Works Consulted
Alvarez, Manuel (Emmanuel Alvarus), De Institutione Grammatica, Libri III, Lisbon, 1572. (Also Amakusa, 1594. Cf. Laures #14.)
Collado, Diego, O.P., Ars Grammaticae Iaponicae Linguae, Rome, 1632. (Trans. by Ōtsuka Takanobu as Koiyaado-chō Nippon bunten, 1934 and revised as Koryaado Nihon bunten, 1957. Cf. Laures #54.)
Collado, Diego, O.P., Dictionarium sive Thesauri Linguae Iaponicae Compendium, Rome, 1632. (Edited by Ōtsuka Mitsunobu as Koryaado Ra-Su-Nichi jiten, 1966. Cf. Laures #56.)
Collado, Diego, O.P., Niffon no cotõba ni yô confesion, Rome, 1632. (Transcribed by Ōtsuka Mitsunobu as Koryaado zangeroku, 1957. Cf. Laures #56.)
Doi Tadao [Japanese], Kirishitan gogaku no kenkyū [Japanese], Tokyo, 1971.
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana1.png.id-1308114970081595190.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana2.png.id-4392897429415697852.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
Doi Tadao [Japanese], "Koryaado Nihon bunten no seiritsu [Japanese]," Nihon gogaku shinkō iinkai kenyū hōkoku, #3, 1941.
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana1.png.id-7880356756932453462.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana3.png.id-8762053665006560271.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
Doi Tadao [Japanese], ed., Nippo jisho [Japanese], Tokyo, 1960. (Japanese edition of the Vocabulario.)
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana1.png.id-3357022546345933346.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana4.png.id-7754444179690606065.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
Doi Tadao [Japanese], trs., Rodorigesu Nihon daibunten [Japanese] Tokyo, 1955. (Trans. of Rodriguez' Arte.)
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana1.png.id-1861010142664144769.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana5.png.id-4548845352886239039.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
Fukushima Kunimichi [Japanese], Kirishitan Shiryō to kokugo kenkyū [Japanese], Tokyo, 1973.
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana6.png.id-3401456594240027090.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana7.png.id-826290138610491099.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
Hashimoto Shinkichi [Japanese], Kirishitan kyōgi no kenkyū [Japanese], Tokyo, 1928.
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana8.png.id-6469862798698761289.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana9.png.id-1115436817730848623.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
Iwai Yoshio [Japanese], Nihongohō-shi: Muromachi-jidai hen [Japanese] Tokyo, 1973.
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana10.png.id-6263863590071088902.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana11.png.id-1001269155089897038.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
Laures, Johannes, S.J., Kirishitan Bunko, Tokyo, 1957.
Lebrija, Antonio (Antonius Nebrissensis), Introductiones Latinae, Salamanca, 1481.
Moran, Joseph F., A Commentary on the Arte Breve da Lingoa Iapoa of João Rodriguez, S.J.: With Particular Reference to Pronunciation, Unpublished doctoral thesis, Oxford, 1971.
Ōtomo Shin'ichi [Japanese], Muromachi-jidai no kokugo-onsei no kenkyū [Japanese], Tokyo, 1963.
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana12.png.id-3353644711315047147.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana13.png.id-3047547130580856600.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
Ōtsuka Mitsunobu [Japanese], ed., Koryaado Ra-Su-Nichi jiten [Japanese], Tokyo, 1966. (Japanese edition of Collado's Dictionarium.)
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana14.png.id-6886381875349062420.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana15.png.id-6934735539833048449.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
Ōtsuka Mitsunobu [Japanese], ed., Koryaado zangeroku [Japanese], Tokyo, 1957. (Japanese edition of Collado's Confesion.)
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana14.png.id-474361527958469011.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana16.png.id-8116720487589155409.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
Ōtsuka Takanobu [Japanese], tr., Koiyaado-chō Nihongo bunten [Japanese], Tokyo, 1934. (Revised as Koryaado Nihon bunten [Japanese], Tokyo, 1957. Translation of Collado's Ars Grammaticae.)
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana17.png.id-689230958524382673.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana18.png.id-3140340495297263996.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana19.png.id-7193729287282100722.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
Rodriguez, João, S.J., Arte Breve da Lingoa Iapoa, Macao, 1620. (Cf. Laures #35.)
Rodriguez, João, S.J., Arte da Lingoa de Iapam, Nagasaki, 1604-1608. (Translated by Doi Tadao as Rodorigesu Nihon daibunten, 1955. Cf. Laures #28.)
Rodriguez, João, S.J., ed., Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam, Nagasaki, 1603-1604. (Edited by Doi Tadao as Nippo Jisho, 1960. Cf. Laures #27.)
Thurot, Charles, Extraits de divers manuscrits Latins pour servir a l'historie des doctrines grammaticales au moyen-age, Paris, 1869.
Yuzawa Kōkichirō [Japanese], Muromachi-jidai gengo no Kenkyū [Japanese], Tokyo, 1958.
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![[Japanese]](#8139106390253377500_kana21.png.id-1881229424934811564.wrap-0.html.html){kind=link}
Index To Grammatical Categories
The list which follows refers to the location of the general categories defined by Collado's description of Japanese. A broader classification of the grammar will be found in the table of contents while the specific grammatical elements are listed in the index which follows.
ablative (see cases)
accusative (see cases)
adjectival roots [114], [116], [138], [139]
adjectives [114]-[117], [138], [139]
adjectives, conditional [139]
gerund [138]
permissive [138]
adverbial roots [115], [139], [162]
adverbs, accumulative [162]
affirmative [160]
comparative [161]
conclusive [163]
exaggerative [162]
exclamatory [163]
intensifying [162]
interrogative [159]
locational [156]
negative [160]
superlative [162]
temporal [159]
adversitive (see particles)
alternative (see particles)
auxiliaries [145]-[147], [149]
auxiliaries, emphatic [149]
humble [147]
cases, ablative [113]
accusative [112]
dative [112]
nominative [111]
vocative [113]
causative (see verbs)
conditional (see moods)
confirmation (see particles)
comparatives [161]
copulas [137]
copulas, negative [137]
dative (see cases)
deciderative (see particles)
disjunctive (see particles)
disjunctive constructions [167]
distributive (see particles)
dubitive (see particles)
emphatic (see particles)
exclamatory (see adverbs, particles)
future tense (see verbs)
genitive (see cases)
gerund (see verbs)
honorific (see auxiliaries, particles, verbs)
imperative (see moods)
imperfect aspect (see verbs)
infinitive (see verbs)
intensifier (see particles)
interjections [126], [132], [167], [168]
interrogative (see particles)
irregular verbs (see verbs)
moods, conditional [139], [140]
imperative [125], [126], [132], [135]-[137]
permissive [127]-[129], [133], [138], [139], [155]
subjunctive [127], [128], [131]-[133], [138], [153]
negative (see verbs)
neutral (see verbs)
nominalizers (see particles)
nominative (see cases)
optative (see moods, particles)
participle (see verbs)
particles [113]-[120], [148]-[156], [164]-[168], [182]
particles, adversative [150], [153], [154]
alternative [152]
disjunctive [167]
emphatic [124], [125], [149], [167], [150]
exclamatory [163]
honorific [118], [119], [146], [147], [182]
intensive [120], [148], [149], [162], [163], [164]
interrogative [156], [159], [163], [168]
nominalizing [117]
pluralizing [113], [114], [118], [119]
presumptive [170]
particles of manner [153], [154]
particles of possibility [153]
particles of similarity [149], [150], [161]
passive (see verbs)
perfect aspect (see verbs)
pejorative (see particles)
permissive (see moods, particles)
pluralizers (see particles)
pluperfect tense (see verbs)
possibility (see particles)
potential (see moods, verbs)
prepositions [164], [165], [166]
present tense (see verbs)
presumptive (see particles)
preterit tense (see verbs)
pronouns, first person [118], [119]
second person [119]
quotative (see particles)
relative constructions [122]
subjunctive (see moods, particles)
substantive verbs (see copulas)
superlatives [162]
supine (see verbs)
temporal (see particles, adverbs)
verbal roots [123], [131], [134]-[136]
verbs, causative [143]
gerund [129], [130], [134], [138], [154], [155], [174], [183]
imperfect [152]
negative, future [132], [133], [141]
preterit [131]
neutral [172]
pluperfect [125]
potential [144]
vocative (see cases)
Index to Grammatical Elements
There follows a list of those elements which Collado describes in his grammar. To a certain degree I have regularized his morphophonological analysis. For example, the preterit permissive form, described by Collado as redomo after a preterit verb, is cross-listed as -ta redomo in order to bring together morphologically similar forms. All forms occurring in the text with the honorific gozaru, etc. are indexed as aru, etc. For example, the element found in aguenande gozaru 'I have not offered' will be indexed under -nande aru. As a general rule in this index items beginning with a hyphen are classified as endings, while the remaining items are particles.
