PICTURES FROM ENGLISH HISTORY.
P. 141.—“Erpingham.” An English general, distinguished for personal courage, a chief excellence in feudal times.
“Truncheon,” trŭnˈshun. A baton or military staff, employed in directing the movements of troops.
P. 143.—“Three French Dukes.” Since the fourteenth century the eldest son of the king of France, and heir apparent to the crown, is surnamed Dauphin. “Count” (from which comes companion) is one of the imperial court, a nobleman in rank, about equal to an English earl. Dukes (from dux, leader, or duco to lead) were princes in peace, and leaders of clans in war.
P. 145.—“Jack Cade.” A man of low condition; Irish by birth; once an exile because of his crimes, but having returned to England he became the successful leader in riotous demonstrations of most disastrous consequences. He had great power of control over a turbulent crowd, but the rioters became insubordinate, and the injuries were such that a price was offered for the leader’s head, and Jack was assassinated.
“Cheapside.” Part of a principal thoroughfare in London, north of the Thames, and nearly parallel with it. If the name, as is supposed, at first marked the locality where shop-keepers, content with small profits, sold their goods cheap, it is less appropriate now. As the city extended new names were given to the same street passing through the successive additions to the city. Going west on Cheapside the avenue widens, and is in succession called New Gate, Holborn Viaduct, New Oxford, Uxbridge and High Street.
P. 146.—“Duke of Somerset,” sŭmˈūr-sĕt. Edward Seymour, Lord Protector of England, was uncle to Edward VI, during whose minority he acted as regent of the realm—a most powerful nobleman. His brilliant victory over the Scots at Pinkey greatly strengthened his influence. There was much in his administration to be commended, but the execution of his own brother, and that of the accomplished Earl of Surrey, left a stain on his otherwise fair record. Through the machinations of his rival, he was deprived of his high office, and perished, on Tower Hill in 1552.
“Earl of Warwick,” wŏrˈick. Richard Neville, a powerful chief at that time, and a cousin of King Edward IV. He was a most remarkable man, and his character and methods are a study. A powerful antagonist, and brave in battle, he was also a shrewd politician, and was much concerned with the affairs of the government. He does not seem to have coveted civic honors for himself, or to have had any aspirations for regal authority. His ambition was rather to make kings, and to unmake them when their character or policy did not suit. By marriage he succeeded to the earldom, and the vast estates of Warwick. He fell at the battle of Barnet.
P. 149.—“Margaret of Anjou,” ănˈjoo. Daughter of a French count, and Queen of England—a woman of fine talents, well educated, and full of energy. She became unpopular with the English and was forced to flee from the country. She may have lacked womanly delicacy, but did not deserve the adverse criticism received. Her circumstances justified many of her seeming improprieties.
P. 150.—“Towton,” often written Touton. The scene of the bloodiest battle of English history. A hundred thousand were engaged, and the carnage was terrible.
“Vimeira,” ve-miˈrä. A town in Portugal where, during the same campaign, the French were again repulsed with great loss.
“Talavera,” tä-läˈva-rä. In the province of Toledo, Spain. The battle referred to took place in 1809, when Sir Arthur Wellesley defeated the French.
“Albuera,” ăl-boo-āˈrä. A small town in the province of Estremadura, Spain, where the English were victorious in 1811. This victory cost them nearly four fifths of the men engaged.
“Salamanca,” sal-â-mancˈâ. The capital of a province of the same name in Spain, on the river Tormes, 120 miles northwest from Madrid. Wellington defeated the French here in 1812—a victory which put southern Spain into England’s power.
“Vittorea,” ve-toˈre-ä. On the road from Bayonne to Madrid, where Wellesley defeated Joseph Bonaparte, in 1813, capturing 150 guns and $5,000,000 of military and other stores, the accumulations of five years’ occupation of the place.
P. 152.—“Montagu,” mŏnˌta-gūˈ. The orthography is not uniform. He was of the powerful family of Nevilles, and brother of the Earl of Warwick. They fell together on the bloody field at Barnet.
“Gloucester,” glŏsˈter. This was Richard, brother of the king.
“Coniers,” konˈi-ers.
P. 153.—“Cognizance,” kŏgˈnĭ-zans. A badge to indicate a person of distinction, or the party to which he belongs. Flags are used for the same purpose on modern battlefields.
