NOTES
Systematic monograph, Mocsáry, Budapest, 1889. Account of the European Chrysididae, R. du Buysson in André, Spec. gen. Hym. vol. vi. 1896.
Ent. Mag. vi. 1869, p. 153.
Ann. Sci. Nat. (7) ix. 1890, p. 1.
C. R. Ac. Paris, cxviii. 1894, p. 873.
Trans. ent. Soc. London, 1873, p. 408.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxv. 1875, p. 184.
Morph. Jahrb. xxiv. 1896, p. 192.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxx. 1878, p. 78.
Proc. ent. Soc. Washington, iii. 1896, p. 334.
Trans. ent. Soc. 1878, p. 169.
The mode of wetting the pollen is not clear. Wolff says it is done by an exudation from the tibia; H. Müller by admixture of nectar from the bee's mouth. The latter view is more probably correct.
In studying the proboscis the student will do well to take a Bombus as an example; its anatomy being more easily deciphered than that of the honey-bee.
Leuckart proposed the term lingula; but the word gives rise to the impression that it is a mistake for either lingua or ligula. Packard calls the part "hypopharynx."
For figures and descriptions of the proboscides of British bees, refer to E. Saunders, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 1890, pp. 410-432, plates III.-X.: and for details of the minute structure and function to Cheshire, Bees and Bee-keeping, vol. i.
Breithaupt, Arch. Naturges. lii. Bd. i. 1886, p. 47.
See Fig. 26, p. [71].
Bull. Mus. Paris, i. 1895, p. 38.
C.R. Ac. Paris, lxxxvii. 1878, pp. 378 and 535.
Catalogus Hymenopterorum, Leipzig, 10 vols. 1892-96; Bees, vol. x.
Zool. Jahrb. Syst. iv. 1891, p. 779. This paper is a most valuable summary of what is known as to the habits of European solitary bees, but is less satisfactory from a systematic point of view.
Bull. Soc. ent. France, 1894, p. cxv.
Marchal, Rev. Sci. 15th February 1890, and Ferton, t.c. 19th April.
C.R. Ac. Paris, lxxxix. 1879, p. 1079, and Ann. Sci. Nat. (6), ix. 1879, No. 4.
Act. Soc. Bordeaux, xlviii. 1895, p. 145.
Verh. Ver. Rheinland, xli. 1884, p. 1.
It is impossible for us here to deal with the question of the origin of the parasitic habit in bees. The reader wishing for information as to this may refer to Prof. Pérez's paper, Act. Soc. Bordeaux, xlvii. 1895. p. 300.
Refer to p. [70] postea, note, as to a recent discovery about Xylocopa.
Souvenirs entomologiques. 4 vols. Paris, 1879 to 1891.
The "Chalicodome des galets" or C. "des murailles" of the French writer; in some places he speaks of the species as being C. muraria, in others as C. parietina.
Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vii. 1870, p. 178.
Mt. Ver. Steiermark, xxxi. 1882, p. 69.
Zool. Anz. vii. 1884, p. 312.
SB. Ges. Wien. xxxviii. 1888, p. 34.
Ent. Nachr. xii. 1886, p. 177.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1868, p. 133.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1884, p. 149.
Ann. Soc. ent. France (5), iv. 1874, p. 567.
See Pérez, Act. Soc. Bordeaux, xxxiii. 1880, p. lxv.; and Cameron, Tr. Soc. Glasgow, n. s. ii. 1889, p. 194.
Ann. Nat. Hist. (6), xix. 1897, p. 136.
Janet has suggested that the folding is done to keep the delicate hind-margins of the wings from being frayed.
Zool. Anz. xix. 1896, p. 449. See also note, antea, p. [70].
Monographie des guêpes sociales, Geneva, 1853-1858, pp. cc. and 356, plates i.-xxxvii.
Hence probably the great difference in the abundance of wasps in different years: if a period of cold weather occur during the early stages of formation of a wasp family, operations are suspended and growth delayed; or death may even put an end to the nascent colony.
CR. Ac. Paris, cxvii. 1893, p. 584; op. cit. cxxi. 1895, p. 731; Arch. Zool. exper. (3) iv. 1896, pp. 1-100.
Kumagusu Minakata, in Nature, l. 1894, p. 30.
As this work is passing through the press we receive a book by Mr. and Mrs. Peckham on The Instincts and Habits of the Solitary Wasps, Madison, 1898. They are of opinion that, in the case of some species, it does not matter much whether the victim is or is not killed by the stinging.
P. ent. Soc. Washington, iii. 1896, p. 303.
Monograph by Lucas, Berlin ent. Zeitschr. xxxix. 1894.
"Die Gattungen der Sphegiden," Ann. Hofmus. Wien. xi. 1896, pp. 233-596. Seven plates.
We will take this opportunity of correcting an error in the explanation of Fig. 333 of the preceding volume, showing the propodeum, etc. of Sphex chrysis. f points to a division of the mesonotum, not of the metanotum, as there stated.
Pelopaeus disappears from the new catalogue of Hymenoptera as the name of a valid genus; its species being assigned to Sceliphron and various other genera. We have endeavoured, as regards this name, to reconcile the nomenclature of previous authors with that used in the new catalogue by placing the generic name adopted in the latter in brackets.
When a second cell is more or less perfectly marked out, the cell with which it is connected is said to be appendiculate. The nervures frequently extend beyond the complete cells towards the outer margin, forming "incomplete" cells; only complete cells are counted, except when "incomplete" is mentioned.
See on this point the note on p. [130].
The pupae and cocoons of ants are usually called by the uninstructed, "ants' eggs." In this country they are used as food for pheasants.
The parthenogenetic young produced by worker females are invariably of the male sex.
The student must recollect that the winged female ants cast their wings previously to assuming the social life. The winglessness of these females is a totally different phenomenon from that we here allude to.
See Forel, Verh. Ges. deutsch. Naturf. lxvi. 1894, 2, pp. 142-147; and Emery Biol. Centralbl. xiv. 1894, p. 53. The term ergatoid applies to both sexes; a species with worker-like female is ergatogynous; with a worker-like male ergatandrous.
Nature li. 1894, p. 125.
Biol. Centralbl. xv. 1895, p. 640.
Prof. Forel has favoured the writer by informing him of several cases of these rare intermediate forms he has himself detected.
Biol. Centralbl. xiv. 1894, p. 53.
Forel's latest views on this subject will be found in the Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique xxxvii. 1893, p. 161; the very valuable paper by Emery, in Zool. Jahrb. Syst. viii. 1896, p. 760.
Ann. Soct. ent. France, 1893, p. 467.
Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1893, Bull. p. cclxiv.
Forel, J. Bombay Soc. viii. 1893, p. 36.
See von Ihering, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xxxix. 1894, p. 364; and Forel, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xl. 1896, p. 170.
Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xxxvii. 1893, p. 163.
Bih. Svenska Ak. xxi. 1896, Afd. iv. No. 4.
