FOOTNOTES:

[40] M. de Pambour states that the increased volume is 1364 cubic inches.

[41] Formulæ equivalent to some of the preceding are given, with numerous others, by M. de Pambour, in his Theory of the Steam Engine. These mathematical details contain nothing new in principle, being merely the application of the known principles of general mechanics to this particular machine. M. de Pambour objects against the methods of calculating the practical effects of steam engines generally adopted by engineers in this country. Their estimates of the loss of power by friction, imperfect condensation, and other causes, are, as I have stated in this volume, vague, and can be regarded at best as very rough approximations; but, subject to the restrictions under which their methods of calculation are always applied, they are by no means so defective as M. de Pambour supposes. He proves what he considers to be their inaccuracy, by applying them in cases in which they are never intended to be applied by English engineers. Those who desire to reduce to general algebraical formulæ the effects of the different kinds of steam engines will, however, find the volume of M. de Pambour of considerable use.

[INDEX.]

[Pg523]
[TOC]

Air, elasticity of, [28];
May be partially expelled from a vessel by the application of heat, [44].
America, steam navigation first established in, [487];
Circumstances which led to it, [488];
Fitch and Rumsey, their attempts to apply the single-acting engine to the propulsion of vessels, [489];
Stevens of Hoboken commences experiments on steam navigation, [489];
Experiments of Livingstone and Fulton, [489];
Fulton's first boat, [490];
The Hudson navigated by steam, [491];
Extension and improvement of river navigation, [492];
American steamers, [494];
Difference between them and European steamers, [494];
Steamers on the Hudson, [494];
American paddle-wheels, [495];
Sea-going American steamers, [496];
Speed attained by American steamers, [497];
Lake steamers, [499];
The Mississippi and its tributaries, [499];
Steam-boats navigating it, [500];
Their structure and machinery, [500];
New Orleans Harbour, [503];
Steam tugs, [503].
Atmosphere, [38];
Weight of, [39].
Atmospheric air, mechanical properties of, [38];
Composition of, [253].
Atmospheric engine, Thomas Newcomen the reputed inventor of, [62];
Description of, as first constructed by Newcomen, [67];
The operation of considered, [69];
Not unfrequently used in preference to the modern steam engine, [72];
Advantages which it possessed over Savery's, [73];
Considerably improved by Beighton, [75];
John Smeaton investigates this machine, [76];
Brindley obtains a patent for improvements in, [76];
Applied by Champion of Bristol to raise water, [181];
Possessed but limited power of adaptation to a varying load, [151];
Expedient to remedy this, [151];
Working-beam, cylinder, and piston applied to by Newcomen, [322].
Atmospheric pressure rendered available as a mechanic agent by Denis Papin, [38];
Means of measuring the force of, [39];
The idea of using against a vacuum or partial vacuum to work a piston in a cylinder, suggested by Otto Guericke, [73].
Barometer gauge, [272].
Barton's piston, [248].
Beighton, his improvement of the atmospheric engine, [75].
Black, Dr., his doctrine of latent heat, [93].
Blasco de Garay, his contrivance to propel vessels, [16];
The contrivance of, probably identical with that of Hero, [17].
Blinkensop, his locomotive engine, [337].
Blowing-box, [429].
Blowing out, Seaward's method of, [454].
Blow-off cocks, [452].
Boiler, forms of, most convenient, [255];
The waggon boiler adopted by Watt, [255];
Furnace, [256];
Method of feeding, [257];
Combustion of gas in flues, [260];
Mr. Williams's method of consuming the unburned gases which escape from the grate, and are carried through the flues, [260];
Construction of grate and ash-pit, [261];
Magnitude of heating surface of boiler, [262];
Capacity of, must be proportioned to the quantity of water to be evaporated, [263];
Water-space and steam-space in boiler, [263];
Proportion of water-space in the boiler, how to be regulated, [264];
Position of flues, [264];
Method of feeding, [265];
The magnitude of the feed should be equal to the quantity of water evaporated, [265];
Different methods for indicating the level of the water in the boiler, [266];
Level guages, [266];
Self-regulating feeder, [267];
Another method of arranging, [269];
Steam gauge, [270];
Thermometer gauge, [271];
Barometer gauge, [272];
The indicator to measure the mean efficient force of the piston invented by Watt, [274];
The counter contrived by Watt, [278];
Safety valve, [279];
Fusible plugs used in high pressure boilers, [280];
Self-regulating damper, [281];
Self-regulating furnace invented by Brunton, [283];
Duty of a boiler, [294];
Boilers of locomotive engines, [351];
Construction of the boiler of Gurney's steam carriage, [423];
All boilers require occasional cleansing, [427];
Gurney's method of removing crust of deposited matter in boilers, [427];
The boiler of Dr. Church's engine formed of copper, [439];
Boilers in marine engines, [449];
Effects of sea-water in, [450];
Remedies for them, [451];
Substitution of copper for iron, [460];
Expedient of coating boilers with felt, applied by Watt, [463].
