AN
ESSAY
TOWARDS A
NATURAL HISTORY
OF
SERPENTS:
IN TWO PARTS.
I. The First exhibits a general View of Serpents, in their various Aspects; such as their Kinds, Bulk, Food, Motion, Propagation, Coverture, Colours. In which is inserted a short Account of Vegetable, Mineral, and Animal Poison, particularly that of the Serpent; and its Cure in various Nations; where also the Serpent is used as Food and Physick.
II. The Second gives a View of most Serpents that are known in the several Parts of the World; described by their various Names, different Countries, and Qualities.
Illustrated with Copper-Plates, Engraved by the Best Hands.
III. To which is added a Third Part; containing Six Dissertations upon the following Articles, as collateral to the Subject.
1. Upon the Primeval Serpent in Paradise.
2. The Fiery Serpents that infested the Camp of Israel.
3. The Brazen Serpent erected by Moses.
4. The Divine Worship given to Serpents by the Nations.
5. The Origin and Reason of that Monstrous Worship.
6. Upon the Adoration of different Kinds of Beasts by the Egyptians, with divers Instances of the same Stupidity in other Nations.
The whole intermix’d with Variety of Entertaining Digressions, Philosophical and Historical.
By CHARLES OWEN D. D.
LONDON:
Printed for the AUTHOR.
Sold by John Gray, at the Cross-Keys in the Poultry, near Cheapside.
M.DCC.XLII.
TO
Sir Hans Sloane Bart.
SIR,
The Serpent [Subject of the following Sheets,] being one part of your celebrated and expensive Collection of Rarities, naturally leads me to beg the Honour of your Name to grace its Entrance into the publick World.
I can’t enter into the vanity of thinking, that the Book can be any improvement to one who has been so long and laborious an Enquirer after Truth, and penetrated so far into the Empire of Nature: but as in Divinity, a willing Mind; so in Learning, the best Endeavour will be accepted. And tho’ the Book cannot recommend it self to you, your Name may recommend it to others.
Happy are the Times, when Knowledge is the study of those who have superior Abilities for it: Happy therefore is the present Age, that has you, among many other Learned, so eminent an Encourager of it.
Tho’ elevated Minds direct all their concern to what they should be, and not to any Applause for what they really are; yet, if to delineate their Excellency be offensive to Modesty, the Sincerity with which it is done, will, it is hoped, secure their Pardon.
Now, what is it that makes the great Character, but Knowledge in all its diversity, a Sollicitousness for the Spread of Arts and Sciences, excelling in one’s particular Station of Life, and being divinely forward to all the high Offices of Humanity? This is the Picture of real Worth, and what can forbid to say, that Sir Hans Sloane is the Life?
That you may long continue the Restorer of Health, the Ornament of the Day, and in triumph over all the deadly Power of the Old Serpent, at last possess eternal Health, are the most sincere Wishes of him, who with a just Sense of Obligation, and the greatest Regards, is,
SIR,
Your most humble,
and devoted Servant,
Warrington,
March 1, 1741-2.
Cha. Owen.
TO THE
READER.
The Divine Wisdom so variously displayed in the Works of Nature, even the lowest Order of them, entertains the human Eye with Prospects exquisitely beautiful and pleasurable: As our Knowledge is defective, we are at a loss how to account perfectly for the particular Ends of their Formation, and Manner of their Subserviency to the Whole of the Eternal Design.
However, by Observation and Improvements in Natural Philosophy, we are assured thus far; that as the Almighty Creator made nothing in vain, so all his Works are good, and admirably fitted to answer the Purposes of his Will, and that his Wisdom, like his tender Mercies, shines through all the Systems of his Creatures.
That there is not a wise Purpose in every thing that is made, because we do not understand it, is as absurd as for a Man to say, there is no such thing as Light, because he is blind, and has no Eyes to see it.
For the Illustration of this, we may take a short View of Creatures, in vulgar account too diminutive and despicable a Species, to deserve a close Attention: And among these, if we consider the Noxious, we shall find, if not an Argument why they should be made, yet we shall be able to discern no Reason why they should not, because their Noxiousness is not so unavoidable, but that we may, and almost every one does avoid it.
