Appendix I. List Of Emperors.

(The list here printed is the official list issued by the government, and has been revised by Mr. Tateno, the Japanese Minister at Washington.)

Name.Date of Access.Date of Death.Age at Death.
1. Jimmu660 B.C.585 B.C.127
2. Suizei58154984
3. Annei54851157
4. Itoku51047777
5. Kōshō475393114
6. Kōan392291137
7. Kōrei290215128
8. Kōgen214158116
9. Kaikwa15798111
10. Sūjin9730 A.D.119
11. Suinin29 A.D.70141
12. Keikō71130143
13. Seimu131190108
14. Chūai19220052
Jingō (Empress Regent)[341]201269100
15. Ōjin270310110
16. Nintoku313399110
17. Richū40040567
18. Hanzei40641160
19. Inkyō41245380
20. Ankō45445656
21. Yūriyaku457479——
22. Seinei48048441
23. Kenzō485487——
24. Ninken48849850
25. Muretsu49950618
26. Keitai50753182
27. Ankan53453570
28. Senkwa53653973
29. Kimmei54057163
30. Bidatsu57258548
31. Yōmei58658769
32. Sujun58859273
33. Suiko (Empress)59362875
34. Jomei62964149
35. Kōkyoku (Empress)642————
36. Kōtoku64565459
37. Saimei (re-accession of Kōkyoku65566168
38. Tenji66867158
39. Kōbun67267225
40. Temmu67368665
41. Jitō (Empress)69070258
42. Mommu69770725
43. Gemmyō (Empress)70872161
44. Genshō (Empress)71574869
45. Shōmu72475656
46. Kōken (Empress)749————
47. Junnin75976533
48. Kōken (re-enthroned)76577053
49. Kōnin77078173
50. Kwammu78280670
51. Heijō80682451
52. Saga81084257
53. Ninna82484055
54. Nimmyō83485041
55. Montoku85185832
56. Seiwa85988031
57. Yōzei87794982
58. Kōko88588758
59. Uda88893165
60. Daigo89893046
61. Shujaku93195230
62. Muragami94796742
63. Reizei968101162
64. Enyū97099133
65. Kwazan985100841
66. Ichiyō987101132
67. Sanjō1012101742
68. Go-Ichijō1017102829
69. Go-Shujaku1037104537
70. Go-Reizei1047106844
71. Go-Sanjō1069107340
72. Shirakawa1073112977
73. Horikawa1087110729
74. Toba1108115654
75. Shutoku1124116446
76. Konoye1142115517
77. Go-Shirakawa1156119266
78. Nijō1159116523
79. Rokujō1166117613
80. Takakura1169118121
81. Antoku1181118515
82. Go-Toba1186123960
83. Tsuchi-mikado1199123137
84. Juntoku1211124246
85. Chūkyō1222123417
86. Go-Horikawa1221123423
87. Yojō1232124212
88. Go-Saga1242127253
89. Go Fukakusa1246130462
90. Kameyama1259130557
91. Go-Uda1274132458
92. Fushimi1288131753
93. Go-Fushimi1298133649
94. Go-Nijyō1301130824
95. Hanazono1308134852
96. Go-Daigo1318133952
97. Go-Murakami1339136841
98. Go-Kameyama1373142478
99. Go-Komatsu1382143357
100. Shōkō1414142828
101. Go-Hanazono1429147052
102. Go-Tsuchi-mikado1465150059
103. Go-Kashiwabara1521152663
104. Go-Nara1536155762
105. Ōgimachi1560159377
106. Go-Yojō1586161747
107. Go-Mizuo1611168085
108. Myōshō (Empress)1630169674
109. Go-Kōmyō1643165422
110. Go-Nishio1656168549
111. Reigen1663173279
112. Higashiyama1687170935
113. Naka-mikado1710173737
114. Sakuramachi1720175031
115. Momozono1747176222
116. Go-Sakuramachi (Empress)1763181374
117. Go-Momozono1771177922
118. Kōkaku1780184070
119. Jinkō1817184647
120. Kōmei1847186737
121. Mutsuhito (reigning emperor)1868

Appendix II. List Of Year Periods.[342]

