BRIEF HISTORY OF GREECE.
P. 2.—“Freeman,” Edward. (1823-⸺.) An English historian, the author of several valuable works.
P. 3.—“Amphictyonic,” am-phicˈty-ŏnˌic.
“Nabanasser,” na-bon-nasˈser. A king of Babylon, the date of whose accession was fixed by the Babylonian astronomers as the era from which they reckoned. It began February 26, B. C. 747.
“Medea,” me-deˈa. The daughter of the king of Colchi by the aid of whose charms (she was a powerful sorceress) Jason obtained the fleece.
“Alcmene,” alc-meˈne. The daughter of the king of Mycenæ. Her promised husband being absent, Jupiter assumed his form and under this disguise married her.
“Eurystheus,” eu-rysˈthe-us.
P. 4.—“Meleager,” meˌle-aˈger; “Theseus,” theˈse-us; “Calydon,” calˈy-don. An ancient city of Ætolia (see map of Greece).
“Menelaus,” menˈe-laˌus; “Agamemnon,” agˌa-memˈnon.
“Achilles,” a-chilˈles.
P. 5.—“Odyssey,” ŏdˈys-sey; “Ulysses,” u-lysˈses.
“Ithaca,” ithˈa-ca. A small island in the Ionian Sea off the coast of Epirus. “Penelope,” pe-nelˈo-pe.
“Pelops,” peˈlops. Fabled to have been the son of Jupiter. The king of Pisa in Elis from whom the peninsula of Greece, the Peloponnesus, took its name.
P. 6.—“Cyrene,” cy-reˈne; “Massilia,” mas-silˈi-a.
P. 9.—“Messenia,” mes-seˈni-a. For these wars see page 97 of History. “Cecrops,” ceˈcrops; “Codrus,” coˈdrus.
P. 10.—“Areopagus,” ăr-e-ŏpˈa-gŭs.
P. 11.—“Hippias,” hipˈpi-as; “Hipparchus,” hip-parˈchus.
“Alcmæonidæ,” alcˈmæ-onˌi-dæ; “Megacles,” megˈa-cles.
P. 13.—“Ahura Mazda,” or Ormuzd, a-huˈra mazˈda. The supreme deity of the ancient Persians.
P. 14.—“Mardonius,” mar-doˈni-us; “Athos,” aˈthos.
P. 15.—“Phidippides,” phi-dipˈpi-des.
P. 16.—“Dionysiac,” di-o-nysˈi-ac. See page 75 of History.
“Pan.” The god of flocks and shepherds among the Greeks.
P. 18.—“Demaratus,” demˈa-raˌtus.
P. 20.—“Simonides,” si-monˈi-des.
P. 21.—“Himera,” himˈe-ra. See map in History. “Gelo,” geˈlo; “Pausanius,” pau-saˈni-as; “En route,” On the way.
P. 22.—“Diodorus,” di-o-doˈrus. A historian of the time of Augustus Cæsar.
P. 24.—“Eurymedon,” eu-rymˈe-don. A small river in Pamphylia.
P. 25.—“Ephialtes,” ephˌi-alˈtes. An Athenian statesman, the friend of Pericles.
P. 27.—“Melos,” meˈlos; “Thera,” theˈra; “Corcyra,” cor-cyˈra; “Zacynthus,” za-cynˈthus; “Chios,” chiˈos; “Naupactus,” nau-pacˈtus; “Acarnania,” acˌar-naˈni-a; “Ambracia,” am-braˈci-a; “Anactorium,” an-ac-toˈri-um.
P. 28.—“Archidamus,” arˌchi-daˈmus.
“Colonus,” co-loˈnus. A demus of Attica lying about a mile northwest of Athens.
“Acharnæ,” a-charˈnæ. The chief demus of Attica, nearly seven miles north of Athens. Its people were warlike, and its land fertile.
P. 29.—“Paralus,” parˈa-lus.
P. 31.—“Alcibiades,” al-ci-biˈa-des; “Nicias,” nicˈi-as.
P. 32.—“Gylippus,” gy-lipˈpus; “Deceleia,” decˌe-leiˈa.
P. 34.—“Antalcidas,” an-talˈci-das. A Spartan statesman, through whose diplomacy this treaty was brought about.
P. 35.—“Megalopolis,” meg-a-lopˈo-lis.
P. 36.—“Mantinea,” manˌti-neˈa.
P. 37.—“Chæronea,” chær-o-neˈa.
P. 38.—“Tetradrachm,” tĕtˈra-dram. Four drachmas. An ancient silver coin, worth about 79 cents.
“Illyrians,” il-lyrˈi-ans. The inhabitants of Illyria, a country west of Macedon.
