Manures and the principles of manuring

by Charles Morton Aikman

FOOTNOTES:

[256] See Sir John Bennet Lawes, Bart., and the Rothamsted Experiments. By C. M. Aikman. ('Scottish Farmer' Office, Glasgow.)

---

INDEX.

• Abraum salts, [421].
• Absorptive power of soils for water, [67], [98];
  • how to increase, [74].
• Acidity in soils neutralised by lime, [458].
• Acids fixed by soil, [58].
• Adametz on organisms in soil, [92].
• Adulteration of guano, [318]-320.
• Africa, guano from, [298], [328].
• Agricultural chemistry, historical introduction to, [3]-61;
  • Liebig's researches on, [23]-32;
  • Liebig's services to, [31].
• Agronomy, [56].
• Air, ammonia in, [48], [118];
  • nitrates in, [118];
  • nitrogen in, [116];
  • organic nitrogen in, [118].
• Aitken, Dr, experiments with basic slag, [413]
  • —with beans, [526], [530];
  • on germ-life in bones, [368];
  • on manuring of turnips, [515].
• Albert, Heinrich, on solubility of basic slag, [409].
• Albite, composition of, [103].
• Albuminates, [460].
• Albuminoids, in plants, [491];
  • of milk, nitrification in, [182];
  • phosphorus in, [205].
• Algerian phosphate, [379].
• Algoa Bay, guano deposits at, [328].
• Alkalies, in cow-dung, [226], [227]
  • —cow-urine, [230]
  • —horse-dung, [226], [227]
  • —horse-urine, [230]
  • —pig-dung, [226], [227]
  • —pig-urine, [230]
  • —sheep-dung, [226], [227]
  • —sheep-urine, [230].
• Alkalinity necessary for nitrification, [172].
• Alumina, in ash of plants, [55];
  • compounds, reversion caused by, [388], [400];
  • salts, in salinas, [335].
• America, virgin soils of, [133].
• American farming, [86].
• Amides, [501].
• Ammonia, absorbed by soil, [81];
  • amount dissolved in rain, [49];
  • amount in air, [48];
  • amount in soil, [127];
  • amount supplied to soil by rain, [155];
  • converted into nitrates in soil, [50];
  • converted into nitrous acid, [167];
  • fixed by soil, [58];
  • from decomposition of farmyard manure, [258];
  • from gas-works, [353];
  • lost in mixing manures, [533];
  • relation of, to plants, [48]-50;
  • salts, most easily nitrifiable, [191];
  • salts of, in farmyard manure, [257];
  • sulphate of, [352]-358;
  • value of, as a manure, [352].
• Ammonium chloride in Chincha guano, [305].
• Ammonium-magnesium phosphate in Chincha guano, [305].
• Ammonium oxalate in concretionary nodules, [328].
• Ammonium phosphate, in Chincha guano, [305];
  • in concretionary nodules, [328].
• Ammonium sulphate, [352]-358;
  • in Chincha guano, [305];
  • in concretionary nodules, [328].
• Ammonium sulphocyanate, [355].
• Ammonium urate in concretionary nodules, [328].
• Amphibole, potash in, [220].
• Analysis, of manures, [539]-554;
  • of soils, value of, [90].
• Anderson, Dr, analyses of minerals by, [103], [105]-107;
  • on nitrogen in soil, [121], [124].
• Angamos, guano from, [301], [329].
• Animals, phosphoric acid in, [205];
  • potash in, [205];
  • solid excreta of, [224];
  • urine of, [228].
• Apatite, Canadian, [201], [374];
  • composition of, [210];
  • most abundant form of phosphoric acid, [200];
  • varieties of, [200].
• Application of manures, [474]-492.
• Arabian coast, guano deposits on, [328].
• Arable soil, absorptive power of, [98].
• Arbrohlos Island guano, [309].
• Arendt, experiments on oats by, [503].
• Aristotelian doctrine of chemical elements, [4].
• Artificial soil, [54].
• Aruba phosphate, [308], [328], [379].
• Ash, constituents of plants, [53]-55;
  • of rye, phosphoric acid in, [204];
  • of wheat, phosphoric acid in, [204];
  • of farmyard manure, composition of, [287], [288].
• Ashes, an adulterant of guano, [319];
  • mixed with manures, [532].
• Asia, guano from, [298].
• Asparagin, nitrification in, [182].
• Atacama, nitrate of soda deposits at, [342].
• Atmosphere, ammonia in, [48], [81];
  • relation of, to plants, [39].
• Atwater on nitrogen in plants, [44].
• Augite, [105].
• Australia, guano from, [298];
  • virgin soils of, [133].
• Avenine in oats, [503].
• Aves guano, [309], [328];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• 
  
• Bacilli, [94].
• Bacon, Lord, on salt as a manure, [469].
  • different classes of, [93]-96.
• Bacteria, in soil, [92];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Baker Island guano, [309], [328];
  • nitrogen in, [329];
  • phosphoric acid in, [329].
• Ballestas, guano from, [302], [327];
• Barilla, potash in, [420].
  • fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • manuring of, [495], [498];
  • nitrogen removed in crop of, [145];
  • Norfolk experiments on, [497];
  • period of growth of, [495];
  • period of ripening of, [495];
  • Rothamsted experiments on growth of, [566];
  • soils suited for, [496];
  • uniform manuring of, [497].
• Barley, farmyard manure not suited for, [497];
• Barley soils, amount of nitrates and nitrogen in, [158].
  • manurial constituents in, [282].
• Barley-straw, composition of, [238];
• Basalt, phosphoric acid in, [202], [210].
• Bases fixed by soil, [58].
• Basic ammonium phosphate in concretionary nodules, [328].
• Basic process of steel-smelting, [400].
• Basic silicates, [103].
  • after-effects of, [412];
  • application of, method of, [416]
  • —rate of, [414];
  • compared with other manures, [410]-414;
  • composition of, [404], [417];
  • Darmstadt experiments with, [410];
  • discovery of value of, [403];
  • manufacture of, [401];
  • preparation of, processes for, [406];
  • relative activity of, [411];
  • soils best suited for, [414];
  • solubility of, [408];
  • Wagner's experiments with, [408]-413.
• Basic slag, [401]-417;
  • nitrogen in, [325];
  • phosphoric acid in, [325].
• Bat guano, [320], [325];
  • good effect of gypsum on, [526];
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • manuring of, [525]-527;
  • phosphorus in, [205];
  • relative value of manurial ingredients to, [526];
  • source of nitrogen, [153].
• Beans, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
• Bean-straw, manurial constituents in, [282].
• Beatson, General, experiments of, with Peruvian guano, [301].
• Beddington meadows, irrigation at, [432].
• Bedfordshire, coprolites from, [374].
• Belgian phosphate, [377].
• Berthelot on sources of plant-nitrogen, [42].
• Biological properties of soil, [92]-96.
• Blood corpuscles, potash in, [217].
  • composition of, [424];
  • manure for sugar-cane, [425];
  • potash in, [217], [219];
  • rate of nitrification in, [192];
  • source of nitrogen, [152];
  • suited for horticulture, [425].
• Blood, dried, [424];
• Bohemia, phosphoric acid removed from, [206].
• Bolivia, guano deposits at, [327].
• Bollaert on nitrate deposits, [333].
  • composition of, [372].
• Bone-ash, [369];
  • composition of, [372].
• Bone-black, [369];
  • composition of, [372].
• Bone-char, [369];
• Bone-dust, [360].
  • composition of, [371];
  • condition of nitrogen in, [540].
• Bone-meal, [361], [364];
• Bone-phosphate, [385].
  • action of, [365];
  • boiled, [361];
  • bruised, [361];
  • capable of nitrification, [182];
  • collected in Britain, [353], [362];
  • composition of, [362], [371];
  • compound, [372];
  • crops suited for, [368];
  • dissolved, [368], [371];
  • early use of, [359];
  • fermentation of, [361];
  • floated, [365];
  • forms of, [360];
  • grinding of, [365];
  • imports of, [151];
  • inorganic matter in, [363];
  • nitrogen in, [151];
  • organic matter in, [363];
  • putrefaction of, [365], [366];
  • raw, [361];
  • source of nitrogen, [151];
  • treatment of, [364].
• Bones, [359]-372;
• Bonnet, Charles, discovery of source of plant's carbon by, [11].
• Boracic acid in salinas, [335].
• Bordeaux phosphate, [379].
  • early researches of,
  • in agricultural chemistry, [21];
  • experiments by, on nitrification, [185], [198];
  • on excrements of pig, [250];
  • on nitrates in guano, [304];
  • on nitrogen in plants, [41], [42];
  • on nitrogen in soil, [124];
  • on nitrogen in excreta, [234];
  • on nitrogen lost during fermentation, [245].
• Boussingault, on dry matter in horse-manure, [243];
  • as litter, [241].
• Bracken-fern, analyses of, [283];
• Bran, manurial constituents in, [282].
• Bretschneider on sources of plant-nitrogen, [42].
• Brewers' grain, manurial constituents in, [282].
• Bromine in ash of plants, [55].
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Browse Island guano, [309], [328];
• Brüstlein and Peters on fixation of bases and acids by soil, [59].
• Buckland, Dr, discovery of coprolites by, [373].
• Buckwheat absorbs ammonia, [352].
• Bull River, phosphates from, [376].
  