P. 154.—“D’Eyncourt,” dāˌin-courˈ.
“Cromwell.” Not Oliver, of course, but one of his ancestors, probably Thomas, who afterward became widely known as a statesman and politician in the service of Henry VIII.
P. 155.—“Redoubted.” Regarded with fear, dreaded.
P. 156.—“Exeter,” Earl of. The Earl was brother-in-law to Edward, and fought with the Lancastrians in the civil war.
P. 157.—“The Destrier’s Breast,” dāsˌtre-āˈ. A French word meaning charger or war horse.
P. 158.—“Victorious Touton.” On the bloody field of Towton, or Touton, at a crisis in the battle, Warwick had killed his favorite steed in the sight of his soldiers, kissing and swearing by the cross on the hilt of his sword to share with them a common fate, whether of life or death. He was victorious then.
P. 160.—“Casque,” cäsk. A piece of defensive armor to protect the head and neck in battle.
P. 162.—“Tewksbury,” tukesˈbĕr-e. A town in Gloucestershire, on the Avon and Severn. Edward there defeated the Lancastrians.
“Mirwall Abbey.” A quiet retreat not far from Leicester, north-northwest from London.
P. 163.—“Fleshed,” flesht. Used murderously on human flesh, especially for the first time.
“Harquebuse,” härˈkwe-bŭse. An old-fashioned gun resembling a musket, and supported, when in use, upon a forked stick.
“Morris pike.” An obsolete expression for a Moorish pike.
P. 164.—“Frushed,” frusht. Trimmed, adjusted.
P. 166.—“Tournay,” toorˌnāˈ. A city of some historic importance in Belgium, on the river Scheldt, near the French border. It was the birthplace of Perkin Warbeck.
P. 169.—“Beaulieu,” bū-lĭ. A secluded place, sought for refuge.
P. 171.—“Ardres,” ārdr; “Francois,” frŏnˈswäˌ.
“St. Michael,” mīˈkāl. Jews, Mahomedans, and Romanists reverence St. Michael as their guardian angel. A favorite symbol of protection was an image of the saint, with drawn sword in hand, conquering the dragon.
P. 172.—“Duprat,” du-präˈ. A French minister of state, and a diplomat of ability.
“Louise of Savoy,” savˈoy or sa-voiˈ. Once a sovereign duchy, since a department of France, south of Switzerland, and west of Italy.
P. 173.—“Sieur de Fleuranges,” sēˈurˌ deh fluhˈrŏngˌ.
P. 174.—“Guisnes,” gheen. In France, not far from Ardres.
P. 175.—“Almoner.” An officer connected with religious houses, intrusted principally with the distribution of alms, and also serving as chaplain to the sick, or those condemned to die.
P. 181.—“Prebendary,” prebˈend-a-ry. A clergyman attached to a collegiate or cathedral church, who has his prebend or maintenance in consideration of his officiating at stated times in the church services.
“Caermarthen,” kar-marˈthen. The chief town in Caermarthenshire, South Wales, a beautifully situated parliamentary borough, on the river Towy, a few miles from the bay. Caermarthen was the scene of the final struggle for Welsh independence under Llewellyn, the last of the princes.
P. 187. “Babington conspiracy.” Anthony Babington, a gentleman of ancient and opulent family, when young became a leader of a band of zealous Catholics who were smarting under the persecutions to which the members of that communion were exposed in the days of Elizabeth. Their primary object was to promote the Catholic cause. When Mary, Queen of Scots, was forced to flee to England as a suppliant, Babington and his associates became interested in her. They conspired to rescue Mary and assassinate Elizabeth. The conspirators, when arrested, rather gloried in the undertaking; as to the fate intended for Elizabeth, Babington declared it no crime, in his estimation, to take the life of a sovereign “who had stript him and his brethren of all their political rights and reduced them to the condition of helots in the land of their fathers.” They were sentenced and executed.
P. 192.—“In manus, Domine tuas, commendo animam meam,” Into thy hands, O Lord, I commit my spirit.
P. 193.—“Fotheringay.” A town in Northamptonshire. Its famous castle was the birthplace of Richard III. Here Mary, Queen of Scots, was imprisoned and executed. The Dukes of York, Richard and Edward, are buried at Fotheringay.
P. 194.—“The Lizard.” The extreme southern point of land in England, on the British Channel.
“Looe.” A town of the Cornish mining region in the southern part of Cornwall.
