Villages of the Algonquian, Siouan, and Caddoan Tribes West of the Mississippi

by David I. Bushnell

INDEX

Accancea. See Quapaw.
Agriculture—
among Sauk and Foxes, [40]
of the Arikara, [179]
of the Mandan, [127]
of the Osage, [106]
Algonquian family—
characteristics of villages of, [7]
general movement of groups of, [3]
groups comprising western division of, [1]
largest north of Mexico, [43]
villages of, described, [1]
Al-le-ga-wa-ho's village, [97]
Allen, J.A., book by, on the buffalo, [7]
Allouez, Père, mission conducted by, [122]
Amahami—
once united with the Hidatsa and Crow, [140]
village of, on Knife River, [125], [141]
American Fur Company—
post of, [75]
trade of, with Sioux, [61]
Animals—
domestic, lack of, among the Iowa, [114]
domestic, of the Kansa, [90]
of the Dakota country, [4]
See Buffalo, Dogs, Game.
Arapaho—
an Algonquian group, [1]
country occupied by, [33]-[34]
habitations of, [34]
Arapaho village—
described by Fremont, [36]-[37]
photograph of, [37]
Arbor entrance, a Siouan feature, [122]
Archithinue natives, name applied to Blackfeet, [25], [26]
Arikara—
a Caddoan group, [2]
encampments of, visited by Lewis and Clark, [23]
hostility of, to whites, [176], [179]
Mandan village occupied by, [139]
migration of, [167], [169]-[170]
pottery of, [174]
settlement of, near Fort Berthold, [147]
skilled agriculturists, [179]
warfare of, with Sioux, [70]
Akikara villages—
described by Brackenridge, [172], [173]
described by Bradbury, [172]
described by Maximilian, [175]-[176]
on the Missouri, [168]
sites of, [168]-[169]
sketched by Catlin, [175]
Ark of the first man, [129], [132]
Arkansa. See Quapaw.
Arkansas band, a division of the Osage, [98]
Assiniboin, a Missouri River steamboat, [130]
trip of, to the Yellowstone River, [142]
Assiniboin tribe—
alliance of, with Cree, [71]
camp of, described by Maximilian, [75]-[76]
country occupied by, [71]
location and number of, [32]
of the Dakota-Assiniboin group, [2]
on the march, [73], [74]
relation of, to other tribes, [44]
separated from Yanktonai, [71]
structures of, [71], [72], [73], [76]-[77]
with Cree, at Mandan village, [74]
Assiniboin village—
size of, [73], [74]
movement of, [73], [74]
Atsina, a division of the Arapaho, [1], [25]
allied with tribes of the Blackfeet confederacy, [25], [34]
fortified camps of, [34]
incorporated with the Assiniboin, [25]
various names for, [34]
Atsina village, described by Maximilian, [35]
Avenue, pottery on site of, [112]
Awachawi, an Hidatsa village, [142]
Awatichay, an Hidatsa village, [142]
Ayauways, excursions of, against the Osage, [98]
Bark-covered lodges—
as summer habitations, [38], [51], [84]
as winter habitations, [51]
employed in timber country, [184]-[185]
erected by the Dakota, [44]
of the Kansa, [95]
of the Mdewakanton, [50]
of the Ojibway, [9]-[13], [16], [17], [56]
of the Osage, [98]
of the Oto, [120]
of the Quapaw, [109]
of the Sauk and Foxes, [39]
Basketry—
of the Arikara, [169]
of the Osage, [103]
Beauregard, Mrs. N.H., copy by, of manuscript, [90]
Beds—
of the Caddo, [183]
of the Kansa, [92]
of the Mandan, [133], [134]
Bellevue, a trading post on the Missouri, [81]
Big-bellied Indians. See Atsina.
Big Kaw, an Oto Indian, [117]
Big Knives, Kansa name for the whites, [89]
Big Track, an Osage chief, [98]
Birch bark structures, [9]-[13]
See Bark-covered lodges.
Blackfeet confederacy, tribes composing, [1], [25]
Blackfeet Indians—
camps of, described by Maximilian, [28]
ceremonial lodges of, [33]
country inhabited by, [27], [32]
descriptions of, [25]-[28]
manner of living, [33]
number of, [32]
warlike nature of, [28]
war party of, [31]
See Siksika.
Black Hawk, birthplace of, [38]
Black Hills, no permanent Indian settlement in, [70]
Blood Indians—
country occupied by, [27], [32]
number of, [32]
See Kainah.