Until recently this genus was generally known as Atta, but this name is now applied to the leaf-cutting ants, that were formerly called Oecodoma.
Forel, Bull. Soc. Vaudoise, xxx. pp. 29-30, 1894.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1893, pp. 365-467.
For a valuable revision of Dorylus and its allies see Emery, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. viii. 1895, pp. 685, etc. We, however, doubt the wisdom of extending the sub-family so as to include Cerapachys, Parasyscia, etc.
A Catalogue of Myrmecophilous and Termitophilous Arthropods was published by Wasmann, Berlin 1894.
For a summary of this subject see Wasmann, Congr. internat. Zool. iii. 1896, pp. 411-440.
For explanation of this term see vol. v. p. 524.
An interesting exception occurs in the Malacodermidae, where this coadaptation is wanting, or is imperfect; they are frequently considered to be the most primitive of existing beetles.
In a series of memoirs in various German periodicals during the last five or six years (see especially Deutsche ent. Zeit. 1893 and 1894, also subsequent years of Arch. Naturges.). It should be noticed that in the course of his studies Verhoeff has modified some of his earlier views.
We consider this term inferior to Tetramera for nomenclatorial purposes.
Danske Selsk. Skr. (6), viii. No. 1, 1895.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross. xiv. 1879, p. 15.
In this sub-family there are numerous forms in which the elytra cover the pygidium, and in which the number of conspicuous ventral segments is reduced to five or even four. We use the term Coprides as equivalent to the "Laparosticti" of Lacordaire (Gen. Col. iii. 1856); it thus includes the "Coprini" and "Glaphyrini" of the Catalogus Coleopterorum, vol. iv. Munich, 1869.
Considérations genérales sur l'anatomic comparée des animaux articulés, etc., Paris 1828, 4to. xix. and 435 pp., and Atlas of ten (xx.) plates, and 36 pp.
Raspail, Mém. soc. zool. France, vi. 1893, pp. 202-213.
Ann. soc. ent. France, (v.) iv. 1874, p. 39.
In Theratides this outer lobe is in a rudimentary state, like a seta.
The first portion of a classification of Cicindelidae by Dr. Walther Horn, Revision der Cicindeliden, Berlin, 1898, has appeared since this was written.
Natural History of aquatic Insects, 1895, p. 376.
Tr. Amer. ent. Soc. xv. 1888, p. 18.
Op. cit. v. 1881, p. 91; cf. Sharp, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1882, p. 61.
P. ent. Soc. Washington, ii. 1892, p. 341.
Descent of Man, i. 1890, p. 338; The views of Landois and Recker, Arch. f. Naturgesch. lvii. 1, 1891, p. 101, are erroneous.
See J. Linn. Soc. Zool. xiii. 1876, p. 161.
For many particulars as to respiration of Dytiscus, and peculiarities of the larva see Miall, Aquatic Insects, 1895, pp. 39, etc. (In the figure given on p. 60 the large stigma on the terminal segment of the abdomen is omitted, though it is referred to in the text.)
For classification and structure see Sharp, "On Dytiscidae," Sci. Trans. R. Dublin Soc. (2) ii. 1882.
Descriptions of larvae that may possibly be those of Paussids have been published by Xambeu, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, xxxix. 1892, p. 137, and Erichson, Arch. Naturgesch. xiii. 1847, p. 275.
Arch. Mus. Paris (2), viii. and ix. 1887.
For classification and monograph of the family, see Régimbart, Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1882, 1883, and 1886. For a catalogue, Séverin, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xxxiii. 1889.
Ann. Soc. ent. France, xxi. 1852, p. 619.
Horn, Tr. Amer. ent. Soc. xv. 1888, p. 23; Riley, Insect Life, i. 1889, p. 300.
Insect Life, i. 1889, pp. 200 and 306.
Tr. Amer. ent. Soc. viii. 1880, pp. 219-321.
Westwood, Tr. ent. Soc. London (N.S.) iii. 1855, p. 90; Wasmann, Krit. Verzeichniss Myrmekoph. Arthropod. 1894, p. 121.
Rev. ent. franc. ix. 1890.
Die Käfer von Mitteleuropa: II. Familienreihe, Staphylinoidea. Vienna, 1895 and 1899.
Vergleichende Studien über Ameisengäste, Nijhoff, 1890; and Tijdschr. ent. xxxiii. 1890, pp. 93, etc.; Biol. Centralbl. xv. 1895, p. 632.
Schiödte, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (4) v. 1857, p. 169.
Biol. Centr. Amer. Col. ii. pt. i. 1888, p. 156.
Monograph, Trichopterygia illustrata, by A. Matthews, London, 1872.
For further information refer to Matthews, An Essay on Hydroscapha, London, 1876, 20 pp. 1 pl.
Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) xix. 1887, p. 115.
Larves de Coléoptères, 1878, p. 11, pl. i.
Biol. Centr. Amer. Col. ii. pt. i. p. 438.
The family was monographed by the Abbé de Marseul in Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1853-1862, but great additions have been made since then.
For characters of larvae of various genera, see Perris, Larves, etc. p. 24.
SB. Ak. Wien. xxiv. 1857, p. 330.
Catalogue of Trogositidae, by Leveillé, in Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1888, p. 429.
For classification, see Sharp, Biol. Centr. Amer. Col. ii. pt. i. 1894, p. 443.
See Ganglbauer, Käf. Mitteleuropas, i. p. 530, as well as Leconte and Horn Classification, etc., p. 130.
Perris, Larves, etc., p. 75.
Ritsema, Catalogue of Helota, Notes Leyden Mus. xiii. 1891, p. 223, and xv. 1893, p. 160.
Zool. Anz. xviii. 1895, p. 244.
Gerstaecker, Monographie der Endomychiden, Leipzig, 858, 1433 pp. Since this work was published, the species known have been multiplied two or three times.
Stettin. ent. Zeit. xlii. 1881, pp. 104-112.
It is probable that we do not know more than the fiftieth part of the existing species, most of which lead lives that render them very difficult to find.
Bull. ent. ital. 1886, p. 406, and Ent. Zeit. Stettin, xliii. 1887, pp. 201-206. Emery does not mention the name of the species, but we presume it to be the common Italian fire-fly, Luciola italica.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxxvii. 1882, p. 354; also Emery, op. cit. xl. 1884, p. 338. For another theory as to the luminescence, see p. [259].
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xii. 1887, p. 137, postea.
Deutsche ent. Zeitschr. xxxii. 1888, pp. 145-167.
Ent. Mag. xxiv. 1887, p. 148.
Larves des Coléoptères, 1878, p. 208.
Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1894, p. 7.
Perris, Ann. Soc. ent. France (2) ix. 1851, p. 48.
Arch. Naturgesch. xlviii. 1, 1882, p. 371.
"Les Élatérides lumineux," Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xi. 1886; also Leçons de Physiologie générale, Paris, 1898, and C.R. Ac. Sci. cxxiii. 1896, p. 653.
