INDEX

Aegina, [19].
Africa, circumnavigation of, [10], [130];
commerce with England, [221];
with the United States, [491], [586], [651].
Agriculture, medieval, [35];
modern, [139];
recent, [280].
Agricultural implements, [569].
Alexander the Great, [10], [11], [21].
Alexandria, [22], [27].
Alum, [82].
Amber, [103].
America, discovery of, [133].
Spanish, [180-184].
Amsterdam, [159], [194].
Antioch, [22], [27].
Antwerp, [74], [109], [154], [434].
Archangel, [267], [456].
Arkwright, [214].
Asia, in Middle Ages, [128]. See also China, India, Japan, Levant.
Assize of bread, [51].
Assyria, [11].
Athens, [19] ff.
Australia, commerce with England, [361].
Austria-Hungary, modern, [259];
recent, [436], [639] ff.;
and Prussia, [396].
Austria, Republic, [641].
Babylon, [11].
Bagdad, [84].
Balboa, [133].
Balkan Peninsula, [465].
Baltic trade, medieval, [102] ff.;
modern, [252];
recent, [350].
Baltimore, [489], [548], [585].
Banking, early, [120], [150];
recent, [339].
Barcelona, [99].
Belgium, [433]. See also Flanders, Netherland.
Bessemer, [285].
Bill of exchange, [120].
Bismarck, [406].
Bodeck, John von, [142].
Bolsheviks in Russia, [644].
Bordeaux, [74].
Boston, [489], [490], [548], [585].
Brazil, [185].
Bremen, [257].
British Dyes, limited, [615].
British North America, [221].
British Trade Corporation, [616].
Bruges, [75], [97], [105], [109], [115].
Bulgaria, [465].
Bullionist policy, [167].
Cable, submarine, [313].
Cadiz, [14].
Cabral, [133].
Canada, commerce with United States, [549], [589], [651].
See also, England, colonists.
Canals, [211], [292] ff. See also United States, waterways.
Ship, [307].
Caprivi, [418].
Carthage, [14], [22], [27].
Cartwright, [214].
Cavour, [443].
“Central Europe,” [419].
Chamberlain, Joseph, [392], [394].
Champagne, Fairs of, [65] ff.
Charlemagne, [29], [57].
Charleston, [489], [548].
Chemical industry, [286].
China, commerce with England, [363];
with Russia, [268];
with United States, [491], [495], [550], [589].
Coal, [274] ff., [319].
and iron, [215], [275].
in England, [359], [386];
in United States, [542], [560].
Cobden, Richard, [372], [425].
Coeur, Jacques, [232].
Colbert, [242], [246].
Colonial policy, modern, [171];
recent, [354].
of England, [226], [395];
of France, [234], [236];
of Spain, [180], [183].
Colonies, see under name of mother country.
Columbus, [133].
Commenda, [116].
Commerce, ancient, [9-29];
early medieval, [36];
late medieval, [44];
modern, [128];
recent, [270];
and World War, [593].
general, [1].
obstacles to, [2].
political conditions, [4], [31], [123], [161].
qualities of contemporary, [329].
risks of, [3].
statistics, recent, [271], [273], [396].
Commercial organization, medieval, [115] ff.;
modern, [141] ff.;
recent, [392] ff.
Commercial policy, manorial, [35];
municipal, [50];
national, [126];
recent, [345] ff;
See also under name of country.
Companies, medieval, [115];
modern, [144];
in England, [202] ff.;
in France, [234];
joint stock, [146] ff;
regulated, [145].
Compass, mariners’, [73].
Constantinople, [29], [86], [87], [90], [92].
Continental system, [346] ff.
Copper in the United States, [575].
Corinth, [19], [22].
Corn, see grain, wheat.
Corn (maize), in United States, [471], [472], [570].
Corn laws, English, [371], [372].
Cort, Henry, [215].
Cotton, [82], [323].
in United States, [503], [531], [566], [572].
manufacture, in England, [214], [360];
in United States, [543].
Crimean War, [456].
Crises, commercial, modern, [158];
recent, [339] ff.
Crusades, [86] ff.
Cumberland road, [515].
