BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PEIRCE’S PUBLISHED WRITINGS

I. Writings of General Interest.[[88]]

A. Three papers in the Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Vol. 2 (1868).

1. “Questions Concerning Certain Faculties Claimed for Man,” pp. 103-114.

2. “Some Consequences of Four Incapacities,” pp. 140-157.

3. “Ground of Validity of the Laws of Logic,” pp. 193-208.

These three papers, somewhat loosely connected, deal mainly with the philosophy of discursive thought. The first deals with our power of intuition, and holds that “every thought is a sign.” The second, one of the most remarkable of Peirce’s writings, contains an acute criticism of the Cartesian tradition and a noteworthy argument against the traditional emphasis on “images” in thinking. The third contains, inter alia, a refutation of Mill’s indictment of the syllogism. The same volume of the Journal contains two unsigned communications on Nominalism and on the Meaning of Determined.

B. Review of Fraser’s “Berkeley,” in the North American Review, Vol. 113 (1871), pp. 449-472.

This paper contains an important analysis on medieval realism, and of Berkeley’s nominalism. (A Scotist realism continues to distinguish Peirce’s work after this.)

C. “Illustrations of the Logic of Science,” in Popular Science Monthly, Vols. 12-13 (1877-1878). Reprinted in Pt. I of this volume. The first and second papers were also published in the Revue Philosophique, Vols. 6-7 (1879).

D. Ten papers in the Monist, Vols. 1-3 (1891-1893), and 15-16 (1905-1906). The first five are reprinted in Pt. II of this volume.

The sixth paper, “Reply to the Necessitarians,” Vol. 3, pp. 526-570, is an answer to the criticism of the foregoing by the editor of the Monist, Vol. 2, pp. 560ff.; cf. Vol. 3, pp. 68ff. and 571ff., and McCrie, “The Issues of Synechism,” Vol. 3, pp. 380ff.

7. “What Pragmatism Is?” Vol. 15, pp. 161-181.

8. “The Issues of Pragmaticism,” Vol. 15, pp. 481-499.

9. “Mr. Peterson’s Proposed Discussion,” Vol. 16, pp. 147ff.

10. “Prolegomena to an Apology for Pragmaticism,” Vol. 16, pp. 492-546.

The last four papers develop Peirce’s thought by showing its agreement and disagreement with the pragmatism of James and Schiller. The last paper contains his Method of Existential Graphs.

E. “The Reality of God,” in the Hibbert Journal, Vol. 7 (1908), pp. 96-112. (This article contains brief indications of many of Peirce’s leading ideas.)

F. Six Papers in the Open Court, Vols. 6-7 (1893).

1. “Pythagorics” (on the Pythagorean brotherhood), pp. 3375-3377.

2. “Dmesis” (on charity towards criminals), pp. 3399-3402.

3. “The Critic of Arguments (I.), Exact Thinking,” pp. 3391-3394.

4. “The Critic of Arguments (II.), The Reader is Introduced to Relatives,” pp. 3415-3419. (The last two contain a very clear succinct account of the general character of Peirce’s logic.)

5. “What is Christian Faith?” pp. 3743-3745.

6. “The Marriage of Religion and Science,” pp. 3559-3560.

G. Articles in Baldwin’s “Dictionary of Philosophy”: Individual, kind, matter and form, possibility, pragmatism, priority, reasoning, sign, scientific method, sufficient reason, synechism, and uniformity.

H. “Pearson’s Grammar of Science,” in Popular Science Monthly, Vol. 58 (1901), pp. 296-306. (A critique of Pearson’s conceptualism and of his utilitarian view as to the aim of science.)

II. Writings of Predominantly Logical Interest.

A. Five Papers on Logic, read before the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Published in the Proceedings of the Academy, Vol. 7 (1867).

1. “On an Improvement in Boole’s Calculus of Logic,” pp. 250-261. (Suggests improvements in Boole’s logic, especially in the representation of particular propositions. The association of probability with the notion of relative frequency became a leading idea of Peirce’s thought.)

2. “On the Natural Classification of Arguments,” pp. 261-287. (A suggestive distinction between the leading principle and the premise of an argument. Contains also an interesting note (pp. 283-284) denying the positivistic maxim that, “no hypothesis is admissible which is not capable of verification by direct observation.”)

3. “On a New List of Categories,” pp. 287-298. The categories are: Being, Quality (Reference to a Ground), Relation (Reference to a Correlate), Representation (Reference to an Interpretant), Substance. “Logic has for its subject-genus all symbols and not merely concepts.” Symbols include terms, propositions, and arguments.

4. “Upon the Logic of Mathematics,” pp. 402-412. “There are certain general propositions from which the truths of mathematics follow syllogistically.”