It seems impossible to understand the morphology of the anterior segments by mere inspection; the anterior spiracle being seated on the segment behind the broad thorax. Considerable difference of opinion has prevailed as to what is head, what thorax; the aid of embryology is necessary to settle the point. The larva described by Westwood (Mod. Classif. i. 1839, p. 229), and figured as probably Buprestis attenuata is doubtless a Passalid.
Casey has examined the wings in the genus Blapstinus (an "apterous" genus), and found that the wings are extremely varied in development, according to the species; in no case, however, did they appear to be capable of giving more than a laboured and feeble flight.—Ann. New York Ac. v. 1890, p. 416.
In Eleodes, though the meso- and meta-notum are formed of delicate membrane, the wings exist as minute flaps, requiring some examination for their detection.
Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) vi. 1870, p. 314; and Ent. Mag. xxvii. 1891, p. 18.
Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Ges. iv. 1876, p. 556.
Ann. Soc. ent. France, lx. 1891, p. 447.
"On the Natural History, Anatomy, and Development of the Oil-Beetle, Meloe," Tr. Linn. Soc. xx. 1851, p. 297; and xxi. 1853, p. 167.
Rep. U.S. ent. Commission, i. 1878, p. 297.
Amer. Nat. xvii. 1883, p. 790.
For illustration of this metamorphosis, see Vol. V. p. 159 of this work.
Les Insectes Vésicants, Paris 1890, 554 pp. Parts of this work were previously published in J. de l'Anat. Phys., xxi. xxii. xxiii. 1886 and 1887.
Genera des Coléoptères (Suites à Buffon), x. Paris, 1874, p. 15.
Berlin. ent. Zeit. 1887, p. 325, and 1889, p. 299.
Ann. Soc. Liége, x. 1855, p. 260.
Mem. Soc. Liége, xvi. 1861, p. 387.
Packard, 5th Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm. 1890, p. 689.
Not a growing tree, but the instrument used for stretching boots.
Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xli. 1896, SB. p. 22.
Sharp, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xxviii. 1884, CR. p. cvii.
For a more extensive account of Rhynchites betulae and others refer to Wasmann. Der Trichterwickler, Münster, 1884, and Debey, Beiträge zur Lebensund Entwickelungsgeschichte ... der Attelabiden, Bonn, 1846. The first includes an extensive philosophical discussion; the second is a valuable collection of observations.
Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. ent. New series, No. 7, 1897.
Perris, Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xiv. 1840, p. 89, pl. iii.
In the males of the genus Cedeocera the tips of the elytra are drawn out into processes almost as long as the elytra themselves, and rivalling the forceps of earwigs.
The stature of the individuals of the same species is, in some of these Brenthidae, subject to extreme variation, especially in the males, some individuals of which—in the case of Brenthus anchorago—are five times as long as others.
This remark applies to the Strepsiptera parasitic on Hymenoptera: nothing whatever is known as to the life-histories of the species that attack Hemiptera.
Although not an invariable, it seems that it is a general rule that the Stylops produced from the body of one individual are all of one sex; it has even been stated that female bees produce more especially female Stylops, and male bees male Stylops. If any correlation as to this latter point exist, it is far from general.
Von Siebold, Arch. Naturges. ix. 1843, pp. 137-161. Nassonoff's recent paper is in Russian, but so far as we can gather (cf. Zool. Centralbl. i. 1894, p. 766), it does not add greatly to the data furnished by von Siebold.
Ent. Meddel. v. 1896. p. 148, and Ov. Danske Selsk. 1896, p. 67.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross. xiv. 1879, p. 14.
Named by Mr. Distant Callidea baro; according to the Brussels catalogue of Hemiptera, Chrysocoris grandis var. baro.
Kellogg, Kansas Quarterly, ii. 1893, p. 51, plate II.
Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw. xviii. 1885, p. 751.
The writer is not quite convinced that the supposed mandibles of these Macrolepidoptera are really entitled to be considered as such.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1893, p. 263.
Amer. Natural. xxix. 1895, p. 637. It should be recollected that many Lepidoptera do not possess any proboscis.
Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw. xviii. 1885, p. 168.
Amer. Natural. xiv. 1880, p. 313.
For an account of the structures at the tip of the proboscis of this moth, and of the beautiful manner in which the lobes of the maxillae are dovetailed together, see Francis Darwin, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xv. 1875, p. 385. For details as to numerous proboscides, and as to the difficulties that exist in comprehending the exact mode of action of the organ, refer to Breitenbach's papers, especially Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw. xv. 1882, p. 151.
See Cholodkovsky, Zool. Anz. ix. p. 615; Haase, t.c. p. 711; also Riley, P. ent. Soc. Washington, ii. 1892, p. 310.
Fourth Rep. U.S. Entom. Commission, 1885, p. 49.
C.R. Ac. Sci. Paris, cxviii. 1894, p. 360; and his Thesis, Bordeaux, 1895.
C.R. Ac. Sci. Paris, cxviii. 1894, p. 542.
Fauna of British India, Moths, i. 1892, p. 6.
It is impossible for us to treat of the difficulties that exist on this point, and we must refer the student to the pamphlet, "The Venation of the Wings of Insects," by Prof. Comstock, Ithaca, 1895, being a reprint, with an important prefatory note, from the Elements of Insect Anatomy, by J. H. Comstock and V. L. Kellogg, also to Packard's discussion of the subject in Mem. Ac. Sci. Washington, vii. 1895, pp. 84-86. The method of Spuler, alluded to in these two memoirs, is based on development, and, when extended, will doubtless have very valuable results. See Spuler, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. liii. 1892, p. 597.
The structure and development of scales and nervures is dealt with as part of the brief study of the development of the wing, on p. 329, etc.
The internal anatomy of Lepidoptera has not been extensively studied. For information refer to Dufour, C.R. Ac. Paris, xxxiv. 1852, p. 748; Scudder, Butt. New England, i. 1889, p. 47; Minot and Burgess, Fourth Rep. U. S. Entom. Comm. 1885, p. 53.
Tr. Linn. Soc. London (2), v. 1890, p. 143.
P. ent. Soc. Washington, ii. 1892, p. 305.
Acta Ac. German. li. 1887, p. 238.
Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1887, pp. 384-404, Pl. 7.
Isis, 1845, p. 835.
For anatomy of caterpillars refer to Lyonnet's famous work, Traité anatomique de la chenille qui ronge le bois de saule, La Haye, 1762.
See Plateau, Bull. Ac. Belgique, xv. 1888, p. 28; in reference to structure of ocelli, Blanc, Tête du Bombyx mori ... 1891, pp. 163, etc.; and Landois in Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xvi. 1866, p. 27.
Entwickelungsgeschichte der Schmetterlinge, Cassel, 1815.
Tr. Linn. Soc. London, Zool. 2nd Ser., v. 1890, pp. 147, 148.
For information as to the structure and function of the silk-vessels, refer to Helm, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxvi. 1876, p. 434; and Gilson, La Cellule, vi. 1890, p. 116.