Booth, Mr., his report on locomotive engines, [361].
Boulton and Watt's experiments on the horse power of engines, [288].
Branca, Giovanni, his machine for propelling a wheel by a blast of steam, [22].
Brindley (James) obtains a patent for improvements in atmospheric engine, [76];
Undertook to erect an engine at Newcastle-under-Lyne, [76];
Discouraged by the obstacles thrown in his way, [76].
Brougham, Lord, his sketch of Watt's character, [313];
Inscription from the pen of, on Watt's monument in Westminster Abbey, [320].
Buffers, [404].
Cartwright's engine to use the vapour of alcohol to work the piston, [245];
His piston, [247].
Cawley and Newcomen obtain a patent for the atmospheric engine, [64].
Champion applies atmospheric engine to raise water, [181].
Chapman, Messrs., their locomotive engine, [337].
Chlorine introduced in bleaching by Watt, [310].
Church, Dr., his steam engine, [439];
The boiler formed of copper, [439].
Coals, the virtues and powers which steam has conferred upon, [6];
The amount of labour a bushel of performs by means of the steam engine, compared with horse power, [7];
Constituents of, [252];
Process of combustion, [252].
Coal mines, apprehensions as to the possibility of the exhaustion of groundless, [8].
Cocks, friction on, [240].
Cocks and valves, [227].
Combustion of gas in flues, [260].
Condensation by injection, accidental discovery of, [69].
Condensation in the cylinder incompatible with a due economy of fuel, [120].
Condensing principle, circumstance which led to Savery's discovery of, [47].
Condensing pipe in Savery's engine, [52].
Condensing out of the cylinder, [120].
Condensing jet, [191].
Conical steam valves, [228].
Conversion of ice into water, [103];
Of water into steam, [105].
Copying press invented by Watt, [302].
Cornish system of inspection, [297].
Cornish engines, improvement of, [298];
Historical detail of the duty of, [299].
Cylinders, Wilkinson's machine for accurately boring the insides of, [149].
D valve, [230].
Dalton and Gay-Lussac, law of, relating to the pressure of elastic bodies, [171].
Dixon, Mr. The substitution of brass for copper tubes in locomotive engines ascribed to him, [370].
Double clack-valve, [228].
Eccentric, [225];
Two expedients to reverse the position of, [379].
Effect of an engine, [285].
Elastic fluids. The law according to which the pressure of, increases with their temperature, discovered by Dalton and Gay-Lussac, [171].
Evaporation of water and other liquids, physical and mechanical principles connected with, [97].
Expansion of common steam, effects of, [173].
Expansive action of steam, [159];
Stated by Watt in a letter to Dr. Small, [157];
Its principle explained, [158];
Mechanical effect resulting from it, [161];
Computed effect of cutting off steam at different portions of the stroke, [162];
Involves the condition of a variation in the intensity of the moving power, [163];
Expedients for equalising the power, [164];
The expansive principle in the engines constructed by Boulton and Watt, limited, [165];
Its more extensive application in the Cornish engines, [165];
Methods of equalising, [174];
Description of Hornblower's engine for this purpose, [174].
Expansive principle, application of in marine engines, [466].
Farey on the steam engine, quotation from, relative to Savery's engine, [58];
His evidence before the House of Commons, [435].
Field, construction of his split paddle, [478].
Fitch and Rumsey, their attempts to apply the single-acting engine to the propulsion of vessels, [489].