  • manuring of, [528]-529;
  • soils suited for, [529].
• Cabbages, benefited by saline manures, [529];
• Caird, Sir James, experiments by, with Peruvian guano, [301].
  • stones, phosphoric acid in, [211].
• Calcareous earth, absorptive power of, [98];
• Calcium phosphate in Chincha guano, [305].
• Calcium sulphate in concretionary nodules, [328].
  • occurrence of, [341].
• Caliche, composition of, [342];
• California, guano deposits at, [328].
• Cambridgeshire, coprolites from, [373].
• Cameron, Sir Charles, on assimilation of urea by plants, [46].
• Canadian apatite, [201], [374].
• Cape Vert guano, phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Carbolic acid, action of, on nitrifying organisms, [177].
  • in plants, discovery of source of, [11].
• Carbon, fixation of, by plants, [37];
• Carbon bisulphide, effect of, on nitrification, [166], [176].
• Carbonate of ammonia formed in fermentation of dung, [247], [258].
  • —by soil, [81];
  • in ash of plants, [55];
  • oxidation of, by bacteria, [95];
  • produced in decomposition of farmyard manure, [258].
• Carbonic acid, absorbed by plants, [12]
• Carbonising-works, ammonia from, [353], [358].
• Carburetted hydrogen, produced in decomposition of farmyard manure, [258].
• Caribbean phosphates, [379].
• Carnallite, [420].
• Carolina phosphate, [376].
• Carrots, manurial constituents in, [282].
• Catacombs, bones from, [360].
• Catch-cropping, [138], [489].
• Cattle foods, average composition of, [557].
• Caustic lime, [453].
  • nitrogenous manures benefit, [494];
  • potash in, [217];
  • silicates absorbed by, [494];
  • value of nitrate of soda as manure for, [346].
• Cereals, manuring of, [493]-504;
  • lias, phosphoric acid in, [211].
• Chalk, an adulterant of guano, [319];
• Charcoal, a filter for sewage, [437].
• Charleston phosphate, [376].
  • value of, [539].
• Chemical analysis of manures, interpretation of, [539];
• Chemical composition of soil, [87]-92.
• Cheshire, bones used in, [360].
• Chesterfield Island guano, [309].
• Chili and Peru, chief source of nitrate of soda, [162].
  • composition of, [305];
  • nitrogen in, [329];
  • phosphoric acid in, [329].
• Chincha Island guano, [302], [303], [327];
• Chipana, guano deposits at, [327].
• Chlorapatite, composition of, [210].
• Chlorine in ash of plants, [55].
• Chloroform prevents nitrification, [166], [176].
  • produced by nitrate of soda, [347];
  • relation of, to fixation of carbon by plants, [37].
• Chlorophyll, organisms destitute of, [169];
• Chuca, [341].
• Citrate of ammonia, solubility of phosphates in, [408].
  • analysis of, [107];
  • grey, evaporation of water from, [99];
  • loamy, evaporation of water from, [99];
  • sandy, absorptive power of, [98]
  • —evaporation of water from, [99];
  • soils, benefited by basic slag, [414]
  • —puddling in, [455];
  • stiffish, evaporation of water from, [99];
  • strong absorptive power of, [98].
• Clay, absorptive power of, [68];
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • manuring of, [522].
• Clover-hay, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [486];
• Clover-sickness, [522].
• Coal, nitrogen in, [353].
• Coke-works, ammonia from, [353], [358].
• Colloids, [491].
  • difference in temperature due to, [80].
• Colour of soil, [80];
• Columbia, guano deposits at, [327].
  • farmyard manure a typical, [446];
  • manufacture of, [445];
  • object of, [445];
  • purposes served by, [445];
  • substances used for, [447].
• Composts, [113], [445]-448;
• Compound bones, [372].
• Concretionary nodules, composition of, [328].
• Conglomerate, [341].
• Connecticut, experimental station at, [33].
  • field experiments. [547];
  • manuring of barley, [497]
  • —of mangels, [514]
  • —of meadow-land, [509]
  • —of swedes, [514]
  • —of wheat, [501].
• Cooke, F. J., on, farmyard manure, [272], [277];
• Copper, oxide of, in plants, [55].
• Copperas, as a fixer, [246], [247].
  • percentage of phosphates in, [201]:
  • occurrence of, [201], [373].
• Coprolites, [373];
  • phosphoric acid in, [329].
• Corcovado guano, nitrogen in, [329];
• Cordilleras, [340], [341].
• Costra, [341].
• Cotton-cake, decorticated, manurial constituents in, [282].
• Cotton-cake, undecorticated, manurial constituents in, [282].
• Cotton-seeds, imports of, [153].
• Cova, [341].
  • wheat grown with, [289].
• Covered manure, potatoes grown with, [289];
  • composition of, in dry state, [227];
  • cool, [225];
  • nitrogen in, [226];
  • phosphoric acid in, [226];
  • water in, [226].
• Cow-dung, alkalies in, [226];
  • amount voided per day, [248];
  • amount voided per year, [248];
  • analysis of, [286];
  • dry matter in, [248];
  • fermentation in, slow, [248];
  • mineral matter in, [248];
  • mucilaginous matter in, [248];
  • nitrogen in, [248];
  • resinous matter in, [248].
• Cow-manure, [247];
  • composition of, in dry state, [231];
  • fertilising ingredients in, for food consumed, [232];
  • nitrogen in, [230];
  • phosphoric acid in, [230];
  • water in, [230].
• Cow-urine, alkalies in, [230];
  • solid excrements of, [280];
  • urine voided by, [280].
• Cows, percentage of food voided in excrements of, [281];
• Cress, experiments with, [41].
• Crimea, bones from, [360].
  • —lost by drainage in, [141].
• Cropped soils, nitrates in, [157]
  • difference in root-systems of, [488];
  • manuring of common farm, [493]-530;
  • period of growth of, [489];
  • potash removed in, [218];
  • suited for sewage, [434];
  • variation in composition of, [490].
• Crops, capacity of, for assimilating manures, [486];
• Crusius on phosphoric acid removed from the farm, [207].
• Crust guanos, [308], [379].
• Crystalloids, [491].
• Curaçao phosphates, [308], [330], [379].
  
• Darmstadt experiments with basic slag, [410]-413.
• Darwin on origin of nitrate-fields, [335].
• Daubeny on mineral sources of phosphoric acid, [200].
  • on heat and water absorbing and retaining properties of soils, [57];
  • on hygroscopic power of soils, [99].
• Davy, Sir Humphry, lectures of, on agricultural chemistry, [17]-19;
  • on nitrification in sulphate of ammonia, [191];
  • on rate of nitrification, [186].
• Dehérain, on nitrification, [52];
  • conditions favourable for, [178];
  • effected by bacteria, [178].
• Denitrification, [177];
• Derby, Lord, introduction of Peruvian guano by, [301].
• Detmer on humus in soil, [47].
  • explanation of, [77];
  • most abundant in summer, [78].
• Dew, action of, on guano, [300];
  • formula of, [398];
  • molecular composition of, [398];
  • percentage composition of, [398].
• Dicalcic phosphate, [387];
  • theory of, on plant-food, [6]-8.
• Digby, Sir Kenelm, on value of nitrates to plants, [45];
• Diorite, phosphoric acid in, [202], [211].
• Direct manures, [113].
• Dissolved-bone compound, [372].
• Dissolved bones, [368]; composition of, [371].
• Dissolved guano, [310].
• Dolerite, phosphoric acid in, [202], [211].
• Dolomite, phosphoric acid in, [202], [211].
• Downton experiments on sewage-sludge, [439].
  • nitrates in, [160];
  • nitrates lost by, [140];
  • phosphoric acid lost by, [206];
  • potash lost by, [217].
• Drainage, average of thirteen years, [160];
• Drainings of manure-heaps, analysis of, [290].
  • composition of, [424];
  • manure for sugar-cane, [425];
  • potash in, [219];
  • rate of nitrification in, [192];
  • source of nitrogen, [152];
  • suited for horticulture, [425].
• Dried blood, [424];
  • nitrogen in, [425].
• Dried flesh, [425];
  • composition of, [242];
  • nitrogen in, [242];
  • phosphoric acid in, [242];
  • potash in, [242].
• Dried leaves, as litter, [242];
• Ducks' dung, analysis of, [331].
• Duhamel and Hales, theory of, on plant-growth, [8].
• Dundonald, Earl, treatise by, on agricultural chemistry, [13].
• Dung and urine, composition of, [234].
• Dutrochet on absorption of plant-food, [55].
  • experiments on peat as litter, [240];
  • on nitrate of soda as manure for mangolds, [349].
• Dyer, Dr Bernard, analyses of stable manure by, [283];
  • composition of solid crust of, [102].
• 
  
• Earth, an adulterant of guano, [319];
  • phosphoric acid in, [329].
• Ecuador, guano deposits at, [327].
  • potash in, [217].
• Egyptian guano, nitrogen in, [329];
• Elbe, waters of, phosphoric acid in, [206];
  • phosphoric acid in, [328].
• Elm-tree, water transpired by, [71].
• Enderbury Island guano, [309], [328];
• Endosmosis, [55].
• English farming, [86].
• Equalised guano, [311].
• Essex, coprolites from, [374].
• Estremadura phosphate, [375].
• Ethylamine, nitrification in, [182].
  • composition of, [226], [292];
  • difference in amount of, for food consumed, [279];
  • liquid, in farmyard manure, [224];
  • solid, in farmyard manure, [224];
  • solid, undigested food in, [224];
  • solid, voided by cows, [280], [292];
  • solid, voided by horse, [292];
  • solid, voided by oxen, [280];
  • solid, voided by sheep, [280], [292].
• Evaporation from soil, [71], [72], [98].
  • into their different compounds, [553].
• Excreta, amount of nitrogen in, [149], [292];
  • nitrogen in, [330];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• 
  