The spelling used in this index is that of the original. Those readers more familiar with the modified Hepburn system of romanization, as reflected in Kenkyūsha's Dictionary, will find the following simplified chart of help. Syllables presented in Kenkyūsha as beginning with the following initial letters will have the corresponding spellings in Collado's grammar:
| e = ie o = vo | k = ca, qi, cu, qe, co s = sa, xi, su, xe, so z = za, ji, zu, je, zo t = ta, chi, tçu, te, to d = da, gi, zzu, de, do |
| h = f y = i w = v |
The citations are numbered according to their location in the translation and are limited to those places where the element is explained or used to demonstrate a grammatical point.
The following abbreviations are used:
| abl. adj. adv. advers. acc. aff. alt. aux. concl. cond. conj. const. cop. dat. disj. dist. dub. emph. | ablative adjective adverb adversitive accusative affirmative alternative auxiliary verb conclusive conditional conjunction construction copula dative disjunctive distributive dubitive emphatic | excl. fut. gen. ger. hon. imp. ind. inf. interj. interr. intens. irr. loc. n. neg. nom. opt. p. | exclamatory future genitive gerund honorific imperative indicative infinitive interjection interrogative intensive irregular locative noun negative nominative optative particle | part. perf. perm. pot. plup. prep. pres. pret. pron. quot. subj. temp. v. voc. writ. 1st 2nd 3rd | participle perfect permissive potential pluperfect preposition present preterit pronoun quotative subjunctive temporal verb vocative written style 1st conjugation 2nd conjugation 3rd conjugation |
-aba (cond., 2nd) [139]
-ai (v. root, 3rd) [135]
ai (emph.) [149]
ai (hort.) [163]
aidani (temp.) [149]
-ananda (neg. pret., 2nd) [135]
-anu (neg. pres., 2nd) [135]
arisama (p. of manner) [154]
ari,u (hon. aux.) [145], [146]
arui va (conj.) [166]
avare (interj.) [168];
-azu (neg. root, 2nd) [135]
-ba (cond.) [139]
-ba atte mo (advers.) [153]
bacari (intens.) [164]
-baia (w. fut.) [125]
-ba tote (perm.) [133]
baxi (dub.) [163]
becarazu (neg. fut., writ.) [183]
beqi (fut., writ.) [183]
beqi coto (fut. inf., writ.) [183]
bexi (fut., writ.) [183]
(temp.) [159];
(conj.) [167]
cai- (intens.) [149]
caia (interr.) [163]
cana (interj.) [168]
canavanu (w. const. showing necessity) [155]
cara (nom.) [111];
(abl.) [113];
(w. subj.) [127];
(w. neutral v.) [172];
(w. passive v.) [172]
-carananda (neg. pret. adj.) [139]
-caranu (neg. pres. adj.) [139]
-carazu (neg. adj. root) [139]
-catte (neg. adj. ger.) [138]
(w. subj.) [128]
coso (advers.) [150];
(w. ind. ending in -e) [150];
(neg. meaning w. aff. ger.) [154]
(w. pot.) [154]
coto gia (p. w. no special meaning) [152]
coto mo arózu (w. pot.) [141]
-da (see -ta)
-dari (see -tari)
-de (see -te)
-demo (see -temo)
dógu (nominalizer) [117]
-domo (perm.) [127], [133], [138]
domo (p. of necessity) [155]
domo (n. pluralizer) [113], [114], [119]
-e (ind. w. coso) [150]
-e (see -te)
-e (v. root, 1st) [123]
-eba (pres. cond., 1st) [139]
-edomo (see redomo)
-enu (neg. pres., 1st) [131]
-eô (fut., 1st) [125]
-eôda (pret., 1st) [135]
-ezu (neg. v. root, 1st) [131]
faxi- (intens.) [149]
fodo (w. gen.) [174]
furi- (p. of similarity) [150]
ga (nom.) [111];
(gen.) [112];
(acc.) [112];
(w. inf.) [129];
(in relative const.) [122]
ga (intens. w. pron.) [120]
ga (conj.) [148]
ga gotoqu (p. of similarity) [149]
go (hon.) [182]
goto (dist.) [120]
goto (nominalizer) [117]
gotoqu (p. of similarity) [150], [161]
guena (presumptive) [170]
ha (interj.) [168]
hat (interj.) [168]
-i (adj.) [116]
-i (v. root, 2nd) [134]
-i (irr. v. root, 1st) [123]
ia (excl.) [163]
ia (interj.) [168]
iai (excl.) [163]
iara (interj.) [168];
(w. disj. const.) [167]
iare (excl.) [163]
-iasui (w. supine) [156]
icani (voc.) [113];
(w. plurals) [113]
-i caxi (perm.) [129]
-ide (neg. ger.) [134]
-ide arózu (neg. plup. showing completed action) [137]
-ide aru (neg. plup.) [132]
-ide atta (neg. plup.) [132]
-ide canavanu (ending showing necessity) [155]
-idemo (neg. fut. perm.) [133], [154]
-ide naranu (ending showing necessity) [155]
-ide nochi (neg. ger.) [134]
-ide va (ending showing necessity) [155]
ie (acc.) [112];
(dat.) [112];
(prep.) [165];
(w. subj.) [127]
ie (w. neg. possibility) [153]
ie,uru (aux. of neg. possibility) [152]
iei (interr.) [168]
igo (w. subj.) [127]
io (intens.) [163]
io (imp.) [125]
ió (p. of manner) [153]
io caxi (w. opt.) [126]
ióni (w. inf.) [129];
(w. quot.) [170]
iori (nom.) [111];
(abl.) [113];
(w. inf.) [130];
(w. ger.) [174];
(w. comparative const.) [161];
(w. relative const.) [122]
iori mo (w. comparative const.) [161]
iori mo nao (w. comparative const.) [161]
-i tomo (perm. adj.) [138]
jibun (w. ger.) [130]
ma- (v. intensifier) [149]
macari- (p. showing modesty) [149]
made (prep.) [166]
made gia (p. w. no special meaning) [152]
madeio (w. perm.) [128], [133];
(p. of confirmation) [152]
mai (dist.) [120]
mai (neg. fut.) [132]
mai coto (neg. fut. inf.) [133]
mai coto mo arózu (neg. fut. pot.) [141]
