SHORT HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION.
There is so much reading on the Reformation, and it is so well known and easily accessible that it seems almost unnecessary to give a list of supplementary readings. But among so many books it is hard to choose, so we append the names of a few, thinking we may perhaps help some to decide what to read. In order to enjoy this little “History of the Reformation” in the required course, one ought to read many larger ones. “History of the Reformation.” By G. P. Fisher. $3.00; D’Aubigne’s “History of the Reformation;” Burnet’s “Reformation in England;” “History of the Christian Church.” By W. W. Blackburn. $2.50; Motley’s “Rise of the Dutch Republic.” $6.00; “Protestantism.” By De Quincy. “Short Studies.” By J. A. Froude. “History of the Rise of the Huguenots.” By Henry M. Baird. $3.50; “John Knox.” By Thomas McCrie. $2.00; “Martin Luther and his Work.” By J. H. Treadwell. $1.00; “The Massacre of St. Bartholomew.” By Henry White. $1.75; “Schönberg-Cotta Family.” By Mrs. Charles. $1.00; “The Martyrs of Spain.” By Mrs. Charles. $1.00; “Savonarola.” By W. R. Clarke. $1.50; “Romola.” By George Eliot. (Treats of the times of Savonarola); “Christians and Moors of Spain.” By Miss Yonge. $1.25.
P. 3.—“Council of Constance.” A council of the Roman Catholic Church, opened in 1414, and closed in 1418. In its earlier sessions the doctrines of Wycliffe were examined and condemned. John Huss was also condemned and executed, as was Jerome, of Prague. The council was called to consider measures to remedy the division arising in the church from the long residence of the popes at Avignon, and the consequent desire on the part of the French for a national church. See page 89 in the “Short History.”
“Julian, the Apostate.” (331-363.) A Roman emperor, the nephew of Constantine the Great. Immediately upon his accession he openly avowed his abandonment of Christianity, but he published an edict which granted perfect liberty to all sects and all religions. He, however, excluded Christians from civil and military offices, and compelled them to contribute toward sustaining pagan temples. He permitted the Jews to rebuild their temple at Jerusalem, and published a large volume against Christianity.
P. 4.—“Medici,” māˈde-che. A distinguished Florentine family appearing in history since the close of the thirteenth century.
P. 5.—“d’Ailly,” dāˈye; “John Chartier Gerson,” shär-te-ā zhair-soⁿᵍ.
P. 6.—“Nicholas Clémanges,” clā-manj; “Gallican Church.” The name given to the Catholic Church in France.
“Father Hyacinthe.” Charles Loyson, a French pulpit orator, born in 1827. At the age of twenty-two he was ordained a priest. He was highly educated. Suspicions as to his doctrines were awakened, and he was summoned to appear before the pope, but cleared himself. Shortly after some speeches of his gave offense, and he was ordered to change his manner or be quiet, but he paid no heed. He was soon forbidden to preach, and threatened with excommunication. In 1869 he visited America, where he was warmly welcomed by many Protestants, but he declared he had no intention of leaving the Catholic Church. He protested against the doctrine of the pope’s infallibility, and defended the right of the clergy to marry. In 1870, on his return to France, the pope relieved him of his monastic vows, and he became a secular priest. In 1872 he was married to an American lady. He is now pastor of a church in Paris, a sort of independent Catholic church.
P. 7.—“Huguenots,” hūˈgē-nots. The name applied to the French Reformers. Its origin is uncertain, some asserting that it was derived from one of the gates of the city of Tours, named Hugons, where the Protestants held their first assemblies. Others say it came from the name of their first leader, Hugues.
P. 8.—“Dominican Order.” An order founded by St. Dominic, in 1216; “John Ruysbroek,” roisˈbrek.
P. 12.—“Wittenberg,” vitˈten-bairg. A town in Prussia, in which there is an immense bronze statue of Luther, and not far from it one of Melancthon. It is the seat of a great university.
“St. Victor.” A monastery in Paris.
P. 13.—“Origen.” (185-253.) One of the fathers of the church, noted for his unwearied diligence and life of self-denial. For two years, during the persecution under Maximin, he lay concealed in a friend’s house, and here wrote his “Hexapla.” In the Decian persecution he was imprisoned and subjected to extreme torture. Many of his valuable writings have been lost.
“Alexandrian school.” A name applied to the philosophers of Alexandria in the second century. It aimed to harmonize all philosophy and all religion.
P. 14.—“Thomas à Kempis. (1379-1471.) A German writer, a prior in the monastery of Mount St. Agnes.
“Kaisersheim,” kīˈzers-hīmeˌ; “Rheinfeld,” rīneˈfelt; “Pfaffenheim,” päfˈfen-hime.
