Part I
[1] There is a widespread recognition among psychologists and students of character that the study of conduct should begin with these unreasoned impulses. For examples of such a recognition see the following: Jas. R. Angell, Chapters from Modern Psychology, pp. 24, 25; Wm. McDougall, An Introduction to Social Psychology, pp. 2, 3, 43; Gilbert Murray, Herd Instinct and the War, a lecture in The International Conflict by Murray and others, p. 23; Wilfred Trotter, The Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War, p. 15; Graham Wallas, The Great Society, p. 41; E. B. Holt, The Freudian Wish, p. 132; Walter Lippmann, The Stakes of Diplomacy, p. 50; A. F. Shand, The Foundations of Character, Introduction, pp. 1-9.
[2] Cf. Francis Galton: Inquiries Into Human Faculty and Its Development, p. 72.
[3] Wm. James: The Principles of Psychology, Vol. II, p. 430. Quoted by Wm. McDougall: Social Psychology, pp. 85, 86.
[4] Wilfred Trotter: The Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War. Other writers have emphasized gregariousness, but Trotter’s book is the most elaborate and important in recent literature. Aristotle declared that man was a social animal. See Politics, Book I, Chap. I. Cf. also McDougall: Social Psychology, p. 84.
[5] W. G. Sumner: Folkways, p. 15.
[6] Martin Conway: The Crowd in Peace and War, p. 76.
[7] Gilbert Murray: Herd Instinct and the War, p. 34.
[8] Ibid., p. 37.
[9] Conway: The Crowd, p. 79.
[10] Bertrand Russell: Why Men Fight, p. 51.
[11] We have been following here an article by Anne C. E. Allinson entitled “Virgil and the New Patriotism” in the Yale Review, October, 1917.
[12] Prof. Max F. Meyer, of the University of Missouri, in a letter in the New York Times of August 16, 1917.
[13] McDougall: Social Psychology, p. 208. Footnote.
[14] The terms out-group and in-group are borrowed from Sumner. See W. G. Sumner: Folkways.
[15] Alfred Loisy: The War and Religion.
[16] Ibid., p. 65.
[17] Ibid., p. 62.
[18] Ibid., p. 20.
[19] Ibid., p. 79.
[20] J. M. Robertson: Patriotism and Empire.
[21] Ibid., p. 36.
[22] Wm. McDougall: Social Psychology, p. 55.
[23] Walter Lippmann: The Stakes of Diplomacy, p. 208.
[24] J. M. Robertson: Patriotism and Empire, p. 138.
[25] Goethe: Faust, Part II, Act 2. The translation here used is quoted by F. M. Stawell: Patriotism and Humanity. I. J. E., April, 1915, p. 299.
[26] McDougall: Social Psychology, p. 140.
[27] For a book that emphasizes the emulative impulse in its account of the behavior of nations see Thorstein Veblen: The Nature of Peace. Cf. pp. 31 ff.
[28] William James has contended that the center of the problem of peace and war is that there is an impulse of pugnacity. Cf. The Moral Equivalent of War and Remarks at the Peace Banquet in Memories and Studies.