maieni (w. neg. v.) [133]
mai mono (neg. ger.) [134]
mai mono vo (neg. opt.) [132]
mai qereba (neg. subj.) [133]
mai qeredomo (neg. perm.) [133], [155]
mairaxi,u (hon. aux.) [147]
mai tomo (neg. fut. perm.) [133]
mai tote (neg. ger.) [134]
maji (neg. fut., cf. mai) [132]
maji qere (neg. cond.) [139]
majiqu va (neg. cond.) [140]
mamaio (w. perm.) [128], [133]
maraxi,u (hon. aux.) [145]
mata (conj.) [166]
mata va (conj.) [166]
me (pejorative, w. pron.) [119], [120]
me (p. showing terminus of action) [117]
me- (feminine) [114]
mega (pejorative, w. pron.) [119], [120]
mexi- (hon.) [147]
mo (conj.) [166];
(dist.) [157];
(advers. w. ger.) [154];
(w. subj.) [128]
mono (p. showing performer of action) [117]
(w. pot.) [141]
mono de arózu (w. cond.) [141]
mono vo (w. opt.) [126], [132]
motte (emph.) [167]
moxi (excl.) [163]
moxi va (conj.) [166]
-n (pres., writ.) [182]
na (concl.) [163]
na caxi (neg. opt.) [132]
-nagara (ger.) [155]
nal coto mo arózu (neg. pot. w. adj.) [141]
-naide (neg. ger.) [134]
-naide cara (neg. ger.) [134]
-naidemo (neg. perf. perm.) [133]
nama (p. showing incomplete action) [148]
-nanda (neg. pret.) [132]
-nanda coto (neg. pret. inf.) [133]
-nanda mono (neg. ger.) [134]
-nanda mono de arózu (neg. perf. pot.) [141]
-nandaraba (neg. perf. cond.) [139]
-nanda reba (neg. perf. subj.) [133]
-nanda reba tote (neg. perf. perm.) [133]
-nanda redomo (neg. perf. subj.) [133]
-nanda ritomo (neg. perf. perm.) [133]
-nanda to (neg. perf. inf.) [133]
-nande aru (neg. plup.) [132]
-nande atta (neg. plup.) [132]
-nanzzu ró (neg. perf. pot.) [141]
-naraba (cond.) [139]
naranu (w. const. showing necessity) [155]
nari,u (pot. aux. w. adj.) [141]
nasare,uru (hon. aux.) [145]
na ... so (neg. imp.) [132], [137]
-neba (neg. subj.) [132]
-neba tote (neg. perm.) [133]
-nedomo (neg. perm.) [133]
negavacu va (w. opt.) [126], [132]
ni (dat.) [112];
(abl.) [113];
(w. cond.) [138];
(w. subj.) [127];
(w. passive v.) [172];
(adv. form of na) [121]
ni iotte (prep.) [164];
(w. indefinite pron.) [121]
ni itatte (prep.) [165]
ni tai xite (prep.) [164]
ni tçuite (prep.) [164];
(w. inf.) [130]
ni totte (prep.) [165]
ni va (w. cond.) [139]
ni voite va (prep.) [165];
ni xitagatte (prep.) [165]
ni xitagóte (see ni xitagatte)
ni xite (w. ger.) [130], [138]
no (nom.) [111];
(gen.) [112];
(w. quote.) [171];
(to form adj.) [114];
(in relative const.) [122]
nó (p. of confirmation) [163]
nochi (w. subj.) [127]
no gotoqu (prep., dialect) [166]
no iori (prep.) [165]
-nu (neg. pres., 1st) [131]
-nu madeio (neg. pres. perm., 1st) [133]
-nu maie ni (w. aff. meaning) [151]
-nu mamaio (neg. pres. perm., 1st) [133]
o (form of vo after n) [171]
-ó (pres., 3rd) [135]
-ó (fut., 2nd) [135];
(fut. imp., 2nd) [135]
-ô (pres., 3rd) [136]
-ô (fut., 1st) [125];
(fut. imp., 1st) [125]
-ô coto (fut. inf., 1st) [129]
-ô coto mo arózu (fut. pot., 1st) [141]
-óda (pret., 2nd) [134]
-ôda (pret., 2nd) [134]
-ô fito (fut. part., 1st) [131]
-oi (v. root, 3rd) [135]
-ô mono (fut. part., 1st) [131]
-ô ni (ger., 1st) [130]
-ô tame (ger., 1st) [130]
-óte (adj. ger.) [138]
-ôte (adj. ger.) [138]
-ô to (fut. inf., 1st) [129]
-ô toqi (fut. subj., 1st) [127]
-ô tote (ger., 1st) [130]
-ó xite (adj. ger.) [138]
-ôzu (fut., 2nd) [135]
-ôzu (imp., 1st) [125]
-ôzu mono vo (perf. opt., 1st) [126]
-ôzure (fut., 1st, w. coso) [151]
-ôzuru (fut., 2nd) [135]
-ôzuru (fut., 1st) [125]
-ôzuru coto no saqi ni (plup. subj., 1st) [128]
-ôzuru ni (plup. subj., 1st) [128]
-ôzuru tocoro ni (plup. subj., 1st) [128]
-ôzu tomo (fut. perm., 1st) [128]
qere (p. of confirmation) [150]
qereba (w. subj.) [133], [138]
qeredomo (w. perm.) [133], [139]
-qi (adj.) [116]
qiri,u (emph. aux.) [149]
-qu (adj. root) [138]
-qu tomo (adj. perm.) [138]
-qu va (adj. cond.) [139]
-qu xite (adj. ger.) [138]
ra (pluralizer) [113], [114], [118], [119]
-raba (cond.) [139]
-rare,uru (pot., 1st) [144];
(hon., 1st) [145];
(passive, 1st) [143]
-re,uru (pot., w. 2nd & 3rd) [144];
(hon., w. 2nd & 3rd) [145], [147];
(passive, w. 2nd & 3rd) [143]
-re (pret. ending after coso, see -tare) [150]
-reba (subj., 1st) [127]
reba (w. perf. subj.) [132];
(w. cop.) [138]
-redomo (perm., 1st) [128]
redomo (w. perf. perm.) [133];
(w. inf.) [130];
(w. cop.) [138]
-ri (alt.) [152]
ritomo (w. perf. perm.) [128], [133]
ró (pot.) [140]
-ru (see -uru)
sa (nominalizer for adj.) [117]
sai (imp.) [126]
saie (emph.) [150];
(w. cond.) [140];
(w. neg. const.) [150]
sama (prep., dialect) [166]
sama (temp.) [154]
sama (hon.) [119]
saqini (w. neg. v.) [151]
saraba (conj.) [167]
sareba sareba (conj.) [167]
sari nagara (conj.) [167]
satemo (interj.) [167]
satemo satemo (interj.) [167]
sate sate (interj.) [167]
-saxe,uru (causative) [143]
saxemaxi,u (hon. aux.) [145]
-saxerare,uru (hon.) [146]
só aru tocoro de (conj.) [167]
sóna (p. of presumption) [170]
-ta (pret., 1st) [124], [134], [136];
(w. adj. function) [116]
-tacatta (pret. of -tai) [153]
tachi (pluralizer) [113], [119]
-ta coto (pret. inf., 1st) [129]
-ta fito (pret. part., 1st) [131]
