CONTENTS

PART I
ANCIENT COMMERCE
CHAPTERPAGE
I.General Conditions[1]
II.Oriental Period[9]
III.Greek Period[17]
IV.Roman Period[26]
PART II
MEDIEVAL COMMERCE
V.Conditions about the Year 1000[31]
VI.Town Trade[41]
VII.Land Trade[54]
VIII.Fairs[63]
IX.Sea Trade[70]
X.The Levant Trade[79]
XI.Commerce of Southern Europe[90]
XII.Commerce of Northern Europe[102]
XIII.Development of the Medieval Organization of Commerce[113]
XIV.Commerce and Politics in the Later Middle Ages[123]
PART III
MODERN COMMERCE
XV.Exploration and Discovery[128]
XVI.Development of the Economic Organization[139]
XVII.Credit and Crises[150]
XVIII.The Modern State and the Mercantile System[161]
XIX.Spain and Portugal[174]
XX.The Netherlands[190]
XXI.England: Survey of Commercial Development[199]
XXII.England: Exports[209]
XXIII.England: Imports; Shipping; Policy[219]
XXIV.France: Survey of Commercial Development[229]
XXV.France: Policy[242]
XXVI.The German States[250]
XXVII.Italy and Minor States[263]
PART IV
RECENT COMMERCE
XXVIII.Commerce and Coal[270]
XXIX.Machinery and Manufactures[280]
XXX.Roads and Railroads[290]
XXXI.Means of Navigation and Communication[302]
XXXII.The Wares of Commerce[317]
XXXIII.The Modern Organization[329]
XXXIV.Commercial Policy[345]
XXXV.England: Commercial Development, 1800-1850[357]
XXXVI.England: Reform of Commercial Policy[368]
XXXVII.England: Commercial Development, 1850-1914[376]
XXXVIII.England: Pre-War Problems[386]
XXXIX.German States[400]
XL.Germany Under the Empire[408]
XLI.France[422]
XLII.Minor States of Central and Northern Europe[431]
XLIII.States of Southern Europe[442]
XLIV.Eastern Europe[454]
PART V
UNITED STATES
XLV.Organization of Production, 1789[469]
XLVI.Internal Trade and Foreign Commerce, 1789[485]
XLVII.Commerce and Policy, 1789-1815[498]
XLVIII.National Expansion, 1815-1860[511]
XLIX.Exports, 1815-1860[530]
L.Imports, Policy, Direction of Commerce, 1815-1860[540]
LI.National Development, 1860-1914[552]
LII.Exports, 1860-1914[566]
LIII.Imports, Policy, Direction of Commerce, 1860-1914[578]
PART VI
WORLD WAR
LIV.Commerce and the World War, 1914-1918[593]
LV.United Kingdom, 1914-1920[607]
LVI.France and the Problem of Reparations[622]
LVII.Central and Eastern Europe, 1914-1920[634]
LVIII.United States, 1914-1920[648]
Index[671]
LIST OF MAPS
NO.PAGE
1.

The Ancient World (colored)

Facing[9]
2.

Roman Roads in Southern Britain

 [28]
3.

Tolls on the River Loire

 [58]
4.

The Fairs of Champagne

 [66]
5.

Trade Routes between Asia and Europe

 [85]
6.

The Venetian Empire

 [91]
7.

Trade Routes between Germany and Italy

 [94]
8.

The Hanseatic Commercial Empire about 1400

 [106]
9.

Commercial Geography of Europe about 1250

 [108]
10.

Trade Relations of a German Merchant about 1400

 [114]
11.

A Medieval Map of the World The Laurentian Portolano of 1351. Reproduced by permission from Beazley’s “Prince Henry, the Navigator,” (Putnams).

Facing[129]
12.

Discoveries of the Portuguese

 [131]
13.

Map of the Known World in the Time of Columbus

 [132]
14.

European Powers in America (colored)

Facing[166]
15.

The Spanish Monarchy

 [175]
16.

European Powers in the East about 1700

 [193]
17.

Spheres of Trade of English Companies in the Early Seventeenth Century

 [203]
18.

The French Colonial Empire

 [237]
19.

Germany in the Eighteenth Century

 [251]
20.

Italy, 1515

 [263]
21.

Waterways of North Central Europe

 [294]
22.

Growth of the European Railroads

 [298]
23.

The British Empire, 1902 (colored)

Facing[362]
24.

Development of the German Zollverein

 [403]
25.

The Trans-Siberian Railroad

 [463]
26.

North America in 1782

 [470]
27.

United States, Acquisition of Territory, 1783-1853

 [513]
28.

River Transportation in 1860

 [517]
29.

Canals of the United States

Facing[520]
30.

Railroads, 1830-1850

 [524]
31.

Railroads, 1850-1860

 [525]
32.

Products of the United States

 [568]
33.

Course of Steamship Lines in 1880

 [587]