Jahresber. Schlesisch. Ges. lviii. 1881, p. 116.
The student will find important information as to the varieties of external form of pupae in Dr. T. A. Chapman's writings; see especially Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1893, 1894, and 1896.
Latter, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1895, p. 399.
Bull. Soc. Vaudoise, xxx. 1894, No. 115.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. liii. 1892, p. 623.
Zool. Jahrb. Anat. iii. 1889, p. 646.
Amer. Natural., xxvii. 1893, p. 1018.
Amer. Natural., xxxii. 1898, p. 256.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. viii. 1857, p. 326.
Phil. Trans. 186 B, 1896, No. 15.
Natural Science, viii. 1896, p. 94.
Bull. Soc. ent. France, 1896, p. 257.
Ent. Record, vi. 1895, p. 258.
Trans. ent. Soc. London, 1892, p. 293, etc.
The term mimicry is sometimes used in a wider sense; but we think it better to limit it to its original meaning. The word is a most unfortunate one, being both inadequate and inaccurate.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 1862, p. 507.
A summary of the chief aspects of the question is contained in Beddard's Animal Coloration, London, 1892. An account of the subject with numerous illustrations has been given by Haase, "Untersuchungen über die Mimicry," Bibl. Zool. iii. 1893, Heft viii. Those who wish to see the case as stated by an advocate may refer to Professor Poulton's work, The Colours of Animals (International Scientific Series), lxviii. London, 1890.
P. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 372.
Kosmos, xix. 1886, p. 353. The Insects alluded to by both these naturalists are now, we believe, placed in the Family Syntomidae (see p. [388]).
Stett. ent. Zeit. li. 1891, p. 264; and lvi. 1895, p. 234.
For an account of the antennae of butterflies, see Jordan, Nov. Zool. v. 1898, pp. 374-415.
Haase first proposed the name Netrocera (Deutsche ent. Zeit. Lep. iv. 1891, p. 1) for Hesperiidae, as a division distinct from all other butterflies; Karsch replaced the name in the following year by Grypocera, because Netrocera is the name of a genus.
The literature of butterflies has become extremely extensive. The following works contain information as to general questions: 1, Scudder's Butterflies of New England, a beautifully illustrated work completed in 1889, and replete with interesting discussions. 2, Staudinger, Schatz and Röber, Exotische Tagfalter, in three folio volumes (Fürth, 1884-1887), with illustrations of exotic butterflies and a detailed sketch of their characters. 3, Enzio Reuter, "Uber die Palpen der Rhopaloceren," in Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. xxii. 1896, treating fully of classification and phylogeny.
Journal of Entomology, i. 1862, p. 218: for early instars of South American Nymphalidae see Müller, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. i. 1886, p. 417.
This is the subject of Scudder's Life of a Butterfly, 1893.
P. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 205.
Finn, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, lxvi. 1896, p. 528; lxvii. 1897, p. 213.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii, 1862, p. 495.
Kosmos, xix. 1886, p. 355.
P. ent. Soc. London, 1879, p. xxix.
Allen's Naturalists' Library, Butterflies, i. 1896.
A most unfortunate diversity exists in the generic names applied to these Vanessa, as well as in those of many other Lepidoptera.
Ann. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. 1889, p. 212.
P. Zool. Soc. London, 1892, p. 191.
Bull. Soc. ent. France, 1856, pp. c, ci.
Baker, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1887, p. 175, Pl. ix.
Ann. Soc. ent. France (4), vii. 1867, p. 665, Pl. xiii.
J. Bombay Soc. ix. 1895, pp. 338-341.
Hopkins, Phil. Trans. 186 B, 1895, p. 661.
Ann. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. 1889, p. 213. We trust there will not be many more Künstlers, as this beautiful butterfly must certainly become extinct, if the female be really as rare as is supposed.
Mem. Ac. Washington, vii. 1895, p. 57.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1893, p. 97, with Suppl. op. cit. 1896, pp. 129 and 567.
Amer. Natural. xxix. 1895, p. 1066. See also Ann. N. York Ac. viii. 1895, p. 194, and Ent. Record, 1897, pp. 136 and 196.
Handbook of British Lepidoptera, 1895.
London, 1892. Published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India in Council.
Those numbered 2, 8, 10, 17, 22, 27, 44, and 46 in our arrangement.
For explanatory diagram of the wings, see Fig. 161, I. When the nervuration is obscured by the wing-scales, it may be rendered temporarily visible by the application, with a camel's-hair brush, of a little benzine. The wings may be permanently denuded of their scales by being placed for a short time in Eau de Javelle (hypochlorite of potash).
The genus Cyphanta (one species from India) has nervule 5 of the fore wing proceeding from the lower angle of the cell.
This is a mistake of Sir George Hampson's. It has long been known that the female of Heterogynis does not leave the cocoon (for references see p. [392]); the larvae, however, do not live in cases, as those of Psychidae do.
See Westwood, Tr. Linn. Soc. London (2), i. 1877, p. 165, etc.
For habits of some Brazilian Castnia see Seitz, Ent. Zeit. Stettin, li. 1890, p. 258.
For pupa see Chapman, Ent. Rec. vi. 1895, pp. 286, 288.
Souvenirs entomologiques, quatrième série, 1891, pp. 39-46.
Amer. Natural. xii. 1878, p. 379.
Cotes, "Wild Silk Insects of India," Ind. Mus. Notes, ii. No. 2, 1891, 15 plates.
See on this subject Pérez, Act. Soc. Bordeaux, xlvii. 1894, p. 236, etc.
Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xxvii. 1883, p. 9.
Tr. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, ii. 1885, p. 421.
Psyche, vi. 1893, p. 385.
Bar and Laboulbène, Ann. Soc. ent. France, (v.) iii. 1873, p. 300.
Op cit. (5), vii. 1877, p. 181; and Ent. Zeit. Stettin, xxxix. 1878, p. 221; and xliv. 1883, p. 402.
Ann. New York Ac. viii. 1893, p. 48.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, n.s. iii. 1854, p. 1.
Dyar says, "We may surmise that it is to present a terrifying appearance toward small enemies." He calls the Insect both Perophora and Cicinnus, melsheimeri, and states that it belongs [according to the larva] to Tineidae; the appendages he considers to be enormously developed setae. J. N. York ent. Soc. iv. 1896, p. 92.
Tijdsch. Ent. xxxviii. 1895, p. 56, Pl. 4.
Ann. New York Ac. viii. 1893, p. 48.
Weyenbergh, Tijdschr. Ent. xvii. 1874, p. 220, Pl. xiii.
Jones, P. Liverpool Soc. xxxiii. 1879, p. lxxvii.
Studies in the Theory of Descent, part 2, London, 1881.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1885 and 1886.
Tijdschr. Ent. xl. 1897, pp. 27-103, 4 plates.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1884, p. 351.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1887, p. 297, Pl. x.
See Poulton, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1886, etc.