-tagari,u (2nd & 3rd person deciderative) [153]
-tai (deciderative) [153];
(w. imp. meaning) [126]
-ta madeio (per. perm., 1st) [128]
tamai,ó (hon. aux.) [145]
-ta mamaio (perf. perm., 1st) [128]
tame (prep.) [164];
tameni (w. supine) [130]
-ta mono (pret. part., 1st) [131]
-ta mono de arózu (perf. pot., 1st) [141]
-taraba (perf. cond., 1st) [139]
-taraba iocaró mono va (perf. opt., 1st) [126]
-tare (pret. ending w. coso) [150]
-ta reba (perf. subj., 1st) [127]
-ta reba tote (perf. perm., 1st) [128]
-ta redomo (perf. perm., 1st) [128]
-tari (pret. writ.) [183]
-tari (alt.) [152]
-ta ritomo (perf. perm., 1st) [128]
-taró ni va (perf. cond., 1st) [139]
-taró va (perf. opt.) [126]
-tarózu (plup., 1st) [125]
tate matçuri,u (humble aux.) [147]
-ta to (pret. inf., 1st) [129]
tatoi (w. perm.) [128]
-tçu (alt.) [152]
tçui- (intens.) [148]
-tçu ró (perf. pot., 1st) [140], [151]
-te (ger.) [129], [130], [155], [183];
(inf.) [129]
-te (part.) [131]
-te aranu (neg. pret., completed action) [137]
-te aró (fut., completed action) [137]
-te aró ni va iocaró mono vo (perf. opt.) [126]
-te arózu (perf.) [124], [137]
-te atta (perf.) [124], [137];
(w. perf. subj.) [127]
-te atta reba (plup. subj.) [127]
-te cara (plup. subj.) [127]
-te coso (w. neg. meaning) [154]
tei (p. of manner) [154]
-te igo (plup. subj.) [127]
-te mo (subj.) [128];
(w. advers.) [154]
-te nochi (plup. subj.) [127]
to (gen.) [112]
to (conj.) [166]
to (quot.) [168];
(w. adv. of sound) [163]
tocacu (disj.) [167]
tocoro (w. subj.) [127];
(p. of completed action) [151]
tocoro gia (p. w. no special meaning) [151]
tocoro no (w. relative const.) [122]
-tomo (w. perm.) [128], [133], [138], [150]
to mo (quot.) [170]
-tó mo nai (neg. of -tai) [153]
toqi (w. subj.) [127];
(w. pret. imperfect) [152]
tori- (intens.) [149]
(w. ger.) [134]
to tomo ni (prep.) [165]
to xite (w. ger.) [130]
-tta (pret., 2nd) [134]
-u (pres., 2nd) [134]
-ú (pres., 3rd) [136]
uchi- (intens.) [149]
-ui (v. root, 3rd) [135]
uie (prep.) [166]
uie iori (prep.) [164]
-unda (pret., 2nd) [134]
-ureba (pres. cond.) [139]
-uru (pres., 1st) [123]
-uru fito (pres. part., 1st) [131]
-uru iori (pres. inf., 1st) [130]
-uru jibun (ger., 1st) [130]
-uru madeio (pres. perm., 1st) [128]
-uru mamaio (pres. perm., 1st) [128]
-uru mo (fut. perm., 1st) [128]
-uru mono (pres. part., 1st) [131]
-uru ni (ger., 1st) [130]
-uru ni tçuite (pres. inf., 1st) [130]
-uru tame (ger., 1st) [130]
-uru tameni (supine, 1st) [130]
-uru tomo (fut. perm., 1st) [128]
-uru tote (ger., 1st) [130]
-uru vo motte (pres. inf., 1st) [128]
va (nom.) [111];
(acc.) [112];
(w. subj.) [127];
(w. inf.) [130];
(w. cond.) [139];
(w. other p.) [114];
(replacing other p.) [114];
(w. const. showing necessity) [155]
va (p. of confirmation) [149]
-vaba (cond., 3rd) [139]
-vananda (neg. pret., 3rd) [136]
-vanande aru (neg. pret., 3rd) [136]
-vanande atta (neg. pret., 3rd) [136]
-vanu (neg. pres., 3rd) [136]
-vazu (neg. root, 3rd) [136]
vo (acc.) [113];
(w. subj.) [127];
(w. neutral v.) [172];
(becomes o after n) [171]
vo- (masculine) [114]
-vó (fut., 3rd) [136]
voba (acc.) [112]
voi- (intens.) [149]
vo motte (prep.) [165];
(w. inf.) [130]
vôxe- (hon.) [147]
-vózu (fut., 3rd) [136]
-vózuru (fut., 3rd) [136]
-xe,uru (causative) [143]
xemaxi,u (hon. aux.) [145]
-xerare,uru (hon.) [146]
-xi (adj.) [116]
xicareba (conj.) [167]
xidai (prep.) [165]
xite (w. neg. ger.) [131], [134]
xu (n. pluralizer) [113]
-zaru (neg. pres., dialect) [131]
-zatta (neg. pret., dialect) [131]
-zatta reba (neg. perf. subj. dialect) [131]
zo (interr.) [156], [159], [163];
(temp.) [159];
(dub.) [162];
(intens.) [162]
-zu (neg. v. root, 1st) [131]
-zũba (neg. cond.) [139]
-zumba (see zũba)
-zu tomo (neg. perf. perm., 1st) [133]
-zu va (neg. cond.) [139]
-zu xite (neg. ger., 1st) [131], [134]
-zzu (alt.) [152]
-zzu ró (perf. pot.) [140], [151]
Notes
[1] Diego Collado, O.P., Niffon no Cotoba no Yô Confesion, etc. (Rome, 1632). For further bibliographic data cf. Johannes Laures, Kirishitan Bunko (Tokyo, 1957). Cf. also Ōtsuka Mitsunobu, Koriyaado zangeroku (Tokyo, 1967), for a Japanese transliteration and concordance. It should be noted that the material in this work had no direct influence upon the concurrently written grammar. The only example in the Ars Grammaticae which might have been borrowed from the Confesion is on p. 23 where we find doco de qiqi marasuru mo, sono sata va mósanu 'although this is heard everywhere, I have heard nothing of it.' which parallels the Confesion, p. 6, l. 18; docu [sic] de qiqi marasuru mo; sono sata ga gozaranu 'one hears about this everywhere; but, it doesn't seem to be so.'
[2] The bibliographical data on these and other works directly related to the study of Collado's Grammar will be found in the section on bibliography which follows.
[3] Other works by Collado have come down to us; cf. a memorial by him published in 1633 (Laures, Kirishitan Bunko, item 411). Such material is, however, only peripherally related to the study of language.