“Temple of Diana.” The Ephesian Diana personified the fructifying power of nature, and was represented as the goddess of many breasts. Of the temple the “American Encyclopædia” says: “Its (Ephesus) chief glory was its magnificent temple of Diana, and the city did not decay until the Goths destroyed the temple. The Ionian colonists found the worship of Diana established and the foundations of the temple laid.”
“Gordium.” The ancient capital of Phrygia, named from Gordius. See page 178 of Greek History.
“Callisthenes,” cal-lisˈthe-nes.
P. 39.—“Granicus,” gra-niˈcus; “Issus,” isˈsus; “Arbela,” ar-beˈla; “Persepolis,” per-sepˈo-lis.
P. 40.—“Gedrosia,” ge-droˈsi-a; “Roxana,” rox-aˈna; “Hydaspes,” hy-dasˈpes. The northernmost of the five great tributaries of the Indus.
P. 41.—“Rawlinson,” George. (1815-⸺.) An English historian and orientalist.
P. 42.—“Rameses,” ra-meˈses. The Egyptian kings of the nineteenth and twentieth dynasties, who ruled for nearly three hundred and fifty years, beginning about 1460 B. C.
“Pharos.” A lofty tower built for a light-house upon a small island off the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. The name of the island was Pharos, and was given to the tower.
“Ptolemy,” tŏlˈe-mĭ. Sator (the savior) was a title given him by the inhabitants of Rhodes, whom he had saved from a siege.
“Philadelphus.” Distinguished for brotherly love. Ptolemy had taken this title to signalize his love for his sister whom he had married, a union which Egyptian law allowed.
“Euergetes,” eu-erˈge-tes. Benefactor. This surname was given him by the Egyptians when from a campaign into Syria he brought back the idols which Cambyses had carried off to Persia.
“Septuagint,” sĕpˈtu-a-gĭnt. “So called because it was said to have been the work of seventy, or rather of seventy-two, interpreters.”
P. 43.—“Archimedes,” är-kĭ-mēˈdēz. (B. C. 287?-212.) A famous mathematician of Syracuse.
“Hero,” or Heron, heˈro. A Greek mathematician of the third century.
“Apelles,” a-pelˈles. The most famous of Grecian painters. A friend of Alexander’s, and the only painter he allowed to take his portrait.
“Hipparchus,” hip-parˈchus. Called the father of astronomy. A Greek who lived at Rhodes and Alexandria.
“Ptolemy.” A celebrated mathematician, astronomer and geographer. Of his history we know nothing, but still have a large number of his treatises on a great variety of subjects.
“Euclid,” yooˈklid. The mathematician who gave his name to the science of geometry. Nothing is known of his history.
“Eratosthenes,” erˌa-tosˈthe-nes. One of the most learned men of his day. He cultivated astronomy, geography, history, philosophy, grammar and logic. But fragments of his writings remain.
“Strabo.” A native of Pontus. Lived during the reign of Augustus. He wrote a historical work now lost, and a famous treatise on geography, in seventeen books. This latter is nearly all extant.
“Manetho,” manˈe-tho. An Egyptian priest who lived in the reign of Ptolemy I. He wrote in Greek a history of Egypt from which we have the dynasties of Egypt’s rulers saved, though the work is lost, and an account of the religion of his country.
“Aristophanes,” arˌis-tophˈa-nes. A native of Byzantium. He lived in the reigns of Ptolemy II. and III., and had control of the library of Alexander.
“Apollonius,” apˈol-loˌni-us. A native of Alexandria, sometimes called “the Rhodian,” as he was honored with franchise by Rhodes, where he taught rhetoric successfully. His greatest poem, still extant, was a description of the Argonautic expedition.
“Sosigenes,” so-sigˈe-nes. A peripatetic philosopher of Alexandria.
“Origen,” orˈi-gen. (185?-254?) One of the most voluminous of early Christian writers.
“Athanasius,” athˌa-naˈsi-us. (296?-373.) A native of Alexandria, made archbishop of the city in 326. He was subject to great persecution from the Arians who held that Christ was a being inferior to God, while Athanasius held to the orthodox belief.