Name.Japanese Era.Christian Era.
Taikwa1305645
Hakuchi1310650
Saimei1315655
Tenji1322662
Sujaku1332672
Hakuhō1333673
Suchō1346686
Jitō1347687
Momm1357697
Daihō1361701
Keiun1364704
Wadō1368708
Reiki1375715
Yōrō1377717
Jinki1384724
Tembiō1389729
Tembiō shōhō1409749
Tembiō hōji1417757
Tembiō jingo1425765
Jingo keiun1427767
Hōki1430770
Tenō1441781
Enriaku1442782
Daidō1466806
Kōnin1470810
Tenchō1484824
Jōwa1494834
Kajō1508848
Ninju1511851
Saikō1514854
Tenan1517857
Jōgwan1519859
Gwangiō1537877
Ninna1545885
Kwampei1549889
Shōtai1558898
Engi1561901
Enchō1583923
Jōhei1591931
Tengiō1598938
Tenriaku1607947
Tentoku1617957
Ōwa1621961
Kōhō1624964
Anna1628968
Tenroku1630970
Ten-en1633973
Jōgen1636976
Tengen1638978
Eikwan1643983
Kwanna1645985
Ei-en1647987
Eiso1649989
Shōriaku1650990
Chōtoku1655995
Chōhō1659999
Kwankō16641004
Chōwa16721012
Kwannin16771017
Ji-an16811021
Manju16841024
Chōgen16881028
Chōriaku16971037
Chōkiū17001040
Kwantoku17041044
Eijō17061046
Tengi17131053
Kōhei17181058
Jiriaku17251065
Enkiū17291069
Jōhō17341074
Jōriaku17371077
Eihō17411081
Ōtoku17441084
Kwanji17471087
Kahō17541094
Eichō17561096
Jōtoku17571097
Kowa17591099
Chōji17641104
Kajō17661106
Tennin17681108
Tenei17701110
Eikiū17731113
Genei17781118
Hō-an17801120
Tenji17841124
Daiji17861126
Tenjō17911131
Chōjō17921132
Hō-en17951135
Eiji18011141
Kōji18021142
Tenyō18041144
Kiū-an18051145
Nimbiō18111151
Kiūju18141154
Hōgen18161156
Heiji18191159
Eiriaku18201160
Ōhō18211161
Chōkwan18231163
Eiman18251165
Ninan18261166
Ka-ō18291169
Jō-an18311171
Angen18351175
Jishō18371177
Yōwa18411181
Ju-ei18421182
Genriaku18441184
Bunji18451185
Kenkiū18501190
Shōji18591199
Kennin18611201
Genkiū18641204
Kenei18661206
Jōgen18671207
Kenriaku18711211
Kempō18731213
Jōkiū18791219
Jō-ō18821222
Gennin18841224
Karoku18851225
Antei18871227
Kwangi18891229
Jō-ei18921232
Tempuku18931233
Bunriaku18941234
Katei18951235
Riakunin18981238
En-ō18991239
Ninji19001240
Kwangen19031243
Hōji19071247
Kenchō19091249
Kōgen19161256
Shōka19171257
Shōgen19191259
Bunō19201260
Kōchō19211261
Bunei19241264
Kenji19351275
Kōan19381278
Shō-ō19481288
Einin19531293
Shōan19591299
Kengen19621302
Kagen19631303
Tokuji19661306
Enkiō19681308
Ōchō19711311
Shōwa19721312
Bumpō19771317
Gen-ō19791319
Genkō19811321
Shōchū19841324
Kariaku19861326
Gentoku19891329
Shōkiō19921331
Kemmu19941334
Engen19961336
Kōkoku19991339
Shōhei20061346
Kentoku20301370
Bunchū20321372
Tenju20351375
Kōwa20411381
Genchū20441384
Meitoku20501390
Ō-ei20541394
Shōchō20881428
Eikiō20891429
Kakitsu21011441
Bunan21041444
Hōtoku21091449
Kōtoku21121452
Kōshō21151455
Chōroku21171457
Kwanshō21201460
Bunshō21261466
Ōnin21271467
Bummei21291469
Chōkō21471487
Entoku21491489
Mei-ō21521492
Bunki21611501
Eishō21641504
Dai-ei21811521
Kōroku21881528
Tembun21921532
Kōji22151555
Eiroku22181558
Genki22301570
Tenshō22331573
Bunroku22521592
Keichō22561596
Genna22751615
Kwanei22841624
Shōhō23041644
Kei-an23081648
Jō-ō23121652
Meireki23151655
Manji23181658
Kwambun23211661
Empō23331673
Tenna23411681
Jōkiō23441684
Genroku23481688
Hō-ei23641704
Shōtoku23711711
Kiōhō23761716
Gembun23961736
Kwampō24011741
Enkiō24041744
Kwanen24081748
Hōreki24111751
Meiwa24241764
Anei24321772
Temmei24411781
Kwansei24491789
Kiōwa24611801
Bunkwa24641804
Bunsei24781818
Tempō24901830
Kōkwa25041844
Ka-ei25081848
Ansei25141854
Manen25201860
Bunkiū25211861
Genji25241864
Kei-ō25251865
Meiji25281868

Appendix III. List Of Shōguns.[343]

I.—The Dynasty of Minamoto. 1186-1219.