Bodmer—
painting by, of Atsina village, [35]
painting by, of chief's lodge, [76]
painting by, of Mandan village, [133]
drawing by, of tipis, [58]
sketch by, in Newberry Library, [143]
Bowls, wooden, of the Mandan, [137]
Bradbury, visit of, to Omaha village, [78]
Brulés, a Teton band, [2]
Brush shelters of the Assiniboin, [75]
Buffalo—
Arikara offering to, [174]
hunting of, [4]-[7]
importance of, to the Indian, [3]-[4]
manner of traveling, [72]
Buffalo Hunt—
described by Fremont, [35]-[36]
of the Oglala, [68]
Buffalo pounds, [5]-[6]
use of, by Blackfeet, [26]
Buffalo skulls, a charm to entice buffaloes, [62]-[63]
Buffalo Society, Omaha, dance given by, [82]
Buffalo trails, followed by Indians, [7]
Bull-boat—
characteristic of upper Missouri, [129]
of the Hidatsa, [146]-[147]
Burials—
Omaha, [78]
Oto, [120]
scaffold, mention of, [50]-[51]
Caches—
described by Fletcher and La Flesche, [80]
described by Matthews, [150]
exposed by railroad cut, [82]
for storage of corn, [126]
Omaha, described by Gilden, [83], [84]
on elevated stage, [12]
Caddo—
a tribe of the Caddoan family, [2]
country occupied by, [155], [182]
described by Joutel, [182]-[183]
Caddoan family—
confederacies of, [2]
country occupied by, [1]
earth lodge characteristic of, [7]-[8]
general movement of, [3]
tribes composing, [2]
Cahokia tribe, village of, [41]
Cannon River, village near mouth of, [50]
Canoes—
birch-bark, [15]-[16]
made of buffalo skins, [94]
of the Arikara, [172]
of the Hidatsa, [141]
Oto, [121]
See Bull-boat.
Cappa, a Quapaw village, [109]
Castañeda, thatched houses mentioned by, [179]
Catlin, George—
among the Mandan, [128]
among the Teton, [61]
Arikara village sketched by, [175]
collection of paintings by, in National Museum, [15], [129], [141], [175]
incorrect drawings by, of earth lodges, [149]
Indian portraits painted by, [62]
Ojibway camp described by, [15]
Caves, in the Ozarks, occupied by Indians, [107]
Ceremonial lodge—
of the Crows, [155]
of the Hidatsa, [144]
of the Ojibway, [13]
of the Quapaw, [111]
of the Sun dance, [63]
See Medicine lodge.
Ceremonial shelter, temporary, of the Cree and Ojibway, [18]-[19]
Ceremonies, Arikara, in medicine lodge, [178]
Chatique, an Assiniboin chief, [71]
Chaui, a tribe of the Pawnee confederacy, [2]
Cherokees, migration of remnant of, [2]
Cheyenne Indians—
an Algonquian group, [1]
described by Lewis and Clark, [24]
in Arapaho village, [36]
lodges of, for special purposes, [25]
lodges of, like Pawnee, [24], [25]
territory occupied by, [21]
various habitations of, [22]
Cheyenne village sites—
described by Grinnell, [22]-[23]
mentioned by Lewis and Clark, [23]
Chiefs, decorations on lodges of, [67], [76]
Childs Point, ruins on, [82]
Chippeway—
treaty of, with Sioux, [15]
See Ojibway.
Chiwere group of Siouan tribes, [2]
habitations of, [113]
tribes composing, [112]
Choctaw, temporary village of, [110]
Cholera among the Oglala, [64]
Chote, town house at, [118]
Circles—
of earth, [21], [28], [30]
of stone, [20], [21]
Clarmont, French name of Osage chief, [103]
Clothing—
made of buffalo hides, [3], [4]
of the Kansa, [94]
Club, wooden, of the Mandan, [138]
Cocking, Matthew, journey of, [26]-[27]
Colbert, first name of Mississippi River, [109]
Corn, cultivation of, [39], [40], [106], [127], [179]
Coronado expedition, thatched houses seen by, [179]
Council Bluffs, origin of the name, [115], [157]
Council house—
of the Kansa, [92]-[93]
of the Ojibway, [16]
of the Oto, [117]
of the Teton, [60]

Cree Indians—
habitations of, [17]-[21]
language of, [17]
population of, [18], [19]
related to Ojibway, [17]
loving disposition of, [19]
territory inhabited by, [1], [18], [19]
with Assiniboin at Mandan village, [74]
See Knistenaux.
Crow Indians—
a tribe of the Hidatsa group, [2]
arrangement of camps of, [154]
ceremonial lodge of, [154]-[155]
country inhabited by, [151], [152]-[153]
described by Larocque, [151]
lodges of, described, [152]-[154]
separation of, from the Hidatsa, [150]
wandering habits of, [153]
Custer, General, mention of, [70]
Customs—
of the Blackfeet, [26]-[27]
of the Cree, [18]-[19]
of the Ojibway, [8]-[11], [13], [17]
of the Omaha, [85]-[87]
of the Osage, [105]-[106]
of the Pawnee, [163]-[165]
of the Sauk and Foxes, [39]-[41]
of the Teton, [60]-[61]
of the Wahpeton, [53]
of the Yanktonai, [54]-[57]
Dakota-Assiniboin group, [2]
country occupied by, [44]
habitations of, [44]-[45]
tribes composing, [44]
Dance—
of the Teton, [60]
See Dog dance, Sacred dance, Sun dance, War dance.
