INDEX

Transcriber's note: many of the entries refer to footnotes linked from the page numbers given.

Abbo of Fleury, [122]

‛Abdallāh ibn al-Ḥasan, [92]

‛Abdallatīf ibn Yūsuf, [93]

‛Abdalqādir ibn ‛Alī al-Sakhāwī, [6]

Abenragel, [34]

Abraham ibn Meïr ibn Ezra, see Rabbi ben Ezra

Abū ‛Alī al-Ḥosein ibn Sīnā, [74]

Abū 'l-Ḥasan, [93], [100]

Abū 'l-Qāsim, [92]

Abū 'l-Ṭeiyib, [97]

Abū Naṣr, [92]

Abū Roshd, [113]

Abu Sahl Dunash ibn Tamim, [65], [67]

Adelhard of Bath, [5], [55], [97], [119], [123], [126]

Adhemar of Chabanois, [111]

Aḥmed al-Nasawī, [98]

Aḥmed ibn ‛Abdallāh, [9], [92]

Aḥmed ibn Moḥammed, [94]

Aḥmed ibn ‛Omar, [93]

Akṣaras, [32]

Alanus ab Insulis, [124]

Al-Baġdādī, [93]

Al-Battānī, [54]

Albelda (Albaida) MS., [116]

Albert, J., [62]

Albert of York, [103]

Al-Bīrūnī, [6], [41], [49], [65], [92], [93]

Alcuin, [103]

Alexander the Great, [76]

Alexander de Villa Dei, [11], [133]

Alexandria, [64], [82]

Al-Fazārī, [92]

Alfred, [103]

Algebra, etymology, [5]

Algerian numerals, [68]

Algorism, [97]

Algorismus, [124], [126], [135]

Algorismus cifra, [120]

Al-Ḥaṣṣār, [65]

‛Alī ibn Abī Bekr, [6]

‛Alī ibn Aḥmed, [93], [98]

Al-Karābīsī, [93]

Al-Khowārazmī, [4], [9], [10], [92], [97], [98], [125], [126]

Al-Kindī, [10], [92]

Almagest, [54]

Al-Maġrebī, [93]

Al-Maḥallī, [6]

Al-Māmūn, [10], [97]

Al-Manṣūr, [96], [97]

Al-Mas‛ūdī, [7], [92]

Al-Nadīm, [9]

Al-Nasawī, [93], [98]

Alphabetic numerals, [39], [40], [43]

Al-Qāsim, [92]

Al-Qass, [94]

Al-Sakhāwī, [6]

Al-Ṣardafī, [93]

Al-Sijzī, [94]

Al-Sūfī, [10], [92]

Ambrosoli, [118]

Aṅkapalli, [43]

Apices, [87], [117], [118]

Arabs, [91]-[98]

Arbuthnot, [141]

Archimedes, [15], [16]

Arcus Pictagore, [122]

Arjuna, [15]

Arnold, E., [15], [102]

Ars memorandi, [141]

Āryabhaṭa, [39], [43], [44]

Aryan numerals, [19]

Aschbach, [134]

Ashmole, [134]

Aśoka, [19], [20], [22], [81]

Aṣ-ṣifr, [57], [58]

Astrological numerals, [150]

Atharva-Veda, [48], [49], [55]

Augustus, [80]

Averroës, [113]

Avicenna, [58], [74], [113]

Babylonian numerals, [28]

Babylonian zero, [51]

Bacon, R., [131]

Bactrian numerals, [19], [30]

Bæda, [2], [72]

Bagdad, [4], [96]

Bakhṣālī manuscript, [43], [49], [52], [53]

Ball, C. J., [35]

Ball, W. W. R., [36], [131]

Bāṇa, [44]

Barth, A., [39]

Bayang inscriptions, [39]

Bayer, [33]

Bayley, E. C., [19], [23], [30], [32], [52], [89]

Beazley, [75]

Bede, see Bæda

Beldomandi, [137]

Beloch, J., [77]

Bendall, [25], [52]

Benfey, T., [26]

Bernelinus, [88], [112], [117], [121]

Besagne, [128]

Besant, W., [109]

Bettino, [36]

Bhandarkar, [18], [47], [49]

Bhāskara, [53], [55]