5. “Upon Logical Comprehension and Extension,” pp. 416-432. (Interesting historical references to the use of these terms and an attack on the supposed rule as to their inverse proportionality.)

B. “Description of a Notation for the Logic of Relations,” in Memoires of the American Academy, Vol. 9 (1870), pp. 317-378. (Shows the relation of inclusion between classes to be more fundamental than Boole’s use of equality. Extends the Booleian calculus to DeMorgan’s logic of relative terms.)

C. “On the Algebra of Logic,” American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 3 (1880), pp. 15-57. (Referred to by Schroeder as Peirce’s Hauptwerk in “Vorlesungen über die Algebra der Logik,” Vol. 1., p. 107.)

D. “On the Logic of Number,” American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 4 (1881), pp. 85-95.

E. “Brief Description of the Algebra of Relatives,” Reprinted from ??, pp. 1-6.

F. “On the Algebra of Logic: A Contribution to the Philosophy of Notation,” American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 7 (1884), pp. 180-202.

G. “A Theory of Probable Inference” and notes “On a Limited Universe of Marks” and on the “Logic of Relatives” in “Studies in Logic by members of the Johns Hopkins University,” Boston, 1883, pp. 126-203.

H. “The Regenerated Logic,” Monist, Vol. 7, pp. 19-40.

“The Logic of Relatives,” Monist, Vol. 7, pp. 161-217. (An elaborate development of his own logic of relatives, by way of review of Schroeder’s book.)

I. Miscellaneous Notes, etc.

1. Review of Venn’s “Logic of Chance,” North American Review, July, 1867.

2. “On the Application of Logical Analysis to Multiple Algebra,” Proceedings of the American Academy, Vol. 10 (1875), pp. 392-394.

3. “Note on Grassman’s ‘Calculus of Extension,’” Proceedings of the American Academy, Vol. 13 (1878), pp. 115-116.

4. “Note on Conversion,” Mind, Vol. 1, p. 424.

5. Notes and Additions to Benjamin Peirce’s “Linear Associative Algebra,” American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 4 (1881), pp. 92ff., especially pp. 221-229.

6. “Logical Machines,” American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 1 (1888).

7. “Infinitesimals,” Science, Vol. 11 (1900), p. 430.

8. “Some Amazing Mazes,” Monist, Vol. 18 (April and July, 1908), and Vol. 19 (Jan., 1909).

9. “On Non-Aristotelian Logic” (Letter), Monist, Vol. 20.

J. A Syllabus of Certain Topics of Logic. 1903. Boston. Alfred Mudge & Son (a four page brochure).

K. Articles in Baldwin’s “Dictionary of Philosophy” on: laws of thought, leading principle, logic (exact and symbolic), modality, negation, predicate and predication, probable inference, quality, quantity, relatives, significant, simple, subject, syllogism, theory, truth and falsity universal, universe, validity, verification, whole and parts.

III. Researches in the Theory and Methods of Measurement.

A. General and Astronomic.

1. “On the Theory of Errors of Observation,” Report of the Superintendent of the U. S. Coast Survey for 1870, pp. 220-224.

2. “Note on the Theory of Economy of Research,” Report of the U. S. Coast Survey for 1876, pp. 197-201. (This paper deals with the relation between the utility and the cost of diminishing the probable error.)

3. “Apparatus for Recording a Mean of Observed Times,” U. S. Coast Survey, 1877. Appendix No. 15 to Report of 1875.

4. “Ferrero’s Metodo dei Minimi Quadrati,” American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 1 (1878), pp. 55-63.

5. “Photometric Researches,” Annals of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College, Vol. 9 (1878), pp. 1-181.

6. “Methods and Results. Measurement of Gravity.” Washington. 1879.

7. “Methods and Results. A Catalogue of Stars for Observations of Latitude.” Washington. 1879.

8. “On the Ghosts in Rutherford’s ‘Diffraction Spectra,’” American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 2 (1879), pp. 330-347.

9. “Note on a Comparison of a Wave-Length with a Meter,” American Journal of Science, Vol. 18 (1879), p. 51.

10. “A Quincuncial Projection of the Sphere,” American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 2 (1879), pp. 394, 396.

11. “Numerical Measure of Success of Predictions,” Science, Vol. 4 (1884), p. 453.

12. “Proceedings Assay Commission” Washington, 1888. (Joint Reports on Weighing.)

B. Geodetic Researches. The Pendulum.

1. “Measurement of Gravity at Initial Stations in America and Europe,” Report of the U. S. Coast Survey, 1876, pp. 202-237 and 410-416.