P. 17.—“Boccaccio,” bok-katˈcho. (1313-1375.) An Italian novelist, and friend of Petrarch; “Chrysoloras,” kris-o-loˈras.
P. 18.—“Pa-læ-olˈo-gus;” “Bes-sāˈri-on.”
P. 19.—“Argyropylus,” ar-ghe-ropˈoo-los; “Lasˈca-ris;” “Chalkondylas,” kal-konˈde-las; “Gemistus Pletho,” je-misˈtus pleˈtho; “Moschopylus,” mos-kopˈy-lus; “Gasperinus,” gäs-pä-reeˈnus; “Aurispa,” ow-rēsˈpä; “Poggius,” pojˈus; “Perothes,” perˈō-tēs; “Politianus,” po-lishˈā-nus.
P. 20.—“Hierarch.” One who rules or has authority in sacred things.
P. 21.—“Vulgate Bible.” One of the oldest Latin versions of the Scriptures. So called from its common use in the church. The Catholic Church claims this to be the only authentic translation.
“Guizot,” gēˌzōˈ. (1787-1874.) A French historian.
“Reuchlin,” roikˈlin. (1455-1522.)
P. 23.—“Bordeaux,” bor-dōˈ; “Avignon,” ă-vē-nyoⁿᵍ.
P. 27.—“Eisleben,” iceˈla-ben.
P. 28.—“Eisenach,” īˈzen-näk.
P. 30.—“Scala Santa,” sacred staircase. A staircase in the church and palace of the Lateran, so called because Christ was said to have ascended and descended it. This magnificent building was used as the residence of the popes, from 312 till their removal to Avignon in 1309. The staircase, according to tradition, belonged to the house of Pilate, and was brought to Rome by the mother of Constantine. It is composed of twenty-eight marble steps, which have been covered by order of the popes with a casing of wood. The wood has several times had to be replaced, having been worn through by the knees of ascending pilgrims. This staircase was preserved from the fire which destroyed the building in 1308. The Lateran was rebuilt, to be again burned in 1360. It was restored in 1364, and completely modernized in 1559. This church has always been the cathedral of the bishops of Rome, and takes precedence of all other churches in the Catholic world.
P. 32.—“Schlosskirche,” schlusˈkeer-ka. The church belonging to a castle; “Mos-celˈla-nus.”
P. 33.—“Bull.” An edict of the pope, sent to the churches over which he is head, containing some decree or decision.
“Hapsburg.” Originally a castle in Switzerland. It gave its name to the imperial house of Austria.
P. 35.—“Frederick the Wise.” Frederick III., elector of Saxony.
P. 37.—“Zwickaw,” tswikˈkow. A city in Saxony.
P. 43.—“Augsburg Confession.” The first Protestant confession of faith.
“Convention at Smalcald,” smälˈkält. A confederation of the Protestants held in 1531, in which they were secretly aided by England and France.
P. 45.—“Melancthon,” me-lankˈthon; “Pforzheim,” pfortsˈhime; “Tüˈbing-en;” “Œcolampadius,” ĕkˌo-lăm-pāˈdĭ-us.
“Terence.” (B. C. 195-159.) A Roman comic poet.
P. 50.—“Ulrich von Hutten,” oolˈrik fon hootˈen; “Si-kingˈen;” “Cranach,” kräˈnäk.
P. 51.—“Zwingle,” tswinˈgle.
P. 52.—“Wittenbach,” vitˈten-bäk; “Glarus,” gläˈroos. A canton of Switzerland; “Einsiedeln,” īneˈze-deln.
P. 53.—“Mariolatry,” mā-rí-olˈa-try. The worship of the Virgin Mary.
P. 54.—“Helvetic Confession.” This differed materially from the Lutheran only in holding that Christ was not bodily present in the eucharist.
P. 57.—“Viret,” vē-rā; “Froment,” frō-moⁿᵍ; “Farel,” fä-rel.
P. 58.—“Bourges,” boorzh; “Angoulême,” aⁿᵍ-goo-laim.
“Psychopannychia,” sī-kō-pan-nikˈi-a.
P. 59.—“Tillet,” til-lā; “Martianus Lucanius,” mar-she-āˈnus lu-caˈni-us; “Courault,” coo-rō.
P. 61.—“Neuenburg,” noiˈen-boorg. A town in Germany.
P. 62.—“Bucer,” booˈtser. (1491-1551.)
P. 64.—“Lausanne,” lō-zanˈ.
P. 66.—“Archbishop of Canterbury.” This archbishop is the primate or ruling officer in the national Church of England, the first peer of the realm, and member of the privy council. It is he who places the crown upon the king.
P. 67.—“Lambeth Palace.” The town residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. It stands on the Thames River, and is surrounded by gardens twelve acres in extent.