1. Minamoto Yoritomo, 1186-1199, died; received his appointment as shōgun in 1192.

Note.—In this as in the later cases, the dates will be cited which correspond to the attainment of power and its general recognition, but which do not, in many cases, correspond to the grant of the title, which frequently was much later.

2. Minamoto Yori-iye, 1199-1203, son of the preceding, first deposed by his grandfather, Hōjō Tokimasa, and banished to Izu, there was murdered in 1204.

3. Minamoto Sanetomo, 1203-1219, eleven years old, brother of the preceding, murdered by his nephew Kokio, the son of Yori-iye.

The Time of the Shadow Shōguns. 1220-1338.

The shōguns of this period, taken partly from the Fujiwara family, partly from the princes of the imperial house, were mostly children, and in every instance the weak agents of the Hōjō family, whose chiefs, as regents (shiken), had the power in their hands, although the [pg 411] nominal bearers of the same were likewise principally only children.

4. Fujiwara Yoritsune, 1220-1243, nine years old, dethroned by Hōjō Tsunetoki, died 1256.

5. Fujiwara Yoritsugu, 1244-1251, son of the preceding, seven years old, deposed by H. Tokeyori, died 1256.

6. Munetaka Shino, 1252-1265, eleven, according to others thirteen, years old, deposed by H. Tokimune, died 1274.

7. Koreyasu Shino, 1266-1289, son of the preceding, three years old, deposed by H. Sadatoki, died 1325 (1326?).

8. Hisa-akira Shino, or, as he was called, Kumei Shino, 1289-1307, sixteen years old, deposed by H. Sadatoki, died 1328.

9. Morikuni Shino, 1308-1333, son of the preceding, seven years old, dethroned by Nitsuda Yoshisada, died in the same year.

10. Moriyoshi Shino, 1333-1334, son of the reigning Emperor Go-Daigo, dethroned by Taka-uji, murdered, in 1335, by Minamoto Nao-yoshi.

11. Nari-Yoshi Shino, 1334-1338, dethroned and murdered by Taka-uji.

II.—The Regents of the Hōjō Family.

Hōjō Tokimasa, died 1215, did not have the title of regent (shiken).

Hōjō Yoshitoki, 1205-1224, from 1205 regent (shiken), murdered.

Hōjō Yasutoki, 1225-1242, died.

Hōjō Tsunetoki, 1243-1246, grandson of the preceding, retired in favor of his younger brother, Tokiyori, and died thirty-three years old.

Hōjō Tokiyori, 1246-1256, retired in favor of his son, Tokimune, and died 1263, thirty-seven years old.

Hōjō Tokimune, 1257-1284, seven years old, under the guardianship of H. Nagatoki and H. Masamura, died.

Hōjō Sadatoki, 1284-1300, adopted son of the preceding, retired in favor of Morotoki, the grandson of Tokiyori, but continued to exercise a potent influence over the regency, died 1311.

Hōjō Morotoki, 1300-1311, died.

Hōjō Takatoki, 1312-1326, the son of Sadatoki, nine years old, under the guardianship of Hirotoki and Mune-nobu, retired in favor of his younger brother, Yasuye, who likewise soon withdrew.

Until the fall of the Hōjō family Takatoki really conducted the regency, although others held the title. After the taking of Kamakura by Nitta Yoshisada in 1333, he killed himself.

III.—The Dynasty of Ashikaga. 1334-1573.

12. Ashikaga Taka-uji, 1334-1358, died fifty-three years old.

13. Ashikaga Yoshimori, 1359-1367, retired in favor of his son Yoshimitsu, died 1408, fifty-one years old.

14. Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, 1368-1393, retired in favor of his son, Yoshimochi, at the age of thirty-seven years, died 1409.

15. Ashikaga Yoshimochi, 1394-1422, retired in favor of his son, Yoshikatsu.

16. Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, 1423-1425, died nineteen years old. Ashikaga Yoshimochi, 1425-1428, the fifteenth shōgun, took the power again, and died forty-three years old.

17. Ashikaga Yoshinobu, 1428-1441, murdered by Akamatsu [pg 413] Mitsusuke, forty-eight years old. From 1429 called Yoshinori.

18. Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, 1441-1443, son of the preceding, eight years old, died.

19. Ashikaga Yoshinari, called Yoshimasa, 1443-1473, brother of the preceding, eight years old, retired, and died in 1490.