2. “De l’influence de la flexibilité du trépied sur l’oscillation du pendule a réversion,” Conférence Geodesique Internationale (1877) Comptes Rendus, Berlin, 1878, pp. 171-187. (This paper was introduced by Plantamour and was followed by the notes of Appolzer.)

3. “On the Influence of Internal Friction upon the Correction of the Length of the Second’s Pendulum,” Proceedings of the American Academy, Vol. 13 (1878), pp. 396-401.

4. “On a Method of Swinging Pendulums for the Determination of Gravity proposed by M. Faye,” American Journal of Science, Vol. 18 (1879), pp. 112-119.

5. “Results of Pendulum Experiments,” American Journal of Science, Vol. 20 (1880).

6. “Flexure of Pendulum Supports,” Report of the U. S. Coast Survey, 1881, pp. 359-441.

7. “On the Deduction of the Ellipticity of the Earth from the Pendulum Experiment,” Report of the U. S. Coast Survey, 1881, pp. 442-456.

8. “Determinations of Gravity at Stations in Pennsylvania,” Report of U. S. Coast Survey, 1883, Appendix 19 and pp. 473-486.

9. “On the Use of the Noddy,” Report of the U. S. Coast Survey, 1884, pp. 475-482.

10. “Effect of the Flexure of a Pendulum upon the Period of Oscillation,” Report of the U. S. Coast Survey, 1884, pp. 483-485.

11. “On the Influence of a Noddy, and of Unequal Temperature upon the Periods of a Pendulum,” Report of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey for 1885, pp. 509-512.

C. Psychologic. “On Small Differences in Sensation” (in cooperation with J. Jastrow), National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 3 (1884), pp. 1-11.

IV. Philologic.

“Shakespearian Pronunciation” (in coöperation with J. B. Noyes), North American Review, Vol. 98 (April, 1864), pp. 342-369.

V. Contributions to the Nation.

Lazelle, Capt. H. M., One Law in Nature. Nation, Vol. 17, No. 419.

Newcomb, S., Popular Astronomy. Vol. 27, No. 683.

Read, C., Theory of Logic, 1878. Vol. 28, No. 718.

Rood, O. N., Modern Chromatics, 1879. Vol. 29, No. 746.

Note on the American Journal of Mathematics. Vol. 29, No. 756.

Jevons, W. S., Studies in Deductive Logic, 1880. Vol. 32, No. 822.

Ribot, Th., The Psychology of Attention, 1890. Vol. 50, No. 1303.

James, W., The Principles of Psychology, 1890. Vol. 53, Nos. 1357 and 1358.

Comte, A. (F. Harrison, editor), The New Calendar of Great Men, 1892. Vol. 54, No. 1386.

Lobatchewsky, N. (Translator: G. B. Halsted), Geometrical Researches on the Theory of Parallels, 1891. Vol. 54, No. 1389.

Lombroso, C., The Man of Genius, 1891. Vol. 54, No. 1391.

Note on William James’ abridgment of his Psychology, 1892. Vol. 54, No. 1394.

McClelland, W. J., A Treatise on the Geometry of the Circle, 1891. Vol. 54, No. 1395.

Buckley, Arabella B., Moral Teachings of Science, 1892. Vol. 54, No. 1405.

Hale, E. E., A New England Boyhood, 1893. Vol. 57, No. 1468.

Mach, E. (Translator: T. J. McCormack), The Science of Mechanics, 1893. Vol. 57, No. 1475.

Ritchie, D. G., Darwin and Hegel, 1893. Vol. 57, No. 1482.

Huxley, T. H., Method and Results, 1893. Vol. 58, No. 1489.

Scott, Sir Walter, Familiar Letters of Sir Walter Scott. Vol. 58, No. 1493.

Gilbert, W. (Translator: P. F. Mottelay), Magnetic Bodies. Vol. 58, No. 1494 and No. 1495.

Forsyth, A. R., Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable, 1893; and Harkness, J., A Treatise on the Theory of Functions, 1893; and Picard, E., Traité d’analyse, 1893. Vol. 58, No. 1498.

A Short Sketch of Helmholtz, Sept. 13, 1894. Vol. 59, No. 1524.

Windelband, W. (Translator: J. H. Tufts), A History of Philosophy; and Falkenberg, R. (Translator: A. C. Armstrong), History of Modern Philosophy; and Bascom, J., An Historical Interpretation of Philosophy; and Burt, B. C., A History of Modern Philosophy. Vol. 59, Nos. 1526 and 1527.

Spinoza (Translators: W. H. White and Amelia H. Stirling), Ethics, 1894. Vol. 59, No. 1532.