General Histories of these Kinds we have been furnished with in the Writings of the Learned: Here I apply myself to the Discussion of one particular Species, viz. the Serpent: in which I don’t pretend to new Discoveries, but only to collect, and bring into one View, what has been said by different Persons, which is not to be found by any without many Books, and much Time; and which, without the present English Dress, would not be understood by others at all.
In accounting for some things relative to the Subject, I have always chosen the Words of the Learned in the Physical Profession. The Subject being like Dust, the Food of the Serpent, very dry, I have endeavoured to give it some Agreeableness, by a Variety of Passages from History, and Reflections of many kinds; which, though they may not always naturally arise from the Subject, yet being intended for the Reader’s Entertainment and Instruction (as he goes along in the principal Design of the Book) I hope they will find a favourable Judgment.
Give me leave, upon this occasion, to adopt Sir William Temple’s Words, viz. “It is not perhaps amiss, says he, to relieve or enliven a busy Scene sometimes with such Digressions, whether to the Purpose or no.”[[1]]
[1]. Temple’s Memoirs from 1672 to 1679. Second Editn. p. 57, 58, 59.
I shall only add, that in cultivating this Subject, I have attempted to give a short Display of the Divine Perfections, which, as they appear eminent in the System of the Creation in general, so in the Serpent they may be seen in particular; and if it produces in the Reader a more exquisite Perception of God in all his Works, I have my End; who am
Your Humble Servant.
Directions for the Binder, where to put the Plates,
| Plate I. | after p. 54. |
| Plate II. | after p. 70. |
| Plate III. | after p. 78. |
| Plate IV. | after p. 86. |
| Plate V. | after p. 94. |
| Plate VI. | after p. 142. |
| Plate VII. | after p. 152. |
| Pag. | ERRATA[[TN]]. |
| 25 | Read Bocca, instead of Baca. |
| 25 | Four Lines from bottom, after honor, r. other. |
| 34 | Line 2. r. tho’ the Venom may. |
| 53 | After Dauphiny, r. and instead of or. |
| 58 | Quotation, r. Natural History of Lancashire. |
| 74 L. 14. | instead of Amphisbænick Animals, r. Whether there be two-headed Serpents or not. |
| 76 L. 14. | from bottom, for Tython, r. Python. |
| 95 L, 5. r. | made, for move. |
| 109 L. 3. | for could, r. would. |
| 112 L. 1. r. | Quinquennian. |
| 114 L 17. | for emits, r. emit. |
| 115 L. 2. | for if they, r. the wounded. |
| 122 Head LXXXIV. | r. Americina. |
| 132 Head CXI. | r. Agnasen. |
| 134 —— CXIV. | r. Attaligatus. |
| 141 Head CXXVI. | for Navigation, r. Natation. |
| 147 —— CXXXIV. | r. Reptiles and Insects. |
| 148 Head IId. | for it, r. them. |
| 162 | Instead of Dæmon, r. Damon. L. 4. from bottom, in Quotation, r. ποιημα |
| 171 L. 9. | r. their other Faculties were. |
| 195 | r. Verdegrease. |
| 196 | r. Nehushtans. |
| 211 | r. Gades. |
| 231 | Dele 3. |
| 237 | L. 14. a Comma should be after adore. |
N. B. In the Story of the Elephant, pag. 86. it is a mistake, to place the Action at Newcastle; the Scene of it being in the East-Indies, according to a Book called Hamilton’s Travels.
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Rev. Mr. Moss.
Rev. Mr. William Moth, at Basingstoke.
Rev. Mr. Mottershead, at Manchester.
Mr. Thomas Moult, at Manchester.
Mr. James Moulton.
Mr. John Moulson, in Chester.
Mr. William Mount, B. 2.
Mrs. Sarah Mount.
Mrs. Anne Mount.
Mrs. Eliz. Mount.
Mr. Peter Schout Muilman, Merchant in Amsterdam.
Mr. Nicolaus Muilman, ditto in ditto.
Mr. Dionis Muilman, do. in do.
Mr. Daniel Roelof Muilman, do. in do.
Mr. John Murray, Merchant in Chester.
N.
Richard Nangreave, of the Inner Temple, Esq.
Mr. Iliff Narborough.
Rev. Mr. Daniel Neal, M. A. B. 5.
Mr. Nathaniel Neal.
Mr. David Nesbet, of Glasgow, B 7.
—— Nettleton, M. D. of Halifax.
Mrs. Anne Newey.