20. Ashikaga Yoshinao, 1473-1489, died twenty-five years old; from 1488, called Yoshihiro.

21. Ashikaga Yoshimura, 1490-1493, nephew of Yoshimasa, twenty-five years old, taken prisoner and dethroned by Hosokawa Motomoto.

22. Ashikaga Yoshimitsi, 1493-1508, had to flee, died 1511; from 1449 called Yoshitaku, and from 1502 Yoshisumi; Yoshitada, 1508-1521, is Yoshimura, who from the year 1501 bore the name, and since that time was the shōgun of the enemy at war with Yoshisumi, had to flee, was deposed, and died, 1523.

23. Ashikaga Yoshinaru, 1521-1546, son of Yoshisumi, retired in favor of his son, Yoshifushi, died 1550, forty years old.

24. Ashikaga Yoshifushi, 1547-1565, eleven years old, killed himself in his palace, having been confined there by the rebels.

25. Ashikaga Yoshigi-ei or Yoshinaga, 1568 died, important as opposition shōgun.

26. Ashikaga Yoshi-aki, 1568-1573, deposed by Nobunaga, died 1597.

IV.—The Time of the Usurpation. 1573-1603.

27. Taira-no-Nobunaga, 1573-1582, killed himself, having been forced to do so by Akechi Mitsuhide.

Akechi Mitsuhide, who usurped the title of shōgun, ruled only twelve days, and fell conquered by Hideyoshi [pg 414] 28. Samboshi, 1582-1586, grandson of Nobunaga.

29. Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 1586-1598, was never shōgun, but kwambaku; (on his retirement called Taikō-sama).

30. Hidetsugu, 1591-1595, nephew of the preceding, killed himself, was also kwambaku.

31. Hideyori, 1600-1615, son of Hideyoshi, killed himself, conquered by Ieyasu. According to other accounts, he escaped and fled to Satsuma; was Naifu (Minister of the Interior) from 1603.

V.—The Dynasty of the Tokugawa. 1603-1868.

32. Ieyasu, 1603-1605, died 1616; 1603 appointed shōgun (posthumous title Gongensama). The shōguns of this dynasty frequently retired, as soon as their successors grew up, but in spite of this fact they continued to lead the regency.

33. Hidetada, 1605-1623, died 1632, son of the preceding.

34. Iemitsu, 1623-1651, died 1652, son of the preceding.

35. Ietsuna, 1651-1680, died, son of the preceding.

36. Tsunayoshi, 1681-1709, son of Iemitsu, killed by his wife.

37. Ienobu, 1709-1712, grandson of Iemitsu, died.

38. Ietsugu (Ietsubo according to Klaproth), 1713-1715, died, son of the preceding.

39. Yoshimune, 1716-1745, retired, died 1751, formerly fifth Prince of Kii.

40. Ieshige, 1745-1760 (according to others 1761 or 1762), son of the preceding, died.

41. Ieharu, 1760-1786, son of the preceding, died.

42. Ienari, 1787-1836, died 1841, son of the preceding.

43. Ieyoshi, 1837-1852, son of the preceding.

44. Iesada, 1853-1857, son of the preceding.

45. Iemochi, 1858-1866, died, formerly thirteenth Prince of Kii.

46. Yoshihisa (Yoshinobu according to Adams, vol. ii. p. 37), 1867-1868, son of the Prince of Mito, Nari-akira, adopted by the Prince of Hitotsubashi, retired at the fall of shōgunate in 1867.

Appendix IV. Laws Of Shōtoku Taishi.[344]

[From Dai Nihonshi, vol. xii., folio 28 to 31.]

I.—Harmony shall be esteemed and obedience shall be held in regard. Because dissensions prevail, therefore men are often unfaithful to their prince and disobedient to their fathers. Let adjoining districts be left in peace, thus harmony between superior and inferior shall be cultivated and co-operation in matters of state shall be promoted, and thus the right reason of all things may be reached and the right thing accomplished.

II.—Let bountiful honor be always paid to the three precious elements of Buddhism, that is, to its priests, its ritual, and its founder. It is the highest religion in the universe, and all people in all generations must pay becoming reverence to its doctrines. Do not harshly censure men's wickedness but teach them faithfully until they yield obedience. Unless men rely upon Buddhism there is no way to convert them from the wrong to the right.

III.—To the commands of the Emperor men must be duly obedient. The prince must be looked upon as the heaven and his subjects as the earth. The earth contains all things and the heaven stretches over it. The [pg 417] four seasons pass orderly along and the spirit of the universe is harmonious. If the earth were to cover the heaven the effect would be distraction. Hence the prince must command and the subject obey; superiors must act and inferiors yield. Men ought therefore to pay due heed to the orders of the Emperor; if not they will bring ruin on themselves.