De Smet, Father, at the Kansa villages, [95]-[96]
Decoration of lodges, [28], [67], [75]-[76], [78], [85]
Delaware Indians—
abandoned settlement of, [42]-[43]
log cabins built by, [42]
migration of remnant of, [2], [3]
Dhegiha group, [2]
migration of, [77]
Dodge, Col. R. I., with expedition into Black Hills, [70]
Dog dance of the Kansa, [93]
Dog feast, painting of, [15]
Dog travois, [19]-[20], [55], [65], [76]
Dogs—
as a sacrifice, [52], [61]
as beasts of burden, [28]
as food, [28], [53], [54]
as sacred animals, [53]
use of, for transportation, [72], [73]
See Dog travois.
Dorsey, J. O., Omaha structures described by, [85]
Douay, Père Anastasius, Quapaw villages mentioned by, [110]
Dwellings. See Lodges, Tipi, Wigwam.
Earth circles—
explanations of, [21]
noticed by Maximilian, [28], [30]
Earth lodge—
Arikara, [170], [173], [176]
characteristic of Missouri River tribes, [185]
Cheyenne, no pictures of, [24]
erected by Caddoan tribes, [8]
Gros Ventres, [148]
Hidatsa, [142]
interior of, [81], [161]-[162]
Mandan, [128], [130], [132], [133]
most accurate drawing of, [143]
not in tribal circle, [84]
Omaha, [79]-[80], [82]-[83]
Oto, [115], [116], [117]
Pawnee, [156], [161]-[162]
suggestive of Creek and Cherokee council house, [185]
used by Dhegiha group, [77]
Earthenware—
in the Ozark country, [107]
See Pottery.
Earthworks, attributed to Dhegiha group, [77]
Eastman, Capt., painting by, [51], [54]
Elah-Sa, an Hidatsa village, [142]
Ellsworth, H. L., expedition led by, [116], [159]-[161]
Elm bark, structures of, [16], [17], [39]
See Bark-covered lodges.
Engineer Cantonment, winter quarters of Long expedition, [157]
Entrance—
to earth lodge, [149]
to Winnebago dwelling, [122]
Environment, influence of—
on form of dwelling, [184]
on manners and customs, [8]
Fall Indians, location and number of, [32]
See Atsina.
Fall of the Rapid Indians, a name for the Atsina, [34]

Falls of St. Anthony—
Indian camp at, [15]
named by Father Hennepin, [45]
Feasts—
given by Blackfoot chief, [29]
of the Cree, [18]-[19]
of the Teton Sioux, [61]-[62]
Fish, method of curing, [10]
Floor mats, method of making, [41]
Food—
method of cooking illustrated, [10]
of the Mandan, [127], [136]
of the Ojibway, [8]-[9]
of the Osage, [104], [105]-[106]
See Agriculture, Buffalo, Corn, Dogs, Fish, Game.
Fool Chief, a Kansa chief, [96]
village of, [97]
Fort Berthold, tribes near, [147]
Fort Clark—
erection of, [176]
Mandan village near, [130], [139], [140]
See Fort Osage.
Fort Crawford, establishment of, [184]
Fort de Bourbon—
location of, [72]
mention of, [71]

Fort des Prairies, mention of, [72]
Fort John, destroyed by North American Fur Company, [69]
Fort Laramie, description of, [69]
Fort Leavenworth, early description of, [116]
Fort Lookout, treaty concluded at, [57]
Fort Osage—
later named Fort Clark, [99]
village near, [100]
Fort Pierre—
gathering of Yankton near, [57], [59]
sketch of, [63]
Fort Snelling—
encampment at, [15]
establishment of, [184]
Fort Union—
Assiniboin camp at, [75]
stay at, of Friedrich Kurz, [76]
visit at, of Maximilian, [142]
Fort Yates, villages near, [22]
Fortified Villages—
Arikara, [168], [171], [172]
Hidatsa, [147]
Mandan, [123], [131]
Forts built by Indians, [34], [35]
Fox Indians—
habitat of, [1]
present location of, [38]
visited by Long, [38]
See Sauk and Foxes.
Fremont, arrival of, at Kansa towns, [96]
Fur trade of the Teton, [61]
Furs, huge quantities of, collected by Sauk and Foxes, [40]
Game—
abundance of, at Isle au Vache, [91]
See Animals, Buffalo, Hunting.
