FOOTNOTES.
[1] Diego Duran, Historia de las Indias de Nueva España, Tom. I, p. 233; and compare Geronimo de Mendieta, Historia Eclesiastica Indiana, Lib. II, cap. 31.
[2] Sahagun, Historia de Nueva España, Lib. VIII, cap. 26.
[3] Sahagun, Historia de Nueva España, Lib. III, cap. 8.
[4] Cuicoyan, from cuica, song, and the place-ending yan, which is added to the impersonal form of the verb, in this instance, cuicoa. Mr. Bancroft entirely misapprehends Tezozomoc's words about these establishments, and gives an erroneous rendering of the term. See his Native Races of the Pacific Coast, Vol. II, p. 290, and Tezozomoc, Cronica Mexicana, cap. 18.
[5] Juan de Torquemada, Monarquia Indiana, Lib. VI, cap. 43.
[6] Torquemada, Monarquia Indiana, Lib. XVII, cap. 3. Didacus Valades, who was in Mexico about 1550, writes of the natives: "Habent instrumenta musica permulta in quibus semulatione quadam se exercent." Rhetorica Christiana, Pars. IV, cap. 24.
[7] Descriptions are given by Edward Mühlenpfordt, Die Republik Mexico, Bd. I, pp. 250-52 (Hannover, 1844).
[8] Molina translates piqui, "crear ô plasmar Dios alguna cosa de nuevo." Vocabulario de la Lengua Mexicana, s.v.
[9] Sahagun, Historia de Nueva España, Lib. X, cap. 8.
[10] Boturini, Idea de una Nueva Historia General, p. 97.
[11] Clavigero, Storia antica di Messico, Lib. VII, p. 175.
[12] Torquemada, Monarquia Indiana, Lib. X, cap. 34.
[13] Duran, Hist. de la Indias de Nueva España, Tom. I, p. 233.
[14] Tezozomoc, Cronica Mexicana, cap. 64.
[15] Ixtlilxochitl, Historia Chichimeca, cap. 47.
[16] Boturini, Idea de una Nueva Historia General, p. 90.
[17] Tezozomoc, Cronica Mexicana, cap. 53.
[18] See Sahagun, Historia de Neuva España, Lib. IV, chap. 17, and Tezozomoc, Cronica Mexicana, cap. 64.
[19] Cuitlaxoteyotl, from cuitatl, mierda; tecuilhuicuicatl, from tecuilhuaztli, sello, tecuilonti, el que lo haze a otro, pecando contra natura. Molina, Vocabulario.
[20] William A. Hammond, The Disease of the Scythians (morbus feminarum) and Certain Analogous Conditions, in the American Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1882.
[21] Cronica Mexicana, cap. 2.
[22] On this subject the reader may consult Parades, Compendio del Arte de la Lengua Mexicana, pp. 5, 6, and Sandoval, Arte de la Lengua Mexicana, pp. 60, 61. Tapia Zenteno whose Arte Novissima de la Lengua Mexicana was published in 1753, rejects altogether the saltillo, and says its invention is of no use except to make students work harder! (pp. 3, 4.) The vowels with saltillo, he maintains, are simply to be pronounced with a slight aspiration. Nevertheless, the late writers continue to employ and describe the saltillo, as Chimalpopoca, Epitome á Modo Facil de aprender el Idioma Nahuatl, p. 6. (Mexico, 1869.)
[23] Arte Novissima de la Lengua Mexicana, pp. 3, 4.
[24] Duran, Historia de Nueva España, Tom. I, p. 230.
[25] The singer who began the song was called cuicaito, "the speaker of the song."
[26] The most satisfactory description of these concerts is that given by Geronimo de Mendieta, Historia Eclesiastica Indiana, Lib. II, cap. 31. I have taken some particulars from Boturini and Sahagun.
[27] Literally, "the broken drum," from tlapana, to break, as they say tlapanhuimetzli, half moon. It is described by Tezozomoc as "un atambor bajo." Cronica Mexicana, cap. 53.
[28] From yollotl, heart, and pi, to tear out. The instrument is mentioned by Tezozomoc, Cronica Mexicana, cap. 48. On the Yopico, and its ceremonies, see Sahagun, Historia de Nueva España, Lib. II, cap. 1, and Appendix.
[29] Simeon, however, thinks the name arose from the growing and swelling of the sound of the instrument (notes to Jourdanet's translation of Sahagun, p. 28). Mr. H.H. Bancroft gives the astonishing translation of teponaztli, "wing of stone vapor!" (Native Races of the Pacific States, Vol. II, p. 293.) Brasseur traced the word to a Maya-Quiche root, tep. In both Nahuatl and Maya this syllable is the radicle of various words meaning to increase, enlarge, to grow strong or great, etc.
[30] Sahagun, Hist. de Nueva España, Lib. II, cap. 27.
[31] See The Güegüence, a Comedy ballet in the Nahuatl Spanish dialect of Nicaragua, Introd., p. 29. (Philadelphia, 1883.)