P. 195.—“Drake,” Sir Francis. A most daring and efficient naval officer, and one of the founders of the naval greatness of England. In 1587 he was sent in command of a fleet to Cadiz, where, by a bold dash, he destroyed one hundred ships destined for the invasion of England, and the next year he commanded as vice-admiral in the victory obtained over the Spanish Armada.
“Frobisher,” frŏbˈish-er, Sir Martin. An English navigator of the fifteenth century, who made many discoveries in the arctic regions, and was the first explorer for a northwest passage. He had a command in the great sea fight against the Spaniards in 1588.
“Hawkins,” Sir John. He was previously associated with Drake in several important expeditions, and served as rear-admiral in the fight that, together with the elements, destroyed the Armada.
“Weathergage.” The position of a ship to the windward of another. Hence a favorable position for making an attack with sailing vessels.
“Medina Sidonia,” ma-deˈnä se-doˈne-ä. Shortly before the time fixed for the sailing of the fleet and army for the invasion of England, owing to the death of the admiral Santa Cruz, and also his rear-admiral, the Duke of Medina Sidonia, the extreme southern province of Spain, a man unacquainted with naval matters, was made captain-general of the fleet. He had, however, for his rear-admiral, Martinez Recalde, an expert seaman.
“Recalde,” rā-kälˈdä.
P. 196.—“Oquendo,” o-kānˈdo; “Pedro de Valdez,” peˈdro da väldĕthˈ.
“Andalusian,” anˌda-luˈshi-an. The southern part of Spain. It was formerly called Vandalusia, because of the Vandals who settled there. It is a delightful country, having a mild climate, and generally a fertile soil. Cadiz is the principal seaport and commercial city.
P. 197.—“Guipuzcoan,” ge poosˈko-an. The smallest but most densely populated of what are known as the Basque provinces; three Spanish provinces distinguished from all other divisions, in the character, language, and manners of the people. They have few of the characteristics of Spaniards, and acquired political privileges not enjoyed by others, and a form of government nearly republican.
P. 198.—“Gravelines,” grävˈlēnˌ. A small fortified and seaport town of France, in a marshy region at the mouth of the river Aa.
“Galleons.” Ships of three or four decks, used by the Spaniards both for war and commerce.
“Galleasses.” A kind of combination of the galleon and the galley; propelled both by sails and oars.
“Sir Henry Palmer;” “Sir William Winter.” English officers who were active in the attack on the Spanish fleet.
P. 199.—“Alonzo de Leyra,” a-lonˈzo dā leiˈrä; “Diego Flores de Valdez,” de-āˈgo floˈreth dā välˈdeth; “Bertendona,” bĕrˈtān-doˌnä; “Don Francisco de Toledo,” don fran-chesˈko dā to-lāˈdo; “Pimental,” pe-manˈtäl; “Telles Enriquez,” telˈleth än-reˈketh.
“Luzon,” loo-thonˈ; “Garibay,” gä-re-biˈ.
P. 200.—“Borlase,” bor-lazˈ. A captain in the fleet of Van der Does.
“Admiral Van der Does,” doos. A Hollander.
P. 201.—“Ribadavia,” re-bä-däˈve-ä. A kind of Spanish wine.
“Lepanto.” A seaport town of Greece, on the Gulf of Lepanto. In 1571 it was the scene of one of the greatest and most important naval battles ever fought. The Turkish sultan, Selim, with two hundred and fifty royal galleys and many smaller vessels, engaged the allied forces of Spain, Italy and the Venetian Republic, and was defeated with loss in killed and prisoners of thirty thousand men. The decline of the Turkish empire dates from the battle of Lepanto.
P. 203.—“Essex.” (1567-1601.) Essex’s career had been a romantic one. From his first appearance at court at 17, he captivated Elizabeth. He was present at the battle of Zutphen, and joined an expedition against Portugal in 1596. His position as court favorite caused many intrigues to be formed against him, but he kept the queen’s favor, although often offending her. Elizabeth had ordered him imprisoned after the Ireland expedition, more to correct than to destroy him, but upon being dismissed he attempted to compel the queen to dismiss his enemies by raising a force against her. This led to his execution.