Watson, J., Comte, Mill, and Spencer, 1895. Vol. 60, No. 1554.

Jones, H., A Critical Account of the Philosophy of Lotze, 1895; and Eberhard, V., Die Grundbegriffe der ebenen Geometrie, 1895; and Klein, F. (Translator: A. Ziwet), Riemann and his Significance for the Development of Modern Mathematics, 1895; and Davis, N. K., Elements of Inductive Logic, 1895. Vol. 61, No. 1566.

Benjamin, P., The Intellectual Rise in Electricity, 1895. Vol. 62, No. 1592.

Baldwin, J. M., The Story of the Mind, 1898. Vol. 67, No. 1737.

Darwin, G. H., The Tides and Kindred Phenomena in the Solar System, 1898. Vol. 67, No. 1747.

Marshall, H. R., Instinct and Reason, 1898. Vol. 68, No. 1774.

Britten, F. J., Old Clocks and Watches and their Makers, 1899. Vol. 69, No. 1778.

Renouvier, Ch., et Prat, L. La Nouvelle Monadologie, 1899. Vol. 69, No. 1779.

Mackintosh, R., From Comte to Benjamin Kidd, 1899; and Moore, J. H., Better-World Philosophy, 1899. Vol. 69, No. 1784.

Ford, P. L., The Many-sided Franklin, 1899. Vol. 69, No. 1793.

Avenel, G. d’, Le Mécanisme de la vie moderne, 1900. Vol. 70, No. 1805.

Reid, W., Memoirs and Correspondence of Lyon Playfair, 1899. Vol. 70, No. 1806.

Stevenson, F. S., Robert Grosseteste, 1899. Vol. 70, No. 1816.

Thilly, F., Introduction to Ethics, 1900. Vol. 70, No. 1825.

Wallace, A. R., Studies, Scientific and Social, 1900. Vol. 72, No. 1854.

Sime, J., William Herschel and His Work, 1900. Vol. 72, No. 1856.

Rand, B. (Editor), The Life, Unpublished Letters, and Philosophical Regimen of Anthony, Earl of Shaftesbury, 1900; and Robertson, J. M. (Editor), Characteristics of Men, etc., by Shaftesbury, 1900. Vol. 72, No. 1857.

Bacon, Rev. J. M., By Land and Sea, 1901. Vol. 72, No. 1865.

Jordan, W. L., Essays in Illustration of the Action of Astral Gravitation in Natural Phenomena, 1900. Vol. 72, No. 1876.

Goblot, E., Le Vocabulaire Philosophique, 1901. Vol. 72, No. 1877.

Fraser, A. C. (Editor), The Works of George Berkeley, 1901. Vol. 73, No. 1883.

Frazer, P., Bibliotics, 1901. Vol. 73, No. 1883.

Caldecott, A., The Philosophy of Religion in England and America, 1901. Vol. 73, No. 1885.

Review of four physical books. Vol. 73, No. 1887.

Maher, M., Psychology: Empirical and Rational, 1901. Vol. 73, No. 1892.

Mezes, S. E., Ethics, 1901. Vol. 73, No. 1895.

Report of the Meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia, 1901. Vol. 73, No. 1899.

Crozier, J. B., History of Intellectual Developments on the Lines of Modern Evolution. Vol. III., 1901, Vol. 74, No. 1908.

Richardson, E. C., Classification, Theoretical and Practical, 1901. Vol. 74, No. 1913.

Vallery-Radot, R. (Translator: Mrs. R. L. Devonshire), The Life of Pasteur. Vol. 74, No. 1914.

Giddings, F. H., Inductive Sociology, 1902. Vol. 74, No. 1918.

Report on the Meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., 1902. Vol. 74, No. 1921.

Emerson, E. R., The Story of the Vine, 1902. Vol. 74, No. 1926.

Joachim, H. H., A Study of the Ethics of Spinoza, 1901. Vol. 75, No. 1932.

Review of four chemistry text-books, 1902. Vol. 75, No. 1934.

Royce, J., The World and the Individual, Vol. II., 1901. Vol. 75, No. 1935. (For a review of Vol. I., probably by Peirce, see 1900, Vol. 70, No. 1814.)

Thorpe, T. E., Essays in Historical Chemistry, 1902. Vol. 75, No. 1938.

Paulsen, F., Immanuel Kant: His Life and Doctrine, 1902. Vol. 75, No. 1941.

Aikens, H. A., The Principles of Logic, 1902. Vol. 75, No. 1942.

Drude, P., The Theory of Optics, 1902. Vol. 75, No. 1944.

Valentine, E. S., Travels in Space, 1902; and Walker, F., Aerial Navigation, 1902. Vol. 75, No. 1947.