Flues, position of, [264].
Fluids, of two kinds, [25];
Mechanical properties of, [25];
Elastic, [27];
Experimental proof that they press equally in all directions, [41].
Fly-wheel, [205].
Four-way cock, [239];
Disadvantages of, [240].
Fuel, means of economising, in marine furnaces, [463].
Fulton and Livingstone, their experiments in steam navigation, [489].
Fulton's first boat, [490].
Furnace, self-regulating, invented by Brunton, [283].
Fusible plugs used in high-pressure boilers, [280].
Galloway, his paddle-wheel described, [476].
Gas, elasticity of, [28].
Gay-Lussac and Dalton, law of, relating to the pressure of elastic bodies, [171].
Governor, adaptation of, [209].
Gradients, restrictions on, [411];
Disposition of, should be uniform, [415].
Great Western Railway, Dr. Lardner's experiments on, [408].
Griff, proposals to drain a colliery at, mentioned by Desaguliers, [64].
Gurney's steam carriage, [423];
Construction of the boiler of, [423];
His method of removing crust of deposited matter in boilers, [427];
His experiments on common roads, [432].
Hall, his condensers described, [458].
Hancock, his steam carriage, [436];
In what manner it differs from that of Gurney, [437].
Harris, Dr., mentions Savery's engine in his "Lexicon Technicum," [56].
Heat, effects of upon water, [29];
Waste of in atmospheric engine, [89];
An examination of the analogous effects produced by the continued application of, to water in the liquid state, [102];
Radiation of, [254].
Heating by steam brought forward by Watt, [303].
"Hecla," experiments with the, [412].
Hero of Alexandria, description of his machine, [12].
High pressure engines described, [321];
One of the earliest forms of the steam engine, [322];
Obscurely described in the "Century of Inventions," [322];
Construction of the first, by Messrs. Trevethick and Vivian, [324].
Hooke exposes the fallacy of Papin's project, [64].
Horse carriages compared with steam, [435].
Horse power of steam engines, [288];
Smeaton's estimation of, [288];
Boulton and Watt's experiments on, [288].
Howard's description of his marine engine, [464].
Hudson, the, navigated by steam, [491].
Hull, Jonathan, his application of the steam engine to water wheels, [180].
Humphrey. His marine engine described, [470].
Huskisson, Mr., death of, [329].
Hydrogen, [253].
India, steam navigation to, [483].
Indicator invented by Watt, [274].
Jeffrey, Lord; his sketch of the character of Watt, [315].
Kinneal, description of Watt's experimental engine at, [131].
Lake steamers, [499].
Lardner's, Dr., experiments on the Manchester Railway in 1832, [357];
His experiments in 1838, [406];
Experiments on the Great Western Railway, [408].
Leupold's engine, description of, [323].
Level gauges, [266].
Linen, machine for drying by steam, invented by Watt, [303].
Liverpool and Manchester railroad, effects of the introduction of steam transport on, [329];
Want of experience in the construction of the engines, [329];
Death of Mr. Huskisson, [329];
Proceedings of the directors, [342];
Premium offered by them for the best engine, [344];
Experimental trial, [344].
Livingstone and Fulton, experiments of in steam navigation, [489].