Op. cit. 1895, p. 399.
P. ent. Soc. London, 1880, p. iii.
Ent. Monthly Mag. xiii. 1877, p. 231.
Entomologist, xxiii. 1890, p. 92.
Mem. Ac. Washington, vii. 1895, 290 pp., 49 plates.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1878, p. 121, Pl. v.
Op. cit. 1889, pp. 1-40, 6 plates.
Walsingham, Op. cit., 1889. c. p. 21.
Ent. Zeit. Stettin, lvi. 1895, p. 233.
Op. cit. li. 1890, p. 261.
Ent. Zeit. Stettin, li. 1890, p. 263.
For details as to habits, etc., see Rambur, Ann. Soc. ent. France, v. 1836, p. 577; and Graslin, op. cit. xix. 1850, p. 396.
Monograph of European Psychidae, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xxv. 1881, p. 29, etc.
Heylaerts, op. cit. p. 55.
Zool. Anz. xx. 1897, p. 473. This is probably Apterona crenulella, or one of its varieties.
Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. Ent. x. 1887, p. 22.
Ann. New York Ac. viii. 1893, p. 54.
Kalender, Ent. Zeit. Stettin, xxxv. 1874, p. 203.
Ent. Tidskr. xvi. 1895, p. 116.
On larvae of Hepialidae, J. New York ent. Soc. iii. 1895, p. 69, Plates III. IV.
Olliff, Australian Hepialidae, Entomologist, xxviii. 1895, p. 114.
Ent. Mag. xiii. 1876, p. 63; and xxiii. 1886, p. 164.
Weir, Entomologist, xiii. 1880, p. 249, plate; King, Ent. Record, vii. 1895, p. 111.
Bertkau, SB. Ver. Rheinland, xxxvi. 1879, p. 288; and Arch. Naturg. xlviii. i. 1882, p. 362.
Zool. Anz. iii. 1880, p. 186.
It is much to be regretted that, as in so many other Lepidoptera, no satisfactory agreement as to names has been attained; our British A. testudo is variously styled Limacodes testudo (by Chapman and most naturalists), Apoda limacodes (by Meyrick), or Apoda avellana (Kirby, Catalogue of Moths). The family is called either Limacodidae, Apodidae, Cochliopodidae, or Heterogeneidae.
See Chapman, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1894, p. 345, Plate VII., for our British species; for North American forms, Dyar, Life-histories of the New York Slug-caterpillars (in progress, with numerous plates), J. New York ent. Soc. iii. etc., 1895.
See Packard, P. Amer. Phil. Soc. xxxi. 1893, pp. 83, 108, Plates. (He uses the term Cochliopodidae instead of Limacodidae); also Dyar, as above.
Insects affecting the Orange, Washington, 1885, p. 143.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1894, p. 348.
Op. cit. 1876, p. 522; and 1877, p. 433.
P. Amer. Phil. Soc. xxxii. 1894, p. 275.
Revision of the Thyrididae; Hampson, P. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 603.
P. ent. Soc. London, 1891, p. xv.
This moth is known under several generic names—Psilura, Liparis, Ocneria, Lymantria; there is now a very extensive literature connected with it. A good general account by Wachtl may be found in Wien. ent. Zeit. x. 1891, pp. 149-180, 2 Plates.
Wachtl and Kornauth, Mitt. forst. Versuchswesen Österreichs, Heft xvi. 1893.
Crahay, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xxxvii. 1893, p. 282.
Amer. Natural. xxix. 1895, p. 801.
Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera, i. 1892.
Ann. Soc. ent. France (4), iv. 1864, p. 689.
P. Zool. Soc. London, 1892, p. 188.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1892, pp. 53-140; for criticism on the nomenclature, see Rebel, Ent. Zeit. Stettin, liii. 1892, p. 247.
See Poulton, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1884, p. 51; op. cit. 1892, p. 293; and Bateson, p. 213; Gould, p. 215.
Giraud, Ann. Soc. ent. France (4), v. 1865, p. 105; Fauvel, l.c. Bull. p. liii.
For a table, see Meyrick, l.c.
Barrett, "Increasing Melanism in British Geometridae," Ent. Monthly Mag. 1895, p. 198.
P. Zool. Soc. London, 1892, p. 192.
Although this term is widely used in North America, it is not in use in England, though it may possibly have originated in Scotland. See Slingerland, Bull. Cornell University Exp. Stat. 104, 1895, p, 555.
Fourth Rep. U.S. Ent. Commission, 1885, p. 3.
Insect Life, vi. 1894 p. 6.
See Chapman, The Genus Acronycta and its Allies, London, 1893.
Insects Injurious, etc., Ed. 1862, Boston, p. 437.
See Westwood, Tr. Zool. Soc. London, x. pp. 507, etc., for discussion of this question and for figures; also E. Reuter, Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. xxii. 1896, p. 202.
Congr. Internat. Zool. ii. 1892, pt. 2, p. 180.
Ragonot, Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1890 and 1891; and Meyrick, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1890, p. 429.
Ent. Mag. xii. 1876, p. 210, and xvii. 1881, p. 249.
Zool. Jahrb. Syst. vi. 1892, p. 617.
Nat. Hist. Aquatic Insects, London, 1895.
For Bibliographic references connected with the divisions of Pyralidae see Ragonot, Ann. Soc. ent. France (6), x. 1890, pp. 458, etc.
Monograph, by Ragonot, in Romanoff, Mem. Lep. vii. 1893.
Ent. Zeit. Stettin, 1878, p. 230.
Howard, Insect Life, vii. 1895, p. 402.
Monograph by Hampson, P. Zool. Soc. London, 1895, p. 897-974.
Disqué, Ent. Zeit. Stettin, li. 1890, p. 59. Cf. also Rebel, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. xii. 1898, p. 3.
Classification; Meyrick, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1886, p. 1.
P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2), vi. 1881, p. 410.
Handbook Brit. Lep. 1895, p. 493.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1895, p. 495.
Zool. Anz. v. 1882. p. 262.
Ann. Soc. ent. France (4), x. 1870, p. 1, pl. vii.
For table of the larvae, according to number of feet and other characters, see Sorhagen, Berlin. ent. Zeit. xxvii. 1883, pp. 1-8.
P. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales (2) vii. 1892, p. 593.
Durrant, Ent. Mag., xxxi. 1895, p. 107.
"The Yucca moth and Yucca Pollination," Rep. Missouri Botanical Garden, 1892, pp. 99-158.
The maxillary tentacle is considered by Prof. J. B. Smith to be a prolongation of the stipes, cf. antea, p. 309; also Insect Life, v. 1893, p. 161.
Chapman, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1894, p. 366.
Walter, Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw. xviii. 1885. He did not distinguish Eriocephala as a genus, as we have explained on p. [308].
Amer. Natural. xxix. 1895, pp. 636 and 803.
Wood, Ent. Mag. xxvi. 1890, p. 148.
See Chapman, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1893, p. 255.