Games—
played by the Omaha, [81]
space for playing, [129]
Gilder, R. F., village site identified by, [82]
Gilfillan, Dr. J. A., missionary among the Ojibway, [11]
Grand Pawnee—
visit to, of Long expedition, [158]
See Chaui.
Grant, Peter, Ojibway dwellings described by, [9]-[10]
Grass lodge—
as temporary shelter, [13]-[14]
of the Caddo, [183]
of the Wichita, [179]-[180]
photograph of, [180]
Great Osage, an Osage band, [98]
Grinnell, George B., erection of medicine lodge described by, [33]
Gros Ventres. See Hidatsa.
Gros Ventres of the Missouri, a name applied to the Hidatsa, [141]
Gros Ventres of the Prairie, a name applied to the Atsina, [34], [141]
See Atsina.
Habitations. See Lodges, Tipi, Wigwam.
Ha-won-je-tah, a Teton Sioux chief, [61], [62]
Hendry, Anthony, Journal of, [25]
Henry, Alexander, travels of, through Assiniboin country, [71]-[73]
Hidatsa group, tribes composing, [2], [140]
Hidatsa tribe—
ceremonial lodge of, [144]
creation myth of, [143]
temporary lodge of, [147]
winter village of, [143], [149]
See Minnetarees.
Hidatsa villages—
descriptions of, [142]-[143], [145]-[146], [148]-[150]
Indian drawings of, [139]
location of, [141]
near Fort Berthold, [147]
painting of, by Catlin, [141]
plan of, [145]
sites of, compared with Mandan, [146]
temporary, for winter use, [149]
Hime, Humphrey Lloyd, photographs made by, [12]
Hind Expedition—
camp sites observed by, [20]-[21]
Ojibway structures encountered by, [12]
Hoe, made by Arikara, [177]
Horse travois, [30], [65], [66]
Horseracing of the Blackfeet, [31]
Horses, housed in lodges of the Mandan, [126]
House Rings, [20], [21], [22], [28], [30]
Hudson's Bay Company—
journals of traders of, [25]
trade of, with the Blackfeet, [27]
trading post of, [76]
Hunkpapa, a Teton band, [2]
Hunting—
customs of the Osage, [103], [106]
customs of the Sauk and Foxes, [40]
excursions of the Mandan, [126]
excursions of the Omaha, [85]-[87]
grounds used for, by Oto, [116]
of antelope, a method of, [6]
of buffalo, [4]-[7]
parties of the Mandan, [136]
trips of the Pawnee, [166]-[167]
Illinois confederacy, villages of, [41]-[43]
Illinois Indians—
village of, [41]
west of the Mississippi, [1]
Implements—
agricultural, of the Arikara, [177]
flint, on Omaha village site, [82], [83]
for skin dressing, [138]
stone, found on White River, [108]
Indian Peace Commission, visit of, to Fort Laramie, [69]
Iotan, an Oto chief, [117]
Iowa tribe—
appearance of villages of, [113]
belonging to Chiwere group, [2]
brief description of, [114]
closely connected with Winnebago, [122]
habitations of, [114]
migration of, [113]
Iron Bird, an Osage chief, [103]
Irvin, Samuel M., missionary among the Iowa, [114]
Irving, Washington—
deserted village described by, [105]
Indian symbols mentioned by, [43]
Ish-tal-a-sa's village, [97]

Isle au Vache—
brief history of, by Remsburg, [94]
council at, between Kansa and Long party, [91]
location of, [94]
remains near, [91]
Issati village, site of, [45]
Itazipcho, a Teton band, [2]
See Sans Arcs.
Jackson, W. H., photographs made by, [162]
Jaramillo, Juan, an officer of the Coronado expedition, [179]
Jonglerie, or medicine lodge, [16]-[17]
Journals of traders, Blackfeet described in, [25]
Joutel—
account by, of Quapaw villages, [109]
Caddo tribe described by, [182]-[183]
Kainah, a tribe of the Blackfeet confederacy, [1], [25]
Kane, Paul—
Ojibway wigwam described by, [10]
paintings by, [20], [77]
Kansa Indians—
a tribe of the Dhegiha group, [2], [77]
attack on, by Pawnee, [96]
dress of, [94]
migration of, [89]
population of, [89], [95]
variety of dwellings of, [97]
villages of, described, [90], [92], [95]-[96], [97]
visit of, to the Oto, [121]
Kaposia, village of, [50], [51]
Kingfisher, an old Ojibway, [12]
Kitkehahki, a tribe of the Pawnee confederacy, [2]
Knistenaux—
at Mandan village, [74]
language spoken by, [74]
location and number of, [32]
See Cree.
