TEMPERANCE TEACHINGS OF SCIENCE.
[1.] “Boerhave,” bōrˈhäv, Hermann. (1668-1738.) A Dutch physician. He gave much attention to the distinction between mind and matter, and condemned the doctrines of Epicurus, Hobbes and Spinoza. He published several works on the study and practice of medicine, and held the chair of chemistry, botany, and medicine in Leyden University.
[2.] “Saracens.” The Mohammedan people who, coming from Mauritania, invaded Europe in the early part of the eighth century. In Spain they took the name of Moors. They applied to all unbelievers in Mohammedanism the name Giaours (jour) as a term of reproach.
[3.] “Lorenz Oken.” (1779-1851.) A German naturalist, and the author of several works. He was professor of medical science for a time at Jena, and editor of the celebrated periodical, The Isis, devoted to natural science. At the time of his death, he held the position of professor of natural science in Zurich, Switzerland. A statue has been erected to his honor in Jena, Germany.
[4.] “Bentham,” Jeremy. (1748-1832.) An English writer on politics and jurisprudence. In opposition to Blackstone’s views, he wrote “Fragments on Government.” His numerous literary works were more kindly received in France than in England. One of his latest works was the “Art of Packing,” that is, of arranging juries so as to obtain any verdict desired. He wrote a book on the “Defense of Usury,” showing the impolicy of placing restraints upon dealings in money.
[5.] “Benjamin Rush.” (1745-1813.) A celebrated American physician, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. During the ravages of the yellow fever, in 1793, he distinguished himself by rendering extraordinary services, and his history of that epidemic is a valuable work.
[6.] “Nostrum Mongers.” Sellers of quack medicines.
[7.] “Circenses,” sir-senˈsēs. A Latin term, meaning race-courses. Here it can be translated recreations.
[8.] “Panes,” paˈnēs. Bread, means of subsistence.
[9.] “Languedoc,” langˈgue-dock. A name applied during the middle ages to a province in the south of France, which is now divided into several departments, among which are Aude, Hérault, and Upper Garonne.
[10.] “Bunsen,” Christian Karl, Baron von, generally known as Chevalier Bunsen. (1791-1860.) One of the most distinguished statesmen and scholars of Germany. Through the favor of Niebuhr, who was Prussian minister at Rome, he was appointed secretary to the Prussian embassy at that court, where he remained twenty years, and then succeeded Niebuhr as minister. Later he was sent as Prussian embassador to England. He was highly esteemed by Frederick William III. and Frederick William IV., both of whom frequently took him into their counsel. He was one of the most zealous workers in bringing about the union of the German states. His widow has published the “Memoirs of Bunsen.”
[11.] “Turnerhalls.” Gymnasia which were established throughout Germany through the enterprise of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, in the latter part of the eighteenth century, for the purpose of fitting young men to endure the fatigues of war.
[12.] “Jean Jacques Rousseau.” (1712-1778.) One of the most eloquent French writers and singular characters of his age. He was denounced on account of his subversive theories and the immoralities of his life. His erratic social and political teachings are redeemed in part by the strong desire he had to increase the happiness of the laboring classes.
[13.] “Goldwin Smith.” (1823-⸺.) An English author, and a warm friend to the federal government during the civil war. Coming to the United States in 1868, he became professor of English history in Cornell University.