Locomotive engine, history of, [328];
Blinkensop's engine, [337];
Chapman's engine, [337];
Walking engine, [337];
Mr. Stephenson's engine at Killingworth, [339];
Defect of, [341];
Description of the "Rocket," [345];
The "Sanspareil," [347];
The "Novelty," [349];
Superiority of the "Rocket," [350];
Subsequent improvements in the locomotive engine, [352];
Table, showing the economy of fuel gained by subdividing the flue into tubes, [354];
Engines constructed in the form of the "Rocket" subject to two principal defects, [354];
These defects remedied, [355];
Improved by the adoption of a more contracted blast pipe, [356];
Dr. Lardner's experiments in 1832, [357];
Adoption of brass tubes, [361];
Mr. Booth's report, [361];
Detailed description of the most improved locomotive engines, [364];
Substitution of brass for copper tubes ascribed to Mr. Dixon, [370];
Mr. Stephenson constructed the driving wheels without flanges, [383];
Pressure of steam in the boiler limited by two safety-valves, [402];
Buffers, [404];
Steam whistle, [404];
Water tank, [404];
Power of locomotive engines, [405];
Evaporation of boilers, [406];
Dr. Lardner's experiments in 1838, [406];
Resistance to railway trains, [407];
Dr. Lardner's experiments on the Great Western Railway, [408];
Restriction on gradients, [411];
Experiment with the "Hecla," [412];
Disposition of gradients should be uniform, [415];
Method of surmounting steep inclinations, [415];
Steam carriages on common roads, [419];
Difference between steam engines on railways and those used to propel carriages on turnpike roads, [422];
Gurney's steam carriage, [423];
Construction of the boiler of, [423];
Escape of steam from the engines on the Liverpool road, [428];
Blowing-box, [429];
Separator, [430];
Difficulties in the practical working of steam carriages upon common roads, [432];
Gurney's experiments on common roads, [432];
Prejudice against locomotive engines on common roads, [432];
Not more destructive to roads than carriages drawn by horses, [433];
Report of the committee of the House of Commons, [433];
Weight of steam carriages, [433];
Two methods of applying locomotives upon common roads, [434];
Horse carriages compared with, [435];
Farey's evidence before the House of Commons, [435];
Risk of accident from explosion extremely slight, [435];
Hancock's steam carriage, [436];
In what manner it differs from that of Gurney, [437];
Ogle's steam carriage, [438];
His evidence before the House of Commons, [439];
Dr. Church's steam engine, [439];
The boiler of formed of copper, [439].
Lunar Society, Boulton and Watt leading members in, [302].
Marine engines, form and arrangement of, [441];
Difference between marine and land engines, [443];
Engine-room, arrangement of, [446];
Boilers in, [449];
Effects of sea-water on boilers, [450];
Remedies for them, [451];
Blow-off cocks, [452];
Indicators of saltness, [452];
Seaward's indicator, [454];
His method of blowing out, [454];
Method of Maudslay and Field to preserve freshness of water in the boiler, [456];
Brine pumps, [457];
Tubular condensers applied by Mr. Watt, [457];
Hall's condensers, [458];
Substitution of copper for iron boilers, [461];
Process of stoking, [462];
Marine furnaces, [463];
Expedient of coating boilers with felt applied by Watt, [463];
Means of economising fuel, [463];
Description of Howard's engine, [464];
Application of the expansive principle in marine engines, [466];
Recent improvements of Messrs. Maudslay and Field, [467];
Humphrey's engine, [470];
Common paddle-wheel, [472];
Defect of, [474];
Feathering paddles, [474];
Galloway's paddle-wheel, [476];
Field's split paddle, [478];
Proportion of power to tonnage, [480];
Iron steam vessels, [482].
Mariotte's law relating to pressure, [171].
Maudslay and Field, their method to preserve the requisite freshness of water in the boiler, [456];
Brine pumps, [457];
Recent improvements of in marine engines, [466].
Metallic pistons, [244];
Cartwright's engine, [245];
An improved form given to by Barton, [248].
Mill work, Stewart's application of the steam engine to, [182].
Mines, the drainage of, Watt endeavours to bring to perfection the application of the steam engine to, [178].
Mississippi and its tributaries, [499];
Steam-boats on, [500];
Their structure and machinery, [500].
Morland, Sir Samuel, his application of steam to raise water, [34];
The reputed inventor of several ingenious contrivances, [34];
His work in French upon the raising of water, [35];
Extract from it, [35];
Evelyn's account of his visit to, [36].
Murray's slide-valve, [229].
Newcomen, Thomas, the reputed inventor of the atmospheric engine, [62];
His acquaintance with Dr. Hooke, [62];
Acquainted with Papin's writings, [64];
The merits of his engine ascribed principally to its mechanism and combinations, [73];
Obtains with Cawley a patent for the atmospheric engine, [64];
Resumes the old method of raising water from mines by ordinary pumps, [65];
The means proposed to effect this, [66];
First conception of the atmospheric engine, [66];
Description of his construction of atmospheric engine, [67];
Suggestion of a better method of condensation than the application of cold water on the external surfaces of the cylinder, [69];
He abandons the external cylinder, [69];
Applied the working-beam, cylinder, and piston to the atmospheric engine, [322].