“Antiochus,” an-tiˈo-chus; “Seleucidæ,” se-leuˈci-dæ.
P. 44.—“Eumenes,” euˈme-nes; “Arsacidæ,” ar-saˈci-dæ; “Brennus,” brenˈnus.
P. 45.—“Justinian,” jus-tinˈi-an. Byzantine emperor.
“Antiochus,” an-tiˈo-chus. Of Ascalon. The founder of the Fifth Academy, and the teacher of Cicero while he studied at Athens. He had a school at Alexandria, and one in Syria also.
“Ptolemæum,” ptolˈe-mæˌum. A large gymnasium built by Ptolemy Philadelphus.
“Dipylum.” A gate on the northwestern side of the city wall. So called because consisting of two gates. It is the only one whose site is absolutely certain.
“Speusippus,” speu-sipˈpus. An Athenian philosopher. A nephew of Plato, whom he succeeded as president of the First Academy.
“Xenocrates,” xe-nocˈra-tes. (396-314 B. C.) A philosopher who succeeded Speusippus as president of the Academy.
“Polemon,” polˈe-mon. The Athenian philosopher who succeeded Xenocrates as president of the Academy.
P. 46.—“Autochthon,” au-tokˈthon; “Phratries,” phrāˈtres; “Apollo Patrôus,” pa-trôˈus.
“Ion,” iˈon. Fabled to have been the ancestor of the Ionians, from whom they took their name.
P. 48.—“Lucian,” lūˈshan. See page 65 of History. “Menippus,” me-nipˈpus; “Strepsiades,” strep-siˈa-des.
P. 50.—“Ion.” Of Ephesus. One of Plato’s dialogues is named from him.
P. 51.—“Tyrtæus,” tyr-tæˈus.
P. 52.—“Lesbian,” lesˈbi-an. From Lesbos. A large island off the coast of Asia Minor.
“Alcæus,” al-cæˈus; “Anacreon,” a-naˈcre-on.
“Christopher North.” The nom de plume of John Wilson, a Scottish author. (1785-1854.)
“Dionysos,” di-o-nyˈsus.
P. 53.—“Thespis,” thesˈpis; “Trilogy,” trĭlˈo-gy.
P. 54.—“Prometheus,” pro-meˈthe-us.
P. 55.—“Jocasta,” jo-casˈta.
P. 59.—“Halicarnassus,” halˌi-car-nasˈsus. See map.
P. 62.—“Thales,” thaˈles; “Anaximander,” a-naxˈi-manˌder; “Anaxagoras,” anˈax-agˌo-ras; “Hippocrates,” hip-pocˈra-tes; “Pythagoras,” py-thagˈo-ras; “Crotona,” cro-toˈna.
P. 63.—“Marsyas,” marˈsy-as. A satyr who had found a flute discarded by Athene, which emitted beautiful sounds of its own accord. Elated he challenged Apollo to a musical contest, but was defeated. Apollo flayed him alive for his presumption in contesting with him.
P. 65.—“Antisthenes,” an-tisˈthe-nes.
“Ceramicus,” cerˈa-miˌcus. A district of Athens, so called from Ceramus, the son of Bacchus, some say, but more probably from the potter’s art invented there.
P. 69.—“Alpheus,” al-pheˈus. The chief river of the Peloponnesus. See map.
“Choragic,” cho-răgˈic; “Lysicrates,” ly-sicˈra-tes. In 355 B. C. Lysicrates was chosen choragus (p. 76) and took the prize. In honor of this event he erected this monument.
“Callimachus,” cal-limˈa-chus. An architect and statuary, who probably lived about 400 B. C. Very little is known of his life.
P. 70.—“Propylea,” propˌy-leˈa; “Apollodorus,” a-polˈlo-doˈrus (440 B. C.); “Rembrandt,” rĕmˈbrănt (1607-1669). A famous Dutch painter. “Parrhasius,” par-rhaˈsi-us (400 B. C.).
P. 71.—“Protogenes,” pro-togˈe-nes (330 B. C.); “Nicias,” nicˈi-as (320 B. C.); “Pausias,” pauˈsi-as (360 B. C.); “Scopas,” scoˈpas (395-350 B. C.).
“Niobe,” niˈo-be. The subject is the vengeance of Apollo and Artemis upon the Theban Queen Niobe, who boasted that because of her fourteen children she was superior to Leda, who had but two. As a punishment all her children were destroyed.