Baillie, J. B., The Origin and Significance of Hegel’s Logic, 1901. Vol. 75, No. 1950.

Forsyth, A. R., Theory of Differential Equations, Vol. IV., 1902. Vol. 75, No. 1952.

Ellwanger, G. W., The Pleasures of the Table, 1902. Vol. 75, No. 1955.

Earle, Alice M., Sundials and Roses of Yesterday, 1902. Vol. 75, No. 1956.

Smith, Rev. T., Euclid: His Life and System, 1902. Vol. 76, No. 1961.

Report on the Meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., 1903. Vol. 76, No. 1974.

Hibben, J. G., Hegel’s Logic, 1902. Vol. 76, No. 1977.

Mellor, J. W., Higher Mathematics for Students of Chemistry and Physics, 1903. Vol. 76, No. 1977.

Sturt, H. C. (Editor), Personal Idealism, 1902. Vol. 76, No. 1979.

Baldwin, J. M., Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, Vol. II., 1902. Vol. 76, No. 1980.

Note on Kant’s Prolegomene edited in English by Dr. P. Carus, 1903. Vol. 76, No. 1981.

Smith, N., Studies in the Cartesian Philosophy, 1902. Vol. 77, No. 1985.

Hinds, J. I. D., Inorganic Chemistry, 1902. Vol. 77, No. 1986.

Clerke, Agnes M., Problems in Astrophysics, 1903. Vol. 77, No. 1987.

Michelson, A. A., Light Waves and their Uses, 1903; and Fleming, J. A., Waves and Ripples in Water, 1902. Vol. 77, No. 1989.

Note on Sir Norman Lockyer. Vol. 77, No. 1794.

Note on British and American Science, 1903. Vol. 77, No. 1996.

Welby, Lady Victoria, What is Meaning? 1903; and Russell, B., The Principles of Mathematics, 1903. Vol. 77, No. 1998.

Note on the Practical Application of the Theory of Functions, 1903. Vol. 77, No. 1999.

Fahie, J. J., Galileo. Vol. 78, No. 2015.

Halsey, F. A., The Metric Fallacy, and Dale, S. S., The Metric Failure in the Textile Industry. Vol. 78, No. 2020.

Newcomb, S., The Reminiscences of an Astronomer, 1903. Vol. 78, No. 2021.

Boole, Mrs. M. E., Lectures on the Logic of Arithmetic, 1903; and Bowden, J., Elements of the Theory of Integers, 1903. Vol. 78, No. 2024.

Report on the Meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., 1904. Vol. 78, No. 2026.

Lévy-Bruhl, L. (Translator: Kathleen de Beaumont-Klein), The Philosophy of Auguste Comte, 1903. Vol. 78, No. 2026.

Turner, W., History of Philosophy, 1903. Vol. 79, No. 2036.

Duff, R. A., Spinoza’s Political and Ethical Philosophy. Vol. 79, No. 2038.

Allbutt, T. C., Notes on the Composition of Scientific Papers, 1904. Vol. 79, No. 2039.

Sylvester, J. J., The Collected Mathematical Papers of, Vol. I. Vol. 79, No. 2045.

Renouvier, Ch., Les Derniers Entretiens, 1904, and Dewey, J., Studies in Logical Theory, 1903. Vol. 79, No. 2046.

Royce, J., Outlines of Psychology. Vol. 79, No. 2048.

Straton, G. M., Experimental Psychology and its Bearing upon Culture. Vol. 79, No. 2055.

Report on the Meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, New York, 1904. Vol. 79, No. 2057.

Boole, Mrs. M. E., The Preparation of the Child for Science, 1904. Vol. 80, No. 2062.

Royce, J., Herbert Spencer, 1904. Vol. 80, No. 2065.

Strutt, R. J., The Becquerel Rays and the Properties of Radium, 1904. Vol. 80, No. 2066.

Schuster, A., An Introduction to the Theory of Optics, 1904. Vol. 80, No. 2071.

Findlay, A., The Phase Rule and its Application, 1904. Vol. 80, No. 2074.

Report on the Meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., 1905. Vol. 80, No. 2078.

Flint, R., Philosophy as Scientia Scientiarum, 1904; and Peirce, C. S., A Syllabus of Certain Topics of Logic, 1903. Vol. 80, No. 2079.

Arnold, R. B., Scientific Fact and Metaphysical Reality, 1904, also a Note on Mendeleeff’s Principles of Chemistry. Vol. 80, No. 2083.

Note on Ida Freund’s The Study of Chemical Composition. Vol. 80, No. 2086.

Carnegie, A., James Watt, 1905. Vol. 80, No. 2087.