Kurz, Friedrich—
among the Omaha, [81]
at Fort Union, [76]
sketches by, [20], [63], [121]
La Flesche, Joseph, an Omaha chief, [82]
La Harpe, meeting of, with the Quapaw, [110]
La Petit Corbeau, a Sioux chief, village of, [38]
La Salle expedition, [109], [182]
La Verendrye expedition, [73]-[74], [122]
Lac de L'Isle Croix, Cree bands along, [18]
Lahcocat, an Arikara village, [169]
Lake Huron, encampment on islands of, [10]
Lake Superior, structures on shores of, [9]
Larocque, Antoine, visit of, among the Crows, [151]
Le Raye, references in journal of, to the Arikara, [168]
Leavenworth, establishment of, [184]
Lewis and Clark expedition, villages visited by, [23], [34], [60], [74], [75], [78], [89], [90], [114]-[115], [124]-[126]
Lindenwood College, manuscript journal in possession of, [90]
Liquor, use of, among Indians, [75]
Little Dog, a Piegan Indian, [30]
Little Osage, an Osage band, [98]
Little Osage River, Osage villages in valley of, [99]
Little Raven, village of, [48], [49], [50]
Lodges. See Bark-covered lodges, Ceremonial lodge, Earth lodge, Grass lodge, Log houses, Mat-covered lodge, Skin lodge, Thatched lodge, Tipi, Traders lodge, Wigwam.
Log Cabins—
built by Cree, [18]
of the Delaware, [42]
See Log houses.
Log Houses—
construction of, [48]
of Fox Indians, [38]
of Sioux chief, [39]
of upright posts, [48], [49], [50]
Long, Maj. Stephen H., expedition under command of, [47], [157]
Louisiana Purchase, change of conditions due to, [184]
Low Horn, a Piegan chief, [30]
Ludlow exploring party, [70]
Mahawha, village of the Amahami, [125]
Malta, Mo., former Osage village near, [99]
Mandan—
a Siouan tribe, [2]
history of, [125]
settled near Fort Berthold, [147]
village sites of, compared with Hidatsa, [146]
Mandan villages—
described by Catlin, [128], [129]-[130]
described by Maximilian, [130]-[132]
deserted, [124]
French expedition to, [122]-[123]
Indian drawings of, [139]
occupied by Arikaras, [176]
plan of, [131]
Manitobah House, wigwam near, [12]
Manners and customs. See Customs.
Marquette, Père—
Illinois tribes visited by, [41]
Osage villages listed by, [98]
Quapaw villages reached by, [108]
Marston, Major M., life of Sauk and Foxes described by, [39]-[41]
Martin, Captain, stay of detachment of, at Isle au Vache, [91]
Mat-covered lodge—
as winter habitation, [38]
of the Kansa, [91], [92]
of the Osage, [98], [99], [100]
used by Dhegiha group, [77]
Matootonha, a Mandan village, [125]
Mats, rush, method of making, [41]
Matthews, description by, of Hidatsa villages, [148]-[150]
Maximilian, villages visited by, [19], [28], [29], [35], [88], [130]-[136], [175]-[176]
Mdewakanton tribe—
a division of the Dakota, [2], [44]
sites of settlements of, [15]
villages of, [45]-[52]
Medicine, meaning of the term, [164]
Medicine bag of the Dakotas, [55]
Medicine feast—
of the Hidatsa, [143]-[145]
of the Mandan, [135], [136]

Medicine lodge—
Arikara, [172]-[173], [178]
ceremony of erecting, [33]
of the Blackfeet, [33]
of the Mandan, [129]
Ojibway, [12], [13], [16]-[17]
Metaharta, a Minnetaree village, [125], [126]
Michigamea—
an Illinois tribe, [41]
position of village of, not determined, [112]
visited by Marquette, [41]
Mĭdé lodge of the Ojibway, [13], [19]
Mih-tutta-hangusch, a Mandan village, [128], [130], [131]
Mille Lac, village sites on, [45]-[46]
Miniconjou, a Teton band, [2]
Minnetarees—
intrenchments made by, [34]
population of village of, [126]
winter village of, [143]
See Hidatsa.
