THE THIRD PHILIPPIC
§ 2. actively at work: the reference is to Diopeithes (see Speech on Chersonese, § 57).
§§ 4, 5. Passages are repeated from the Speech on the Chersonese, § 4, and First Philippic, § 2.
§ 8. not to defraud us: i.e. by making statements which he is not prepared to act upon.
§ 11. as though visiting his allies. This is not true, though envoys from the Phocians, as from most other Greek states of importance, were in Philip's camp. With the whole passage, cf. Speech on Embassy, §§ 20 ff.
§ 12. Pherae. See Speech on Chersonese, § 59 n. For Oreus see Introd. to Speech on Chersonese, and § 33 and 59 ff. of this Speech.
§ 15. Serrhium, &c. See Introd. to Speech on Peace.
he had sworn to a Peace. This is untrue; see Speech on Embassy, § 156, where it is part of the charge against Aeschines' party, that they had enabled Philip to take these places before he had sworn to the Peace.
§16. religion: with special reference here to the sanctity of the oath.
into the Chersonese: i.e. to help Cardia. The claim of Athens to Cardia was not good, and it appears from the Speech of Hegesippus against Halonnesus, § 2, that the Athenians had recognized the independence of the town.
§ 18. if anything should happen: e.g. the outbreak of open war, or (more probably) a defeat.
§ 23. seventy-three years: i.e. 476-404 B. c.
thirty years save one: i.e. 404-376 B.C. (in the latter year Chabrias defeated the Spartans off Naxos).
battle of Leucira: in 371 B.C.
§ 24. disturb the established order: i.e. by establishing oligarchical governments in place of democracy.
§ 26. in the Thracian region: strictly, in Chalcidice and the neighbourhood. See Introd. to Olynthiacs.
robbed their very cities of their governments. This is preferable to the (grammatically) equally possible rendering, 'robbed them of their constitutions and their cities,' as it suits the facts better. Philip seems to have substituted tetrarchies for separate city-states. (See Speech on Chersonese, §26, and Second Philippic, § 22 n.)
§ 27. Ambracia. See Introd. to Speech on Chersonese. Elis: Introd. to Speech on Embassy. Megara: Speech on Embassy, §§ 294, 295.
§ 32. Pythian games. See Introd. to Speech on Peace. In 342 Philip sent a deputy to preside in his name.
§§ 33, 34. See Introd. to Speech on Chersonese. Echinus was a Theban colony in Thessaly, on the north coast of the Malian Gulf.
§ 42. Arthmius, &c. (cf. Speech on Embassy, §271). Zeleia was in the Troad, near Cyzicus. Arthmius was apparently proxenus of Athens at Zeleia, and as such had probably certain rights at Athens, of which the decree deprived him; so that Demosthenes' remarks at the beginning of §44 are slightly misleading.
§ 46. At the end of this section two versions are imperfectly blended, and it does not appear what were the contents of the document. Some suppose that the insertion 'He reads from the document' is an early conjectural interpolation.
§ 49. because be leads, &c. Philip did, in fact, bring the Macedonian heavy infantry to great perfection for the purposes of a pitched battle, though the decisive action was generally that of the cavalry. But the other troops which Demosthenes names would enable him to execute rapid movements with success. The use of light-armed troops had already been developed by the Athenian general, Iphicrates.
§ 50. with such advantages: lit. 'under these conditions' (not 'to crown all', nor 'at the head of these troops').
§ 52. Contrast Speech on Naval Boards, Section 9.
§§ 57 ff. See Introd. to Speech on Embassy.
§ 59. Euphraeus had been a disciple of Plato, and an adviser of Perdiccas, Philip's elder brother. It was he who recommended Perdiccas to entrust the government of part of Macedonia to Philip, whom he afterwards so strongly opposed.
§ 72. embassies. See Introd. to Speech on Chersonese.