Biernatzki, [32]

Biot, [32]

Björnbo, A. A., [125], [126]

Blassière, [119]

Bloomfield, [48]

Blume, [85]

Boeckh, [62]

Boehmer, [143]

Boeschenstein, [119]

Boethius, [63], [70]-[73], [83]-[90]

Boissière, [63]

Bombelli, [81]

Bonaini, [128]

Boncompagni, [5], [6], [10], [48], [49], [123], [125]

Borghi, [59]

Borgo, [119]

Bougie, [130]

Bowring, J., [56]

Brahmagupta, [52]

Brāhmaṇas, [12], [13]

Brāhmī, [19], [20], [31], [83]

Brandis, J., [54]

Bṛhat-Saṃhita, [39], [44], [78]

Brockhaus, [43]

Bubnov, [65], [84], [110], [116]

Buddha, education of, [15], [16]

Büdinger, [110]

Bugia, [130]

Bühler, G., [15], [19], [22], [31], [44], [49]

Burgess, [25]

Bürk, [13]

Burmese numerals, [36]

Burnell, A. C., [18], [40]

Buteo, [61]

Calandri, [59], [81]

Caldwell, R., [19]

Calendars, [133]

Calmet, [34]

Cantor, M., [5], [13], [30], [43], [84]

Capella, [86]

Cappelli, [143]

Caracteres, [87], [113], [117], [119]

Cardan, [119]

Carmen de Algorismo, [11], [134]

Casagrandi, [132]

Casiri, [8], [10]

Cassiodorus, [72]

Cataldi, [62]

Cataneo, [3]

Caxton, [143], [146]

Ceretti, [32]

Ceylon numerals, [36]

Chalfont, F. H., [28]

Champenois, [60]

Characters, see Caracteres

Charlemagne, [103]

Chasles, [54], [60], [85], [116], [122], [135]

Chassant, L. A., [142]

Chaucer, [121]

Chiarini, [145], [146]

Chiffre, [58]

Chinese numerals, [28], [56]

Chinese zero, [56]

Cifra, [120], [124]

Cipher, [58]

Circulus, [58], [60]

Clichtoveus, [61], [119], [145]

Codex Vigilanus, [138]

Codrington, O., [139]

Coins dated, [141]

Colebrooke, [8], [26], [46], [53]

Constantine, [104], [105]

Cosmas, [82]

Cossali, [5]

Counters, [117]

Courteille, [8]

Coxe, [59]

Crafte of Nombrynge, [11], [87], [149]

Crusades, [109]

Cunningham, A., [30], [75]

Curtze, [55], [59], [126], [134]

Cyfra, [55]

Dagomari, [146]

D'Alviella, [15]

Dante, [72]

Dasypodius, [33], [67], [63]

Daunou, [135]

Delambre, [54]

Devanāgarī, [7]

Devoulx, A., [68]

Dhruva, [49]

Dicæarchus of Messana, [77]

Digits, [119]

Diodorus Siculus, [76]

Du Cange, [62]

Dumesnil, [36]

Dutt, R. C., [12], [15], [18], [75]

Dvivedī, [44]

East and West, relations, [73]-[81], [100]-[109]

Egyptian numerals, [27]

Eisenlohr, [28]

Elia Misrachi, [57]

Enchiridion Algorismi, [58]

Eneström, [5], [48], [59], [97], [125], [128]

Europe, numerals in, [63], [99], [128], [136]

Eusebius Caesariensis, [142]

Euting, [21]

Ewald, P., [116]

Fazzari, [53], [54]

Fibonacci, see Leonardo of Pisa

Figura nihili, [58]

Figures, [119]. See numerals.