Osten Sacken, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1884, p. 501, and Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xxxvii. 1892, p. 423, etc.
Osten Sacken has recently discussed the intermediate conditions, and proposed the name "pseudholoptic" for some of them, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xli. 1896, p. 367.
Girschner, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xxxi. 1887, p. 155.
It may be well to remark that this name was formerly applied to all Diptera except Nemocera.
Zool. Anz. xvii. 1894, p. 35, and Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) xiii. 1894, p. 372; Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lviii. 1895, p. 475.
Cf. Osten Sacken, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xxxviii. 1893; and Becher, Wien. ent. Zeit. i. 1882, p. 49. For an account of the condition, with diagrammatic figures, of the fly emerging from the pupa, cf. Sasatti, J. Coll. Japan, i. 1887. p. 34, pl. vi.
It is frequently said that one sex of a single species may be dimorphic in this respect, but we shall subsequently mention (in Blepharoceridae) that this is not yet sufficiently established.
Fluernes Munddele, Copenhagen, 1881, 91 pp. 6 plates; Ent. Tidskr. i. 1879, p. 150; Becher having given (Denk. Ak. Wien. xlv. 1882, p. 123) an interpretation different from that of Meinert, this author set forth his general views in Zool. Anz. v. 1882, pp. 570 and 599.
The reader should not suppose that there are only two views as to the Dipterous mouth, for actually there are several; our object is here only to give a general idea of the subject.
Tr. Linn. Soc. London (2) v. 1892, p. 271.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1884, p. 497.
Osten Sacken, although making use of the terms tegula and antitegula, suggested the propriety of using squama and antisquama, as we have done.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. li. 1891, p. 55.
Brandt, Horae Soc. ent. Ross. xiv. 1878, p. vii.; xv. 1879, p. 20. Brauer, Denk. Ak. Wien, xlvii. 1883, pp. 12-16. Künckel, C.R. Ac. Paris, lxxxix. 1879, p. 491.
Blow-fly, 1895: in two vols. For Anatomy of Volucella, see Künckel d'Herculais, Recherches sur l'org. des Volucelles, Paris, 1875 and 1881.
Tijdschr. Ent. xxxviii. 1895, pp. 65-100.
Denk. Ak. Wien, xlvii. 1883, pp. 1-100, pls. i.-v.
Since our brief and imperfect sketch of metamorphosis appeared in Vol. V. of this series, Packard has treated the subject more fully in his Text-book of Entomology, New York, 1898; and Pratt has summarised the state of knowledge as to imaginal discs in Psyche, viii. 1897, p. 15, etc.
Monograph of Oestridae, Verh. Ges. Wien, 1863, and other papers op. cit. 1864, 1867, 1869; also Denk. Ak. Wien, xlii. 1880, xlvii. 1883.
Becher, Wien. Ent. Zeit. i. 1882, p. 49; for observation on connecting forms see Brauer, Verh. Ges. Wien, xl. 1890, p. 272.
The palpi are said to be of only one segment in some genera of Cecidomyiidae. The Cecidomyiidae are easily distinguished by the minute size—body not more than a line long—and by there not being more than six nervules at the periphery of the wing. Aëdes (Culicidae) has also short palpi.
It is said by Schiner that in the anomalous genus Nemestrina the palpi are of three segments.
For tables of the families of flies the student may refer to Loew, Smithson-Misc. Coll. vi. Art. i. 1862; to Brauer, Denk. Ak. Wien, xlii. 1880, p. 110 (Orthorrhapha only); to Williston, Manual of N. American Diptera, 1896; to Schiner, Fauna austriaca, Diptera, Vienna, 1860, etc.
Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xxxvii. 1892, p. 365, and xli. 1897, p. 365.
Tr. Amer. ent. Soc. iii. 1871, p. 345.
Bull. Soc. ent. France, 1893, p. lxxx.
Naturhist. Tidskr. (3) viii. 1874, p. 34, pl. xii.
Ann. Soc. ent. France (2) vii. 1849, p. 346.
Trans. New Zealand Inst. xxiii. 1890, p. 48.
Osten Sacken, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xxxvii. 1892, p. 442; and Perris, Ann. Soc. ent. France (2) vii. 1849, p. 202.
See Guérin-Méneville, Ann. Soc. ent. France (2) iv. 1846; Bull. p. 8; and Nowicki, Verh. Ges. Wien, xvii. 1867, SB. p. 23.
For details as to the family cf. Osten Sacken, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xl. 1895, p. 148; and for the larvae F. Müller, Arch. Mus. Rio-Jan. iv. 1881, p. 47. The name "Liponeuridae" was formerly applied by some authorities to this family, but it is now generally recognised that Blepharoceridae is more legitimate.
Berlin. ent. Zeit. xxv. 1881, p. 61; and cf. Brauer, Wien. ent. Zeit. i. 1882, p. 1.
Natural History of Aquatic Insects, London, 1895, chap. ii.
Tr. Linn. Soc. Lond. (2) ii. 1884, p. 367.
For an extremely interesting account of Chironomus refer to Miall's book, already cited, and, for the larva, to the valuable work of Meinert on Eucephalous larvae of Diptera, Danske Selsk. Skr. (6) iii. 1886, p. 436.
Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) viii. 1871, p. 31.
Ibid. (6) xv. 1895, p. 133.
For metamorphoses of aquatic species of Ceratopogon, see Miall and Meinert, already quoted: for examples of the terrestrial species, and their illustrations, refer to Mik, Wien. ent. Zeit. vii. 1888, p. 183.
Monograph, Eaton, Ent. Mag. xxix. and xxx. 1893, 1894: supplement op. cit. 1896, etc.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1895, p. 141.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1895, p. 479.
A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica, London, 1853, p. 284.
Bull. Illinois Lab., iv. 1895, p. 193.
Miall's Aquatic Insects, 1895, p. 174.
"Studies," etc., Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xxxi. 1887.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1897, p. 362.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1897, pp. 343-361.
Acta Univ. Lund. xxxiii. (2) No. 7, 1897.
"Studies," etc., Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xxx. 1886, p. 153.
Osten Sacken, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xxxvii. 1892, p. 450.
Entomologist, xiv. 1881, p. 287. This observation has never, we believe, been confirmed.
Ann. Soc. ent. France (2) v. 1847, p. 46.
Perris, in Ann. Soc. ent. France (2) v. 1847, p. 37, pl. i.
Ann. Soc. ent. France (5) i. 1871, Bull. p. lxvii.
Rep. Dep. Agric. Ent. Washington, 1886, p. 492.
Cf. Réaumur, Mem. v. 1740, p. 21; and Perris, Ann. Soc. ent. France (4) x. 1870, p. 190.
Verh. Ges. Wien, xxx. 1880, p. 343.
Arch. Naturges. xli. i. 1875, p. 48.
Bull. Illinois Lab. iv. 1895.
Ent. Mag. xxiii. 1886, p. 51.
Ann. Soc. ent. France, ii. 1833, p. 492.