Mr. William Newham, at Nottingham.
Mr. John Newdigate.
Mr. John Newman.
Rev. Mr. Thomas Newman, B. 2.
Mr. Nathaniel Newnham Jun.
Miss Eliz. Newnham.
Mr. John Newton.
Mr. Thomas Nicholas.
Mr. John Nicholson, Merchant at Liverpool.
—— Nicholson, M. D.
Mr. John Nicholson.
Mr. Benj. Noble.
Mr. Samuel Noble, Attorney at Taunton.
Rev. Mr. Norris, at Newbury.
Mr. William Norris.
Mr. Francis Norris.
Mr. John North, at Ware.
O.
The Right Rev. Thomas Lord Bishop of Oxford.
The Right Hon. Arthur Onslow Esq.; Speaker of the House of Commons.
Mr. Samuel Ogden, Merchant at Liverpool.
Mr. John Oldham.
Denzil Onslow Esq.; Member of Parliament.
Mr. Orchard.
Rev. Mr. Job Orton, of Salop.
Mrs. Osborne.
Mr. Thomas Osgood.
Rev. Mr. Osland, of Bewdley.
Mr. Josiah Owen, of Widdens.
Rev. Mr. Josiah Owen, at Rochdale.
P.
Mr. Thomas Page, B. 2.
Mr. William Paget.
Nathaniel Paice Esq. B. 2.
Rev. Mr. Geo. Palmer, at Swanzey, B. 7.
Rev. Mr. H. Palmer, in Pembrokeshire.
Mr. Thomas Pangbourne.
Mr. Bartholomew Par, Surgeon in Exon.
John Par, M. D. at Knutsford.
Mr. Edw. Clark Parish.
Mrs. Anne Parker, at Bath.
Rev. Mr. John Partington, M. A.
Mr. Thomas Parsons, in Bristol.
Mr. John Patch, Surgeon in Exon.
Mr. Paul, Surgeon.
Mr. Nathaniel Peacock, of High-Legh.
Rev. Thomas Pearce, M. D.
Mr. John Pearless.
Mr. Thomas Peck Junior.
Rev. Mr. John Peirce, at Mere.
Mr. Jos. Peirce.
Mr. James Peirce, at Newbury.
Mrs. Aldress Pennel.
Mr. H. Pennel, at Knutsford.
Mr. Thomas Penny, at Bathwick.
Rev. Mr. John Penny, V. of Ashton.
Thomas Percival, M. D.
Mr. James Percival, Merchant in Liverpool.
Mr. Henry Perkins, Merchant in Chester.
Mr. Nicholas Peters, Surgeon at Topsham.
Mr. Pettit.
Mr. John Phillimore.
Mrs. Phillimore.
Rev. Mr. Lewis Philips, in Carmarthenshire.
Rev. Mr. John Philips, at Kingsley.
Mr. Robert Philpot, in Chester.
Mr. John Philpot, in ditto.
Mr. Robert Phipps.
John Pickering Esq.; of Cheshire.
Mr. James Pilkington.
Rev. Mr. Pilkington, at Preston.
Rev. Mr. Pilkington.
Mr. Edward Pitts.
Rev. Mr. Michael Pope.
Mr. Miles Poole, of Kingston.
Mr. William Poulson.
Mr. Thomas Pougfher.
William Powel Esq.; of Clapham.
Mr. William Powell.
Mr. Benjamin Powell.
Mr. John Poyner, at Islington.
Mr. William Price.
Rev. Mr. Samuel Price.
Mr. Jonathan Priestly, near Halifax.
Mr. Stephen Prutheroe, of Haverford-West.
Mr. Smoult Pye.
R.
The Right Hon. the Countess of Rothes.
Mr. Daniel Radford.
Mrs. Radford.
Miss Mary Radford.
Rev. Mr. Ogle Radford.
Matthew Raper Esq.;
Moses Raper Esq.;
Mr. Moses Raper.
Mr. Peter Rasbotham, at Manchester.
Mr. John Ratcliffe.
Mrs. Rawlins.
Mr. William Rawson.
Mrs. Rawstorn, in Canterbury.
Mrs. Raymond.
Rev. Mr. Kirby Rayner, in Bristol.
Mr. Jos. Rayner, at Leeds.
Rev. Mr. H. Read.
Mr. Simon Reader.