Fihrist, [67], [68], [93]

Finaeus, [57]

Firdusī, [81]

Fitz Stephen, W., [109]

Fleet, J. C., [19], [20], [49]

Florus, [80]

Flügel, G., [68]

Francisco de Retza, [142]

François, [58]

Friedlein, G., [84], [113], [116], [122]

Froude, J. A., [129]

Gandhāra, [19]

Garbe, [48]

Gasbarri, [58]

Gautier de Coincy, [120], [124]

Gemma Frisius, [2], [3], [119]

Gerber, [113]

Gerbert, [108], [110]-[120], [122]

Gerhardt, C. I., [43], [56], [93], [118]

Gerland, [88], [123]

Gherard of Cremona, [125]

Gibbon, [72]

Giles, H. A., [79]

Ginanni, [81]

Giovanni di Danti, [58]

Glareanus, [4], [119]

Gnecchi, [71], [117]

Ġobār numerals, [65], [100], [112], [124], [138]

Gow, J., [81]

Grammateus, [61]

Greek origin, [33]

Green, J. R., [109]

Greenwood, I., [62], [119]

Guglielmini, [128]

Gulistān, [102]

Günther, S., [131]

Guyard, S., [82]

Ḥabash, [9], [92]

Hager, J. (G.), [28], [32]

Halliwell, [59], [85]

Hankel, [93]

Hārūn al-Rashīd, [97], [106]

Havet, [110]

Heath, T. L., [125]

Hebrew numerals, [127]

Hecatæus, [75]

Heiberg, J. L., [55], [85], [148]

Heilbronner, [5]

Henry, C., [5], [31], [55], [87], [120], [135]

Heriger, [122]

Hermannus Contractus, [123]

Herodotus, [76], [78]

Heyd, [75]

Higden, [136]

Hill, G. F., [52], [139], [142]

Hillebrandt, A., [15], [74]

Hilprecht, H. V., [28]

Hindu forms, early, [12]

Hindu number names, [42]

Hodder, [62]

Hoernle, [43], [49]

Holywood, see Sacrobosco

Hopkins, E. W., [12]

Horace, [79], [80]

Ḥosein ibn Moḥammed al-Maḥallī, [6]

Hostus, M., [56]

Howard, H. H., [29]

Hrabanus Maurus, [72]

Huart, [7]

Huet, [33]

Hugo, H., [57]

Humboldt, A. von, [62]

Huswirt, [58]

Iamblichus, [81]

Ibn Abī Ya‛qūb, [9]

Ibn al-Adamī, [92]

Ibn al-Bannā, [93]

Ibn Khordāḍbeh, [101], [106]

Ibn Wahab, [103]

India, history of, [14]

writing in, [18]

Indicopleustes, [83]

Indo-Bactrian numerals, [19]

Indrājī, [23]

Isḥāq ibn Yūsuf al-Ṣardafī, [93]

Jacob of Florence, [57]

Jacquet, E., [38]

Jamshid, [56]

Jehan Certain, [59]

Jetons, [58], [117]

Jevons, F. B., [76]

Johannes Hispalensis, [48], [88], [124]

John of Halifax, see Sacrobosco

John of Luna, see Johannes Hispalensis

Jordan, L., [58], [124]

Joseph Ispanus (Joseph Sapiens), [115]

Justinian, [104]

Kále, M. R., [26]

Karabacek, [56]

Karpinski, L. C., [126], [134], [138]

Kātyāyana, [39]

Kaye, C. R., [6], [16], [43], [46], [121]

Keane, J., [75], [82]

Keene, H. G., [15]

Kern, [44]

Kharoṣṭhī, [19], [20]

Khosrū, [82], [91]

Kielhorn, F., [46], [47]

Kircher, A., [34]

Kitāb al-Fihrist, see Fihrist

Kleinwächter, [32]

Klos, [62]

Köbel, [4], [58], [60], [119], [123]

Krumbacher, K., [57]

Kuckuck, [62], [133]

Kugler, F. X., [51]

Lachmann, [85]

Lacouperie, [33], [35]

Lalitavistara, [15], [17]

Lami, G., [57]

La Roche, [61]

Lassen, [39]

Lāṭyāyana, [39]

Lebœuf, [135]

Leonardo of Pisa, [5], [10], [57], [64], [74], [120], [128]-[133]

Lethaby, W. R., [142]

Levi, B., [13]

Levias, [3]

Libri, [73], [85], [95]

Light of Asia, [16]

Luca da Firenze, [144]

Lucas, [128]

Mahābhārata, [18]

Mahāvīrācārya, [53]

Malabar numerals, [36]

Malayalam numerals, [36]

Mannert, [81]

Margarita Philosophica, [146]

Marie, [78]

Marquardt, J., [85]

Marshman, J. C., [17]

