CHAPTER V.
[1] He was an adept in the res culinaria. Tac. An. vi. 7, bitterly notes his degeneracy.
[2] Haterii canorum illud et profluens cum ipso simul extinctum est, Ann. iv. 61.
[3] The author of two books on figures of speech, an abridged translation of the work of Gorgias, a contemporary Greek rhetorician.
[4] Seneca and Quintilian quote numerous other names, as Passienus, Pompeius, Silo, Papirius Flavianus, Alfius Flavus, &c. The reader should consult Teuffel, where all that is known of these worthies is given.
[5] The praenomen M. is often given to him, but without authority.
[6] Probably until 38 A.D.
[7] Contr. I. praef. ii.
[8] See Teuffel, § 264.
[9] His son speaks of his home as antiqua et severa.
[10] Caesar, it will be remembered, was greatly struck with the attention given to the cultivation of the memory in the Druidical colleges of Gaul.
[11] Many of these facts are taken from Seeley's Livy, Bk. I. Oxford, 1871.
[12] L. Seneca (Epp. xvi. 5, 9) says: "Scripsit enim et dialogos quos non magis philosophiae annumeres quam historiae et ex professo philosophiam continentes libros." These half historical, half philosophical dialogues may perhaps have resembled Cicero's dialogue De Republica: Hertz supposes them to have been of the same character as the logistopika of Varro (Seeley, v. 18).
[13] Tac. Ann. iv. 34.
[14] Sen. N. Q.
[15] Plin. Ep. ii. 3.
[16] Praef. ad Nat. Hist.
[17] De. Leg. i. 2. See also Book II. ch. iii. init.
[18] Maiorum quisquis primus fuit ille tuorum Aut pastor fuit aut illud quod dicere nolo, Sat. viii. ult.
[19] E.g. III. 26. "When Cincinnatus was called to the dictatorship, he was either digging or ploughing; authorities differed. All agreed in this, that he was at some rustic work." Cf. iv. 12, and i. 24, where we have the sets of opposing authorities, utrumque traditur, auctores utroque trahunt being appended.
[20] A contemporary of the Gracchi; very little is known of him.
[21] Quaestor, 203 B.C. He wrote in Greek. A Latin version by a Claudius, whom some identify with Quadrigarius, is mentioned by Plutarch.
[22] For these see back, Bk. I. ch. 9.
[23] See App. p. 103.
[24] Fasti.
[25] See p. 88.
[26] Liv. viii. 40, Falsis imaginum titulis.
[27] viii. 18, 1.
[28] ix. 44, 6.
[29] i. 7.
[30] ii. 40, 10.
[31] xxx. 45.
[32] i. 46; x. 9.
[33] xliii. 13.
[34] i. 16.
[35] i. 26.
[36] E.g., the consuls being both plebeian, the auspices are unfavourable (xxiii. 31). Again, the senate is described as degrading those who feared to return to Hannibal (xxiv. 18). Varro, a novus homo, is chosen consul (xxii. 34).
[37] xxxvii. 39.
[38] xlii. 74.
[39] Cf. xlii 21; xliii. 10; xlv. 34.
[40] iv. 20, 5.
[41] viii. 11, Haec etsi omnis divini humanique memoria abolevit nova peregrinaque omnia priscis ac patriis praeferendo, haud ab re duxi verbis quoque iosis ut tradita nuncupataque sunt referre.
[42] Sur Tite-Live. The writer has been frequently indebted to this clear and striking essay for examples of Livy's historical qualities.
[43] xxxviii. 17.
[44] v. 44.
[45] vii. 34.
[46] As the invective of the old centurion who had been scourged for debt (ii. 23); Canuleius's speech on marriage (iv. 3); the admirable speech of Ligustinus showing how the city drained her best blood (xlii. 34).
[47] We cannot refrain from quoting an excellent passage from Dr. Arnold on the unreality of these cultivated harangues. Speaking of the sentiments Livy puts into the mouth of the old Romans, he says "Doubtless the character of the nobility and commons of Rome underwent as great changes in the course of years as those which have taken place in our own country. The Saxon thanes and franklins, the barons and knights of the fourteenth century, the cavaliers and puritans of the seventeenth, the country gentlemen and monied men of a still later period, all these have their own characteristic features, which he who would really write a history of England must labour to distinguish and to represent with spirit and fidelity; nor would it be more ridiculous to paint the members of a Wittenagemot in the costume of our present House of Commons than to ascribe to them our habits of thinking, or the views, sentiments, and language of a modern historian."
[48] The latter given by Seneca the elder, the former xxxix. 40.
[49] viii. 5.
[50] ii. 54, 5.
[51] xxx. 20.
[52] xxi. 10.
[53] i. 26, 10.
[54] E.g. Haec ubi dicta dedit: ubi Mars est atrocissimus: stupens animi; laeta pascua, &c. (Teuffel).
[55] Auctor e severissimis, Plin. xi. 52, 275.
[56] The view that he flourished under Titus is altogether unworthy of credit.
[57] See pref. to Book VI.
[58] II. pref. 5.
[59] Many of these facts are borrowed from the Dict. Biog. s. v.
[60] Pref. to Book VII.
[61] Epist. ad Car. Magn. Praef. ad Paul. Diac.
[62] Tr. iii. 14, is perhaps addressed to him.
[63] § 257, 7.
[64] Ep. i. 19, 40.