Ross, E. A., Foundations of Sociology, 1905, and Sociological Papers, 1905, published by the Sociological Society. Vol. 81, No. 2089.

Wundt, W. (Translator: E. B. Titchener), Principles of Physiological Psychology, 1904. Vol. 81, No. 2090.

Roscoe, H. E., A Treatise on Chemistry, Vol. I., 1905, and de Fleury, M., Nos Enfants au Collège, 1905. Vol. 81, No. 2097.

Varigny, H. de, La Nature et la Vie, 1905. Vol. 81, No. 2101.

Note on Mr. G. W. Hill’s Moon Theory. Vol. 81, 2103.

Report on the Meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, New Haven, 1905. Vol. 81, No. 2108.

Gosse, E., Sir Thomas Browne, 1905. Vol. 81, No. 2111.

Rutherford, E., Radio-Activity, 1905. Vol. 82, No. 2116.

Wallace, A. R., My Life, 1905. Vol. 82, No. 2121.

Haldane, Elizabeth S., Descartes. Vol. 82, No. 2125.

Report on the Meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., 1906. Vol. 82, No. 2130.

Rogers, H. J. (Editor), Congress of Arts and Sciences, Universal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904. Vol. 82, No. 2136.

Loeb, J., The Dynamics of Living Matter; and Mann, G., Chemistry of the Proteids. Vol. 83, No. 2140.

Roscoe, H. E., The Life and Experiences of Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe. Vol. 83, No. 2141.

Marshall, T., Aristotle’s Theory of Conduct. Vol. 83, No. 2150.

Joseph, H. W. B., An Introduction to Logic. Vol. 83, No. 2156.

Other Articles and Reviews

Old Stone Mill at Newport, Science, 4, 1884, 512.

Criticism on “Phantasms of the Living,” Proc. Am. Soc. Psychical Research, Vol. 1, No. 3 (1887).

Napoleon Intime, The Independent, December 21 and December 28, 1893.

Decennial Celebration of Clark University, Science, 11 (1900), p. 620.

Century’s Great Men of Science, Smithsonian Institute Reports, 1900.

Campanus Science, 13 (1901), p. 809.

French Academy of Science, N. Y. Evening Post, March 5, 1904.

Footnotes

[1]. See Plantamour’s “Recherches Experimentales sur le mouvement simultané d’un pendule et de ses supports,” Geneva, 1878, pp. 3-4.

[2]. P. [190].

[3]. Pp. [162]-163.

[4]. Pp. [249] ff.

[5]. James, Pluralistic Universe, pp. 398-400.

[6]. Royce, Studies in Good and Evil, and The Problem of Christianity, esp. Vol. 2. Baldwin (Mental Development) is heavily indebted to Royce in this respect.

[7]. These articles are by-products or fragments of a comprehensive work on Logic on which Peirce was engaged for many years. For the writing of this book, Royce declared, no greater mind or greater erudition has appeared in America. Only several chapters seem to have been finished, and will doubtless be included with other hitherto unpublished manuscripts in the complete edition of Peirce’s writings that is now being prepared by Harvard University.

[8]. Baldwin’s Dictionary, article Synechism.

[9]. Ib.

[10]. Baldwin’s Dictionary, art. Individual: “Everything whose identity consists in a continuity of reactions will be a single logical individual.”

[11]. The personal relations between Peirce and Wright were thus described by Peirce in a letter to Mrs. Ladd-Franklin (Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 13, p. 719): “It must have been about 1857 when I first made the acquaintance of Chauncey Wright, a mind about on the level of J. S. Mill. He was a thorough mathematician. He had a most penetrating intellect.—He and I used to have long and very lively and close disputations lasting two or three hours daily for many years. In the sixties I started a little club called ‘The Metaphysical Club.’—Wright was the strongest member and probably I was next.—Then there were Frank Abbott, William James and others.” “It was there that the name and the doctrine of pragmatism saw the light.” It might be added that Peirce’s tychism is indebted to Wright’s doctrine of accidents and “cosmic weather,” a doctrine which maintained against LaPlace that a mind knowing nature from moment to moment is bound to encounter genuine novelty in phenomena, which no amount of knowledge would enable us to foresee. See Wright’s Philosophical Discussions—1876, also Cambridge Hist. of American Literature, Vol. 3, p. 234.

[12]. Monist, Vol. 15, p. 180.

[13]. This volume, pp. [43]-45.

[14]. “To say that we live for the sake of action would be to say that there is no such thing as a rational purport.” Monist, Vol. XV, p. 175.