• Factors for calculating manurial ingredients
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Falkland guano, [308];
  • action of, on soils, [273];
  • ammonia in, [258];
  • amount produced on farm per year, [252];
  • analyses of, [259], [286];
  • application of, [264];
  • ash of, [287], [288];
  • carbonic acid gas in, [258];
  • classes of constituents of, [224];
  • compared with artificials, [476];
  • composition of, [259];
  • denitrification in, [179];
  • depth to plough to, [267];
  • effect of, on potatoes, [520];
  • fertilising matter in, [270];
  • fire-fang in, [264];
  • fresh, composition of, [286], [288];
  • functions of, [268];
  • heat in fermentation of, [78], [253];
  • humates in, [259];
  • humic acid in, [258];
  • inadequate source of nitrogen to soil, [271];
  • indirect influence of, [273];
  • influence of, on soil, [475];
  • Lawes, Sir John, on composition of, [291];
  • Lord Kinnaird's experiments with, [289];
  • marsh-gas in, [258];
  • mineral matter in, [260];
  • moisture in, [260];
  • nitric acid in, [259];
  • nitrogen in, [260];
  • ratio of, to ash ingredients, [271];
  • organic matter in, [260];
  • phosphoretted hydrogen in, [258];
  • phosphoric acid in, [260];
  • potash in, [260];
  • products of decomposition of, [257];
  • rate of application of, [275];
  • retrogression of nitrogen in, [142];
  • rotten, composition of, [287], [288]
  • —value of, [261];
  • rotting, effects of, on, [262];
  • solid excreta in, [224];
  • sulphuretted hydrogen in, [258];
  • supplemented with nitrogen, [271];
  • supplemented with phosphoric acid, [272];
  • temperature, effect of, on soil, [79], [274];
  • typical compost, [446];
  • ulmates in, [259];
  • ulmic acid in, [258];
  • unfavourable to certain crops, [477];
  • urine in, [228];
  • value of, [268];
  • variation in composition of, [223];
  • water in, [258].
• Fallow-fields, nitrates formed in, [188].
• Fanning Island guano, [328];
  • albite, [103];
  • composition of, [103];
  • labradorite, [220];
  • oligoclase, [103], [214], [220];
  • orthoclase, [103], [214], [220];
  • phosphoric acid in, [211];
  • potash manures, [213];
  • potash in, percentage of, [213], [220].
• Farmyard manure, [223]-292;
  • anaerobic, [255].
• Fatty acids in guano, [305].
  • in bones, [365];
  • heat of, [79];
  • of farmyard manure, [253];
  • of guano, [299];
  • temperature of, [256].
• Felspars, [103];
• Ferment, aerobic, [173], [255];
• Fermentation, ammonium carbonate formed during, [245];
• Fern, bracken, as litter, [241].
  • amounts removed by different crops, [484], [485];
  • chemical condition of, in soil, [89];
  • lodge in seed, [491];
  • in soil, [87].
• Ferric chloride, test for sulphocyanates, [355].
  • potential, of soil, [214], [549];
  • properties necessary for, [66];
  • supply of oxygen necessary for, [81].
• Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, [543].
  • educational value of, [547];
  • on rate of nitrification, [187].
• Fertilising ingredients, amount of soluble, in soil, [90];
• Fertility, of the soil, [65]-97;
• Field experiments, [545], [548];
• Finger-and-toe prevented by lime, [461].
  • application of, [323];
  • consumption of, [152];
  • manufacture of, [321];
  • nitrogen in, [321];
  • phosphoric acid in, [321];
  • production of, [322];
  • source of nitrogen, [152];
  • value of, [322].
• Fire-fang in farmyard manure, [264].
  • chemical reactions with, [284].
• Fischer on absorption of plant-food, [55].
• Fish-guano, [320]-323;
• Fixers, [246];
• Fleece, potash in, [217].
• Fleischer, Professor, on solubility of phosphates, [408].
• Flesh-guano, [320].
• Flint Island guano, [309].
• Flitcham experiments on growth of wheat, [500].
• Floated bones, [362], [365].
  • dry matter of, voided in dung, [228];
  • percentage of, in excrements, [281].
• Florida phosphate, [378].
• Fluorapatite, composition of, [210].
• Food, consumed by pigs, [281];
• Food-constituents, plant, necessary for nitrification, [170].
  • analysis of, [331].
• Forbes, David, on nitrate-fields of Chili, [334].
• Forest-soils, absence of nitrification in, [193].
• Fowl-dung, [320], [326];
• Fownes on phosphoric acid in rocks, [202].
• Frankland, P. F., experiments on nitrification, [52], [167], [198].
• Franklin, Benjamin, experiment of, with gypsum, [462].
  • ammonia in, [128].
• Frey Bentos, meat-meal guano from, [324].
  
• Galapagos Islands, guano deposits at, [327].
• Garden earth, absorptive power of, [98];
  • present in soil, [100].
• Gas-liquor, ammonia in, [353].
• Gas-works, ammonia from, [353], [358].
• Gases, absorbed by soils, [81];
• Gazzeri on retention by soil of plant-food, [57].
  • from bones, [364].
• Geese-dung, analysis of, [331].
  • bones imported from, [360];
  • manufacture of meat-meal guano in, [324].
• Geic acid in humus, [47].
  • oxygen necessary for, [81].
• Gelatin, nitrification in, [182];
  • on Liebig's mineral theory, [28];
  • on manuring of potatoes, [520];
  • Presidential address of, [61];
  • and see Lawes and Gilbert.
• Germany, agricultural research in, [32];
• Germination, influence of temperature on, [76];
• Gilbert, Sir J. Henry, on barley-manuring, [496];
• Glauber on artificial production of nitre, [164].
• Glue, [364].
  • phosphoric acid in, [207].
• Glycin, assimilated by plants, [47].
  • on loss of phosphoric acid, [207].
• Glycocoll, experiments with, [46].
  • in guano, [303];
  • phosphoric acid in, [202], [211];
  • potash in, [214].
• Gneiss, [106];
  • effect of manure on, [505];
  • influence of farmyard manure on, [506];
  • manuring of, [504]-510.
• Grandeau, Professor, on forms of plant-food in soil, [107];
• Granite, [105];
• Grass, Bangor experiments on, [508];
• Gray, Asa, on transpiration by plants, [71].
• Great Cayman guano, [379].
  • nitrogen in, [329];
  • phosphoric acid in, [329].
• Green manures, [113].
  • experiments with, [46].
• Grouven on guano, [313].
  • action of, as a manure, [312];
  • adulteration of, [318];
  • application of, [315];
  • bat, [325];
  • composition of, [305], [329];
  • crust, [308];
  • deposits of the world, [327];
  • dissolved, [310];
  • equalised, [309];
  • fermentation of, [299];
  • fertilising constituents in, [314];
  • fish, [320]-323;
  • importance of, in agriculture, [293];
  • inequality in composition of, [309];
  • influence of, on farming, [294];
  • meat-meal, [324];
  • mode of application of, [315];
  • nitrification in, rate of, [192];
  • nitrogenous, [300]-308;
  • origin of, [297];
  • Peruvian, [300]-306;
  • phosphatic, [308];
  • quantity to apply, [317];
  • rectified, [311];
  • so-called, [320];
  • source of phosphoric acid, [202];
  • source of potash, [219];
  • value of, as a manure, [296];
  • variation in composition of, [299].
• Guanape Island guano, [302], [327];
• Guanine, [304];
• Guano, [293]-331;
• Gulf of Mexico, guano deposits at, [328].
  • nitrogen lost in, [149];
  • production, annual, of, [149];
  • saltpetre in, [149], [333].
• Gulls, guano from, [297].
  • absorptive power of, [98];
  • action of, mode of, [462]—on nitrification, [173];
  • an adulterant of guano, [319];
  • as a fixer, [246], [247], [285];
  • decomposes double silicates, [463];
  • favourable to clover, [464];
  • as an oxidising agent, [464].
• Gunning on sources of plant-nitrogen, [42].
• Gunpowder, exports of, [149];
• Gypsum, [462]-464;
• 
  
  • of fermentation, [78].
• Hales, Stephen, theory of, on plant-growth, [8].
  • on fixation of bases and acids by soil, [59];
  • on loss of ammonia from dung, [249];
  • on percentage of food voided by animals, [253];
  • on straw as litter, [244], [249].
• Hampe, Dr, on nitrogen in plants, [46].
  • on barley, [498];
  • on nitrogen in plants, [44].
• Harting on sources of plant-nitrogen, [42].
• Heat, of soils, [76]-78;
• Heiden, Dr, on application of farmyard manure, [265];
• Hellriegel, on amount of water in soils, [75];
• Helmont, Van, theory of, on source of plant-food, [4].
• Henslow, Professor, on coprolites, [374].
• Heraüs on organisms in soil, [95].
• Herbage, effect of manure on, [505].
  • in farmyard manure, [257].
• Herrings as manure, [321].
• Hervé-Mangon, experiments on action of light on plants by, [38].
• Hilgenstock on tetracalcic phosphate, [405].
• Hippuric acid, experiments with, [46];
• Hire, De la, on evolution of gases by plants, [11].
  • potash removed by, [217];
  • slow-acting manures benefit, [528].
• Hofmeister on horse excrements, [243].
  • as manure, [425];
  • nitrogen in, [426];
  • phosphoric acid in, [426].
• Hoof-guano, source of nitrogen, [152].
• Hoofs and horns, manure from, [425].
  • composition of, in dry state, [227];
  • hot, [225];
  • nitrogen in, [225], [226];
  • phosphoric acid in, [226];
  • water in, [225], [226].
• Hops, manuring of, [528];
  • amount produced per day, [243];
  • amount produced per year, [243];
  • analyses of, [283];
  • dry matter in, [243];
  • dry nature of, [245];
  • fermentation rapid in, [245];
  • mineral matter in, [243];
  • nitrogen in, [243], [244].
• Horn, capable of nitrification, [182];
  • composition of, in dry state, [231];
  • fertilising ingredients in, [232];
  • nitrogen in, [230];
  • phosphoric acid in, [230];
  • water in, [230].
• Hornblende, [105].
• Horse-dung, alkalies in, [226];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Horse-manure, [242];
  • nitrogen in, [330];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Horse-urine, alkalies in, [230];
• Hosäus on assimilation of ammonia, [50].
• Howland Island guano. [309], [328];
  • on composition of bracken, [283].
• Huanillos, guano from, [302], [327];
• Huano, [297].
• Hueppe on organisms in soil, [95].
  • in humus, [47].
• Hughes, John, on bracken-fern as litter, [241];
• Humates in farmyard manure, [259].
  • evaporation from, [99];
  • nature of, in soil, [47];
  • soils improved by addition of, [273].
• Humboldt, A., discovery of Peruvian guano by, [300].
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Humic acid in farmyard manure, [258];
• Humin in humus, [47].
• Humus, absorptive power of, [68], [98];
• Huon Island guano, [309], [328];
  • source of, in plants, [40].
• Huxtable and Thompson on retention of plant-food by soil, [57].
• Hydrated silicates, [107], [459].
  • nitrogen in, [329];
  • phosphoric acid in, [329].
• Hydrochloric acid as a fixer, [245].
  • nitrogen in, [329];
  • phosphoric acid in, [329].
• Hydrogen, amount of, in plants, [40];
• Hygroscopic power of soils, [75].
  