Minnetarees of Fort de Prairie, a name for the Atsina, [34]
Mississippi River, first name of, [109]
Missouri tribe—
ancient village of, [121]
connected with Winnebago, [122]
of the Chiwere group, [2]
remnants of, with the Oto, [114]
Mortars—
stone, in the Ozark country, [107], [108]
wooden, of the Arikara, [177]
National Museum—
bone scrapers in, [59]
collection in, of paintings by Catlin, [15], [129], [141], [175]
Oto specimens in, [121]
Newberry Library, sketch in, by Bodmer, [143]
Nicollet, visit of, to the Winnebago, [122]
Niobrara River, early name of, [88]
Nuttall, Thomas, journey of, [103], [110], [111]
Ochkih-Hadda, the evil spirit of the Mandan, [132], [142]
O'Fallon, Maj., commissioner with Long expedition, [157]
Oglala—
a Teton band, [2]
country occupied by, [63]
epidemic of cholera among, [64]
log lodges of, [67]
moving of village of, [64]-[65]
skin lodges of, [68]
wanderings of, [44]
Ohio Valley, ancient village sites of, [102]
Ojibway—
ceremonial structures of, [18]-[19]
habitations of, [8]-[17]
location of villages of, [1]
meeting of, with Sioux, to establish peace, [15]
territory claimed by, [8]
village sites of, [15]
See Chippeway.
Omaha tribe—
manners and customs of, [85]-[87]
meaning of the name, [108]
migration of, [77]
of the Dhegiha group, [2], [77]
Omaha villages, [77]-[87]
destroyed by fire, [78]
One Stab, an Oglala head-man, [70]
Oohenonpa, a Teton band, [2]
Osage Indians—

a tribe of the Dhegiha group, [2], [77]
habitat of, [98]
industry of women, [103]
life of, described by Morse, [106]
structures of, [99], [101]-[104]
villages of, described, [100], [103]-[104]
villages of, listed by Père Marquette, [98]
Oto tribe—
a tribe of the Chiwere group, [2]
closely connected with Winnebago, [122]
councils with, [115], [117]-[118]
country occupied by, [114]
habitation of, described by Bradbury, [115]
temporary camp of, described by James, [120]
winter camp of, described by Mölhausen, [118]
Otsotchove, a Quapaw village, [109]
Ozarks—
caves of, [107]
habitat of the Osage, [98]
hunting ground of the Osage, [107]
Pahatsi, an Osage band, [2], [98]
Palisades. See Fortified villages.
Palmer, Dr., missionary to the Osage, [104]
Papillion Creek, Omaha village on, [81]
Pasquayah village, [71]
Pawnee confederacy, tribes composing, [2]
Pawnee Indians—
abandoned camp of, [165]
attack by, on Kansa village, [96]
council held with, [160]-[161]
country occupied by, [159]
customs of, [163]-[165]
habitations of, [156], [158], [161]-[162]
manner of moving, [163]
migration of, [156]
temporary camp of, [164]
Pawnee villages—
description of, [157], [162]
orderly removal of, [65]
photographs of, [162]
Pelican, The, an Assiniboin chief, [71]
Pembina, native habitations at, [55]
Pemmican maul, of the Oto, [121]
Peoria, village of, visited by Marquette, [41]
Persimmon pulp, bread made of, [100]
Petit Corbeau, village of, [48], [49], [50]
Picaneaux, location and number of, [32]
See Piegan.
Piegan Indians—
a tribe of the Blackfeet confederacy, [1], [25]
camp of, described, [30]-[31]
camp of, painted by Bodmer, [29]
country occupied by, [27]
population of, [31], [32]
See Picaneaux.
Pike, Lieut. Z. M., exploring expedition of, [99], [155]
Pillagers, gathering place of, [15]
Pipes—
ceremonial use of, [172]
from Omaha cache, [83]
of peace, smoking of, [61]
Pipestone quarry, tribes ranging near, [77]

Pis-ka-kau-a-kis, a band of Cree, [18]
Pitahauerat, a tribe of the Pawnee confederacy, [2]
"Platte purchase," Iowa living in, [114]
Platte River, Oto village on, [116]
Ponca Indians—
a tribe of the Dhegiha group, [2], [77]
habitations of, [87]-[88]
migration of, [77]
separation of, from the Omaha, [87]
Population—
of Arikara villages, [170]
of Assiniboin, [76]
of Atsina or Fall Indians, [32]
of Cheyenne, [24]
of Cree, [19]
of Crow, [19]
of Kansa, [89], [93]
of Mandan, [139]
of Minnetaree villages, [126]
of Osage, [104]
of Piegan, [31]
of Sarsees, [32]
of village of Sotoüis, [110]
of Waco, [182]
of Wichita, [182]
of Yankton, [56]
Porcupine Creek, village on, [22]
Pottery—
Arikara, [174]
fragments of, in Ozark caves, [107]
fragments of, on village site, [46]
of the Mandan, [137]-[138]
of the Quapaw, [112]
See Earthenware.