[15]. The letter to Mrs. Ladd-Franklin quoted before, explains why James, though always loyal to Peirce and anxious to give him credit whenever possible, could not understand the latter’s lectures on pragmatism. Peirce’s incidental judgments on others is worth quoting here:

“Modern psychologists are so soaked with sensationalism that they cannot understand anything that does not mean that. How can I, to whom nothing seems so thoroughly real as generals, and who regards Truth and Justice as literally the most powerful powers in the world, expect to be understood by the thoroughgoing Wundtian? But the curious thing is to see absolute idealists tainted with this disease,—or men who, like John Dewey, hover between Absolute Idealism and Sensationalism. Royce’s opinions as developed in his World and Individualism are extremely near to mine. His insistence on the elements of purpose in intellectual concepts is essentially the pragmatic position.”

[16]. Baldwin’s Dictionary, art. Method.

[17]. “Peirce anticipated the most important procedures of his successors even when he did not work them out himself. Again and again one finds the clue to the most recent developments in the writings of Peirce,” Lewis’ Survey of Symbolic Logic, p. 79.

[18]. Hans Breitmann is symbolic of those who “solved the infinite as one eternal sphere.”

[19]. See Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Vol. 2, pp. 155-157, article on A New List of Categories in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 7, 287-298 and article on Sign, in Baldwin’s Dictionary.

[20]. Studies in Logic, p. 181.

[21]. Monist, Vol. 7, p. 27. Cf. Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Vol. 2, p. 207; Popular Science Monthly, Vol. 58, pp. 305-306.

[22]. This vol., p. [15].

[23]. Suggestive for a theory of the metaphysics of fictions is the suggestion (p. 46) “that the question of what would occur under circumstances which do not actually arise, is not a question of fact, but only of the most perspicuous arrangement of them.” This arrangement is, of course, not merely subjective.

[24]. Pp. 128-129, cf. Monist, Vol. 7, p. 206, and Logical Studies, pp. 175 ff.

[25]. From the Journal of Speculative Philosophy, vol. 2, p. 140.

[26]. Popular Science Monthly, November, 1877.

[27]. [This is substantially the dictum of Harvey to John Aubrey. See the latter’s Brief Lives (Oxford ed. 1898) I 299.]

[28]. Not quite so, but as nearly so as can be told in a few words.

[29]. [This modern logic, however, is largely the outcome of Kepler’s work.]

[30]. I am not speaking of secondary effects occasionally produced by the interference of other impulses.

[31]. Popular Science Monthly, January, 1878.

[32]. Possibly the velocities also have to be taken into account.

[33]. Fate means merely that which is sure to come true, and can nohow be avoided. It is a superstition to suppose that a certain sort of events are ever fated, and it is another to suppose that the word fate can never be freed from its superstitious taint. We are all fated to die.

[34]. Popular Science Monthly, March, 1878.

[35]. [Later, pp. [170] ff. and [215] ff., it is shown that continuity is also at the basis of mathematical generalization. See also article on Synechism in Baldwin’s Dictionary of Philosophy.]

[36]. This mode of thought is so familiarly associated with all exact numerical consideration, that the phrase appropriate to it is imitated by shallow writers in order to produce the appearance of exactitude where none exists. Certain newspapers which affect a learned tone talk of “the average man,” when they simply mean most men, and have no idea of striking an average.

[37]. Cf. pp. [179] ff. below.

[38]. The conception of probability here set forth is substantially that first developed by Mr. Venn, in his Logic of Chance. Of course, a vague apprehension of the idea had always existed, but the problem was to make it perfectly clear, and to him belongs the credit of first doing this.

[39]. I do not here admit an absolutely unknowable. Evidence could show us what would probably be the case after any given lapse of time; and though a subsequent time might be assigned which that evidence might not cover, yet further evidence would cover it.

[40]. Popular Science Monthly, April, 1878.

[41]. Strictly we should need an infinite series of numbers each depending on the probable error of the last.

[42]. “Perfect indecision, belief inclining neither way, an even chance.”—De Morgan, p. 182.

[43]. Logique. The same is true, according to him, of every performance of a differentiation, but not of integration. He does not tell us whether it is the supernatural assistance which makes the former process so much the easier.

[44]. Popular Science Monthly, June, 1878.

[45]. [See Santayana, Reason in Religion.]

[46]. For the present purpose, the negative of a character is to be considered as much a character as the positive, for a uniformity may either be affirmative or negative. I do not say that no distinction can be drawn between positive and negative uniformities.

[47]. There being 5 simple characters, with their negatives, they could be compounded in various ways so as to make 241 characters in all, without counting the characters existence and non-existence, which make up 243 or 35.

[48]. This principle was, I believe, first stated by Mr. De Morgan.