• Ichaboe guano, [307];
  • on oxygen evolved by plants, [12].
• Independence Bay guano, [302], [327];
  • value of, [396].
• India, nitre soils of, [162].
  • in nitrate of soda, [340], [342].
• Indirect manures, [113], [114], [449]-473.
• Ingenhousz, John, experiments by, on nitrogen in plants, [41];
  • necessary for plant-growth, [55];
  • reversion in superphosphates caused by, [390], [399].
• Insoluble phosphate, [386];
• Iodine, in ash of plants, [55];
  • intermittent, [434];
  • subsoil, [432].
• Iquique, nitrate of soda from, [333].
• Iron in ash of plants, [54];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Iron-works, ammonia from, [353], [355], [358].
• Irrigation, [431]-433;
  • on Earl Dundonald, [13];
  • on nitrogen in buffalo-horn shavings, [426];
  • on nitrogen in soils, [123];
  • on solubility of basic slag, [408];
  • value of organic nitrogen to plant, [46].
• 
  
• Jamieson, Professor, experiments with coprolites, [380].
  • potash in, percentage of, [214], [220], [421];
  • rate of application of, [423].
• Jarvis Island guano, [309], [328];
• Jersey, manuring of potatoes in, [521].
  • of concretionary nodules, [328].
• Johnson, Professor S. W., on application of superphosphate, [395];
• Jürgensen on nitrogen in excreta, [234].
  
• Kainit, as a fixer, [247];
• Kaolin clay, analysis of, [104].
• Karmrodt, analysis of Chincha Island guano, [305];
• Karnallite, potash in, [220].
• Kellner, experiments on nitrification by, [52].
• Kelp, potash in, [420].
• Kieserite, [420].
• Kinnaird, Lord, experiments by, with farmyard manure, [289].
• Kitchen-garden soil, nitrogenous matter in, [122].
• Knop on condition of nitrates in soil, [138].
  • potash in, [220].
• Koosaw River, phosphates from, [376].
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Kreatin assimilated by plants, [47].
• Kuria Muria guano, [309], [328].
  
• Labrador, guano deposits at, [328].
  • experiments with farmyard manure, [271];
  • experiments with Peruvian guano, [301];
  • inauguration of Rothamsted experiments by, [33];
  • on composition of farmyard manure, [291];
  • on manuring of wheat, [483];
  • on motion of plant's sap, [56];
  • on percentage of food in excreta, [233];
  • on rate of nitrification, [186];
  • on sources of plant-nitrogen, [43];
  • on sulphate of ammonia, [356];
  • on unexhausted manures, [550], [557]-559.
• Labradorite, [214];
  • manufacture of superphosphate by, [382];
  • on application of superphosphate, [395];
  • on bones, [359];
  • on composition of farmyard manure, [291];
  • on farmyard manure, [477];
  • on loss of nitrates, [142];
  • on sources of nitrogen, [154].
• Lacepede Island guano, [309], [328];
  • nitrogen in, [428].
• Lahn phosphate, [379].
  • nitrogen in, [242];
  • phosphoric acid in, [242];
  • potash in, [242].
• Lava, phosphoric acid in, [202], [211].
• Lawes, Sir J. B., and Gilbert, early researches of, at Rothamsted, [34];
  • —by potash, [523];
  • fixation of free nitrogen by, [42];
  • gain of nitrogen with, [135];
  • manuring of, [522]-527, [530];
  • nitrogenous manures hurtful to, [523].
• Lawes, Sir J. B., experiments with guano by, [301];
• Leather, as manure, [428];
• Leaves, dried, as litter, [242];
• Legrange, Charles, on extent of nitrate-fields, [343].
• Leguminous plants, benefited by basic slag, [414]
• Lehmann on ammonia as plant-food, [50], [352].
  • dissolved bones discovered by, [361];
  • first report to British Association, [24];
  • manufacture of superphosphate from bones by, [359];
  • mineral theory of, [26]-29;
  • on ammonia as a manure, [352];
  • on importation of bones by Britain, [360];
  • researches of, in agricultural chemistry, [23]-32;
  • services of, to agricultural chemistry, [31];
  • theory of manures by, [29];
  • theory of, on rotation of crops, [29].
• Leipzig, bones from, [361].
• Leones, guano deposits at, [327].
  • abundant occurrence of, [452];
  • action of, [461]
  • —contradictory, [450]
  • —not thoroughly understood, [449]
  • —on nitrogenous organic matter, [460]
  • —on soil's texture, [455];
  • antiquity of, as a manure, [449];
  • binding effect of, [457];
  • biological action of, [459];
  • caustic, [453];
  • chemical action of, [457];
  • decomposes minerals, [458];
  • different forms of, [453];
  • effect of, on soils, [112];
  • fixed by soils, [58];
  • in ash of plants, [54];
  • mechanical functions of, [455];
  • mild, [453];
  • necessary for nitrification, [171], [459]
  • —for plant-growth, [55], [450];
  • neutralises acidity in soils, [458];
  • phosphates of, [385]-388;
  • pig excrements contain, [281];
  • prevents clay puddling, [456];
  • returned to soil, [452];
  • soils contain, [450]-452.
• Leucite, potash in, [220].
  • evaporation of water from, [99];
  • occurrence of, [452].
• Lias chalk, phosphoric acid in, [211].
  • manurial constituents of, [282].
• Liebig, criticism of humus theory by, [25];
• Light, action of, on plant-growth, [38].
• Lime, [449]-461;
• Limestone, analyses of, [106];
  • peat as, [240];
  • straw as, [236];
  • uses of, [236].
• Linseed, imports of, [153];
• Linseed-cake, manurial constituents of, [282].
  • evaporation of water from, [99];
  • poor in fertilising matter, [239].
• Liquid manure, [442]-444.
• Lithia in ash of plants, [55].
• Litter, loam as, [239];
  • nitrogen in, [329];
  • phosphoric acid in, [329].
• Lloyd on fattening animals, [253].
• Loam, as litter, [239];
  • in ash of plants, [54];
  • in pig excrements, [281];
  • necessary for nitrification, [171];
  • necessary for plant-growth, [55];
  • sulphate of, as a fixer, [246], [285].
• Lobos, guano deposits at, [327].
  • fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • source of nitrogen, [153].
• Lobos de Afuera guano, [302], [327].
  
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Macabi Island guano, [302], [327];
• Maercker, Professor, on destruction of nitrifying organisms, [177].
• Magnesia, fixed by soils, [58];
• Maize, absorbs ammonia, [352];
  • guano a manure for, [318];
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • manuring of, [346], [511], [513], [514];
  • Rothamsted experiments on growth of, [568].
• Malden Island guano, [309], [328];
  • rate of nitrification in, [186].
• Malpighi on importance of atmospheric air for germination, [39].
  • farmyard, [223]-292;
  • horse, [243];
  • liquid, [442]-444;
  • meaning of word, [109];
  • pig, [250];
  • sewage, [430]-441;
  • sheep, [251];
  • stable, from peat-moss, [283]
  • —wheat-straw, [283].
• Malt-dust, manurial constituents in, [282].
  • analysis of, interpretation of, [539]-544;
  • application of, [474]-492;
  • method of, [531]-538; cash prices of, [555];
  • equal distribution of, [531];
  • functions of, [109], increase soil-fertility, [474];
  • intrinsic value of, [545];
  • lasting effects of, [483];
  • methods of valuing, [544];
  • minor artificial, [424]-429;
  • mixing of, [531]-538;
  • nitrogenous, [293]-359;
  • phosphatic, [359]-417;
  • potassic, [418]-423;
  • quantities of, applied to oats, [504];
  • unexhausted, [549]-552, [558];
  • units for determining commercial value of, [554];
  • valuation of, [539]-559;
  • value of, deduced from experiments, [548];
  • various classes of, [111]-114.
• Manganese, oxide of, in ash of plants, [54].
• Mangels, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
• Manitoba soils, nitrogen in, at various depths, [156];
  • beans, [525]-527, [530];
  • cabbages, [528];
  • cereals, [493]-504;
  • clover, [524];
  • common farm crops, [493]-530;
  • grass, [504]-510;
  • hops, [528];
  • leguminous crops, [522]-528;
  • mangels, [511], [513], [514];
  • oats, [493]-504;
  • peas, [527];
  • potatoes, [517]-522;
  • roots, [510]-517;
  • turnips, [510], [511], [513]-517;
  • wheat, [499]-501.
• Manure, cow, [247];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Manures, action of, [61];
• Manurial constituents of various foods, [282].
• Manurial ingredients, unit value of, [544].
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • Rothamsted experiments on manuring of, [570].
• Manuring of, barley, [495]-498;
  • manuring of, [508];
  • Norfolk experiments on, [509].
• Maracaïbo guano, nitrogen in, [330];
  • composition of, [152];
  • imports of, [324];
  • manufacture of, [324];
  • nitrogen in, [324];
  • phosphoric acid in, [324];
  • rate of nitrification in, [192];
  • source of nitrogen, [152];
  • value of, [324].
• Marl, phosphoric acid in, [211].
• Marsh-gas from farmyard manure, [258].
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Meadow-hay, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
• Meadow-land, benefited by basic slag, [414], [508];
• Meat-meal guano, [320], [324];
• Mechi on liquid manure, [442].
  • potash in, [214], [220].
• Mejillones guano, [309], [327];
  • convert nitrous acid into nitric acid, [168];
  • effect fermentation, [80];
  • effect fixation of free nitrogen, [44];
  • effect nitrification, [161];
  • oxidising power of, [197].
• Mène, on sources of plant-nitrogen, [42].
• Menhaddo, guano manufactured from, [322].
  • nitrogen removed in, [147];
  • phosphoric acid removed in, [207];
  • potash removed in, [218].
• Mexico phosphate, [308], [328].
  • value of, as a manure, [380].
• Mica, analysis of, [105];
• Micro-organisms, convert ammonia into nitrous acid, [167];
• Mild lime, [453].
  • ammonia lost in, [533];
  • nitric acid lost in, [536];
  • phosphates reverted in, [536].
• Milk, nitrification in albuminoids of, [182];
  • in farmyard manure, [260];
  • in manures, [543];
  • necessary for nitrification, [52], [176].
• Mineral phosphates, [373]-381;
• Mineral salts necessary for nitrification, [52].
• Minor artificial manures, [424]-429.
• Mixing manures, [532]-538;
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Moisture, atmospheric, action on guano, [300];
  • formula of, [398];
  • molecular composition of, [398];
  • percentage composition of, [398];
  • reversion of, with iron and alumina compounds, [399]
  • —with tricalcic phosphate, [399].
• Molds, [94].
• Mona guano, [309].
• Mond, Ludwig, on nitrogen in coal, [354].
  • on sewage-sludge as manure, [439];
  • on urine voided, [292].
• Monks guano, [327];
  • on nitrifying organisms in soil, [180];
  • on oxidising power of micro-organisms, [197].
• Monocalcic phosphate, [386];
  • forms calcium chloride, [422];
  • harmful effects of, [421];
  • more concentrated than sulphate, [422].
• Mulder on humus in soil, [47], [126].
• Müller, A., on nitrogen in soil, [121], [124].
• Munro, Dr J. M. H., on nitrification, [52];
• Müntz, on ammonia in air, [118];
• Muriate of potash, application of, [423];
• Mustard, [139].
  