Wien. ent. Zeit. ii. 1883, pp. 11 and 24, pl. i.
Ent. Mag. xiv. 1878, p. 196.
For figures, etc., cf. Westwood, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1876, p. 507, pls. v. vi.
Verh. Ges. Wien, xix. 1869, p. 737, pl. xiii.
Tr. ent. Soc. London (3) i. 1862, p. 338, pl. xi.
Verh. Ges. Wien, xix. 1869, p. 941.
Ann. Soc. ent. France (4) x. 1870, p. 221.
SB. Ak. Wien, xci. 1885, p. 392.
Ent. Mag. xiv. 1877, p. 226; for a discussion of the subject see Mik, Wien. ent. Zeit. xiii. 1894, p. 273.
Amer. Natural. xxviii. 1894, p. 35.
Perris, Ann. Soc. ent. France (4) x. 1870, p. 321, pl. 4; and Laboulbène, op. cit. (5) iii. 1873, p. 50, pl. v.
Perris, Ann. Soc. ent. France (4) x. 1870, p. 354.
Ent. Meddelelser, ii. 1890, p. 213.
Frauenfeld, Verh. Ges. Wien, xx. p. 37, pl. iii.
For monograph of Pipunculidae, see Becker, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xlii. 1897, pp. 25-100.
Ofv. Ak. Forh. xi. 1854, p. 302, pl. v., since confirmed by others, see Giard, C.R. Ac. Sci. cix. 1889, pp. 79 and 708.
Natural History of Aquatic Insects, 1895, p. 198.
Ent. Zeit. Stettin, vi. 1845, p. 384, pl. i.
Ann. Soc. ent. France (6) iii. 1883, p. 23, pl. i.
Ent. Nachr. xviii. 1892, p. 13.
Ann. Soc. ent. France (4) x. 1870, p. 330.
See on this difficult subject, Becher, Wien. ent. Zeit. i. 1882, p. 49.
Loudon's Magazine, v. 1832, p. 302; P. ent. Soc. London, 1871, p. x.
Baron von Osten Sacken informs the writer that this statement has since been withdrawn by Portschinsky as being erroneous.
Ent. Amer. iii. 1887, p. 126.
J. Coll. Japan, i. 1886, pp. 1-46, plates i.-vi.
Souvenirs entomologiques, 1879, pp. 246-254.
A list of the Insects known to be attacked by Dipterous parasites has been given by Brauer and Bergenstamm, Denk. Ak. Wien, lxi. 1895.
Berlin. ent. Zeit. xxx. 1886, p. 135.
Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xxxi. 1887, p. 17.
Biol. Centralbl. vii. 1887, p. 521.
For an account of the habits of this fly, see Kirk, J. Linn. Soc. viii. 1865, pp. 149-156; and for a bibliographic list, Wulp, Tijdschr. Ent. xxvii. 1884, p. xci. and pp. 143-150.
Preliminary Report on the Tse-tse Fly Disease, 1895.
P. Liverpool Soc. xxxiii. 1878, p. 13, note.
We may specially mention the monograph of Oestridae, published in 1863 by the K. k. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, and supplements in Wien. ent. Zeit. v. vi. 1886, 1887; these include copious bibliographic lists.
Riley, Insect Life, iv. 1892, p. 302.
See Blanchard, Ann. Soc. ent. France (7) ii. 1892, pp. 109, 154.
See Bigot, Ann. Soc. ent. France (6) ii. 1882, p. 21, Brauer, Monograph, 1863, p. 51, and Wien. ent. Zeit. vi. 1887, p. 75.
Arch. Naturgesch. lviii. i. 1892, pp. 287-322, pls. xv. xvi.
Stein, Deutsche ent. Zeit. xxi. 1877, p. 297.
Abh. Ges. Halle, iv. 1858, p. 145.
Arch. Naturgesch. lix. i. 1893, p. 151.
SB. Ak. Wien. cv. 1896, Abtheil. i. p. 400.
Arch. Naturges. lviii. i. 1892, p. 287.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross. ii. 1863, p. 90.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1881, p. 360.
The best general description of the external anatomy of the flea is to be found in Taschenberg, Die Flöhe, 1880. The morphology is better elucidated, though still incompletely, in Wagner's valuable "Aphanipterologische Studien," Horae Soc. ent. Ross. xxiii. 1889, pp. 199-260, 5 plates, and op. cit. xxxi. 1897, pp. 555-594, 3 plates. Cf. also N. C. Rothschild, Nov. Zool. v. 1898, pp. 533-544, 3 plates.
Howard, Bull. Dep. Agric. Ent. N.S. No. 4, 1896.
Schimkewitsch, Zool. Anz. vii. 1884, p. 673.
P. Boston Soc. xxvi. 1894, pp. 312-355.
Monographie der Ordnung Thysanoptera, Königgrätz, 4to, 1895.
Bull. Essex Inst. xxii. 1890, p. 24; also Amer. Natural. xxx. 1896, p. 591.
Jordan in an interesting paper, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xlvii. 1888, p. 573, says that in the division "Terebrantia" there are only three pairs of stigmata.
Insect Life, i. 1888, p. 138.
See Lindeman, Bull. Soc. Moscou, lxii. 1886, No. 2, p. 296, and Uzel, Mon. 1895, pp. 397, 398.
Entomological Magazine, iii. 1836, p. 439, and iv. 1837, p. 144.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xvi. 1866, p. 389.
Arb. Inst. Wien. iv. 1882, p. 415.
Tr. Amer. Phil. Soc. xix. 1896, p. 176.
P. ent. soc. Washington, iii. 1895, p. 241.
Ent. Nachr. xxii. 1896, p. 173.
Zool. Anz. 1897, No. 527, p. 73.
Arch. Anat. Physiol. 1874, p. 313, and 1875, p. 309.
For the structure and development of the Hemipterous trophi, see Mayer, Arch. Anat. Physiol. 1874 and 1875; Mecznikow, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xvi. 1866, p. 389; Geise, Arch. Naturgesch. xlix. 1, 1883, p. 315; Wedde, op. cit. li. 1, 1885, p. 113; Mark, Arch. mikr. Anat. xiii. 1877, p. 31: Smith, Tr. Amer. Phil. Soc. xix. 1896, p. 176.
Ent. Nachr. xix. 1893, p. 369.
Naturhist. Tidskr. (3) vi. 1896; translated in Ann. N. Hist. (4), vi. 1870, p. 225.
Ent. Zeit. Stettin, xxvii. 1866, p. 321.
Ent. Nachr. xix. 1893, p. 375.
On this subject, see Reuter, Ann. Soc. ent. France (5) v. 1875, p. 225.
Ann. Soc. ent. France (4) vii. 1867, p. 45.
The chief work on the internal anatomy of Hemiptera is still Dufour's Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur les Hémiptères, Mem. Savans Étrangers, Paris, iv. 1833, p. 129.