Currency, in Middle Ages, [118].
and prices after 1500, [135].
in World War, [600].
Czecho-Slovakia, [640].
Damascus, [84].
Denmark, [438].
commerce with Germany in World War, [636].
Drugs in Levant trade, [80].
Dyestuffs, [81], [287].
East India Company, Dutch, [192], [196].
English, [204], [220].
Egypt, [9], [85], [612] note.
Embargo in United States, [507].
Engine, internal combustion, [277]. See also steam.
England, medieval, [109] ff.;
modern, [199] ff.;
recent, [357] ff.;
in World War, [607] ff.
agriculture, modern, [210];
recent, [371];
in World War, [614].
balance of trade, [380].
colonial policy, modern, [226];
recent, [395].
colonies, modern, [220];
recent, [364].
commercial policy, modern, [224];
recent, [368] ff.;
about 1900, [393] ff.;
in World War, [618] ff.
exports, modern, [209];
recent, [358] ff.;
1850, [378];
1900, [386];
in World War, [611] ff.
imports, modern, [219] ff.;
recent, [361]; 1850, [379]; 1900, [386];
in World War, [609] ff.
internal trade, [210].
labor in World War, [617].
manufactures, modern, [210];
recent, [359] ff., [389];
in World War, [615].
mercantile organization, [390], [616].
political development, [199], [212], [372].
ports, modern, [202];
recent, [224];
1850, [382].
shipping, medieval, [110];
modern, [222];
recent, [374];
1850, [381];
in World War, [599].
statistics, 1700-1800, [205], [206];
1801-1850, [358];
1850-1913, [377];
1913-1919, [607].
and the United States, [362], [383];
policy, 1789, [499].
Erie canal, [519], [557].
Evans, [295].
Exchange, produce, modern, [154] ff.;
recent, [337].
stock, [156].
Factors, [142].
Fairs, medieval, [163] ff.;
decline, [337].
Feudalism, [32], [56].
decline of, [123], [161].
Fish, in Baltic commerce, [103], [252].
in United States, [471], [476].
Fiume, [261], [640].
Flanders, [97], [109].
Flanders galleys, [97].
Florence, [98] ff., [265].
Fondaco dei Tedeschi, [95].
Foreign exchange, [603] ff., [651].
France, modern, [229] ff.;
in Napoleonic wars, [348];
recent, [422] ff.;
in World War, [622] ff.
colonies, modern, [236];
recent, [429].
commercial policy, modern, [242];
recent, [423];
to United States, [501].
finances in World War, [625].
manufactures, modern, [244];
recent, [423], [426], [428].
political development, medieval, [123];
modern, [255];
recent, [422], [427].
shipping, modern, [234];
about 1800, [346];
recent, [429], [599].
statistics, modern, [238];
recent, [429];
in World War, [623].
Frankfort on the Main, [45], [156], [257].
Free trade period, [351].
Fugger family, [151] ff.
Fulton, Robert, [518].
Furs, in Baltic trade, [103-252];
from America, [477].
Galveston, [585].
Genoa, [90], [98].
Germany, medieval, [95], [104];
modern, [250];
recent, [400];
in World War, [636] ff.
commercial policy, [401], [404] ff., [416] ff.
manufactures, modern, [256];
recent, [401], [410] ff.
mercantile organization, [413].
political development, medieval, [124];
modern, [255];
recent, [400], [637].
and Reparations, [627] ff.
shipping, [414], [599].
statistics, [409].
and the World War, [593], [597].
Gilds, craft, [49], [140];
in England, [211];
in France, [244];
in Germany, [256];
merchant, [47] ff.
Gladstone, W. E., [371].
Gold, in Australia, [342], [364];
in California, [537].
and prices, about 1900, [341].
in the World War, [600].
Grain trade, recent, [320].
Greece, ancient, [17];
recent, [465].
Hamburg, [74], [156], [257], [335].
Handicrafts, [36], [43], [48].
Hanseatic League, [104] ff.;
decline, [252].
Hargreaves, [214].
Havana, [183].
Hawkins, John, [202].
Henry IV of France, [234].
Henry the Navigator of Portugal, [130].