• Navassa phosphate, [308], [328], [379].
• Nesbit on composition of guano, [301].
  • origin of, [334].
• New Granada, guano deposits at, [327].
  • amount exported from Chili, [151], [332], [351];
  • amount imported into Britain, [151], [351];
  • appearance of fields of, [340];
  • application of, [347];
  • Chili and Peru chief source of, [161];
  • composition of, [343];
  • crops suited by, [346];
  • discovery of deposits of, [333];
  • extent of deposits of, [342];
  • encourages deep roots, [344];
  • formation of fields of, [334]-340;
  • method of applying, [347];
  • method of mining, [341];
  • nitric acid in, source of, [337];
  • nitrogen in, percentage of, [343];
  • not an exhausting manure, [345];
  • origin of fields of, [334];
  • properties of, [343];
  • quantity to apply, [348];
  • shipments of, [351];
  • soils benefited by, [348];
  • source of nitrogen, [150];
  • top-dressing with, [344].
• New Zealand, meat-meal guano from, [324].
  • amount produced at different times, [189];
  • amount in soil, [129];
  • conditions diminishing loss of, [139];
  • constantly formed in soil, [138];
  • in barley-soils, [158];
  • in cropped soils, [130], [157];
  • in drainage-waters, [160], [188];
  • in fallow-soils, [129];
  • in manured wheat-soils, [131], [157];
  • in soil, [129], [162];
  • lost by drainage, [137];
  • most formed in summer, [139];
  • nitrogen as, in Rothamsted soils, [198];
  • position of, in soil, [188];
  • quantity formed in fallow-fields, [188].
• Nile, nitrates in waters of, [159].
  • occurrence of, [162];
  • soils of India, [162].
• "Nitraries," [163].
  • derived from sea weed, [337];
  • formed from ammonia, [118];
  • formed from nitrous acid, [168];
  • in farmyard manure, [259];
  • in soil, [128];
  • lost in mixing manures, [536];
  • most important nitrogen compound for plants, [161];
  • relation of, to plants, [50];
  • source of, in nitrate of soda, [337].
• Nitrate-fields, appearance of, [340];
  • action of gypsum on, [173];
  • alkalinity necessary for, [172];
  • in asparagin, [182];
  • bearing of, on agriculture, [193];
  • in bones, [182];
  • cause of, [165];
  • conditions favourable for, [170];
  • denitrification, [177]-179;
  • effected by micro-organisms, [51], [167];
  • in ethylamine, [182];
  • in fallow-fields, [184];
  • food-constituents necessary for, [170];
  • field experiments on rate of, [187];
  • in gelatin, [182];
  • in horn, [182];
  • laboratory experiments on rate of, [185];
  • in manures, [190], [192];
  • in milk albuminoids, [182];
  • mineral salts necessary for, [52];
  • moisture necessary for, [52], [176];
  • old theories on, [196];
  • organic matter not necessary for, [169], [196];
  • oxygen necessary for, [52], [173];
  • plant-roots promote, [181];
  • in rape-cake, [182];
  • rate of, [183];
  • rotation of crops, bearing of, on, [195];
  • soil best suited for, [192];
  • in subsoils, conditions favourable for, [181];
  • substances capable of, [181];
  • in summer, [183];
  • sunlight, effect of, on, [176];
  • temperature necessary for, [52], [175];
  • in thiocyanates, [182];
  • in urea, [182];
  • in wool, [182].
• Nitrate of soda, [332]-351;
  • distribution of, in soil, [179];
  • effect of poisons on, [176];
  • organic matter not required by, [169].
• Nitrates, amount lost by drainage, [140];
• Nitre, beds, [163];
  • absorbed by soil, [81], [131];
  • accumulates in pastures, [134];
  • in air, [116];
  • as ammonia in soils, [127];
  • amount of, in plants, [40];
  • amount of, in soil, [123];
  • artificial supply of, [150];
  • in bat guano, [325];
  • in bones, [363], [364];
  • combined, in air, [118];
  • combined, in rain, [119], [155];
  • condition of, in manures, [540];
  • converted into nitrates in soil, [51];
  • in cow-dung, [226]-228;
  • in cow excrements, [278];
  • in cow-urine, [230];
  • difference between surface and subsoil, [126];
  • different forms of, [45], [116];
  • dissolved in rain, [131];
  • in dried blood, [424];
  • in farmyard manure, [260];
  • in fish-guano, [321];
  • fixation of free, [136];
  • forms of, in plants, [491];
  • free, relation of, to plant, [117];
  • gain of, with leguminous crops, [135];
  • in guanos, [329];
  • in hoofs and horns, [426];
  • in horse-dung, [226]-228;
  • in horse-manure, [243];
  • in horse-urine, [230];
  • importance of, in soil, [88];
  • in lean flesh, [424];
  • in leather, [428];
  • least abundant of manurial ingredients in soil, [271];
  • loss of, artificial sources of, [144];
  • loss of, by crops, [144];
  • loss of, on farm, [146];
  • loss of, sources of, [137]-150;
  • loss of, total amount of, [142];
  • lost in the arts, [148];
  • lost in free condition, [141];
  • lost in treating farmyard manure, [146];
  • lost in milk, [147];
  • lost by retrogression, [142];
  • in Manitoba soils, [156];
  • in meat-guano, [324];
  • nature of, in soil, [124];
  • as nitrates in soil, [128];
  • as nitrates in cropped soils, [130], [157];
  • as nitrates in Rothamsted soils, [198];
  • as nitrates in wheat-soils, [157];
  • in nitrate of soda, [343];
  • nitric, in soil, [128];
  • organic, absorbed by plants, [47];
  • organic, in soil, [125];
  • original source of, in soil, [133];
  • in oxen excrements, [280];
  • in pasture-lands, [158];
  • peat-soils richest in, [123];
  • in Peruvian guano, [302], [306], [307], [329];
  • in pig-dung, [226]-227;
  • position of, in agriculture, [115]-160;
  • relative manurial value of, [556];
  • Rothamsted experiments on, [115];
  • in scutch, [427];
  • in sewage, [431];
  • in sewage-sludge, [439];
  • in sheep-dung, [226]-228;
  • in sheep excrements, [280];
  • in sheep-urine, [230];
  • in soil, [120];
  • in soil, portion of, easily nitrifiable, [187];
  • in soils at various depths, [156];
  • in soot, [428];
  • source of, in plants, [15], [16], [40]-52;
  • sources of soil, [131]-137;
  • in straw, [237], [243];
  • in subsoil, [121];
  • in surface-soil, [121];
  • in swine-urine, [230];
  • in woollen rags, [427].
• Nitric acid, amount of, supplied to soil by rain, [155];
• Nitrification, [51], [52], [161]-198;
  • benefit cereals, [494];
  • hurtful to leguminous crops, [523].
• Nitrifying organisms, depth found at in soil, [180];
  • in concretionary nodules, [328].
• Nitrobaeter, [167].
• Nitrogen, [115]-160;
  • formed from ammonia, [167].
• Nitrogenous guano, [300]-308, [329].
  • on potash in soil, [108].
• Nitrogenous manures, application of, [478];
• Nitrogenous organic substances, in Chincha guano, [305];
  • experiments on barley, [497]
  • —on meadow-land, [509]
  • —on turnips, [513].
• Nitrosomonas, [167].
• Nitrous acid, converted into nitric acid, [168];
• Nobbe, on fixation of free nitrogen, [136];
• Nöllner on origin of nitrate-fields, [339].
  • manurial constituents in, [282].
• Norfolk, coprolites from, [374];
  • avenine in, [503];
  • fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
  • hardy crop, [502];
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • manuring of, [501]-504;
  • nitrogen removed in crop of, [148];
  • require mixed nitrogenous manures, [502];
  • source of nitrogen, [153];
  • Rothamsted experiments on growth of, [567].
• North America, guano from, [298], [328].
• Norwegian apatite, [375].
  