“Mausoleum,” mau-so-lēˈum. A monument built over the remains of Mausolus, king of Caria, by his wife Artemesia.
P. 72.—“Poseidon,” po-seiˈdon; “Demeter,” de-meˈter; “Hestia,” hesˈtia; “Hephæstos,” he-phæsˈtos; “Aphrodite,” aphˈro-diˌte.
P. 73.—“Ariadne,” a-ri-adˈne; “Hesperides,” hes-perˈi-des; “Mnemosyne,” mne-mosˈy-ne; “Parnassus,” par-nasˈsus; “Clio,” cliˈo; “Melpomene,” mel-pomˈe-ne; “Thalia,” thaˈli-a; “Calliope,” cal-liˈo-pe; “Urania,” u-raˈni-a; “Euterpe,” eu-terˈpe; “Polyhymnia,” polˈy-hymˌni-a; “Erato,” erˈa-to; “Terpsichore,” terp-sichˈo-re.
“Dodona,” do-doˈna. In Epirus.
P. 75.—“Panathenaia,” pan-athˌe-naiˈa.
“Erechtheium,” erˈech-theiˌum. So called because Erechtheus, a former king of Athens, was said to have been buried there.
“Athene Polias.” The name given to Athene when she was represented as protectress of the state.
P. 77.—“Kallirhoë,” kal-lirˈho-ë. A famous well of Athens, still called by its ancient name.
P. 78.—“Obolus,” ŏbˈo-lŭs. A small silver coin, worth about three cents.
“Cinerary,” cinˈer-a-ry. The word means pertaining to ashes, and was applied to those urns used by the ancients to hold the ashes of the dead.
P. 80.—“Gizeh,” jeeˈzeh, or geeˈzeh. A village of Egypt three miles from Cairo. The three great pyramids are but five miles from Gizeh.
“Labyrinth.” The one here referred to was at Arsinoë, in Egypt.
P. 81.—“Hippodrome,” hipˈpo-drome; “Platanistæ,” plat-a-nisˈtæ; “Eurytus,” euˈry-tus; “Aristodemus,” a-risˈto-deˈmus.
P. 82.—“Cynosarges,” cynˈo-sarˌges. A gymnasium built for Athenians born of foreign mothers.
“Antisthenes,” an-tisˈthe-nes.
“Lycabettus,” lyc-a-betˈtus. A mountain northeast of Athens and close to the wall.
P. 93.—“Epidaurus,” epˈi-dauˈrus; “Trœzen,” trœ-zenˈ; “Phlius,” phliˈus; “Sicyon,” sishˈi-on; “Malea,” ma-leˈa; “Pheidon,” phiˈdon.
P. 94.—“Eurysthenes,” eu-rysˈthe-nes. “Procles,” proˈcles.
P. 96.—“Carystus,” ca-rysˈtus. A town on the southern coast of Eubœa.
“Diagorids,” di-agˈo-rids. So called from Diagoras, of Rhodes, the first of the family who distinguished himself in the Grecian games.
“Aristomenes,” ar-is-tomˈe-nes. See page 99 of History.
P. 97.—“Prytaneum,” prytˈa-nēˌum. “A public hall in Athens regarded as the home of the city, in which the duties of hospitality were exercised on behalf of the city to its own citizens and strangers.”
P. 98.—“Amphia,” am-phiˈa; “Ithome,” i-thoˈme; “Theopompus,” theˈo-pomˈpus.
P. 99.—“Stenyclaros,” stenˈy-claˌros.
P. 100.—“Ceadas,” ceˈa-das; “Rhegium,” rheˈgi-um.
“Bacchiad.” So called from Bacchis, king of Corinth. They had held the supreme power for a long time.
P. 101.—“Eëtion,” e-eˈti-on.
“Lapithæ,” lapˈi-thæ. So called from their ancestor, Lapithes. They were inhabitants of Thessaly, and are fabled to have fought with the Centaurs and defeated them. “Cypselus,” cypˈse-lus.