[49]. Not in every idea but only in the one so formulated.

[50]. [Note that this corollary is itself a theoretical inference and not an empirical rule.]

[51]. Popular Science Monthly, August, 1878.

[52]. [Later Pierce called it presumptive inference. See Baldwin’s Dictionary art. Probable Inference.]

[53]. This division was first made in a course of lectures by the author before the Lowell Institute, Boston, in 1866, and was printed in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, for April 9, 1867.

[54]. The Monist, January, 1891.

[55]. The neo-Darwinian, Weismann, has shown that mortality would almost necessarily result from the action of the Darwinian principle.

[56]. A feeling may certainly be compound, but only in virtue of a perception which is not that feeling nor any feeling at all.

[57]. [The reader will find further light on the following illustration in any text-book of projective geometry, e.g., Reye, Geometry of Position, I, pp. 17-24, or Encyc. Britannica, XI, p. 689.]

[58]. [A more familiar example of this is the introduction of irrational or absurd numbers like √2. After it was proved that no ratio of two integers could possibly equal √2 the idea of number was generalized to include the latter. Fractions and the so-called imaginary numbers illustrate the same process of generalization for the sake of making certain operations (i.e. division and finding the root) continuously applicable.]

[59]. The Monist, April, 1892.

[60]. Continuous is not exactly the right word, but I let it go to avoid a long and irrelevant discussion.

[61]. The Monist, July, 1892.

[62]. This proposition is substantially the same as a theorem of Cantor, though it is enunciated in a much more general form.

[63]. The Monist, October, 1892.

[64]. I am rejoiced to find, since my last paper was printed, that a philosopher as subtle and profound as Dr. Edmund Montgomery has long been arguing for the same element in the universe. Other world-renowned thinkers, as M. Renouvier and M. Delbœuf, appear to share this opinion.

[65]. By a vera causa, in the logic of science, is meant a state of things known to exist in some cases and supposed to exist in other cases, because it would account for observed phenomena.

[66]. Wiedemann, Annalen, 1887-1889.

[67]. See Maxwell on Spherical Harmonics, in his Electricity and Magnetism.

[68]. The word system has three peculiar meanings in mathematics. (A.) It means an orderly exposition of the truths of astronomy, and hence a theory of the motions of the stars; as the Ptolemaic system, the Copernican system. This is much like the sense in which we speak of the Calvinistic system of theology, the Kantian system of philosophy, etc. (B.) It means the aggregate of the planets considered as all moving in somewhat the same way, as the solar system; and hence any aggregate of particles moving under mutual forces. (C.) It means a number of forces acting simultaneously upon a number of particles.

[69]. But, in fact, an inspection of these curves is sufficient to show that they are of a higher degree than the third. For they have the line V = O, or some line V a constant for an asymptote, while for small values of P, the values of d2p/(dV)2 are positive.

[70]. Anticipated by Clausius as long ago as 1857; and by Williamson in 1851.

[71]. “Physiologically, ... accommodation means the breaking up of a habit.... Psychologically, it means reviving consciousness.” Baldwin, Psychology, Part III, ch. i., § 5.

[72]. The Monist, January, 1893.

[73]. How can a writer have any respect for science, as such, who is capable of confounding with the scientific propositions of political economy, which have nothing to say concerning what is “beneficent,” such brummagem generalisations as this?

[74]. I am happy to find that Dr. Carus, too, ranks Weismann among the opponents of Darwin, notwithstanding his flying that flag.

[75]. See Draper’s History of Intellectual Development, chap. x.

[76]. Thomson, himself, in his article Heat in the Encyclopedia Britannica, never once mentions the name of Clausius.

[77]. See article on “Pragmatism,” in Baldwin’s Dictionary, Vol. 2., p. 322, and the Monist, Vol. 15, p. 162.

[78]. Kant discriminates the laws of morality, which are a priori, from rules of skill, having to do with technique or art, and counsels of prudence, having to do with welfare. The latter he calls pragmatic; the a priori laws practical. See Metaphysics of Morals, Abbott’s trans., pp. 33 and 34.

[79]. See the article in the Monist already mentioned, and another one in the same volume, p. 481, “The Issues of Pragmaticism.”

[80]. It is probably fair to see here an empirical rendering of the Kantian generality of moral action, while the distinction and connection of “rational purport” and “sensible particular” have also obvious Kantian associations.

[81]. P. 26.

[82]. P. 56-57.

[83]. P. 105.

[84]. P. 45.

[85]. P. 43.

[86]. P. 151.

[87]. P. 53.

[88]. The following classification is arbitrary, as some of Peirce’s most significant reflections occur in papers under headings II. and III. It may, however, be useful.