New Orleans Harbour, [503].
"Novelty," description of the, a locomotive engine, [349].
Ogle, his steam carriage, [438];
His evidence before the House of Commons, [439].
Otto Guericke, his suggestion relative to atmospheric pressure, [73].
Oxley made the first attempt to drive water-wheels by the steam engine, [182].
Paddle-wheel described, [472];
Defect of, [474];
Feathering paddles, [474];
Galloway's paddle-wheel, [476];
Field's split paddle, [478].
Paddle-wheels of American steamers, [495].
Papin, Denis, conceived the idea of rendering atmospheric pressure available as a mechanical agent, [37];
Description of his contrivance, [37];
His discovery of condensation of steam, [45];
Quotation from his work relative to this discovery, [45];
Explanation of this important discovery, [46];
Discovers the method of producing a vacuum by the condensation of steam, [178];
His projected applications of the steam engine, [178];
His proposition for the construction of an engine working by atmospheric pressure, [62];
Abandons the project when informed of the principle and structure of Savery's engine, [62];
His engine described, [62];
This project nothing more than a reproduction of the Marquis of Worcester's engine, [63];
The fallacy of his project exposed by Hooke, [64];
His project for producing a vacuum under a piston by condensing the steam, published in the "Actæ Eruditorum," [64].
Parallel motion, [195].
Physical science, the rapid progress of, [8].
Pistons, [242];
The common hemp-packed, [242];
Woolf's method of tightening the packing of, without removing the lid of the cylinder, [244];
This method further simplified, [244];
Metallic, [244];
Cartwright's engine, [245];
Cartwright's piston, [247];
Invention of the indicator by Watt to measure the mean efficient force of, [274].
Piston rod and beam, methods of connecting in the double-acting engine, [193].
Pneumatic institution at Clifton, Watt one of the founders of, [310].
Potter, Humphrey, his contrivance for working the valves, [71];
Improved by the substitution of a plug-frame, [72].
Power, proportion of, to tonnage in marine engines, [480].
Power and duty of steam engines, [287].
Priestley, Watt's letter to, relative to the composition of water, [307].
Pump, an illustration of force attained by a vacuum, [43].
Puppet clacks, or button valves, [144].
Rack and Sector, [194].
Railways, speed of coaches on, compared with that of stage-coaches on a common road, [7].
Railway transport, effects of, [328]. [330].
Railways and stone roads compared, [420].
River navigation, extension and improvement of, [492].
"Rocket," description of the, a locomotive engine, [345];
Engines constructed in the form of, subject to two principal defects, [354];
These defects remedied, [355];
Improved by the adoption of a more contracted blast-pipe, [356].
Roebuck, Dr., Watt's partnership with, [130].
Rotatory motion, method of producing by sun and planet wheels, [187].
Safety-valve not adopted by Savery, [57];
Invented by Papin, [57];
Description of, [57];
First applied to Savery's engine by Desaguliers, [58].
"Sanspareil," description of the, a locomotive engine, [347].
Savery, Thomas, obtains a patent for an engine to raise water, [47];
Circumstance which led to his discovery of the condensing principle, [47];
An account of his engine, [49];
Description of the working apparatus in which the steam is used as a moving power, [51];
His engine described in a work entitled "The Miner's Friend," [56];
Mentioned by Dr. Harrison in his "Lexicon Technicum," [56];
Quotation from his address to the Royal Society, [56];
Quotation from his address to the Miners of England, [57];
Mentioned by Bradley in his "Improvements of Planting and Gardening," [57];
The safety-valve not adopted by him, [57];
The safety-valve first applied to his engine by Desaguliers, [58];
Farey on the steam engine quoted, [58];
Further Improvements made by Desaguliers, [58];
Defects of his engine, [59];
His engine applied to the drainage of mines, [59];
Further defects of, [60];
The first to suggest the method of expressing the power of an engine with reference to that of horses, [61];
Failure of his engine in the work of drainage, [61];
The tendency of high pressure to weaken and gradually destroy the vessels, [72];
The power of his engines restricted, [73];
The atmospheric engine superior to, [73];
The boiler, guage-pipes, and regulator borrowed from his engine, [73];
Proposes to apply his engine as a prime mover for all sorts of machinery, [180].