[4] For a brilliantly written biography see Michael Cooper, S.J., Rodrigues the Interpreter: An Early Jesuit in Japan and China (Tokyo, 1974).
[5] The Press of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith was founded in 1626 when the Congregation was at the height of its activity. Grammars of the major non-European languages published during this period are:
| 1628 | Syrian | Abraham Ecchell |
| 1630 | Ethiopian | V. M. Rearino |
| 1631 | Arabic | Thomas Obicini |
| 1632 | Japanese | Diego Collado |
| 1636 | Coptic | A. Kircher |
| 1637 | Arabic | Germano de Silesia |
| 1642 | Arabic | P. Guadagnoli |
| 1643 | Georgian | F. M. Maggio |
| 1645 | Armenian | Clemente Galano |
| 1647 | Syrian | J. Acurense |
| 1650 | Arabic | Antonio de Aguila |
| 1661 | Persian | Ignazio de Jesu |
[6] Rodriguez' own work is strongly influenced by the format found in Manuel Alvarez (1526-1582), De Institutione Grammatica, Libri III (Lisbon, 1572). So much a part of the training in the Society of Jesus was this work that an edition was printed in 1594 as one of the earliest products of the Mission Press at Amakusa.
[7] The palatal semi-vowel is represented, as in most the Christian materials, by a number of transcriptional devices such as i, e, h, and palatal consonants; e.g., fiacu, agueô, cha, and xô.
[8] See the translation, p. [82], n. 8.
[9] Collado's and Rodriguez' analyses agree in classifying the ni-dan verbs and suru into one conjunction, the yo-dan verbs into a second, and the ha-gyō of the yo-dan into a third.
[10] It should be recalled that the Ars Grammaticae is numbered by the page and the Arte by the leaf.
[11] See p. 14, under Dos nomes adiectivos, where the initial distinction is drawn between nominal and verbal adjectives.
[12] Rodriguez does not treat the substantive verb in Arte Breve, but refers the reader to his earlier work for its description.
[13] Verbo pessoal as contrasted with verbo substantivo and verbo adjectivo.
[14] Rodriguez defines this term elsewhere (Arte, 56) as the vowels, A, I, V, Ye, Vo, in that order. See also the introduction to the Vocabulario.
[15] This term, not found in the Arte, is applied to the entire complex of "spelling" rules which Rodriguez introduces into his description. While no clear-cut influences can be established, it is generally held by Doi and others that these rules are based upon Kanazukai no chikamichi or some similar work. See Kokugogaku taikei, Vol. 9 (Tokyo, 1964), pp. 69-77.
[16] Latin liquesco, "to become fluid, or melt." Used here as a term to describe the palatal and labial series.
[17] This last phrase is to be understood in the context of the following passages which deal with euphonic change in the absence of a devise, nigori ten, to show voicing.
[18] Rodriguez used Vma regularly in the Arte, but notes the variant Muma on 178v.
[19] Presumably a reference to such variants as Samurô for Saburô.
[20] Liurinho, presumably a treatise such as the Kanazukai no chikamichi, by Ichijō Kanera.
[21] In this passage Rodriguez is suggesting that certain European grammarians, out of ignorance of native grammatical theory, have misinterpreted the formational rules; and that, perhaps for pedogogical convenience, he has retained some of these "unnatural" rules in his description.
[22] Read Taxxi.
[23] Read tatesai. The punctuation Tateyo. Tatei, tatesai, is in all likelihood a typesetter's error for Tateyo, tatei, tatesai.
[24] The conjugational display (27v) lists motomuruni and motomurutocoroni.
[25] Rodriguez is here confusing the usage of the classical particle ran, ramu with the construction te + ara + mu.
[26] In the conjugational charts we find:
|
motomeô motometarǒ motomeôzuru | toki |
[27] The following notes are necessary to correct the printer's errors that occur in this listing:
a. In the perfect conditional of Vabi read bitaraba for bitaraaba.
b. The form Fitobi should in all likelihood read Fotobi 'to be wet.'
c. The forms Fotobi, Fokorobi, and Fusabi are all given present indicatives in bu. There seems to be no reason for the ending appropriate to the classical shūshikei to be used for these particular verbs and the bu is taken as a misprint of buru. The Arte (28) lists these forms as regular.
d. In the perfect conditional of Mochiy read ytaraba for yttaraba.
e. The form Coru should read Cori.
f. It will be noticed in the final segment of this listing, beginning with Y, Rodriguez makes no effort to distinguish among Kami-ichidan, kami-nidan, and the irregular verb Ki 'to come.'
[28] By this single rule Rodriguez brings the two na-hen verbs into the second conjugation.
[29] Read najûda and nijûda.
[30] Although the spelling auoghǒ would contain a redundancy it would agree with such forms as aghuru, coghanu and coghǒ found elsewhere.
[31] This use of the imperative reflects a purely formal solution to the morphological problem.
[32] Read Yôdareba.
[33] This rule, which consciously or unconsciously associates the future and the conditional, is also applied to the third conjugation, while the first conjugation uses the root.
[34] The future is the same as the present.
[35] This spelling of the final root consonant with a c is irregular for verbs. Cf. cakanu just below.
[36] The association of the negative with the future, and by extension with the conditional, suggests a keen awareness of the underlying system, particularly since the Canadzucai rules to which he refers require the formation be made from the present. It should be noted that this rule is significantly more elegant than that which derives the negative from the root.
[37] The ij in the original is the digraph ij, as elsewhere.
[38] Read Redomo.
[39] Majij with the digraph would be more regular.
[40] A photostatic copy of the entire text has been made available by Shima Shōzō, Rodorigesu Nihon daibunten (Tokyo, Bunka Shobō, 1969).
[41] Ōtsuka's comparison of the Spanish manuscript with the printed version of the text suggests that many of the typographical errors found in our text are the result of material being too hastily transcribed from a more correct original while the work was being translated from Latin.
[42] This Reference is to Arte of 1604-8. The Arte Breve, printed in 1620 in Macao, was not available to Collado.
[43] The Dictionarium sive Thesauri Linguae Iaponicae, which was in fact published at the same time.
[44] See the Introduction for the regularized usage of these symbols in the translation. (The transcription of gacuxǒ, and the aiaǔ below, are at variance with the rule for the translation and are here transcribed as printed.)
[45] This convention is not transcribed in the translation (cf. Introduction).
[46] More regularly synaloephy—the contraction of two syllables into one.
[47] The geminates that actually appear in the text are; tt, xx, zz, cq, ij & pp, as well as cc (cch), mm, nn, and ss. Two appear initially mm, as in mma 'horse,' and zz, as in zzuru 'to leave.' The form qq which would be phonetically equivalent to cq is not recorded.
[48] This sequence is not used in the body of the grammar, rather the less phonetically accurate ia, ie, etc. It should be noted that the Dictionarium, which was written contemporaniously, does use y for the semivowel.
[49] For s read g. The Arte (177v) discusses this phenomenon as being characteristic of vowels before d, dz, and g.
[50] Since in fact the accent has been carelessly recorded in the text—in places added in an almost random fashion by either the author, his helpers, or the printer—we have not included its marking in the translation. (Cf. Introduction.)