Huguenots, in England, [212];
in Netherland, [194];
in Prussia, [258].
Hungary, Magyar, [641].
Huskisson, [370].
India, British, [363].
Indigo, [81];
in United States, [471], [474], [535].
Industrial Revolution, [214].
Insurance, [159], [335].
Iron, medieval, [37];
modern, [215];
recent, [283] ff.;
as a ware, [319].
in England, [359], [379];
in Germany, [411];
in the United States, [542], [573].
Italy, medieval, [84];
modern, [263] ff.;
recent, [442] ff.
agriculture, [446], [449].
colonies, [448].
commercial policy, [443].
manufactures, [445], [447], [449].
political development, [124], [263], [442] ff.
shipping, [448].
Japan, recent commerce, [387].
conflict with Russia, [462].
and the United States, [550], [589], [651].
Jews, ancient, [12];
medieval, [84], [117];
in Poland, [643].
Jugo-Slavia, [639].
Kay, [214].
Law, John, [159].
Leghorn, [265], [443].
Leipzig, [257].
Levant trade, [79] ff.
Linen, [83], [323].
Liverpool, [224], [383].
Loire, [58], [61].
London, [38], [41], [74], [156], [202], [224], [382].
Louis XIV of France, [235].
Lubeck, [105], [253].
Machine tools, [284].
Machinery, [281] ff.;
in England, [360];
in France, [423];
in Germany, [403], [410];
in United States, [481], [561], [574].
Manor, medieval, [34], [41] ff.
Manufactures, medieval, [42];
town, [48];
modern, [140];
recent, [281].
See also names of chief countries.
domestic system, [211].
local distribution, [287].
Magellan, [134].
Marco Polo, [129].
Market, medieval, [33];
town, [51];
decline, [337].
Marseilles, [18], [99].
Mercantile system, [167].
Merchant, early, [39];
medieval, [113];
modern, [141];
recent, [334].
commission, [142].
wholesale, [142].
Merchants Adventurers, [201].
Staplers, [110].
Mesta, [179].
Mesopotamia, [10].
Miletos, [18].
Mobile, [548].
Money, medieval, [118];
modern, [136];
in World War, [600].
Napoleon I, [345].
III, [424], [427].
Nasmyth, James, [283].
Navigation, early, [13];
medieval, [38], [72], [129];
modern, [136];
recent, [302].
Navigation Acts, English, [223], [226];
reform, [373].
Necho, [10].
Netherlands, modern, [190] ff.;
recent, [431] ff.
colonial and commercial policy, [432].
manufacturers, [433].
Neutral trade, [347].
New Orleans, [548], [585].
New York, [489], [490], [547], [584].
Newspaper, [143].
Nineveh, [11].
Norway, [439].
Nuremberg, [45].
Odessa, [456].
Orders in Council, [347].
Panama Canal, [309].
Partnership, [116] ff.
Pedler, [113].
Peel, Sir Robert, [370].
Persia, [11].
Peter the Great, [267].
Petroleum, [320];
in United States, [575].
Philadelphia, [489], [490], [548], [585].
Phoenicia, [12].
Piracy, [75], [136].
Pisa, [90], [98].
Pittsburgh, [51], [61], [518].
Poland, [639], [642].
Pombal, [186].
Ports, medieval, [74];
modern, [137].
Portugal, modern, [184] ff.;
recent, [451].
Post, modern, [143];
recent, [310] ff.
Potash in United States, [471], [476], [535].
Prices, modern, [136];
recent, [341];
in World War, [602].
Privateers, medieval, [76];
modern, [144];
recent, [345].
Provisions, [322];
in United States, [473], [536], [566], [571].
Prussia, rise of, [257];
and Austria, [405];
and Germany, [417].
Railroad, [295] ff.;
in England, [360];
in Russia, [461];
in United States, [522], [553].
Reparation and the World War, [627].
Rhine, [58], [61], [255], [347].
Rhodes, [23].
Rice in United States, [471], [474], [535].
Richelieu, [234].
River trade, medieval, [55];
in Russia, [455];
in the United States, [486], [520].