P. 102.—“Thrasybulus,” thrasˌy-buˈlus; “Lycophron,” lycˈo-phron.
P. 103.—“Sancho Panza,” sănkˈo pănˈza. The esquire of Don Quixote. “Eupatrids,” eūˈpa-trĭd.
P. 104.—“Stadium,” stāˈdi-ŭm. A Greek measure of length of a little over six hundred feet. “Theagenes,” the-agˈe-nes.
P. 105.—“Diasia,” di-aˈsi-a. The name is derived from the Greek word for god and means pertaining to the god.
“Prytanes,” prytˈa-nes. A member of one of the ten sections into which the senate was divided.
P. 106.—“Eumenides,” eu-menˈi-des. The avenging deities, or the Furies. “Geomori,” ge-omˈo-ri.
P. 109.—“Hyperakrians,” hyˌper-akˈri-ans.
“Pediaian,” ped-iˈai-an; “Paralian,” par-aˈli-an.
P. 110.—“Lygdamis,” lygˈda-mis; “Aristogiton,” a-risˈto-giˌton; “Harmodius,” har-moˈdi-us.
P. 111.—“Sigeion,” or Sigeum, si-geiˈon. A promontory of Asia Minor at the entrance to the Hellespont.
“Lampsacene,” lampˈsa-ce-ne. So called from Lampsacus, a city of Asia Minor on the coast of the Hellespont.
P. 112.—“Phaleron,” pha-leˈron. The most easterly of the harbors of Athens. “Cleomenes,” cle-omˈe-nes.
P. 116.—“Diences,” di-enˈces.
P. 118.—“Iacchus,” i-acˈchus. A name given to Bacchus in the Eleusinian Mysteries. On the sixth day of the festival occurred this procession.
“Æacidæ,” æ-acˈi-dæ. The descendants of Æacus, among whom were Peleus, Achilles and Pyrrhus.
P. 119.—“Ægaleos,” æ-gaˈle-os.
P. 120.—“Psyttalea,” psytˈta-leˌa.
“Munychia,” mu-nychˈi-a. Artemis, or Diana, had a temple on a hill called Munychia, in the peninsula of Piræus.
P. 122.—“Ecclesia,” ec-clēˈsi-a. The public legislative assembly of the Athenians.
“Dicastery,” dī-castˈe-ry. The assembly of the jurymen: a court of justice.
P. 125.—“Timocreon,” ti-moˈcre-on. A lyric poet of Rhodes.
P. 127.—“Eion,” e-iˈon; “Strymon,” stryˈmon.
“Cyclades,” cycˈla-des. A group of islands in the Ægean Sea. So called because they lay in a circle around Delos, the most important of them.
P. 130.—“Mounychia,” written, also, Munychia. One of the three harbors of the Piræus.
“Sounion,” souˈni-on, also written Sunium. The promontory at the southern extremity of Attica.
P. 133.—“Sybota,” sybˈo-ta. A number of small islands off the coast of Epirus, opposite Corcyra.
P. 138.—“Clazomenæ,” cla-zomˈe-næ. A city of Asia Minor. See map.
P. 140.—“Andocides,” an-docˈi-des. (B. C. 467-393?) One of the ten Attic orators.
“Adonia,” a-doˈni-a. An annual festival held in honor of Adonis, a beautiful youth loved by Venus, who was killed by a wound received while on the chase.
P. 141.—“Theramenes,” the-ramˈe-nes; “Critias,” critˈi-as.
P. 142.—“Dracontides,” dra-conˈti-des.
P. 143.—“Anytus,” anˈy-tus; “Meletus,” me-leˈtus; “Lycon,” lyˈcon.
“Argimisæ,” arˈgi-miˌsæ. Three small islands opposite Mytilene in Lesbos. The Athenians defeated the Lacedæmonians there in B. C. 406.
P. 154.—“Cardouchian,” car-douˈchi-an. See map, p. 64, of Preparatory Greek Course.
P. 155.—“Cheirisophos,” chei-risˈo-phos; “Taochi,” taˈo-chi. See same map as preceding.
P. 158.—“Orchomenians,” orˌchom-eˈni-ans. Inhabitants of Orchomenus, a city of Arcadia.
P. 160.—“Itonian,” i-toˈni-an. A name of Athene, derived from the town of Iton, in Thessaly, where she had a temple.
P. 165.—“Polibius,” po-lĭbˈ-us. (B. C. 204?-122?) Greek historian.
P. 184.—“Kurdistan,” koor-dis-tänˈ; “Gangamela,” ganˈga-meˌla.
P. 188.—“Bessos,” besˈos. The satrap of Bachia who put Darius to death, in B. C. 330, and assumed the title of king.