Martin, T. H., [30], [62], [85], [113]

Martines, D. C., [58]

Māshāllāh, [3]

Maspero, [28]

Mauch, [142]

Maximus Planudes, [2], [57], [66], [93], [120]

Megasthenes, [77]

Merchants, [114]

Meynard, [8]

Migne, [87]

Mikami, Y., [56]

Milanesi, [128]

Moḥammed ibn ‛Abdallāh, [92]

Moḥammed ibn Aḥmed, [6]

Moḥammed ibn ‛Alī ‛Abdī, [8]

Moḥammed ibn Mūsā, see Al-Khowārazmī

Molinier, [123]

Monier-Williams, [17]

Morley, D., [126]

Moroccan numerals, [68], [119]

Mortet, V., [11]

Moseley, C. B., [33]

Moṭahhar ibn Ṭāhir, [7]

Mueller, A., [68]

Mumford, J. K., [109]

Muwaffaq al-Dīn, [93]

Nabatean forms, [21]

Nallino, [4], [54], [55]

Nagl, A., [55], [110], [113], [126]

Nānā Ghāt inscriptions, [20], [22], [23], [40]

Narducci, [123]

Nasik cave inscriptions, [24]

Naẓīf ibn Yumn, [94]

Neander, A., [75]

Neophytos, [57], [62]

Neo-Pythagoreans, [64]

Nesselmann, [58]

Newman, Cardinal, [96]

Newman, F. W., [131]

Nöldeke, Th., [91]

Notation, [61]

Note, [61], [119]

Noviomagus, [45], [61], [119], [150]

Null, [61]

Numerals,

Algerian, [68]

astrological, [150]

Brāhmī, [19]-[22], [83]

early ideas of origin, [1]

Hindu, [26]

Hindu, classified, [19], [38]

Kharoṣṭhī, [19]-[22]

Moroccan, [68]

Nabatean, [21]

origin, [27], [30], [31], [37]

supposed Arabic origin, [2]

supposed Babylonian origin, [28]

supposed Chaldean and Jewish origin, [3]

supposed Chinese origin, [28], [32]

supposed Egyptian origin, [27], [30], [69], [70]

supposed Greek origin, [33]

supposed Phœnician origin, [32]

tables of, [22]-[27], [36], [48], [49], [69], [88], [140], [143], [145]-[148]

O'Creat, [5], [55], [119], [120]

Olleris, [110], [113]

Oppert, G., [14], [75]

Pali, [22]

Pañcasiddhāntikā, [44]

Paravey, [32], [57]

Pātalīpuṭra, [77]

Patna, [77]

Patrick, R., [119]

Payne, E. J., [106]

Pegolotti, [107]

Peletier, [2], [62]

Perrot, [80]

Persia, [66], [91], [107]

Pertz, [115]

Petrus de Dacia, [59], [61], [62]

Pez, P. B., [117]

"Philalethes," [75]

Phillips, G., [107]

Picavet, [105]

Pichler, F., [141]

Pihan, A. P., [36]

Pisa, [128]

Place value, [26], [42], [46], [48]

Planudes, see Maximus Planudes

Plimpton, G. A., [56], [59], [85], [143], [144], [145], [148]

Pliny, [76]

Polo, N. and M., [107]

Prändel, J. G., [54]

Prinsep, J., [20], [31]

Propertius, [80]

Prosdocimo de' Beldomandi, [137]

Prou, [143]

Ptolemy, [54], [78]

Putnam, [103]

Pythagoras, [63]

Pythagorean numbers, [13]

Pytheas of Massilia, [76]

Rabbi ben Ezra, [60], [127]

Radulph of Laon, [60], [113], [118], [124]

Raets, [62]

Rainer, see Gemma Frisius

Rāmāyana, [18]

Ramus, [2], [41], [60], [61]

Raoul Glaber, [123]

Rapson, [77]

Rauhfuss, see Dasypodius

Raumer, K. von, [111]

Reclus, E., [14], [96], [130]

Recorde, [3], [58]

Reinaud, [67], [74], [80]

Reveillaud, [36]

Richer, [110], [112], [115]

Riese, A., [119]

Robertson, [81]

Robertus Cestrensis, [97], [126]

Rodet, [5], [44]

Roediger, J., [68]