Roads, Roman, [28];
medieval, [33], [54];
recent, [290] ff.
in American colonies, [485];
in Russia, [455];
in United States, [514].
Rome, [26] ff.;
provinces, [27].
Roumania, [465], [639].
Rubber, [324].
Russia, modern, [267];
recent, [454] ff.;
in World War, [643] ff.
agriculture, [460].
commercial policy, [456], [459].
manufactures, [458], [460].
ports, [456].
transportation, [455], [457], [461].
Saint Mary’s Falls Canal, [557].
Saint Petersburg, [267], [456].
San Francisco, [585].
Savannah, [548].
Seleukia, [22].
Servia, [465].
Shipping, ancient, [13];
Scandinavian, [70];
Mediterranean, 71;
modern, [137];
recent, [302];
in World War, [599].
See also names of countries.
Siberia, [462].
Sidon, [13].
Siemens-Martin steel, [286].
Silk, [82], [323].
Silver, [135], [182].
Slave trade, medieval, [37], [79];
modern, [222];
recent, [318].
Smuggling, on the Continent, [348];
in England, [225], [369];
in France, [242], [424];
in Spain, [178], [182].
South America, [349].
commerce with United States, [550], [589], [651].
South Sea Bubble, [158].
Soviets in Russia, [644].
Spain, medieval, [99];
modern, [174];
recent, [499] ff.
colonies, modern, [180];
recent, [450].
Speculation, modern, [156];
recent, [335] ff.
Spices, ancient, [38];
in Levant trade, [79].
Staple, [110], [127];
in Germany, [225];
abolition of the, [350].
Steamboat in United States, [516].
Steam engine, [275] ff.
Steamships, [304] ff.
Steam turbine, [276].
Steel, recent, [285] ff.;
in railroads, [297].
Stephenson, [295].
Store, country, in United States, [487].
Stourbridge Fair, [67].
Strassburg, [45].
Suez Canal, [10], [308].
Sugar, medieval, [80];
modern, [136], [239].
beet, [325].
in United States, [494], [579].
Sweden, [266];
recent, [438].
Switzerland, [435].
Syracuse, [22].
Telegraph, [311] ff.;
in recent commerce, [332];
wireless, [313].
Telephone, [312].
Textiles, medieval, [83];
recent, [322].
Tin, ancient, [13];
medieval, [109].
Tobacco, from America, [136];
in United States, [471], [473], [535].
Tolls, medieval, [57] ff.;
in France, [243];
in Germany, [255], [258];
abolition, [350].
Triest, [261].
Turnpikes, in Europe, [291];
in United States, [514].
Tyre, [13].
United States, recent, [469] ff.;
in World War, [648] ff.
and Africa, [491], [586], [651].
and Asia, [491], [586], [651].
and China, [491], [495], [550], [589].
and England, [362], [383], [492], [499], [548], [586], [608], [613].
and West Indies, [491], [493], [499], [501], [549].
agriculture, [472], [475], [567].
balance of trade, [653].
canals, [519], [556].
commercial policy, [498], [508], [545], [582].
exports, [471], [502], [530], [566], [650].
fisheries, [476].
imports, [477], [540], [578], [652].
manufactures, [476], [507], [541], [560], [580], [653].
ports, [489], [547], [584].
railroads, [521], [553].
roads, [489], [514].
shipping, [495], [501], [505], [523], [558], [599], [659].
statistics, [471], [477], [502], [511], [530], [549], [552], [566], [567], [578], [585],
591, [648], [651], [654].
waterways, [486], [516], [556].
Vasco da Gama, [132].
Venice, [72], [75], [79], [84], [87], [90] ff.;
modern, [263] ff.
Vicko von Geldersen, [115].
Wares, ancient, [9], [12], [19];
medieval, [37];
modern, [135];
recent, [317] ff.
Wars, modern, [165];
Thirty Years’, [255];
recent, [345];
World War, [593] ff.
Watt, James, [276].
Wax, [103], [252].
Wheat, in United States, [471], [473], [536], [570].
Whitney, Eli, [533].
Winchester Fair, [68].
Wool, medieval, [110];
recent, [323].
Woolen manufacture, in England, [215];
in United States, [543].
Zollverein, [403].