[51] The Dictionarium has the spelling fibicàxi in one entry and in the only other it is transcribed as above.
[52] Acts, 19:20. Referring to the servant in the parable of the pounds who is condemned for keeping his money "laid away in a napkin."
[53] The text uses reduplicatiuus, with the grammatical meaning of plural singular; e.g., the singular I with the meaning of myself and those around me.
[54] Both the Dictionarium and the Vocabulario have either Nifon or Nippon, but do not record this form. It seems not to be a simple typographical error since the spelling is used in the title of the companion piece to this work, the Confesion, and since the text itself has niffion and it is changed to niffon in the errata. Nifon appears on page 43.
[55] The Arte and the Vocabulario use the forms goran and gorǒ in free variation. Collado here and in the Dictionarium uses what appears to be the less phonetically accurate transcription. The Spanish manuscript has goranjerarei.
[56] May I submit this as a candidate for the most exotic bit of anti-semitism in Christendom.
[57] The text reads funè-de, and apparently Collado is attempting to indicate both accent and nasalization at the same time. He does not continue this practice.
[58] The text has caper silvester 'the wild he-goat' presumably the capreolus capreolus which is similar in appearance to the Japanese deer, cervus sika.
[59] While this rule is operative for caij, it creates difficulties after x. Rodriguez' rule is ij becomes ǔ with the example of ataraxǔ. Collado's rule would create ataraxiú. (Cf. p. 33.)
[60] Neither Collado nor Rodriguez make a clear distinction between the quantitative function of no and the qualitative function of na.
[61] Collado usually make a clear distinction between colloquial and literary forms. He apparently is suggesting that these non-colloquial forms are heard in the spoken language. Here, not only is the style left unexplained, but the translation faciendo bonam consultationem is less than ellucidating. Here the ioqu is in fact adverbial.
[62] From kobu 'to flatter.' An abbreviation of kobita kotoba, and used to indicate refined speech; i.e., that speech containing Chinese borrowings. See Doi Tadao, Kirishitan gogaku no kenkyū (Tokyo, 1942, pp. 67-70). The term is also found in the introduction to the Vocabulario in the expression palauras Cobitas.
[63] The text reads De pronomine secundae personae....
[64] This list, unquestionably derived from the Arte (67v), has been in several ways confounded. The mi is out of order and the second vare is clearly in error. If we put aside the genitive forms from Rodriguez' list, the first four forms should be vare, varera, vatacuxi, and soregaxi. Rodriguez' second set consists of mi, midomo, and midomora. We would suggest that Collado meant to include ura, which is listed by Rodriguez as the genitive form vraga. I offer vatacuxi, soregaxi, vare, varera, mi, midomo, midomora, and ura as the intended list, with the order of mi and varera reversed to accommodate the sentence which follows.
[65] The forms for the second person are derived from the Arte (68). Throughout this section the accent marks are quite erratic. In several places, for example, Collado has sónata and even sónatá.
[66] In the material which follows Collado has brought together items from several sections of the Arte; for the interrogatives see (65-65v), the indefinites (66), and the demonstratives (68).
[67] These reduplicated forms are not derived from Rodriguez' description and are apparently misstatements of the forms care and are which would otherwise be missing.
[68] An abbreviated form of monomósu; cf. Arte (139v).
[69] Collado is here speaking with reference to the normal order in Latin.
[70] The treatment of the verbal system by Collado follows in a general way the Arte (6v-54v). In the material that follows specific references will be made when a comparison of the two works is suggested.
[71] The text has secundae coniugationis. This error, which is repeated throughout the text, is not present in the Spanish manuscript.
[72] The text again has secundae coniugationis.
[73] This list covering the Kami-ichidan and Kami-nidan verbs is derived from a similarly defined sub-group of the first conjugation in the Arte (28). Since the verbs cabi, sabi, and deqi are in no way indicated as extraordinary in Rodriguez' presentation, I have amended the text to include their present tense form.
[74] The text reads for this gloss fucore afficior. The proper word is mucore 'mould,' with the literal translation being 'I am affected by mould.'
[75] The Dictionarium has this verb listed as kami-nidan, xij, uru, and therefore not exceptional.
[76] Cf. Arte (7) where a similar list is presented.
[77] For the source of Collado's description of the future tense cf. Arte (7v).
[78] The text reads secundae coniugationis.
[79] Rodriguez more correctly has this rule as the root plus i or yo; e.g., aguei or agueyo. The form aguei is used by Collado in the construction of the optative below.
[80] This form is correct but does not follow his rule for the formation of the imperative (see note 79).
[81] Rodriguez has baquemono 'evil spirit' and the Spanish manuscript baqemono, rather than banguemono 'soothsayer.'
[82] Extracted from Rodriguez' version of a sentence in the Amakusa edition of Esop's Fables (p. 417). The original reads, Arutoqi Xantho chinsui xite yraruru tocoroye, fitoga qite daicaino vxiuouo fitocuchino nomi tçucusaruru michiga arǒcato tôni,... 'One time when Xantho [Esop's master] was drunk, a man came and asked if there was a way to drink all the waters of the ocean in one swallow....' it is abbreviated by Collado in such a way as to obscure the construction.
[83] Also apparently extracted from the Esopo (p. 477). The original has, ... riǒbǒni tachiuacarete yru tocoroni qitçunega yosocara coreuo mite, futatçuno nacani vocareta fittçu jiuo totte curǒta, 'when they [two lions] had gone their separate ways, the fox, seeing this from afar, took the sheep which had been between the two of them and ate it.' By changing riǒbǒ to nhóbó Collado created a less than satisfactory example.
[84] Modeled on Iyeuo idzuru tocorouo cubiuo quiri votoita 'when he went outside his head was cut off.'
[85] Modeled on Missauo asobasaruru tocoroye vôjei faxe atçumatta 'when mass was being celebrated, many came running and gathered around.'
[86] Apparently modelled after Arte (20v) nantomo voxiare caxi 'whatever you say,' with the imperative formation again confounded.
[87] Rodriguez (25v) specifies the location of this usage as Chūgoku, Bungo, Hakata, and other Ximo districts.
[88] This example, together with so zonze na below, reflects the loss of a distinction between z and j which was taking place during this period.
[89] The text has secundae coniugationis.
[90] The Arte (27) records here aguenedomo, aguenuto mǒxedomo, aguezutomo, aguenebatote, and agueidemo. Neither aguenaidemo nor the participle aguenaide, below, are found in the Arte, though they are attested to elsewhere. Cf. Yuzawa Kōkichirō, Edo kotoba no kenkyū (Tokyo, 1954), p. 626.
[91] This rule, derived from Rodriguez (Arte, 29), is misformulated by Collado. Rodriguez' rule is correct; change the nu of the negative present to i. It is formulated correctly for the third conjugation, below.
[92] Collado's rule clearly confuses the formulation of the present with that of the future. Significantly in the Arte Rodriguez never refers to the future forms of any verb other than his model narai. If Collado had had access to the Arte Breve he would have found (41) the following principal parts for vomoi; vomoi, vomô, vomôta, vomovǒ, vomoye. The only other use in the Ars Grammaticae of this form is on page [62] where Collado has the incorrect form vomovô. The manuscript does not record this form.