Rev. Thomas Rennell, D. D. Rector of Drewsteington, Devonshire.
Mr. John Reynolds.
Master Richard Reynolds, at Hertford.
Mr. Rhodes, at Nottingham.
Mr. George Rhodes, Surgeon at Modbury.
Richard Riccards Esq.
Rev. Mr. Richards, in Bristol.
Mr. Travers Richards.
Mr. John Richards.
Mr. Richard Richardson, at Liverpool.
Mr. John Rigby, at Manchester.
Mr. John Roberts.
Mr. Richard Roberts.
Mr. William Robinson.
Mr. Samuel Robinson.
Mr. James Roffee.
Mr. Thomas Rogers.
Rev. Mr. Ca. Rotheram, at Kendal.
Mr. Geo. Ruck.
Rev. Mr. Rudsdale, at Gainsborough.
S.
Mr. Sampson Salt, at Macclesfield.
Rev. Mr. Edward Sandercock.
Mr. Edward Sanderson.
Mr. Nathaniel Sanderson.
Rev. Mr. J. Sandford, at Pontefract.
Servington Savery Esq.; of Exon, B. 3.
Mr. John Savidge.
Rev. Mr. Samuel Say.
Mr. Edward Score, Bookseller in Exon.
Mr. Daniel Scot, Apothecary.
Mr. Robert Seagrave, at Nottingham.
Rev. Mr. Arthur Shallett.
Mrs. Sharp, of Treby.
Mr. Peter Sharp.
Mr. Edward Shepheard, B. 4.
Thomas Shepherd Esq. of Kendal.
Mr. John Sherbrook, of Nottingham.
Mr. John Sherbrook.
Mr. Nathaniel Sheffield, Attorney at Law.
Mr. Ellis Shipley, Attorney at Leicester.
Rev. Mr. Sidebottom.
Rev. Mr. Jos. Simmons.
Mr. Nathaniel Simpson.
Miss Simpson.
Rev. Mr. Patr. Simpson, at Coventry.
Mr. William Slinger.
Rev. Mr. James Sloss, at Nottingham.
Mr. Thomas Smallwood.
Mrs. Eliz. Smith.
Mrs. Sarah Smith.
Mrs. Margaret Smith, at Manchester.
William Snell Esq.
Mrs. Staples.
Mr. Staples.
Rev. Mr. Jos. Standen.
Rev. Mr. Stanley.
Mr. Frederick Stanton.
Mr. Jos. Stell, at Keighley.
Mrs. Stephens of Epsom.
Rev. Bennet Stephenson, D. D. of Bath, B. 2.
Mr. John Steward.
Mr. Samuel Steyart.
Miss Mary Stile.
Mr. John Stockport, at Manchester.
Rev. Mr. Stoddon, at Taunton.
Mr. Stone, at Treby.
Mr. Jos. Stubbings, at Brockstow.
Rev. William Stukely, M.D. and F. R. S.
Mr. Gerrard Suffield.
John Sutton, M. D. of Leicester.
Mr. John Swain, at Walsal.
Mr. Robie Swan, at Nottingham.
Mr. James Smith, Banker in Dublin.
Rev. Mr. Swinton, at Knutsford.
T.
Mr. Henry Tatham.
Mr. William Tatnall.
Mrs. Anne Tatnall.
Mr. Samuel Taylor, at Manchester.
Mr. Richard Taylor, at ditto.
Mr. Sam. Taylor, at Rochdale.
Mr. William Tayler, B. 3.
Mr. John Taylor, at Manchester.
Mrs. Mary Temple.
Sir John Thompson Knt. and Alderman of London.
William Thomas Esq.;
Rev. Mr. Samuel Thomas, at Carmarthen, B. 6.
Rev. Mr. Thomas.
Rev. Mr. Thomas Thorburn, at Keighley.
Mr. William Thornhill, Sen.
Mr. Thomas Tipping, at Manchester.
Mr. John Tomlins.
Rev. Mr. Isaac Toms.
Mr. John Toms.
Rev. Mr. Matt. Toogood.
Mr. Richard Tottie, at Leeds.
Mr. Cha. Totterdel, Surgeon.
Mr. Thomas Touchet, at Manchester.
Mr. John Touchet, at ditto.
Mr. Peter Touchet.
Mrs. Jane Trimnell.
