal Progress—Chamber
of Commerce—A Trip up the Famous Oroya Railway—Masterwork
of Henry Meiggs—Heights and Distances—Little
Hell—The Great Galera Tunnel—Around Oroya—Railroad
to Cerro de Pasco Mines—American Enterprise in
the Heart of the Andes | [89] |
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| CHAPTER VII | |
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| AREQUIPA AND LAKE TITICACA | |
| Capital of Southern Peru—Through the Desert to the Coast—Crescent
Sand-hills—A Mirage—Down the Cañon—Quilca
as a Haven of Unrest—Arequipa Again—Religious Institutions—Prevalence
of Indian Race—Wool and Other Industries—Harvard
Observatory—Railroading over Volcanic
Ranges—Mountain Sickness at High Crossing—Branch Line
toward Cuzco—Inambari Rubber Regions—Puno on the Lake
Shore | [109] |
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| CHAPTER VIII | |
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| THE REGIONS AND THEIR RESOURCES | |
| Topography a Key to Economic Resources—Coast, Sierra, and
Montaña—Cotton in the Coast Zone—Piura’s High Quality—Lima
and Pisco Product—Prices—Increase Probable—Sugar-cane
as a Staple—Probability of Growth—Rice as an
Export and an Import—Irrigation Prospects—Mines in the
Sierra—Geographical Distribution of the Deposits—Live-stock
on the High Plains—Rubber in the Forest Region—Iquitos
on the Amazon a Smart Port—Government Regulations for the
Gum Industry | [123] |
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| CHAPTER IX | |
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| WATERWAYS AND RAILWAYS | |
| Importance of River System—Existing Lines of Railroads—Pan-American
Links—Lease of State Roads to Peruvian Corporation
of London—Unfulfilled Stipulations—Law for Guaranty of
Capital Invested in New Enterprises—Routes from Amazon to
the Pacific—National Policy for Their Construction—Central
Highway, Callao to Iquitos—The Pichis—Railroad and Navigation—Surveys
in Northern Peru—Comparative Distances—Experiences
with First Projects—Future Building Contemporaneous
with Panama Canal | [137] |
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| CHAPTER X | |
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| THE PEOPLE AND THEIR INCREASE | |
| Density of Population in Time of the Incas—Three Million Inhabitants
Now Probable—Census of 1876—Interior Country
Not Sparsely Populated—Aboriginal Indian Race and Mixed
Blood—Fascinating History of the Quichuas—Tribal Customs—Superstition—Negroes
and Chinese Coolies—Immigration
Movements of the Future—Wages—European
Colonization—Cause of Chanchamayo Valley Failure—Climatic
and Other Conditions Favorable—An Enthusiast’s Faith | [151] |
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| CHAPTER XI | |
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| PERU’S GROWING STABILITY | |
| Seeds of Revolution Running Out—Educated Classes Not the
Sole Conservative Force—President Candamo’s Peacemaking
Administration—Crisis Precipitated by his Death—Triumph
of Civil Party in the Choice of his Successor—President
Pardo’s Liberal and Progressive Policies—Growth in Popular
Institutions—Form of Peruvian Constitution and Government—Attitude
of the Church—Rights of Foreigners—Sources
of Revenue—Stubborn Adherence to Gold Standard—Interoceanic
Canal’s Aid in the National Development | [164] |
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| CHAPTER XII | |
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| ALONG COAST TO MAGELLAN STRAITS | |
| Arica, the Emerald Gem of the West Coast—Memorable Earthquake
History—A Future Emporium of Commerce for the
Canal—Iquique the Nitrate Port—Value of the Trade—Antofagasta’s
Copper Exports—Caldera and the Trans-Andine
Railway to Argentina—Valparaiso’s Preëminence among
Pacific Ports—Extensive Shipping and Execrable Harbor—Plans
for Improvement—No Fear of Loss from the Interoceanic
Waterway—Coal and Copper at Lota—Concepcion and
Other Towns—Rough Passage into the Straits—Cape Pillar—Punta
Arenas, the Southernmost Town of the World—Trade
and Future | [180] |
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| CHAPTER XIII | |
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| LIFE IN THE CHILEAN CAPITAL | |
| Railway along Aconcagua River Valley—Project of Wheelright,
the Yankee—Santiago’s Craggy Height of Santa Lucia—A
Walk along the Alameda—Historic and Other Statues—The
Capital a Fanlike City—Public Edifices—Dwellings of
the Poor—Impression of the People at the Celebration of
Corpus Christi—Some Notes on the Climate—Habits and
Customs—“The Morning for Sleep”—Independence of
Chilean Women—Sunday for Society—Fondness for Athletic
Sports—Newspapers an Institution of the Country | [201] |
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| CHAPTER XIV | |
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| NITRATE OF SODA AN ALADDIN’S LAMP | |
| Extensive Use of Nitrates as Fertilizers—Enormous Contributions
to Chilean Revenues—Résumé of Exportations—Description
of the Industry—How the Deposits Lie—Iodine a By-product—Stock
of Saltpetre in Reserve—The Trust and
Production—Estimates of Ultimate Exhaustion—A Third of
a Century More of Prosperous Existence—Shipments Not
Affected by Panama Canal—Copper a Source of Wealth—Output
in Northern Districts—Further Development—Coal—Silver
Mines Productive in the Past—Prospect of Future
Exploitation | [217] |