[93] Although Collado's transcription permits this rule to yield the appropriate forms, it obscures the fact that the final i of the root is a vowel, while the i of the imperative is a semivowel. Rodriguez' transcription better reflects the phonological facts; naraye, vomoye, and cuye.
[94] This completes Collado's treatment of the third negative conjugation. The two paragraphs which follow are part of his treatment of the substantive verb. There is no section heading for the affirmative substantive verb; and clearly a portion of the text has been deleted. The Spanish manuscript (cf. Ōtsuka's 1957 edition, p. 45) includes a new section which begins by recording the following substantive verb forms; ari:aru, gozari:gozaru, i:iru, and vori:voru.
[95] Collado's presentation of the substantive verbs is obscure. The text reads: Verba verò substantiua sunt, gozaru, gozaranu, voru, uori nai, dea vel gia: deuanai, aru:aranu, vel, gozaranu uoru ùôrinai, & .... The translation attempts to punctuate the list to reflect the contrast between affirmative and negative forms. The main confusion is the apparent effort to contrast voru and vorinai. Voru (glossed by the supplement of the Vocabulario as estar, and used in the Dictionarium as the gloss for existo, etc.) is not used by Rodriguez in the Arte. Vorinai (unglossed in the dictionaries) is clearly defined by Rodriguez as the negative of the polite verb voriaru, which is derived by him from von iri+aru (Arte, 165v). Possibly Collado had intended to contrast voru with voranu and voriaru with vorinai but confounded the two pairs and then repeated his error at the end of the list; or again he may, in the absence of Rodriguez' guidance, have simply misunderstood the matter. Putting the alternative forms aside, the list should read gozaru:gozaranu, vori aru:vori nai, gia:devanai, aru:aranu, and voru:voranu. Collado's treatment is patterned only loosely after the Arte (2v-6v).
[96] Collado seems to be unaware of the irregularity of vonaji.
[97] Collado is following the general rule established on p. [10] for such forms as caij. He might better have followed Rodriguez who would transcribe canaxǔte, as do we.
[98] The missing 'closed o' aside, Collado's transcription of this form with an n is indicative of the clarity with which he perceived the nasalization in this context.
[99] Cf. Arte (18v-19v).
[100] The text reads cú vaau ni voite va, with the errata changing the verb to cuvazu.
[101] This historically inaccurate rule is derived from the Arte (18v).
[102] In the one example of this construction, on page 62, Collado has the form tovazunba.
[103] The original is in the soro style; Iǒjǒni voiteua uquetori mǒsubequ soro.
[104] Cf. Arte (19v).
[105] Here and throughout the section Collado transcribes as ro the potential particle which should correctly be written ró (cf. Arte, 11v). It will be noticed that all but one instance of the 'open o' on p. [35] of the text has been left unmarked.
[106] Collado has derived this list from the Arte (45-47). His terminology is, however, rather misleading. What he classifies as verba irregularia are those which Rodriguez considers deponent, that is verbo defectiuo, with the term verbo irregular being used by Rodriguez for the adjective. Given this misunderstanding Collado begins his list with an explanation of the irregularities of qi,uru. This verb is on Rodriguez' list only because "it lacks certain forms in the affirmative" (45v). Rodriguez has a list of 43 deponent verbs, beginning with tari, from which Collado has selected the first 14 and then a few from the remainder.
[107] In the restricted context of an adjectival; cf. modern arayuru koto.
[108] Cf. Arte (45v) where Rodriguez transcribes vreyeyo.
[109] Loc. cit. Rodriguez presents vreôru as an alternative form for vreô in the present tense and then selects that variant for the infinitive.
[110] Formation (formatio) is to be understood here in the sense of derivation, and diversity (differentia) in the sense of class membership.
[111] The opening paragraphs of this section follow the Arte (68-70 and 96-108v). The list of particles, beginning with maraxi, follows 160-168.
[112] The text, here and in the next sentence, reads secundae coningationis.
[113] The form dojucu is incorrect. It is taken by Ōtsuka to be dōshuku 'a person living in the same house.' The Vocabulario records the item dôjucu 'a young boy who serves a priest.' Dôjucu best fits Collado's translation.
[114] The text again reads secundae coniugationis.
[115] Cf. Arte (160-164) from which this list and the following material have been derived.
[116] Throughout his treatment of the respect language Collado glosses his verb forms in the first person, even though that translation might be inappropriate to any context.
[117] Rodriguez (Arte, 162v) specifies the distribution of vo and go, using gosacu atta as his example of the construction in context of a Chinese vocabulary item. Collado does not refer to this distinction.
[118] The text reads secundae coniugationis.
[119] The text reads secundae coniugationis.
[120] Ōtsuka (1957) suggests maraxi is correct and alters the example. Since the list begins with maraxi, I assume the error to be in the citation.
[121] The material for this section is derived from the Arte (164v-168).
[122] While the material for this section is drawn from various sections of the Arte, the bulk of the particles and their descriptions are derived from Rodriguez' treatment of postpositional (73-77) and adverbial constructions (112v-125).
[123] Rodriguez' list (77v) runs as follows; vchi, voi, faxe, ai, tori, mexi, tçui, and voxi. On the basis of Collado's examples voxi should have been included in his list.
[124] Collado's transcription qinpen is phonemically correct while being phonetically less accurate than Rodriguez' quimpen.
[125] Collado has altered Rodriguez' version from Nippon, even though the Dictionarium glosses consuetudo japonica as Nippon catagui.
[126] Collado, in the Dictionarium and here, prefers mmu to uma.
[127] This particle is not described in the Arte.
[128] Rodriguez (Arte, 116) records Core coso yocarǒzure and states that in this context coso has the same meaning as Queccu and Cayette.
[129] Cf. the Arte (117) where the list is given as Reba, Ni, Tomo, the potential, and Te.
[130] Rodriguez' version runs Iesu Christo fitono vontocoroua. (For Collado's use of reduplicatiuus see note [53].)
[131] As the first example indicates, the zzu variant is not restricted to the negative preterit, but is the form which appears for da in all contexts, as here with the preterit of iomu.
[132] In the absence of other examples it is not possible to determine if Collado assumed the present tense form to be iuru or uru. The correction here follows the spelling used consistently in the Arte.
[133] Both Collado and Rodriguez agree that verbs ending in tai govern the accusative case; cf. Nanigaxiuo yobitai (Arte, 14v).
[134] The text reads secunda persona.
[135] Rodriguez has Vatacuxiua nantomo buchôfôde tofǒ ga gozanai [... buchôfǒde ...].
[136] Rodriguez uses the transcription gorǒjerarei in the example from which this sentence is derived. (The ten other occurrences in the Arte have goran.) The Dictionarium uses only goron, while the Vocabulario lists both goran and goron. The Spanish manuscript has goran.
[137] Rodriguez has mairade canauanu.
[138] The Arte has the plain form mairǒcotode attaredomo.
[139] The Arte has mairumajiqueredomo.
[140] Perhaps an attempt to follow the rule, established in the syntax below, that states the v of the accusative particle is lost after n. If this is the intent, the comma is in error.
[141] Rodriguez treats adverbs in two sections of the Arte; under the parts of speech (73v-77), and under the syntax (113-125). As has been observed in the introduction, there is little consistancy of classification between Rodriguez and Collado in this area of grammatical description.