Scott, Sir Walter, his sketch of the character of Watt, [314].
Sculpture, Watt's invention of machine for copying, [318].
Sea-going American steamers, [496].
Sea-water, effects of upon boilers, [450].
Seaward's slides, [235];
Indicator of saltness, [454];
His method of blowing out, [454].
Self-regulating damper, [281];
Furnace, [283].
Separator, [430].
Single-acting engine, description of Watt's, [133]. [144].
Single clack-valve, [227].
Single cock, [238].
Slide-valves, [229];
That contrived by Mr. Murray, [229].
Smeaton, John, investigates the atmospheric engine, [76];
Applies himself to the improvement of wind and water mills, [181];
His estimate of the horse power of engines, [288].
Solomon De Caus, description of the apparatus of, [17];
M. Arago claims for him a share of the honour of the invention of the steam engine, [21];
Republished, with additions, the work of Isaac De Caus, [22].
Somerset, Edward, Marquis of Worcester. Invention of the steam engine ascribed to him, [23];
Description of his contrivance, [23];
His "Century of Inventions," [24];
Brief account of his engine described in this work, [31];
His contrivance compared with that of De Caus, [33];
Many of his inventions have been reproduced and brought into general use, [34].
Steam cannot be applied immediately to any useful purpose, but requires the interposition of mechanism, [11];
Elastic force of, recognised by the ancients only in vague and general terms, [14];
The power of, formerly made to minister to the objects of superstition, mentioned by Arago, [15];
Anecdote showing the knowledge which the ancients had of the mechanical force of, [15];
The discovery of the condensation of, by Papin, [45];
Mechanical power obtained from the direct pressure of the elastic force of, suggested by De Caus and Lord Worcester, [73];
Latent heat of, [107];
The mechanical force of considered, [115];
Watt's early experiments on, [87];
Discovery of the expansive action of, [157];
Expansive action of stated by Watt in a letter to Dr. Small, [157];
Its principle explained, [158];
Mechanical effect resulting from it, [161];
Properties of, [168];
Common and super-heated steam, [168];
Pressure and temperature of, [171];
Relation between the temperatures of common steam and its pressure and density, [172];
Effects of the expansion of common steam, [173];
Mechanical effects of, [173];
Methods of equalising the varying force of expanding steam, [174];
Method of producing a vacuum by the condensation of, discovered by Papin, [178];
Applied to move machinery, [179];
Steam guage, [270];
Heating by steam brought forward by Watt, [303];
A machine for drying linen by, invented by Watt, [303];
Mode of escape of, from the engines on the Liverpool road, [429].
Steam case or jacket, invented by Watt, [124].
Steam engine, a subject of popular interest, [3];
The effects which it has produced upon the well-being of the human race considered, [4];
Presents peculiar claims upon the attention of the people of Great Britain, [5];
The exclusive offspring of British genius, [5];
The virtues and powers which it has conferred upon coals, [6];
Water the means of calling these powers into activity, [6];
Used in the drainage of Cornish mines, [7];
Comparison of its power with human labour, [8];
Investigation of the origin of, [10];
A combination of a great variety of contrivances and the production of several inventions, [12];
Before the discoveries of James Watt was of extremely limited power, [12];
Invention of, ascribed to the Marquis of Worcester, [23];
Account of Savery's, [49];
Farey quoted, [58];
Improvements made by Desaguliers, [58];
Applied to the drainage of mines, [59];
Humphrey Potter's contrivance, [72];
Advantages of the atmospheric engine over that of Savery, [73];
Progress of the atmospheric engine, [75];
Description of Papin's engine, [62];
Smeaton's improvements, [76];
First experiments of Watt and subsequent improvements, [83];
Watt's experiments on the force of steam at high pressure, [83];
Watt discovers the great defects of the atmospheric engine, [85];
Waste of heat in atmospheric engine, [89];
Dr. Black's theory of latent heat, [93];
Description of Watt's experimental engine at Kinneal, [131];
Description of his single-acting engine, [133];