Rollandus, [144]

Romagnosi, [81]

Rosen, F., [5]

Rotula, [60]

Rudolff, [85]

Rudolph, [62], [67]

Ruffi, [150]

Sachau, [6]

Sacrobosco, [3], [58], [133]

Sacy, S. de, [66], [70]

Sa‛dī, [102]

Śaka inscriptions, [20]

Samū'īl ibn Yaḥyā, [93]

Śāradā characters, [55]

Savonne, [60]

Scaliger, J. C., [73]

Scheubel, [62]

Schlegel, [12]

Schmidt, [133]

Schonerus, [87], [119]

Schroeder, L. von, [13]

Scylax, [75]

Sedillot, [8], [34]

Senart, [20], [24], [25]

Sened ibn ‛Alī, [10], [98]

Sfortunati, [62], [150]

Shelley, W., [126]

Siamese numerals, [36]

Siddhānta, [8], [18]

Ṣifr, [57]

Sigsboto, [55]

Sihāb al-Dīn, [67]

Silberberg, [60]

Simon, [13]

Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ, [93]

Sindbad, [100]

Sindhind, [97]

Sipos, [60]

Sirr, H. C., [75]

Skeel, C. A., [74]

Smith, D. E., [11], [17], [53], [86], [141], [143]

Smith, V. A., [20], [35], [46], [47]

Smith, Wm., [75]

Smṛti, [17]

Spain, [64], [65], [100]

Spitta-Bey, [5]

Sprenger, [94]

Śrautasūtra, [39]

Steffens, F., [116]

Steinschneider, [5], [57], [65], [66], [98], [126]

Stifel, [62]

Subandhus, [44]

Suetonius, [80]

Suleimān, [100]

Śūnya, [43], [53], [57]

Suter, [5], [9], [68], [69], [93], [116], [131]

Sūtras, [13]

Sykes, P. M., [75]

Sylvester II, see Gerbert

Symonds, J. A., [129]

Tannery, P., [62], [84], [85]

Tartaglia, [4], [61]

Taylor, I., [19], [30]

Teca, [55], [61]

Tennent, J. E., [75]

Texada, [60]

Theca, [58], [61]

Theophanes, [64]

Thibaut, G., [12], [13], [16], [44], [47]

Tibetan numerals, [36]

Timotheus, [103]

Tonstall, C., [3], [61]

Trenchant, [60]

Treutlein, [5], [63], [123]

Trevisa, [136]

Treviso arithmetic, [145]

Trivium and quadrivium, [73]

Tsin, [56]

Tunis, [65]

Turchill, [88], [118], [123]

Turnour, G., [75]

Tziphra, [57], [62]

τζίφρα, [55], [57], [62]

Tzwivel, [61], [118], [145]

Ujjain, [32]

Unger, [133]

Upanishads, [12]

Usk, [121]

Valla, G., [61]

Van der Schuere, [62]

Varāha-Mihira, [39], [44], [78]

Vāsavadattā, [44]

Vaux, Carra de, [9], [74]

Vaux, W. S. W., [91]

Vedāṅgas, [17]

Vedas, [12], [15], [17]

Vergil, [80]

Vincent, A. J. H., [57]

Vogt, [13]

Voizot, P., [36]

Vossius, [4], [76], [81], [84]

Wallis, [3], [62], [84], [116]

Wappler, E., [54], [126]

Wäschke, H., [2], [93]

Wattenbach, [143]

Weber, A., [31]

Weidler, I. F., [34], [66]

Weidler, I. F. and G. I., [63], [66]

Weissenborn, [85], [110]

Wertheim, G., [57], [61]

Whitney, W. D., [13]

Wilford, F., [75]

Wilkens, [62]

Wilkinson, J. G., [70]

Willichius, [3]

Woepcke, [3], [6], [42], [63], [64], [65], [67], [69], [70], [94], [113], [138]

Wolack, G., [54]

Woodruff, C. E., [32]

Word and letter numerals, [38], [44]

Wüstenfeld, [74]

Yule, H., [107]

Zephirum, [57], [58]

Zephyr, [59]

Zepiro, [58]

Zero, [26], [38], [40], [43], [45], [49], [51]-[62], [67]

Zeuero, [58]