• Oak-tree, water transpired by, [71].
  • source of nitrogen, [153].
• Oat-straw, composition of, [238];
• Oats, Arendt's experiments with, [503];
  • composition of, [103];
  • potash in, [220].
• Oficinas, [342].
  • in dung, [228], [260];
  • in manures, [543];
  • not necessary for nitrifying organism, [169].
• Ohlendorff, introduction of dissolved guano by, [311].
  • composition of, [103];
  • potash in, [220].
• Oilcakes, imports of, [153];
• Oil-seeds, source of nitrogen, [153].
• Oligoclase felspars, [103], [214];
• Organic matter, in bones, [363];
  • food aided by, [280];
  • solid excreta voided by, [280];
  • urine voided by, [280].
• Orthoclase felspars, [103], [214];
  • products of, [79], [80].
• Ox-dung, fertilising ingredients in, for food consumed, [228].
  • absorbed by soil, [81];
  • evolved by plants, [11];
  • necessary for fertility, [81];
  • necessary for nitrification, [52], [173];
  • percentage of, in plants, [39];
  • source of, in plants, [39].
• Ox-urine, fertilising ingredients in, [232].
  • nitrogen in, [330];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Oxalic acid in guano, action of, [330].
• Oxen, excrements of, [280];
• Oxidation, [79];
• Oxygen, absorbed by plant-roots, [81];
• 
  
  • on nitrification, [166].
• Pabellon de Pica, guano from, [298], [302], [327];
  • benefited by basic slag, [414];
  • deficient in lime, [451];
  • effect of manure on herbage of, [505];
  • nitrogen in, [158];
  • permanent, [138], [194]
  • —manuring of, [509];
  • season influences, [507];
  • soil influences, [507].
• Pacific Islands, guano from, [298].
  • nitrogen in, [330];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Pacific Ocean, sea-weed in, [339].
• Palagonite as potash manure, [213].
• Palm-kernel meal, manurial constituents in, [282].
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Pasteur, on fermentation in urine, [255];
• Pastures, accumulation of nitrogen in, [134];
• Patagonian guano, [308], [327];
  • manuring of, [527];
  • phosphorus in, [205];
  • source of nitrogen, [153].
• Patent phosphate meal, [405].
  • adulterant of guano, [317];
  • analysis of stable-manure from, [281];
  • litter, [239];
  • nitrogen in, [240];
  • retaining properties of, [240];
  • soils, [123].
• Patillos, guano deposits at, [327].
• Patos Island, guano deposits at, [328];
  • nitrogen in, [330];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Patterson on superphosphate, [399].
• Payen and Boussingault on composition of dried flesh, [425].
• Peas, manurial constituents in, [282];
• Peat, absorbing properties of, [239];
• Pelicans, guano from, [297].
• Penguin Island guano, [330];
• Penguins, guano from, [297].
• Percival on carbonic acid in plants, [12].
• Peru, guano deposits in, [327];
• guano first used in, [297];
• nitrate of soda from, [161], [162].
• Peruvian guano, [300]-306;
• appearance of, [303];
• composition of, [304]-306;
• deposits of, [301];
• imports of, [151], [297];
• source of nitrogen, [151].
  • in apatite, [374];
  • in Belgian phosphate, [377];
  • in bones, [364];
  • in Cambridge coprolites, [374];
  • in Carolina phosphates, [376];
  • in crust guanos, [379];
  • in Estremadura phosphate, [375];
  • in Florida phosphate, [378];
  • in French phosphates, [379];
  • in Lahn phosphates, [379];
  • in Somme phosphate, [378];
  • reverted in mixing manures, [537].
• Peters and Eichhorn on solvent power of salt, [471].
  • importance of mechanical condition of, [542].
• Petzholdt on sources of plant's nitrogen, [42].
  • imports of, [381];
  • value as a manure, [380].
• Pfeffer on action of light on plant-growth, [38].
• Phœnix Island guano, [309].
• Phosphate of iron in Chincha guano, [305].
• Phosphate of lime, in Algerian phosphate, [379];
  • in ash of plants, [54];
  • in basic slag, [404];
  • in bat guano, [325];
  • in bones, [363];
  • condition of, in soil, [203];
  • in cow-dung, [226]-228;
  • in cow excrements, [280];
  • in cow-urine, [230];
  • in farmyard manure, [260];
  • in fish-guano, [321];
  • fixed by soils, [58];
  • gain of, [208];
  • in guano, percentage of, [329], [330];
  • guano a source of, [202];
  • in hoofs and horns, [426];
  • in horse-dung, [226]-228;
  • in horse-urine, [230];
  • importance of, [88];
  • loss of, artificial sources of, [206]
  • —by drainage, [206]
  • —in farmyard manure, [208]
  • —in milk, [207]
  • —in sewage, [208]
  • —sources of, in agriculture, [205];
  • in meat-guano, [324];
  • mineral sources of, [200];
  • necessary for plant-growth, [55];
  • occurrence of, in animals, [205]
  • —in nature, [199]
  • —in plants, [204]
  • —in soil, [203];
  • in oxen excrements, [280];
  • in pig-dung, [226], [227];
  • in pig excrements, [281];
  • in pig-urine, [230];
  • position of, in agriculture, [199]-211;
  • relative trade values of, in manures, [400];
  • in rocks, [202], [211];
  • in sewage-sludge, [441];
  • in sheep-dung, [226]-228;
  • in sheep excrements, [280];
  • in sheep-urine, [230];
  • statement of, in analyses of manures, [541].
• Phosphates of lime, [385]-388, [398];
• Phosphates, mineral, [373]-381;
  • in animals, [205];
  • in beans, [205];
  • in peas, [205];
  • in plants, [204];
  • in pig-iron, [401].
• Phosphatic guano, [308], [330].
• Phosphatic manures, application of, [480].
• Phosphoretted hydrogen in farmyard manure, [258].
  • in dry state, [227].
• Phosphoric acid, [199]-211;
  • composition of, [281].
• Phosphorite, [201], [374].
  • amount produced per day, [251];
  • mineral matter in, [251];
  • nitrogen in, [251];
  • poor in nitrogen, [251].
• Phosphorus, in albuminoids, [205];
  • —in dry state, [231].
• Physical properties of soils, [66]-87.
  • analysis of, [331].
• Pichard on action of gypsum on nitrification, [173].
  • food consumed by, [281].
• Pig-dung, composition of, [226];
• Pig excrements, [281];
  • amount of hydrogen in, [40]
  • —nitrogen in, [40]
  • —oxygen in, [40];
  • ash constituents of, [53]-55;
  • carbon fixed by, [37], [38];
  • food, absorption of, by, [55];
  • phosphoric acid in, [204];
  • potash in, [216];
  • proximate composition of, [36];
  • relation of ammonia to, [48]-50;
  • source of hydrogen in, [40]
  • —nitrogen in, [40]-52
  • —oxygen in, [39], [40].
• Pig-manure, [250];
  • amount of soluble, in soil, [100];
  • early theories on source of, [4];
  • retained by soil, [57].
• Pig-urine, composition of, [230]
  • nitrification promoted by, [181];
  • openness required by, [83];
  • room required by, [85];
  • soil in relation to, [84].
• Pigeon-dung, [320], [325];
  • on salt as a manure, [465].
• Pigs, excrements of, [281];
• Pisagua, nitrate-fields at, [340].
• Plant, action of light on, [38];
• Plant-food, absorption of, [490];
• Plant-roots, grow downwards, [84];
  • phosphoric acid in, [202], [211].
• Pliny, on lime as a manure, [449];
  • in ash of plants, [54];
  • in barilla, [420];
  • chloride of, [218];
  • condition of, in soil, [216];
  • in cows' excrements, [280];
  • in drainage-waters, [217];
  • in farmyard manure, [260];
  • in felspars, [220];
  • in fleece, [217];
  • fixed by soils, [58];
  • importance of, in soil, [88];
  • in kelp, [420];
  • less important than phosphoric acid, [212];
  • manures, [218], [418]-423;
  • muriate of, [218], [421];
  • necessary for nitrification, [171];
  • necessary for plant-growth, [55];
  • occurrence of, [213];
  • in ocean, [213];
  • in oxen excrements, [280];
  • in pig excrements, [280];
  • in plants, [216];
  • position of, in agriculture, [212]-220;
  • relative manurial value of, [556];
  • Scottish soils supplied with, [419];
  • in sheep excrements, [280];
  • soda replaces, [466];
  • sources of loss of, [217];
  • in Stassfurt salts, [214];
  • statement of, in analyses of manures, [542];
  • in sugar-beet refuse, [219];
  • sulphate of, [218], [421];
  • in wood-ashes, [218], [220], [419].
• Pockets a source of phosphoric acid, [202].
  • application of, [422], [480]
  • —rate of, [423];
  • barilla as, [420];
  • crops suited for, [423];
  • relative importance of, [418];
  • soils suited for, [423];
  • sources of, [419];
  • Stassfurt salts as, [420];
  • wood-ashes a source of, [419].
• Poisons, effect of, on nitrifying organisms, [176].
• Polstorff on ash constituents of plants, [53].
  • in concretionary nodules, [328].
• Polyhallite, potash in, [220], [420].
  • fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
  • grown with covered manure, [289];
  • Highland Society's experiments on, [518];
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • manuring of, [517]-522
  • —in Jersey, [529]
  • —influences composition of, [521];
  • potash removed in, [217];
  • Rothamsted experiments on, [519], [571].
• Porphyry, in guano, [303];
• Potash, [212]-220, [418]-423;
• Potash manures, [218], [418]-423;
• Potassium phosphate in concretionary nodules, [328].
  • on nitrogen in plants, [40].
• Potassium sulphate, in Chincha guano, [305];
• Potatoes, effect of farmyard manure on, [520];
• Precipitated ammonium phosphate in concretionary nodules, [328].
  • nitrogen in, [303];
  • phosphoric acid in, [303].
• Precipitated phosphate, [330], [387].
• Precipitation, treatment of sewage by, [436].
• Priestley, discovery of evolution of oxygen by plants, [11];
• Prussiate of potash, manufacture of, [353].
• Pugh on sources of plant-nitrogen, [42].
• Punta de Lobos guano, [302];
  • manurial constituents in, [282].
• Punta de Patillos, guano deposits at, [327].
• Pyroxene, potash in, [220].
  