P. 207.—“Walter Raleigh.” (1552-1618.) Navigator, author, courtier and commander. His first public services were his explorations in North America, during which he occupied the region named Virginia. Having given up his patent for exploration in the New World, he became interested in a project for the conquest of El Dorado. In pursuit of this he sailed in 1595 to South America, but soon returned. He assisted at the capture of Cadiz in 1596. After the death of Elizabeth he lost favor with the throne and was accused of treason and convicted. For thirteen years he was confined in the Tower, where he wrote his “History of the World.” In 1615 he obtained his release to open a gold mine in Guinea. The search was unsuccessful. Having encountered in battle at St. Thomas a party of Spaniards, on his return the Spanish court demanded that he be punished, and the king, James I., resolved to execute the sentence passed on him fifteen years before.
“Coke,” kŏōk. (1549-1634.) An eminent English judge and jurist. At the trial of Raleigh in 1603 his position was that of attorney-general. During the trial he showed the greatest insolence to Raleigh.
“Yelverton,” yĕlˈver-ton. (1566-1630.) An English statesman and jurist.
P. 208.—“Distich,” dĭsˈtik. A couple of verses or poetic lines making complete sense.
P. 209.—“St. Giles.” A favorite saint in France, England and Scotland. Many localities and public places were named from the saints. The reference here is to a drinking place named in honor of St. Giles. It was situated near Tyburn, which, until 1783, was the chief place of execution in London. Since that date Old Bailey, or Newgate, has been the place of execution.
“Oldys,” ōlˈdis. (1687-1761.) An English biographer and bibliographer. He wrote a life of Sir Walter Raleigh, prefixed to Raleigh’s “History of the World.”
P. 210.—“Arundel,” arˈun-del. (1540?-1639.) The first Lord Arundel. He had served in the war against the Turks under the German emperor, and from him had received the title of Count of the Roman Empire.
P. 211.—“Naunton,” naunˈton. An English statesman, who died in 1635. He was secretary of state under James I., and the author of an account of the court of Queen Elizabeth.
“Paul’s Walk,” Bond Street, London, was known as St. Paul’s, before the commonwealth. Here crowds of loungers used to collect to gossip. They soon became known as Paul’s Walkers; now they are called Bond Street Loungers.
“Mantle.” According to this old story, as the queen was going from the royal barge to the palace she came to a spot where the ground was so wet that she stopped. Raleigh immediately covered the spot with his rich cloak, on which she stepped. For his gallantry he is said to have received his knighthood and a grant of 12,000 acres of forfeited land in Ireland.
P. 212.—“Spanish Main.” The circular bank of islands forming the northern and eastern boundaries of the Caribbean Sea. It is not the sea that is meant, but the bank of islands.
P. 213.—“Roundheads.” The Puritans, so called because they wore their hair short, while the Royalists wore long hair covering their shoulders.
“Cavaliers.” The adherents of Charles I. were members of the royal party, knights or gentlemen, to whom the name cavaliers was ordinarily applied.
P. 214.—“Janizaries,” jănˈi-za-ries. A Turkish word. “A soldier of a privileged military class which formed the nucleus of the Turkish infantry, but was suppressed in 1826.”
P. 215.—“Turenne,” tū-rĕnˈ. (1611-1675.) A famous general and marshal of France, who during his whole life was actively engaged in the French wars.
“Counterscarp,” counˈter-scärp. The exterior slope of a ditch, made for preventing an approach to a town or fortress.
P. 216.—“Pelagian.” Holding the doctrines of Pelagius, who denied the received tenets in regard to free will, original sin, grace, and the merit of good works.
“Bulstrode,” bulˈstrode. (1588-1659.) An English jurist.
P. 217.—“Sidney.” (1622-1683.) An eminent English patriot. He belonged to the army of parliament, but held no office under Cromwell. When Charles II. was restored he was on the continent, where he remained. In 1666 he solicited Louis XIV. to aid him in establishing a republic in England, and having returned to England he joined the leaders of the popular party. In 1683 he was tried as an accomplice in the Rye House plot, and executed.
“Ludlow.” (1620-1693.) A republican general who assisted in founding the English republic, but was opposed to Cromwell’s ambition. He had been commander of the army, but his opposition to Cromwell lost him the position. On Oliver’s death he was replaced, but at the Restoration escaped to France, where he spent the remainder of his life.
P. 227.—“O. S.” Dates reckoned according to the calendar of Julius Cæsar, who first attempted to make the calendar year coincide with the motions of the sun, are said to be Old Style as contrasted with the dates of the Gregorian calendar. This latter corrected the mistake of the former, and was adopted by Catholic countries about 1582, but Protestant England did not accept it until 1752.