[142] The interrogatives are derived from the Arte (110v) and are presented in substantially the same order. The adverbial particles which begin with uie are taken from (140-148v) and classified by Rodriguez as posposiçao.
[143] The errata has; page 50, line 10, doco read coco. This would require the doco zo above to read coco zo. It seems that the errata should have read; page 50, line 16, which would have corrected this error. The punctuation is not corrected by the errata.
[144] Rodriguez has the complete version; Fitocuchi futacuchi cǔ cotoua cǔta vchideua nai.
[145] Rodriguez uses vonna for vonago.
[146] The material for this section is derived from the Arte (74v and 76v).
[147] Rodriguez has Ayamari nai vyeua, ...
[148] For the temporal interrogatives cf. Arte (89v-90v) and for the remaining forms 107-107v.
[149] Cf. the Dictionarium under cras.
[150] The Vocabulario has sãnuru and sannuru as the ombin form of the attributive perfective sarinuru.
[151] Cf. Arte (74v).
[152] The Spanish manuscript has iya iya.
[153] Cf. Arte (74v).
[154] Cf. Arte (75, 94v, and 123v-124v).
[155] Cf. Arte (94v) Quixoua ano fito fodono gacuxǒdeua nai.
[156] Cf. Arte (95 and 141).
[157] Cf. Arte (75).
[158] The Dictionarium has a selection of a dozen intensifying adverbs listed under valde.
[159] Cf. Arte (74v, 75, and 76).
[160] Cf. Arte (74, 75, and 75v).
[161] The Dictionarium also has the spelling moxi which suggests that Collado perceived a different vowel quantity than Rodriguez who has mǒxi, as does the Vocabulario.
[162] The Latin particle is nonne, which expects an affirmative answer.
[163] Rodriguez, and consequently Doi (Nihon daibunten, p. 449), have xidai for xisai. The original source is the Esopo no Fabulas where on p. 493 the form is xisai.
[164] While the material for this section has been drawn from various portions of the Arte, Rodriguez handles the bulk of the matters dealt with here on 106v-108v and 140-148v.
[165] The text is not clear at this point. It reads: Tame, significat ni vel erga: v.g. ... where one would expect: Tame vel ni significat erga: v.g. ... Ōtsuka translates this passage as if it were the later, as do I.
[166] Collado has recast into the colloquial a quote from the Shikimoku. Rodriguez records: Mata daiquanni itatteua ichininnomi sadamubequi nari.
[167] The text reads: itatte v.g. totte.... where the v.g. is clearly a misprint of vel.
[168] Cf. Arte (130-137).
[169] This item is the only one in this paragraph which Rodriguez does not list as a casane cotoba on 134v of the Arte. Collado is apparently interpreting this construction as a repetition of two adverbs, as for example coco caxico. If so, the form should be spelled vomoxirô, vocaxiú (if we follow his rule for the formation of adverbs from ij ending adjectives). However, the form which he seems to be recording is more likely the compound adverb which is listed in the Vocabulario as vomoxirovocaxǔ and glossed as contemporizando de boa maneira 'temporizing in a carefree manner.' The spelling that we suggest is derived from the attested lexical item without the application of Collado's formational rules.
[170] Cf. Arte (125-130v).
[171] This interjection, together with hat below, are the only uses of initial h found in the description. Rodriguez transcribes the latter item as at or vat (Arte, 127) which suggests a close relationship between the labial and glottal aspirates.
[172] Rodriguez has Benquei satemo yasaxij yatçubaraya.
[173] Rodriguez has: ... nituaye bǒno saxivorosu. The entire passage would be, 'Benkei, seeing this, thought, "Oh, this isn't very important," and dropped the stick into the garden.' which Rodriguez explains to mean being sorry for not paying sufficient attention to a matter.
[174] The material for this section is derived from various sections in Book II of the Arte.
[175] Matthew, 6:24.
[176] Rodriguez has the spelling touazumba. In transcribing the form Collado failed to follow the rule he established in his treatment of conditional constructions.
[177] The model for this sentence appears to be Arte (62): Ichidan medzuraxij yenoco, que nagǒ, uquino gotoqu xirǒ [sic], me curô, cauo icanimo airaxijuo cureta. If this is the source of Collado's example, he is clearly demonstrating his sensitivity to the nasalization of such items such as nagǒ. The Dictionarium under longus has nagai.
[178] Collado's transcription is unable accurately to express the proper phonological, or morphological, form of shin'i 'indignation.' He would have been well advised to follow Rodriguez' model and transcribe this item as xiny with the specification that consonant plus y indicates a morphological juncture.
[179] Rodriguez has the spelling Quiso, which agrees with the Amakusaban Heike (p. 239), the ultimate source of the sentence. Collado's spelling in the translation is quiuzo. The Spanish manuscript has Kiso.
[180] One might expect the more literal 'I do not believe that it will be finished,' but Collado has credo quod non finietur.
[181] This rule, which might more appropriately have been included with the phonology, is not followed in Collado's description, with the possible exception of p. [48] where the same construction is apparently used.
[182] Collado here demonstrates the absorbitive capacity of Latin as he creates an accusative singular adjective from the past attributive of the verb kobu.
[183] The use of abiru, where one would expect aburu, may be a simple typographical error or evidence that Collado accepted the shift from ni-dan to ichi-dan katsuyō as unworthy of notice. Rodriguez (Arte, 101v) has midzuuo aburu.
[184] This list is derived from the Arte (101v-102v). From abi,uru on, the list is in the same order as that made by Rodriguez. Fanaruru, zzuru, nosquru, noru, vovaru, and mairu are Collado's contributions.
[185] Cf. Arte (101v).
[186] Cf. Arte (100).
[187] Cf. Arte (98).
[188] Cf. Arte (104).
[189] Cf. Arte (64 and 79).
[190] The material presented in this section is gleaned from the exhaustive treatment of the numerical system which makes up the last 20 leaves of Rodriguez' grammar.
[191] This compound does not follow the rule, since cu is not a iomi numeral. See also cu ninai below.
[192] Rodriguez has fitoi or fifitoi (Arte, 228v).
[193] While this form fits the general rule for combining counters and days, Rodriguez (Arte, 228v) has tǒca, which is a misprint for tôca, cf. Doi, Daibunten, p. 818.
[194] Spelled with a tilde, sãguat, as are all the other forms before guat.
[195] For the sǒ and sa allomorph of san cf. Arte (173v).
[196] Rodriguez gives the following equivalents in the monetary system on 217-217v of the Arte: ... ten Rin in one Fun, ten Fun in one Momme, one thousand Momme in one Quamme.
[197] The text is confused at this point. It runs: Ixxacu, unus palmus seu tertia quam Hispania vocant sanjacu. tres, ...
[198] The text has culus 'posterior,' but the errata changes the word to anus. The original seems closer to the Japanese.
[199] The examples here lag one behind the glosses.
[200] Here and elsewhere Collado combines homophonous enumerators which Rodriguez keeps distinct. Cf. Arte (220-223v) for an extensive list of enumerators.
[201] Cf. Arte (159-159v).
[202] This rule, apparently an invention of Collado's, has no precedent in Rodriguez or in linguistic derivation. The n in this construction is the contracted form of the classical mu, the source for what Collado calls the future.
[203] These forms might better have been presented as nari,i and qeri,i to indicate that the sentence-ending forms are nari and qeri.