P. 68.—“Ochino,” o-kīˈno; “Fagius,” fäˈge-ŏos; “Anne Boleyn,” ann bulˈlen.
P. 72.—“Froschover,” froshˈo-vair.
P. 78.—“Act of Uniformity.” An act enforcing observance of the English Church service. Severe penalties were enforced against any one who should conduct religious service in any other way than that prescribed by the Book of Common Prayer.
P. 80.—“Cardinal Beatoun,” bēˈtun. Usually written Beaton. (1494-1546.) A persecutor of the Protestants. On the death of King James, he conceived the idea of seizing the government, and forged a will of the king’s, naming himself as successor, but he was prevented from carrying out his plan and was imprisoned for a time. He was shortly afterward reëstablished in his ecclesiastical administration. His enemies seeing no release from his terrible persecutions put him to death.
P. 84.—“Gerard Groot,” jĕ-rardˈ grōt; “Florentius Radewin,” flo-ronˈshe-us räˈde-win; “Herzogenbusch,” hairts-ōˈgen-boosh.
P. 85.—“Yuste,” yoosˈtā.
“Inquisition.” This was a court established for the purpose of examining and punishing heretics.
P. 87.—Luther’s doctrine concerning the will was that it has no “positive ability in the work of salvation, but has the negative ability of ceasing its resistance under the general influence of the Spirit in the Word and Sacraments.”
P. 88.—“Momus.” In Greek mythology the god of mockery and censure. He is represented as raising a mask from his face.
P. 89.—“Vaudois,” vo-dwä.
P. 90.—“Sorbonne,” sor-bun. A school of theology in Paris, founded in 1253, by Robert de Sorbonne, whence its name. The members were divided into fellows and commoners. The former were selected for their eminent learning, and took the position of teachers. The commoners were chosen from among those receiving instruction, after a severe ordeal, and were supported by the college, but had no voice in its government. They ceased to be members when they graduated as doctors. No member of any religious body was allowed to enter this order. The large lecture halls of the institution were opened free of all charges, to all poor students, and the professors were directed never to refuse instruction to such. Students who had money were required to pay regular fees. The school was without a rival all through the Middle Ages. Its controlling power was felt everywhere. It was frequently appealed to in disputes between the civil power and the papacy. It opposed the claims of Henry VIII. for a divorce from Catharine; condemned the doctrines of Luther and other reformers, and declared that Henry III. had forfeited his crown. It was suppressed in 1789, and its buildings are now used by the University of France.
“Meaux,” mō; “Angers,” âⁿᵍ-zhā; “Poictiers,” pwä-tyā.
P. 91.—“Gallic Confession.” This was essentially Calvinistic in its import, as were also the system of government and method of discipline adopted. They were, however, modified somewhat, to suit a church—not like that at Geneva, in union with the state, but antagonistic to it.
“Bourbons.” This line of kings in France began with Henry IV. Six of his descendants in direct line occupied the throne after him. The Louises XIII., XIV., XV., XVI., XVIII., and Charles X. The last representative of this line was the Count de Chambord, who died in 1883. There is a younger branch known as the Orleans branch.
“Guises,” gheez. A branch of the ducal family of Loraine, which took a prominent part in the civil and religious wars in France.
P. 95.—“Sä-vo-nä-roˈlä,” “Brescia,” brāˈsha.
P. 98.—“Chardon de la Rocette,” shar-doⁿᵍ dĕ lä rŏh-shĕt; “Brucioli,” broo-choˈlee; “Marmochini,” mar-mo-keeˈnee; “Teofilo,” tā-o-feeˈlo.
P. 99.—“Mauricha,” mä-rēˈka; “Della Rovere,” delˈlä rō-vāˈrā; “Cherbina,” sher-beeˈna; “Gonzago,” gon-zäˈgō; “Ca-rafˈfa;” “Paschali,” pas-caˈlēe.
P. 100.—“Paolo di Colli,” pä-oˈlo dē colˈlee; “Gratarole,” grät-ä-rōˈlee; “Cor-räˈdo;” “Teglio,” täˈglē-o.
P. 103.—“Vives,” vēˈvace; “Ponce de la Fuente,” pōnˈthā dā lā fwenˈtā; “Enzinas,” en-zēˈnas; “Valladolid,” väl-yä-dō-leedˈ; “Varelo,” vä-rāˈlo; “Ægidius,” ē-gidˈē-us.
P. 104.—“Hernandez,” her-nanˈdā; “Boborguez,” bō-borˈgā.
P. 110.—“Cyriace,” si-rēˈä-see.
P. 116.—“Dollinger,” dolˈling-er. A learned Catholic theologian, born at Bamberg, in 1799. He has published a church history, and several other works.