P. 228.—“Shomberg,” shomˈberg. (1616-1690.)
P. 233.—“Jeffreys.” (1648-1689.) A lawyer of great ferocity. In 1685 he caused 320 of Monmouth’s adherents to be hung, and 841 to be sold as slaves.
P. 234.—“South Sea Bubble.” This scheme was proposed in 1711, by the Earl of Oxford, in order to provide for the national debt. The debt was taken by prominent merchants, to whom the government agreed to pay for a certain time six per cent. interest, and to whom they gave a monopoly of the trade of the South Seas. From 1711 to 1718 the scheme was honestly carried out, but after that time all scruples were thrown aside, and the rage of speculation here described followed.
P. 235.—“The Rue Quincampoix.” A street of Paris where John Law developed his South Sea Bubble. He was a Scottish financier (1671-1729), who had won a place in London society, and supported himself by gaming. In 1715 he persuaded the Regent of France to favor his schemes, obtained a charter for a bank, and in connection with it formed this company, which had the exclusive right of trade between France and Louisiana, China, India, etc. The stock rose to twenty times its original value. He was appointed minister of finance in 1720, but confidence was soon lost in his plan, and notes on his bank rapidly fell. Law was obliged to leave France, and finally died poor.
P. 236.—“Scire Facias.” Cause it to be known.
P. 237.—“Walpole.” (1676-1745.) Walpole had been prominent in politics since the accession of George I., and in 1715 was made first lord of the treasury.
P. 241.—“Lord Mahon.” The fifth Earl of Stanhope. He was prominent in public affairs during his life, but his fame rests upon his historical works, of which he published several. “A History of England, from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles,” is the best known.
“Maxima rerum Roma.” Rome greatest of all things.
P. 242.—“Newcastle.” (1693-1768.) An English Whig.
P. 243.—“Pelham.” (1694-1754.) A brother of the above, who in 1742 succeeded Walpole as chancellor of the exchequer. He was one of the chief ministers of state 1743-1744.
“Godolphin,” go-dolˈphin. An eminent English statesman, in the service of Charles II., afterward retained in office under James II., and made first lord of the treasury under William and Mary. Under Queen Anne he was again put in this position, from which he had been removed in 1697, and retained it until 1710. He died in 1712.
P. 244.—“Aix,” āks; “Rochefort,” rotchˈfort, or roshˈfor; “St. Malos,” or St. Malo, mäˈloˌ; “Cherbourg,” sherˈburg, or sherˈboorˌ. See map of France in The Chautauquan for March.
“Kensington.” A palace at Kensington, a western suburb of London, the birthplace of Queen Victoria.
“Grand Alliance.” An alliance formed in 1689 by England, Germany, the States-General, and afterward by Spain and Savoy, to prevent the union of Spain and France.
“Goree,” goˈrāˌ. An island on the west coast of Africa belonging to France.
“Guadaloupe,” gwăd-loop. The most important island of the French West Indies.
“Toulon,” tooˈlōnˌ. A seaport of southern France, at the head of a bay of the Mediterranean. It is the largest fort on the Sea, covering 240 acres.
“Boscawen,” bosˈca-wen. (1711-1761.) An English admiral.
“Lagos,” lâˈgoce. On the coast of Portugal.
P. 245.—“Conflans,” kon-flon. (1690-1777.) At this time marshal of France.
“Hawke,” hawk. (1715-1781.) An English admiral. In 1765 he became first lord of the admiralty, and in 1776 was raised to the peerage.
“Chandernagore,” chanˌder-na-gōreˈ; “Pondicherry,” ponˈde-shĕrˌree.
“Clive.” The founder of the British empire in India.
“Coote.” A British general who distinguished himself in wars of India.
“Bengal,” ben-galˈ; “Bahar,” ba-harˈ; “Orissa,” o-risˈsa; “Carnatic,” car-natˈic. Divisions of India at the time of the struggle of the English for possession.
“Acbar,” ac-barˈ; “Aurungzebe,” ōˈrŭng-zābˌ. Emperors of Hindoostan.
P. 247.—“Guildhall,” guildˈhall. A public building of London which serves as a town hall. All important public meetings, elections and city feasts are held here. Monuments of several statesmen adorn the hall.
P. 248.—“Sackville.” The offense referred to was this: At the battle of Minden, in 1759, Lord Sackville commanded the British troops under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, but refused to obey orders. On return to England he was tried for this and dismissed from service.