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| CHAPTER XV | |
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| CHILE’S UNIQUE POLITICAL HISTORY | |
| National Life a Growth—Anarchy after Independence—Presidents
Prieto, Bulnes, Montt, Perez—Constitution of 1833—Liberal
Modifications—The Governing Groups—Civil War
under President Balmaceda—His Tragic End—Triumph of
his Policies—Political System of To-day—Government by
the One Hundred Families—Relative Power of the Executive
and the Congress—Election Methods Illustrated—Ecclesiastical
Tendencies—Proposed Parliamentary Reforms—Ministerial
Crises—Party Control | [232] |
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| CHAPTER XVI | |
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| PALPITATING SOCIAL QUESTIONS | |
| Existence of the Roto Discovered—Mob Rule in Valparaiso—Indian
and Caucasian Race Mixture—Disquieting Social
Phenomena—Grievances against the Church—Transition to
the Proletariat—Lack of Army and Navy Opportunity—Not
Unthrifty as a Class—Showings of Santiago Savings Bank—Excessive
Mortality—Need of State Sanitation—Discussion
of Economic Relation—Changes in National Tendencies—Industrial
Policies to Placate the Roto | [248] |
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| CHAPTER XVII | |
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| CHILE’S INDUSTRIAL FUTURE | |
| Agricultural Possibilities of the Central Valley—Its Extent—Wheat
for Export—Timber Lands of the South—Wool
in the Magellan Territory—Grape Culture—Mills and
Factories—Public Works Policy—Longitudinal and Other
Railway Lines—Drawbacks in Government Ownership—Trans-Andine
Road—Higher Levels of Foreign Commerce—Development
of Shipping—Population—Experiments in
Colonization—Internal and External Debt—Gold Redemption
Fund—Final Word about the Nitrates | [262] |
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| CHAPTER XVIII | |
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| WAYFARING IN BOLIVIA—THE ROYAL ANDES | |
| Old Spanish Trail from Argentina—Customs Outpost at Majo—Sublime
Mountain View—Primitive Native Life—Sunbeaten
Limestone Hills—Vale of Santa Rosa—Tupiza’s People and
Their Pursuits—Ladies’ Fashions among the Indian Women—Across
the Chichas Cordilleras—Barren Vegetation—Experience
with Siroche, or Mountain Sickness—Personal Discomforts—Hard
Riding—Portugalete Pass—Alpacas and
Llamas—Sierra of San Vicente—Uyuni a Dark Ribbon on a
White Plain—Mine Enthusiasts—Foreign Consulates | [278] |
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| CHAPTER XIX | |
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| WAYFARING IN BOLIVIA—THE CENTRAL PLATEAU | |
| A Hill-broken Table-land—By Rail along the Cordillera of the
Friars—Challapata and Lake Poöpo—Smelters—Spanish
Ear-marks in Oruro—By Stage to La Paz—Fellow-passengers—Misadventures—Indian
Tombs at Caracollo—Sicasica a
High-up Town, 14,000 Feet—Meeting-place of Quichuas and
Aymarás—First Sight of the Famed Illimani Peaks—Characteristics
of the Indian Life—Responsibility of the Priesthood—Position
of the Women—Panorama of La Paz from the
Heights—The Capital in Fact—Cosmopolitan Society | [297] |
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| CHAPTER XX | |
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| THE MEXICO OF SOUTH AMERICA | |
| Depression and Revival of Mining Industry—Bolivia’s Tin Deposits
and Their Extension—Oruro, Chorolque, Potosi, and
La Paz Districts—Silver Regions—Potosi’s Output through
the Centuries—Pulacayo’s Record—Mines at Great Heights—Trend
of the Copper Veins—Corocoro a Lake Superior
Region—Three Gold Districts—Bismuth and Borax—Bituminous
Coal and Petroleum—Tropical Agriculture—Some
Rubber Forests Left—Coffee for Export—Coca and Quinine—Cotton | [313] |
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| CHAPTER XXI | |
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| BOLIVIAN NATIONAL POLICY | |
| Panama Canal as Outlet for Mid-continent Country—Railways
for Internal Development—Intercontinental Backbone—Proposed
Network of Lines—Use Made of Brazilian Indemnity—Chilean
Construction from Arica—Human Material for
National Development—Census of 1900—Aymará Race—Wise
Governmental Handling of Indian Problems—Immigration
Measures—Climatic Variations—Political Stability—General
Pando’s Labors—Status of Foreigners—Revenues
and Trade—Commercial Significance of Treaty with Chile—Gold
Legislation—A Canal View | [331] |
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| CHAPTER XXII | |
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| NEW BASIS OF THE MONROE DOCTRINE | |
| John Quincy Adams’ Advice—Canning’s Trade Statesmanship—Lack
of Industrial and Commercial Element—Excess of
Benevolent Impulse—Forgotten Chapters of the Doctrine’s
History—The Ecuador Episode—President Roosevelt’s
Interpretation—Diplomatic Declarations—Spectres of Territorial
Absorption—Change Caused by Cuba—Progress of
South American Countries—European Attitude on Economic
Value of Latin America—German and English Methods—Proximity
of Markets to United States Trade Centres—Conclusion | [351] |
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| APPENDIX—Hydrographic Tables of Distances | [373] |
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| INDEX | [379] |
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| TABLES | [399] |