Pounds, buffalo, [5]-[6], [26]
Quapaw—
a tribe of the Dhegiha group, [2], [77]
country occupied by, [108]
decrease in population of, [111]
meaning of the name, [108]
migration of, [77], [112]
remnants of, [111]
Quivira, reached by Coronado, [179]
Radin, Paul, list of Winnebago structures given by, [122]
Rakes, made by Arikara, [177]
Raynolds exploring party, sacred structure discovered by, [63]
Red Cloud, an Oglala chief, [70], [71]
Red River, structures in valley of, [9], [12]
Red Wing, Minn., origin of the name, [47]
Red Wing, village of—
described by Schoolcraft, [49]
described by Seymour, [50]
Rees, warfare of, with Sioux, [70]
Republican Pawnee—
described by Irving, [161]
visited by Long expedition, [159]
See Kitkehahki.
Requa, W. C., Osage described by, [104]
Rings—
of earth, [21], [28], [30]
of stone, [20], [21]
Rocky Mountain Fort, Assiniboin camp near, [77]
Rooptahee, a Mandan winter village, [125], [134]
Rotundas of the Cherokee, [118]
Running-water River, early name of the Niobrara, [88]
Rush mats—
for seats and sleeping places, [11]
method of making, [41]
used for covering dwellings, [10]
Sacred dance—
for benefit of sick, [82]
of the Dakotas, [55]
Sacred island in Mille Lac, described, [46]
St. Joseph, a trading post, [184]
St. Paul, former Indian village near, [38]
St. Peters River, exploration of, [47]
Salt, making of, by Indians, [42], [174]
Sandy Creek, Oto encampment on, [120]
Sans Arcs, a Teton band, [2]
See Itazipcho.
Sans Oreille, an Osage chief, [100]
Santee—
eastern division of the Dakota, [45]
tribes forming, [2]
use of the name, [45]
Santsukhdhi an Osage band, [2], [98]
Sarsees, number and location of, [32]
Saskatchewan Valley, tribes inhabiting, [32]
Sauk and Foxes—
agriculture of, [40]
living as one tribe, [38]
manners and ways of life, [39]-[41]
summer and winter habitations of, [38]
villages of, similar in appearance, [38]
See Fox Indians, Sauk Indians.
Sauk Indians—
excursions of, against the Osage and Missouris, [98]
Missouri driven out by, [121]
removal of, to Indian Territory, [38]
territory of, [1]
village of, visited by Long, [38]
See Sauk and Foxes.
Sauteux. See Ojibway.
Schoolcraft, H. R.—
deserted Osage villages encountered by, [101]
journey of, down the Mississippi, [49]
Sioux settlements described by, [49]
Seven Council Fires of the Dakota, [44]
Seymour, E. S.—
Kaposia described by, [50]
sketches by, [55], [93], [95], [121]
Shakopee's village, described by Keating, [52]
Shawanese, migration of remnant of, [2], [3]
Shawnee, villages of, west of the Mississippi, [42]
Shields—
Arapaho, affixed to tripods, [36], [37]
of the Pawnee, [157]
Sibley, George C., Kansa village described by, [90]
Sichangu, a Teton band, [2]
Sick and aged—
dance for benefit of, [82]
treatment of, [165]
Sihasapa, a Teton band, [2]
Siksika, a tribe of the Blackfeet confederacy, [1], [25]

Siouan tribes—
classification of, [2]
general movement of, [3]
in the East, [44]
second largest stock north of Mexico, [43]
skin tipi typical of, [7]
various habitations of, [44]
villages of, described, [1]
westward migration of, [43]
Sioux—
excursions of, against the Osage, [98]
gathering of, with Ojibway, to establish peace, [15]
Sisseton, a division of the Dakota, [2], [44]
Skidi, a tribe of the Pawnee Confederacy, [2]
Skin Dressing, implements for, [58], [59], [138]
Skin Lodge—
Arapaho, [37]
Assiniboin, [71], [76]
Blackfoot, [28]
Cheyenne, [24]
construction of, [56]
Cree, [18], [20]
Crow, [150], [152], [153]
decorations on, [28], [67], [76], [78], [85]
descriptions of, [50], [51]
drawings of, [56]
erected by the Dakota, [45]
Hidatsa, [146]
Kansa, [94]
Omaha, construction of, [80]-[81], [85]
Pawnee, [162], [164], [165]-[166]
predominance of, on the plains, [185]
sketched by Kurz, [76]
Teton, [61]
used by roving tribes, [32]
used by the Dhegiha, [77]
used by the Oto, [118]
Skin scraper, bone, described, [58], [59]
Skin tipi—
when used by Omaha, [84]-[85]
Yankton, described by Maximilian, [57]-[58]
Sledges of the Mandan, [134]
Smallpox epidemic—
among the Mandan, [139]
among the Omaha, [78]
Smoking custom of the Blackfeet, [26], [27]
See Pipes.