P. 251.—“Mecklenburg Strelitz,” meckˈlen-burg strelˈitz. The eastern division of the two parts into which the territory of Mecklenburg is divided.
P. 254.—“Landgravine,” lăndˈgra-vïne. The wife of a landgrave, a German nobleman holding about the rank of an English earl or French count.
“Hesse Homburg,” hess homˈburg. A former German landgraviate now belonging to Prussia.
P. 255.—“Les Miserables,” the poor. A popular novel by Victor Hugo.
“Austerlitz,” ausˈter-lits. A town of Moravia, where in 1805 Napoleon had gained a brilliant victory over the Prussian and Russian forces.
“Waterloo.” A village of Belgium, about eight miles southeast of Brussels.
“Blucher,” blooˈker. (1742-1819.) A Prussian field-marshal, sent to the aid of Wellington.
P. 256.—“Nivelles,” neˈvĕlˌ. A road running to Nivelles, a town about seventeen miles south of Brussels.
“Genappe,” jāˈnäpˌ; “Ohaine,” ōˌhānˈ; “Braine l’Alleud,” brān läl-leuˈ.
“Mont St. Jean.” A village near Waterloo.
“Hougomont,” ooˌgō-mŏnˈ. A château and wood.
“Reille,” räl. (1775-1860.) A French general, who was at this time an aid-de-camp of Napoleon. In 1847 he was made marshal of France.
“La Belle Alliance,” lä bĕl älˈleˌŏnsˌ. A farm near Waterloo.
“La Haye Sainte,” lä ai sānt. A farm house.
P. 258.—“Milhaud,” milˌhōˈ.
“Lefebvre Desnouettes,” lĕhˈfāvrˌ dāˌnoo-ĕtˈ. (1773-1822.) A French general.
“Gendarme,” zhŏng-därmˈ. An obsolete name for heavy cavalry.
“Chasseurs,” shăsˈsûr. Light cavalry.
“Veillons au Sainte,” etc. Guard the welfare of the empire.
“Ney,” nā. (1769-1815.) One of the most prominent of Napoleon’s generals. After Napoleon’s abdication Ney joined Louis XVIII., but on the return of Napoleon, rejoined him. After the battle of Waterloo he was arrested, condemned, and shot.
P. 259.—“Moskova,” mos-koˈva. A river of Russia, on which the French defeated the Russians.
“Hippanthropist,” hip-panˈthro-pist. A fabulous animal whose body was partly like a man and partly like a horse.
P. 262.—“Pibrock,” pīˈbrock. Bagpipe.
P. 263.—“Chevau-legers.” The French for light cavalry.
“Badajoz,” bad-a-hōsˈ. A fortified town, capital of a province of the same name in Spain. Wellington carried it by assault in 1812, and sacked the city.
P. 264.—“Alava,” äˈlä-vä, (1771-1843.) A Spanish general and statesman.
“Frischemont,” freshˈā-mŏnˌ.
“Grouchy,” grooˌsheˈ. (1766-1847.) A French general and marshal.
P. 265.—“Denouement,” de-nōōˈmong. The discovery of the end of a story, the catastrophe of a drama or romance.
“Friant,” freˈōngˌ; “Michel,” meˈshĕlˌ; “Roguet,” rōˌguāˈ; “Mallet,” mäˌlaˈ; “Pont de Morvan,” pon deh morˈvonˌ.
P. 266.—“Sauve qui peut.” Let each save himself.
“Vive l’Empereur.” Long live the emperor.
“Drouet d’Erlon,” droˌāˈ dĕrˈlōnˈ. (1765-1844.) Marshal of France and governor-general of Algeria.
P. 267.—“Guyot,” gēˌoˈ; “Ziethen,” tseeˈten. A Prussian general.
P. 268.—“Menschikoff,” menˈshiˌkoff. (1789-1869.)
“Raglan,” (1788-1855.) Served in the Peninsula War under Wellington, and lost his arm at Waterloo; was afterward Wellington’s military secretary. He commanded the British army in the Crimean War, and died in camp in 1855.
P. 271.—“Tumbril,” tŭmˈbril. A two-wheeled cart which accompanies artillery, for carrying tools, etc.
P. 272.—“Punctilio,” punc-tĭlˈyo. Exactness in forms or ceremony.
“Ouglitz,” ougˈlitz; “Kourgané,” kour-gä-nāˈ.