Mr. Eben. Tristram, at Chester.
Mr. Jonathan Tucker, Merchant in Exon.
Mrs. Turner, in Canterbury.
Mr. Thomas Turner, at Warrington.
Mr. John Twells.
Thomas Tylston, M. D. in Chester.
U.
Mr. Jonathan Underwood.
V.
Rev. Mr. Thomas Valentine, at Epsom.
Mr. Vawdry.
Rev. Mr. Venables, at Oswestry.
Mr. William Venables, in Chester.
Mr. Mason Victor.
Mr. Jos. Vipen, at Sutton-Golt.
Mr. Henry Visser, Merchant in Amsterdam.
Mrs. Catharina Visser, in ditto.
Mr. Abraham de Vrijer, Merchant in ditto.
W.
John Wade Esq.; of Gloucester.
Mr. Abel Wainwright, at Nottingham.
Rev. Mr. Wainman, at Pudsey.
Mr. William Wakeford, at Odiham.
Mr. Daniel Walker, at Manchester.
Rev. Mr. John Walker, M. A.
Anthony Walburge Esq.;
Rev. Mr. John Walrond, in Exon.
Henry Walrond Esq.; in ditto.
Mr. Samuel Waring, at Bury.
Rev. Mr. Ward, V. of Presbury.
Mr. Edmund Warkman.
Mr. John Warner.
Rev. Mr. Warren, at Coventry.
Mr. Robert Wastfield.
Rev. Isaac Watts, D. D. B. 2.
Richard Watts, M. D.
Mr. Joel Watson, Merchant.
Mr. Michael Watson.
Mr. Thomas Watson Jun.
Mr. Weaver.
Mr. Jos. Weaver.
George Wegg Esq.;
Mr. B. Wellington, Surgeon at Hertford.
Simon Welman Esq.;
Mr. John Wells, Attorney at Law.
Rev. Mr. Welsh, at Rossendale.
Mr. Thomas West.
Mr. John Weston.
Mr. John Wheelwright.
Mr. White.
John Whitby Esq.; of Staffordshire.
Rev. Mr. Whitlock, at Radford.
Mr. Thomas Whitaker, at Leeds.
John Whitty Junior, M. D. at Lyme B. 2.
Mr. Obadiah Wickes.
Rev. Mr. Willets, at Newcastle-under-Lyme.
Mr. John Wilkinson.
Mr. Tho. Wilkinson, at Arnold.
Francis Wilkes Esq.
John Wilkes Esq. at Croydon.
Mr. Jos. Williams, at Kidderminster. B. 2.
Mr. Thomas Williams, at Haverford-West.
Mr. John Williams, at ditto.
Clerke Wilshawe, M. D.
Mr. William Wilson.
Mr. Samuel Wilson.
Mr. Wimpey, Bookseller at Newbury.
Henry Winder, D. D. at Liverpool.
Mr. John Withers, in Exon.
Mr. Peter Woodcock, Merchant at Warrington.
Mr. William Woodcock, of do.
Mr. John Woodcock.
Rev. Mr. James Wood, Lancashire, B. 7.
Mr. John Wood.
Mr. Nathaniel Wood, at St. Albans.
William Woodhouse, M. D. at Leicester.
John Godden Woolfe Esq.;
Wight Woolley Esq.;
Houlton Woolley Esq.;
Mr. Tho. Woolrich, at Leeds.
Mr. John Worsley, at Hertford, B.3.
Rev. Mr. Hugh Worthington, in Cheshire.
Rev. Mr. Hugh Worthington, M. A. at Leicester.
Rev. Mr. Samuel Wreyford.
Rev. Samuel Wright, D.D. B. 2.
Henry Wright Esq.; of Mobberly.
Mr. Samuel Wright.
Rev. Mr. Witter, at Hull. B. 20.
Mr. Tim. Wylde, Merchant.
Rev. Mr. Wylde, at Nottingham.
Mr. Isaac Wylde, at ditto.
Y.
Mr. William Yarnold.
Rev. Mr. Rob. Yates, at Darwen.
Jos. Yates Esq.; of Manchester.
Rev. Mr. Geo. Lewis Young.
──────────
Mr. Edmund Atkinson.
Mrs. Fletcher Junior.
Mr. William Foster.
A
NATURAL HISTORY
OF
SERPENTS