Sotoüis, population of village of, [110]
Soulier Noir, French name for the Amahami, [126]
Spears, Arapaho, affixed to tripods, [36], [37]
Spoons, horn—
of the Mandan, [137]
of the Pawnee, [158]
Stanley, paintings by, in National Museum, [31]
Stansbury Expedition, narrative of, [64], [66]-[68]
Starapat, an Arikara chief, [176]
State Historical Society of North Dakota, surveys made by, [139], [145]
Stockade buildings, mentioned by Long, [50]
Stockades, remains of, [67]
See Fortified villages.
Stone circles, explanation of, [20], [21]
Stone Indians. See Assiniboins.
Sun dance, lodges erected for, [63], [85]
Sunflower seed, cakes made of, [136]
Sweat house—
of the Crows, [155]
of the Ojibway, [12], [16]
Symbols, cut on trees by Indians, [43]
Talangamane, a Sioux chief, [49]
Taoapa, description of village of, [52]
Tapage Pawnee. See Pitahauerat.
Tatanka Wechacheta, a Wahpeton chief, [53]
Tatunkamane, son of a Dakota chief, [48]
Tchan-dee, a Teton Sioux chief, [62]
Teton—
a division of the Dakota, [2], [44]
bands composing, [2]
customs of, [60]
great village of, visited by Lewis and Clark, [59]-[60]
Teton River, village near mouth of, [62]
Thatched lodges, of the Wichita, [179]-[180]
Thief, The, an Oto Indian, [117]
Tinder Mountain, Cree band at, [18]
Tipi—
drawing of, by Bodmer, [58], [59]
of the plains tribes, fine example of, [68]
typical of Siouan tribes, [7]
See Skin lodges.
Tonginga, a Quapaw village, [109]
Toriman, a Quapaw village, [109]
Totem posts, not used by Omaha, [85]
Traders lodge, of the Oglala, [68]
Trails—
across the prairie, [88]
buffalo, [7]
in the Black Hills, [70], [71]
made by travois, [66]
Transportation—
among the Oglala, [65]
among the Piegan, [30]
See Dog travois, Horse travois.
Travois. See Dog travois, Horse travois.
Treaties—
of Greenville, westward migration following, [42]
of peace between Sioux and Chippewas, [15]
place of, between Ojibway and U. S. Government, [16]
with Tetons, Yankton and Yanktonai, [57]
Twenty-Four, village of the, a former Kansa town, [94]
Two Kettles. See Oohenonpa.
Typha palustris, mats made of leaves of, [100]
Union Agency, location of, [104]-[105]
Utensils of the Mandan, [136]-[137]
Utsehta, an Osage band, [2], [98]
Village of the Twenty-Four, [94]
Village sites, not contemporaneous, [127]
Wabashaw, a Sioux village visited by Schoolcraft, [49]
Waco Indians—
a tribe of the Wichita confederacy, [2]
appearance of, [181]
grass lodge of, [181]
population of, [182]
Wahktageli, a Yankton chief, [58]
Wahpekute, a division of the Dakota, [2], [44]
Wahpeton tribe—
a division of the Dakota, [2], [44], [52]
country occupied by, [52]
village of, described, [53]

Wah-toh-ta-na, name for the Oto, [116]
Wakan wachepe, a Dakota society, [55]
Wa-ki-ta-mo-nee, an Oto chief, [118]
Wanotan, a Yanktonai chief, [54]
Wapasha, a Dakota chief, [47]
Wapasha's Prairie, mentioned by Seymour, [50]
Wapasha village, description of, [47], [48]
War dance, Osage, account of, [105]
Warriors, special lodges for use of, [25]
Wattasoons, Mandan name for the Amahami, [126]
Wattlework structures of the Osage, [101]-[102], [105]
Waubuschon, an Osage chief, [100]
Wayondott, migration of band of, [3]
Weapons of the Mandan, [138]
Western Engineer, a steamboat of 1819 on Missouri River, [91]-[93]
Wetarko, Indian name for Grand River, [169]
White Hair, an Osage chief, [103]
White River, village site on, [108]
Wichita confederacy—
a Caddoan group, [2]
thatched dwellings of, [179]-[180]
Wickiup, a temporary shelter, [70]
Wigwams—
construction of, [11]
dome-shaped, of the Ojibway, [14]
mat and bark covered, [7]

See Lodges.
Winnebago—
a Siouan tribe, [2]
country occupied by, [122]
villages of, [122]
Wolf Pawnee. See Skidi.
Women—
custom concerning, [19]
industry of, [103]
labor of, [65]
Yankton tribe—
a division of the Dakota, [2], [44]
described by General Atkinson, [57]
population of, [57]
structures of, [57]-[58]
Yanktonai—
a division of the Dakota, [2], [44]
country inhabited by, [54]
described by Keating, [54], [55]
habitations of, [56]-[57]
village of, near Lake Traverse, [54]
Yellow Bear, an Hidatsa chief, [145]
Yellow Stone, a Missouri River steamboat, [130]

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