[32] Theodor Baker, Ueber die Musik der Nord-Amerikanischen Wilden., pp. 51-53. (Leipzig, 1882.)
[33] Omitl, bone, chicahuac, strong. A specimen made of the bone of a fossil elephant is possessed by Señor A. Chavero, of Mexico. See Tezozomoc, Cronica Mexicana, cap. 55, and the note of Orozco y Berra to that passage in the Mexican edition. Also Sahagun, Hist. de Nueva España, Lib. VIII, cap. 20, who likewise describes most of the instruments referred to in this section.
[34] H.T. Cresson, On Aztec Music, in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1883.
[35] Sahagun, Historia de Nueva España, Lib. II, Appendice.
[36] Duran, Historia de las Indias de Nueva España, Tom. I, p. 233.
[37] Boturini, Idea de una Nueva Historia General, Appendice, p. 95.
[38] Echevarria, Historia del Origen de las Gentes de Nueva España, Discurso Preliminar.
[39] Clavigero, Storia Antica di Messico, Lib. VII, p. 175.
[40] "Ihre Sprachen sind überreich an doppelsinnigen Ausdrücken die sie absichtlich anwenden um ihre Gedanken zu verbergen. Geistliche haben mir versichert, dass sie obgleich der Aztekischen Sprache vollständig mächtig, oft den wahren Sinn einer Beichte nicht zu verstehen vermochten, weil die Beichtende sich in räthselhafter und metaphorreicher Weise auszudrücken pflegten." Carlos von Gagern, Charakteristik der Indianischen Bevölkerung Mexico's, p. 17 (in the Mit. der Geog. Gesell., Wien. 1837).
[41] Carochi's translations are not quite literal. The following notes will explain the compounds:—
1. Tlauitl, red ochre, quecholli, a bird so called, aztatl, a heron, ehualtia, reverential of ehua, to rise up; hence, "It (or he) shone like a noble red-winged heron rising in flight."
2. Ayauitl, mist; coçamalotl, rainbow; tonameyotl, shining, brightness; ti, connective; mani, substantive verb. "The brightness of the rain bow is there." There is no conjunction "and"; Father Carochi seems to have carelessly taken ayauh, which is the form of ayauitl in composition, for the conjunction auh, and. Each of the lines given is a detached fragment, without connection with the others.
3. xiuitl, something blue or green; coyolli, bells; tzitzilicaliztli, tinkling. "The golden drum's turquoise-bell-tinkling."
4. xiuhtic, blue or green; tlapalli, red; cuiloa, to paint or write; amoxtli, book; manca, imperf. of mani. "There was a book painted in red and green." 5. chalchiuhuitl, the jade; cozcatl, a jewel; mecatl, a string; totoma, frequentative of toma, to unfold, unwind. "I unwind my song like a string of precious jewels."
[42] See above, page 10
[43] On the Ikonomatic Method of Phonetic Writing, with special reference to American Archeology. By D. G. Brinton, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, for October, 1886.
[44] This fact is mentioned by Lord Kingsborough in his great work on Mexico, Vol. VI, p. 533.
[45] It is described in the Anales del Museo Nacional, Tom. III, p. 262.
[46] Echevarria's words are "los pongo en su idioma." Hist. del Origen de las Gentes que poblaron la Nueva España, Discurso Preliminar, in Kingsborough's Mexico, Vol. VIII.
[47] See his Tezcuco en los Ultimas Tiempos de sus Antiguos Reyes. Parte IV (Mexico, 1826).
[48] See the description of this fragment of Boturini by Señor Alfredo Chavero in the Anales del Museo Nacional, Tom. III, p. 242.
[49] M. Aubin, Notice sur une Collection d'Antiquités Mexicaines, pp. 8, 9. (Paris, 1851.)
[50] Printed very incorrectly in Lord Kingsborough's edition of Ixtlilxochitl's Relaciones Historicas (Rel. X, Kingsborough, Antiquities of Mexico, Vol. IX, p. 454).
[51] See Sahagun, Historia de Nueva España, Lib. II, Appendix.
[52] Bustamente puts the number of the songs of Nezahualcoyotl at eighty, of which he could find only one extant, and this, as I understand his words, in Spanish only. See his Tezcuco en los Tiempos de sus Antiguous Reyes, p. 253 (Mexico, 1826). When Alexander von Humboldt visited Mexico he sought in vain for any fragment of the songs of the royal bard. Vues lies Cordillères, etc., Tom. II, p. 391.
[53] Tardes Americanas, pp. 90-94. (Mexico, 1778.)
[54] Torquemada, Monarquia Indiana, Lib. II, cap. 45. The word huehuetitlan, seems to be a misprint for ahuehuetitlan, from ahuehuetl, with the ligature ti, and the postposition tlan, literally "among the cypresses."
[55] Op. cit.Tom. I, p. 795.
[56] Grammatica del Idioma Mexicano, p. 180. (Mexico, 1880.)