  • phosphoric acid, [330].
• Quartz, evaporation of water from, [99].
• Queensland, meat-meal guano from, [324].
• Quercitan, experiments of, with roses, [8].
  
• Rape-cake, capable of nitrification, [182];
• Rape-seeds, imports of, [153].
• Raza Island guano, [328];
  • determination of amount of, [391];
  • formation of, [387];
  • value of, [391].
• Rectified guano, [311].
• Relative trade values of phosphoric acid, [400].
  • manurial constituents of, [282].
• Resin in guano, [305].
• Retentive power of soils for water, [70]-73.
  • manuring of, [510]-522;
  • Norfolk experiments on, [513];
  • potash removed in, [217].
• Retrogression, nitrogen lost by, [142].
• Reverted phosphates, [389]-391;
  • potash removed in, [290].
• Rhine, nitrates in waters of, [158].
  • ammonia in rain at, [49];
  • barley experiments at, [566];
  • Broadbalk Field, alteration in composition of, [159]
  • —manuring of, [159]
  • —produce of wheat on, [159];
  • early experiments at, [33]-36;
  • experiments, [560]-572;
  • experiments with nitrate of soda at, [347];
  • experiments on nitrogen question at, [115]
  • —mangel-wurzel, [568]
  • —oats, [567]
  • —potatoes at, [519]
  • —value of nitrogen in farmyard manure, [271];
  • increase of nitrogen with manures at, [137], [513];
  • nitrates in barley-soils of, [158];
  • nitrates in cropped soils of, [130], [157];
  • nitrates in drainage of, [189];
  • nitrates in wheat-soils of, [131], [157];
  • nitrogen as nitrates in soils of, [129], [198];
  • nitrogen, decrease of, in soils, [159];
  • nitrogen in pasture at, [126];
  • pasture, increase of nitrogen in, [158];
  • retrogression of nitrogen at, [142];
  • soil, nature of, [561]
  • —nitrogen in, at various depths, [156];
  • total amount of nitrogen lost at, [142];
  • turnip experiments at, [568];
  • unmanured fallow-land loses nitrogen by drainage at, [141];
  • wheat experiments at, [500], [562]-565.
• Rice-meal, an adulterant of guano, [319];
• Rocks, phosphoric acid in, [202].
• Roots, influence of manures on composition of, [512];
• Rotation of crops, bearing of, on nitrification, [195].
• Rotations, phosphoric acid in, [290];
• Rothamsted, alternate wheat and bean rotation at, [524];
  • winter, composition-of, [238].
• Roy on sources of plant-nitrogen, [42].
• Rubidia in ash of plants, [55].
  • nitrogen in, [329];
  • phosphoric acid in, [329].
• Ruffle, John, on superphosphate, [388].
• Rye, manurial constituents in, [282].
• Rye-grass suited for sewage, [435].
  • action of, on crops, [472];
  • adulterant of guano, [319];
  • amount applied, [473];
  • antiquity of use of, [465];
  • an antiseptic, [468];
  • application of, [472];
  • clarifies water, [470];
  • coagulates clay, [470];
  • decomposes minerals, [470];
  • a germicide, [468];
  • indirect action of, [468];
  • mechanical action of, [470];
  • nature of action of, [465];
  • not a necessary plant-food, [466];
  • occurrence of, [467];
  • prevents rapid fermentation, [471];
  • quantity to apply, [473];
  • solvent action of, [470];
  • sources of, [468].
• Rye-straw, summer, composition of, [238];
  • occurrence of, [215];
  • plantations, [163].
• 
  
  • an adulterant of guano, [319];
  • calcareous, absorptive power of, [98];
  • siliceous, absorptive power of, [98].
• St Helena, experiments at, with Peruvian guano, [301].
• Saldanha Bay guano, [328];
• Salinas, [335].
• Salm-Horstmar, Prince, on water-culture, [54].
  • on nitrogen in plants, [41];
  • researches on plant-food by, [15].
• Salt, [465]-473;
• Saltpetre, formation of, [164];
• Sand, absorptive power of, [68];
  • experiments on rate of nitrification by, [185];
  • on denitrification, [179];
  • on ferments effecting nitrification, [167];
  • on fixation of free nitrogen, [42];
  • on ammonia in air, [119], [132];
  • on nitrogen absorbed by soil from air, [132];
  • on temperature favourable for nitrification, [175].
• Sandy soils deficient in lime, [451].
• Sandwich Islands, guano deposits at, [328].
  • on retentive power of soils, [98].
• Saragossa Sea, sea-weed in, [339].
• Saussure, De, on absorption of gases by soil, [81];
  • manufacture of, [427];
  • nitrogen in, [427].
• Sawdust an adulterant of guano, [319].
• Scheibler, Professor, on basic slag, [404].
• Schloesing and Müntz, on nitrification, [51], [166];
• Schoenite, potash in, [220].
• Schübler, on absorptive power of soils, [98];
  • on nitrogen in plants, [41].
• Schulze on fixers, [246].
  • charcoal a filter for, [437];
  • crops suited for, [434];
  • denitrification in, [179];
  • dry matter in, [431];
  • effects of continued applications of, [433];
  • filters for, [437];
  • irrigation with, [431]-433;
  • nitrification in, [166];
  • nitrogen lost in, [149];
  • phosphoric acid lost in, [149];
  • purified by soils, [435];
  • treatment of, by precipitation, [436];
  • value of, as a manure, [430].
• Scutch, [427];
• Sea-weed, nitric acid in, [339].
  • as a manure, experiments with, [438];
  • nitrogen in, [439];
  • phosphoric acid in, [439];
  • profitable treatment of, [441];
  • value of, [439];
  • water in, [438].
• Seals, guano from, [297].
• Seed, fertilising ingredients lodge in, [491].
• Seine, nitrates in waters of, [158].
  • solid excreta voided by, [280];
  • urine voided by, [280].
• Sénébier, Jean, on carbon in plants, [12];
  • composition of, in dry state, [227];
  • most valuable excrement, [227];
  • nitrogen in, [226];
  • phosphoric acid in, [226];
  • water in, [226].
• Sewage, [430]-441;
  • amount produced per day, [251]
  • —per year, [252];
  • dry matter in, [252];
  • mineral matter in, [252];
  • nitrogen in, [252].
• Sewage-sick land, [433].
  • composition of, in dry state, [231];
  • most valuable urine, [231];
  • nitrogen in, [230];
  • phosphoric acid in, [230];
  • water in, [230].
• Sewage-sludge, [438]-441;
  • production of, [152], [425];
  • nitrogen in, [152], [427].
• Shale-works, sulphate of ammonia, from, [358].
• Shark's Bay guano, [309], [328].
• Sheep, excrements of, [280], [281];
• Sheep-dung, alkalies in, [226];
  • in Chincha guano, [305];
  • jelly, [169];
  • necessary for plant-growth, [55].
• Sheep-manure, [251];
  • absorbed by cereals, [494].
• Sheep-urine, alkalies in, [230];
• Shoddy, [427];
• Sicily, bones from, [360].
• Sidney Island guano, phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Siemens, Dr, experiments by, with light on plants, [38].
• Silica, in ash of plants, [55];
  • fixed by soils, [58];
  • necessary for plant-growth, [55];
  • nitrate of, [332]-351;
  • in salinas, [335];
  • replaces potash, [466].
• Silicates, [102];
• Silicic acid fixed by soils, [58].
• Simon on humus in soil, [47].
• Slaked lime, [454].
  • absorptive power of, for water, [67], [98];
  • acids fixed by, [58]-60;
  • action of lime on, [453];
  • ammonia absorbed by, [81];
  • amount of soluble plant-food in, [100];
  • artificial, [54];
  • barley, nitrates in, [158];
  • bases fixed by, [58]-60;
  • best suited for nitrification, [192];
  • biological properties of, [92]-96;
  • capacity for heat, [76]-78;
  • carbonic acid absorbed by, [81];
  • chemical composition of, [87]-92, [101]-107;
  • colour of, [80];
  • cropped, nitrates in, [157];
  • denitrification in, [177];
  • evaporation from, [71], [72];
  • farmyard manure, action of, on, [272];
  • fertilising ingredients in, [87];
  • fertility of, [65]-108;
  • fineness of, [69]-70;
  • gases in, [100];
  • hygroscopic power of, [75]-76, [99];
  • improved by humus, [272];
  • influence of farmyard manure on, [475];
  • on nitrification, [180];
  • manures increase fertility of, [474];
  • nitrates in, amount of, [128]-131;
  • nitrifying organisms in, [179];
  • distribution of, [179];
  • nitrogen absorbed by, [81], [82], [131];
  • nitrogen accumulates, [133];
  • nitrogen in, amount of, [120]-128;
  • nitrogen least abundant of manurial ingredients in, [270];
  • nitrogen at various depths in, [156];
  • oxygen absorbed by, [81];
  • phosphoric acid in, [203]
  • —condition of, in, [203]
  • —occurrence of, in, [203];
  • peat, [123];
  • possesses power of fixing ammonia, [57];
  • potash in, [215]
  • —condition of, in, [216];
  • potential fertility of, [549];
  • power of, for absorbing gases, [81];
  • relation of, to plant-roots, [84];
  • retention of plant-food by, [57];
  • retentive power of, for water, [70]-73;
  • sewage purified by, [435];
  • shrinkage of, [74];
  • variation in absorbing powers of, [82];
  • varieties of, [67];
  • virgin, [133];
  • water in, most favourable amount of, [75];
  • water-logged, [179];
  • wheat, nitrates in, [157].
• Slugs killed by lime, [461].
• Smut prevented by lime, [461].
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Soda, in ash of plants, [54];
• Sodium chloride in Chincha Island guano, [305].
  • application of, rate of, [429];
  • crops suited by, [429];
  • nitrogen in, [428].
• Sodium phosphate in concretionary nodules, [328].
  • meat-meal guano from, [324].
• Sodium sulphate in concretionary nodules, [328].
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Soil, [65]-108;
  • potash in, [215], [420].
• Soluble phosphate, [386].
• Sombrero phosphate, [308], [328], [330], [379];
  • on composition of urine, [229].
• Somme phosphate, [378].
  • on composition of leaves, [242];
  • on fish-guano, [323];
  • on nitrogen removed in milk, [147].
• Soot, [428];
  • imports of, [153];
  • as litter, [236], [248];
  • mineral matter in, [238], [243];
  • nitrogen in, [237], [243];
  • variation in composition of, [237].
• South America, guano deposits in, [327];
• Starbuck Island guano, [309], [328];
• Stassfurt salts, [214];
• Stead and Ribsdale on formation of basic slag, [407].
• Stoeckhardt, on composition of solid excreta, [226];
  • ammonia in, [355];
  • application of, [356];
  • composition of, [355];
  • a concentrated nitrogenous manure, [356];
  • converted into nitrates, [356];
  • from gas-works, [353];
  • from iron-works, [355];
  • from shale-works, [354];
  • manure for cereals, [356];
  • most easily nitrifiable manure, [191];
  • production of, [151], [358];
  • properties of, [355];
  • source of nitrogen, [149];
  • sources of, [353], [354], [358];
  • sulphocyanate of ammonia in, [355].
• Storer, Professor, on composition of birds' dung, [331];
• Straw, composition of, [238];
  • as a fixer, [246].
• Subsoil, conditions favourable for nitrification in, [181].
  • —rate of, [423];
  • compared with muriate, [421];
  • sources of, [218], [420].
• Suffolk coprolites, [374].
• Sugar-beet refuse, potash in, [219].
  • —on guano, [311]
  • —on tricalcic phosphate, [398];
  • in ash of plants, [54];
  • as a fixer, [245], [285];
  • necessary for plant-growth, [55];
  • superphosphate manufactured with, [384], [388].
• Sulphate of alumina, a precipitant of sewage, [437].
  • action of, [392]-395
  • —sometimes unfavourable, [395];
  • application of, [395]
  • —rate of, [397];
  • composition of, [391];
  • discovery of, [382];
  • hastens early growth, [394];
  • high-class, [392];
  • low-class, [392];
  • manufacture of, [383]-385
  • —phosphates suitable for, [384];
  • medium-class, [391];
  • production of, [382];
  • reversion in, [389], [399], [400]
  • —causes of, [389], [390];
  • reverted in soil, [392].
• Sulphate of ammonia, [352]-358;
• Sulphate of lime a fixer, [246].
• Sulphate of magnesia, an adulterant of guano, [319];
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • manuring of, [514].
• Sulphate of potash, application of, [422]
  • composition of, [227];
  • nitrogen in, [226];
  • phosphoric acid in, [226];
  • water in, [226].
• Sulphuretted hydrogen from farmyard manure, [258].
  • composition of, [231];
  • nitrogen in, [230];
  • phosphoric acid in, [230];
  • water in, [230].
• Sulphuric acid, action of, on bones, [382]
• Superphosphate, [382]-400;
  • phosphoric acid in, [202], [211].
• Surprise Island guano, [328].
• Swan Island guano, [328].
• Swedes, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
• Swine-dung, alkalies in, [226];
• Swine-urine, alkalies in, [230];
• Sydney Island guano, [309].
  • occurrence of, [387], [405];
  • solubility of, [387].
• Syenite, [106];
• Sylvin, potash in, [220].
• Symbiosis, [44].
  