IV.—Politeness must be the chief rule of conduct for all officers and their colleagues in the court. The first principle governing subjects must be politeness. When superiors are not polite then inferiors will not keep in the right; when inferiors are not polite their conduct degenerates into crime. When both prince and subjects are polite, then social order is never disturbed and the state is kept in a condition of tranquillity.

V.—Covetousness and rapacity must be expelled from the hearts of officers, and they must adjudicate with just discrimination in all suits that come before them. Even in a single day there are thousands of such suits, and in the course of years how great must be the accumulation! If the suit is won through bribery, then the poor man can obtain no justice but only the rich. The poor man will have no sure place of dependence, and subjects will be driven to abandon their duty.

VI.—To punish vice and to encourage virtue is the rule in good ancient law. The virtuous man must therefore be promoted, and the vicious man must be surely punished. The man who is untruthful is a powerful instrument to endanger the state and a keen weapon to destroy the nation. The flatterer loves to tell the faults of the inferior to the superior, and also to disclose the errors of the superior to the inferior. Such men are alike unfaithful to the prince and unfriendly to fellow citizens, and in the end fail not to stir up social disorder.

VII.—The duty of men in the government must be assigned according to their capacity. When intelligent men take service the applause of the people follows, but when bad men are in office calamities ensue. If wise officers are put on duty the matters of state are well managed, and the community is free from danger and prosperity prevails. Therefore in ancient times the wise king never selected the office for the man, but always selected the man to suit the office.

VIII.—Too often officers and their colleagues come early to their offices and retire soon; so that the public work accomplished in a single day is small. It is incumbent on them to devote sufficient time to their tasks; if not, then the work of the government cannot be done.

IX.—Everything must be faithfully done, because fidelity is the origin of justice. The distinction between good and bad, between success and failure, depends on fidelity. When both prince and subjects are faithful then there are no duties which cannot be accomplished, but when both are unfaithful nothing can be done.

X.—Give up all thoughts of indignation and be not angered with others on account of a disagreement of opinion. Each one may have a different point of view and may therefore come to a different conclusion. If the one side be right then the other must be wrong, or the cases may be just reversed. It would be unjust to set down one man as surely wise and another as positively stupid; because men cannot attain perfection in their characters. It is impossible to decide either side to be perfectly right or perfectly wrong. While you are angry with another who has a different view from you, you cannot be sure lest you be in the wrong. Therefore though you may think yourself in the right, it is safer to follow the opinions of the many.

XI.—Let merit and demerit be carefully considered, and let rewards and punishments be meted out accordingly. In times past this has often failed to be justly done. It is incumbent on all who are entrusted with the direction of public affairs and on all officers of the government to look carefully after the distribution of rewards and punishments.

XII.—Governors of provinces and their deputies must be careful not to impose too heavy duties on their subjects. One state never has more than one prince, and in like manner the subjects cannot have more than one master. The prince is the head of all his dominions and of all his subjects. The officers of government are also the subjects of the prince; and there is no reason why they should dare to lay undue burdens upon others who are subjects of the same prince.

XIII.—Each officer of the government has his appointed duty. Sometimes officers complain of the stagnation of business, which, however, is caused by their own absence from their appointed duties. They must not make a pretence of the performance of their duties, and by their neglect interrupt public affairs.

XIV.—Subjects and officers must not be jealous of each other. If one person is envious of another, the second is sure to be envious of the first. Thus the evils of jealousy never end. If men shall envy each other on account of their talent and wisdom, no single wise man would ever be obtained for government service through a thousand years. What a noble method of governing a state would that be which expelled from its service all wise men!

XV.—To sacrifice private interests for the public good is the duty of the subject. When men are selfish there must be ill-will; when ill-will comes, then with it must [pg 420] come iniquity, which will disturb the public welfare. Ill-will is sure to bring about the breaking of wholesome rules and the violation of the laws of the state. It is for this reason that the harmony between superior and inferior spoken of in the first article is so important.

XVI.—To select a convenient season in which to employ men for public work is the rule of good ancient law. Winter is a time of leisure; but during the season between spring and autumn, in which they are employed on their farms and in feeding silk-worms, it is not expedient to take men from their work, or interfere with them in their efforts to supply food and clothing.

XVII.—Important matters should only be settled after due conference with many men. Trifling matters may be decided without conference, because they are not so material in their effects; but weighty matters, on account of their far-reaching consequences, must be discussed with many councillors. It is thus that the right way shall be found and pursued.