Künckel, Ann. Soc. ent. France (4) vii. 1867, p, 45, and C.R. Ac. Paris, cxx. 1895, p. 1002.
In Slingerland's Cornell Univ. Bull. No. 58, 1893, p. 222.
SB. Ak. Wien. xci. 1 Abth., 1885, p. 275.
Les Insectes fossiles, etc., 1894, p. 452.
Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) vi. 1870, p. 225.
A table of the families is given by Ashmead, but does not work out quite satisfactorily, Entom. Americana, iv. 1888, p. 65; a brief table of the characters of the British families is given by Saunders, Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the British Islands, 1892, p. 12.
Those who wish to see tables of the families are referred to Ashmead, loc. cit.; to Pascoe, Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) ix. 1882, p. 424; to Stål's Hemiptera Africana, vol. iv. 1866; and for the families found in Britain to Edwards, Hemiptera-Homoptera of the British Islands. For a discussion in Danish on the value of the characters used, cf. Hansen, Ent. Tidskr. xi. 1890, pp. 19-76.
Ent. Mag. vii. 1870, p. 53.
Insect Life, i. 1889, p. 234.
C.R. Ac. Sci. Paris, cxviii. 1894, p. 1282.
Verh. Ges. Wien. iii. 1858, p. 157.
Ent. Mag. xxix. 1893, p. 227.
Wien. ent. Zeit. xi. 1892, p. 169.
Monograph of Phymatidae: Handlirsch, Ann. Hofmus. Wien, xii. 1897, p. 127.
Ent. Zeit. Stettin, li. 1890, p. 281.
Naturalist's Voyage, ed. 1884, p. 330; chap. xv.
Thesaurus ent. Oxoniensis, 1874, p. 197.
Ind. Mus. Notes, iii. No. 5, 1894, p. 53.
Ferrari, Monograph of Nepa, Ann. Hofmus. Wien, iii. 1888, p. 171.
Bull. Soc. Philomat. (8) v. 1893, p. 57. There is some diversity of opinion as to the respiratory orifices, and some authorities say that thoracic stigmata exist even in the imago.
Acta Ac. German. li. 1887, p. 224, and Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xliii. 1886, p. 537.
Korschelt, Acta. t.c. p. 245. Compare the remarks we have made on p. [559] as to the peculiarities of eggs of many other Hemiptera.
Bull. Mus. Paris, 1896, p. 238.
See Carpenter, Irish Naturalist, iv. 1895, p. 59.
See remarks on pp. 543, 544.
We must refer those who may wish for further information as to this complex and difficult question to the writings of the late Professor Riley, especially to Bulletin No. 8, 1885, U.S. Department of Agriculture, division of entomology; and to the more recent report by Marlatt, Bull. Dep. Agric. Ent., N.S. No. 14, 1898.
Some entomologists consider that this "railway-whistle" note is the result of the combined efforts of several individuals. Cf. Mathew, Ent. Mag. xi. 1875, p. 175.
It is unnecessary to say that the poet was not Sappho, but one of the baser sex, named Xenarchus.
Swinton claims that one of the membranes in the vocal apparatus is an auditory organ; if so, the male would be deafened by his own noise, while the females, not possessing the organ, should not hear the song.
P. ent. Soc. London, 1883, p. 20.
A considerable variety of these extraordinary creatures are figured in Biol. Centr. Amer. Rhynch. Homopt. ii.
Riley, P. ent. Soc. Washington, iii. 1895, p. 88. For the younger stages of Membracis foliata, see Tijdschr. Ent. (2) iv. 1869, pl. viii.
Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1886, p. 329.
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxvi. 1876, p. 167.
Cornell Univ. Agric. exp. station Bulletin, 44, 1892, and Bull. 108, 1896.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xlii. 1885, pp. 569-638.
Zeitschr. Naturw. (2) xii. 1875, p. 438.
Réaumur, Mém. iii. 1737, Dixiéme Mémoire.
P. ent. soc. Washington, iv. 1897, p. 66.
For list see Scott, Ent. Mag. xviii. 1882, p. 253.
There is some doubt on this point, as the earlier observers seem to have supposed that a winged individual appearing in a generation chiefly apterous was ipso facto, a male; it seems, however, to be certain that perfect winged males appear in some species in generations producing no perfect sexual females. Speaking generally, the course of events seems to be that in summer there exist only wingless and winged parthenogenetic females, and that the sexually perfect forms appear for the first time in autumn.
Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Ges. iv. 1876, p. 529.
The term pseudovum is applied, as a matter of convenience, to the earlier condition of the viviparously-produced form, and the term pseudovarium to the ovary producing it.
Balbiani, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (5) xi. 1869, p. 29. For concise recent remarks on the early embryonic states, see Lemoine, Bull. Soc. ent. France, 1893, p. lxxxix.
Acta Ac. German. xxxiii. 1869, No. 2, p. 81.
Seventeenth Rep. Insects Illinois, 1891, p. 66.
Kessler, Acta Ac. German. li. 1887, pp. 152, 153.
In connection with this the absence of a functional mouth in the imago state of numerous Lepidoptera, and of Oestrid Diptera, should not be forgotten.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross. xxiv. 1890. p. 386.
Ent. Zeit. Stettin, xxxvi. 1875, p. 368.
Zool. Anz. xv. 1892, p. 220.
Arb. Inst. Wien, iv. 1882, Heft iii. p. 397; see on this organ also Mordwilko, Zool. Anz. xviii. 1895, p. 357.
Biol. Centralbl. xi. 1891, p. 193.
See, inter alia, Webster, J. New York ent. Soc. i. 1893, p. 119.
J. New York Ent. Soc. i. 1893, p. 120. See also as to knowledge on the part of ants, Forbes, Eighteenth Rep. Insects Illinois, 1894, pp. 66, etc.
Monograph by Buckton, Ray Society, 4 vols. 1879-1883.
Tr. New Zealand Inst. xxviii. 1895.
A catalogue of Coccidae has recently been published by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell in Bull. Illinois Lab. iv. 1896, pp. 318-339.
Signoret's papers are to be found in eighteen parts in Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1868 to 1876: the most considerable subsequent systematic papers are those by Maskell in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute from 1878 to the present time.
Coccidae of Ceylon, pt. 1, 1896, p. 16.
C. R. Ac. Sci. Paris, civ. 1887, p. 449.
Arch. Naturgesch. li. i. 1885, p. 169.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xliii. 1886, p. 156.
For summary as to our present knowledge of this curious condition of Insect life, see Mayet, Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1896, p. 419.
For additional information as to useful Coccidae, see Blanchard, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii. 1883, p. 217.
Rubsaamen's paper on these Insects gives references to most of the previous literature, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xxxix. 1894, p. 199.
Ent. Meddel. iii. 1891, p. 82.
Cf. Graber, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxii. 1872, p. 165, and Landois in the same Journal, xiv. 1864, p. 24.
Ann. Nat. History (3), xvii. 1866, p. 213.
N. York Ent. Soc. vii. March 1899, p. 45.