• Tamarugal, Pampa de, nitrate deposit in, [340].
• Tarapaca, nitrate deposits in, [340].
• Temperature necessary for nitrification, [52], [175].
• Tetracalcic phosphate, [387];
• Thaer on application of farmyard manure, [275].
• Thiocyanates, nitrification in, [182].
• Thomas-Gilchrist process of steel-smelting, [402].
• Thomas-slag. See Basic slag.
• Tillage increases number of plants, [86].
  • by oak-tree, [71].
• Timor Island guano, [309].
  • water transpired by, [71].
• Tobacco, potash in, [217].
• Torrefied horn, [426].
• Torrefied leather, [428].
• Tortola guano, [309].
• Trachyte, phosphoric acid in, [202], [211].
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • manuring of, [510], [511], [513]-517;
  • Rothamsted experiments on growth of, [568].
• Transpiration, by elm-tree, [71];
• Trees, as pumping-engines, [76];
• Tricalcic phosphate, [386], [398].
• Tubercles on roots of plants, [44].
  • in humus, [47].
• Tull, Jethro, theory of, on plant-growth, [9]-11, [69], [109].
• Turkey, dung produced by, [331].
• Turnips, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
• Twigs, potash in, [217].
• Tyrosin, assimilated by plants, [47].
  
• Ulmates in farmyard manure, [259].
• Ulmic acid, in farmyard manure, [258];
  • in farmyard manure, [257];
  • nitrification in, [182].
• Ulmin in humus, [47].
  • in Chincha Island guano, [305].
• Uncovered farmyard manure, [263], [289].
  • amount voided, [291];
  • composition of, varies, [228];
  • contains digested manurial ingredients, [228], [232];
  • devoid of phosphoric acid, [205];
  • and dung, composition of, [234];
  • influence of food on, [229];
  • nitrification in, [197];
  • nitrogen in, [292];
  • potash in, [292];
  • voided by cows, [280];
  • voided by oxen, [280];
  • voided by pigs, [281];
  • voided by sheep, [280].
• Unexhausted manures, valuation of, [549]-552, [558].
• Unit value of manurial ingredients, [544].
• Units for determining commercial value of manures, [554].
• Urate of ammonium in Chincha Island guano, [305].
• Urea, assimilated by plants, [46];
  • theory of, on source of plant-nitrogen, [41].
• Uric acid, experiments with, [46];
• Urine, [228];
• Uruguay, meat-meal guano from, [324].
  
  • —of farmyard manure, [259];
  • on action of superphosphate, [395];
  • on fresh and rotted dung, [261], [286];
  • on guano, [316];
  • on salt as a manure, [473].
• Valuation of manures, [539]-559.
• Vegetation, desirable to have soil covered with, [194].
  • assimilation of organic nitrogen, [46];
  • experiments with basic slag, [408]-413;
  • fineness of basic slag, [409];
  • manures, [412];
  • relative manurial value of nitrogen compounds, [556];
  • solubility of basic slag, [408].
• Venezuela, guano deposits at, [327].
• Ville, Georges, on assimilation of ammonia, [50];
• Vine, potash removed by, [216].
  • on appearance of nitrous organisms, [168];
  • on conditions favourable for nitrification, [181];
  • experiments on rate of nitrification, [186];
  • on composition of farmyard manure, [260];
  • on manufacture of superphosphate, [383];
  • on manurial constituents of foods, [282];
  • on nitrification in alkaline solutions, [197];
  • on nitrogen in excrements, [233];
  • on nitrogen in soil, [122];
  • on potash in wool, [227];
  • researches of, on nitrification, [35], [52], 166-168, [180], [186].
• Virgin soils, [133].
  • amount of, transpired by plant-leaves, [56];
  • an adulterant of guano, [319];
  • a carrier of plant-food, [55];
  • in cow-dung, [226]
  • —cow-urine, [230];
  • from decomposition of farmyard manure, [257];
  • in horse-dung, [226]
  • —horse-urine, [230];
  • necessary for plant, [67];
  • in pig-dung, [226]
  • —pig-urine, [230]
  • —sheep-dung, [226]
  • —sheep-urine, [230];
  • transpired by elm-tree, [71]
  • —oak-tree, [71].
• Voelcker, Dr, analysis of apatite, [210]
• Voss, Hermann, on manures used, [152].
  
• Wagner, Professor, on, application of basic slag, [416];
• Wallace, Dr, on sewage purification, [436].
  • on sewage, [437].
• Walruses, guano from, [297].
• Warington, R,., on ammonia in rain, [49];
• Water, absorbed by plants, [73];
  • Flitcham experiments on, [500];
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • manuring of, [499]-501
  • nitrogen removed in crop of, [145];
  • requires nitrogenous manures, [499];
  • Rothamsted experiments on, [500], [562]-565;
  • a source of nitrogen, [153].
• Water-culture, [54].
• Water-logged soils, [179].
  • composition of, [238];
  • manurial constituents in, [282].
• Waterloo, bones from, [360].
• Way, Thomas, on retention of plant-food by soil, [57], [59];
• West Indies, guano from, [298].
• Whales, guano from, [322].
• Wheat, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
  • on organisms in soil, [94].
• Wheat soils, nitrates in, [157].
  • composition of fresh and rotten dung, [288];
  • assimilation of organic nitrogen by plants, [47];
  • relative manurial value of manurial compounds, [556];
  • urine, [232].
• Wheat-straw, analysis of stable manure made from, [283];
• White clover, growth of, promoted by lime, [451].
• Wiegmann on ash constituents of plants, [53].
  • potash in, [217].
• Wilfarth on nitrogen in plants, [44].
  • nitrogen in, [427].
• Wilting, [73].
  • on water in soils, [75].
• Winogradsky, on nitrification, [52], [167], [169], [197];
• Wolff on, analysis of manure-heap drainings, [290];
• Wood-ashes as potash manure, [218], [419].
• Woodhouse, researches of, on nitrogen in plants, [41].
• Wool, capable of nitrification, [182];
• Wool-waste, [427];
• Woolney, on organisms in soils, [93], [95];
• Wrightson, Professor, on application of basic slag, [414].
  
• Yeast, [94].
• Yorkshire, bones first used in, [359].
  
• Zeolites, potash in, [220]

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Transcriber's Note