Disadvantages of the atmospheric compared with the old engine, [150];
Expedients to force the atmospheric engines into use, [152];
Watt's exertions to improve the manufacture of, at Soho, [155];
Efficiency of fuel in the new engines, [156];
Hornblower's engine, [175];
Woolf's engine, [176];
Watt endeavours to bring to perfection the application of, to the drainage of mines, [178];
Papin's projected application of, [178];
Savery proposed to apply his steam engine as a prime mover for all sorts of machinery, [180];
Jonathan Hull's application of, to water-wheels, [180];
Steam engine used for driving water wheels, [182];
First attempt of this kind made by Oxley, [182];
Stewart's application of, to mill work, [182];
Wasbrough's application of the fly-wheel and crank, [183];
Reasons why Watt's single-acting engine was not adapted to produce continuous uniform motion of rotation, [184];
Watt's second patent, [186];
Valves of double-acting engine, [189];
Condensing jet, [191];
Methods of connecting the piston-rod and beam in the double-acting engine, [193];
Rack and sector, [194];
Parallel motion, [195];
Connecting rod and crank, [202];
Fly-wheel, [205];
Throttle-valve, [207];
Adaptation of the governor, [209];
Double-acting engine considered as a whole, [216];
Process of its operation investigated, [217];
The eccentric, [225];
Cocks and valves, [227];
Single clack-valve, [227];
Double clack-valve, [228];
Conical steam-valves, [228];
Slide-valves, [229];
Murray's slide-valve, [229];
D valve, [230];
Seaward's slides, [235];
Single cock, [238];
Four-way cock, [239];
Pistons, [242];
Gross effect and useful effect of engines, [285];
Power and duty of, [287];
Horse power of, [288];
The means whereby mechanical power is expended in working the engines enumerated, [290];
Common rules followed by engine makers, [292];
Duty of engines, [294];
Duty distinguished from power, [295];
Proportion of stroke to diameter of cylinder, [295];
Cornish system of inspection, [297];
Improvement of the Cornish engines, [298];
Historical detail of the duty of Cornish engines, [299];
High-pressure engines, [321];
Leupold's engine described, [323];
Construction of the first high-pressure engine by Messrs. Trevethick and Vivian, [324];
First application of the steam engine to propel carriages on railroads, [328];
Computation of how much corn could be saved by the substitution of steam engines for horse power, [332];
Marine engines, form and arrangement of, [441];
Difference between marine and land engines, [443];
Mr. Howard's patent engine described, [464];
Humphrey's engine described, [470].
Steam navigation to India, [483];
First established in America, [487];
Circumstances which led to it, [488];
Attempts of Fitch and Rumsey to apply the single-acting engine to the propulsion of vessels, [489];
Stevens of Hoboken commences experiments in, [489];
Experiments of Livingstone and Fulton, [489];
Fulton's first boat, [490];
The Hudson navigated by steam, [491];
Extension and improvement of river navigation, [492];
American steamers, [494];
Difference between them and European steamers, [494];
Steamers on the Hudson, [494];
Sea-going American steamers, [496];
Speed attained by American steamers, [497];
Lake steamers, [499];
Steam-boats on the Mississippi, [500].
Steam tugs, [503].
Steep inclinations, method of surmounting, [415].
Stephenson, his locomotive engine at Killingworth, [339];
Defect of, [341];
Constructed the driving wheels without flanges, [383].
Stevens, of Hoboken, commences experiments on steam navigation, [489].
Stewart, his application of the steam engine to mill work, [182].
Stoking, process of, [462].
Stuffing-box, contrivance of, [147].
Sun and planet wheels, method of producing rotatory motion, [187].
Thermometers, the process of filling described, [44];
Explanation of the principle of, [98];
Construction of mercurial thermometer, [98];
Method of graduating, [99].
Thermometer gauge, [270].
Throttle-valve, description of, [207].
Tredgold, his remark relative to Newcomen's engine, [73].
Trevethick and Vivian's engine described, [325].
Vacuum, force obtained by a, [43];
The pump an illustration of this, [43].
Valves of double-acting engine, [189].
Wasbrough, his application of the fly-wheel and crank, [183].
Water, a pint of, the mechanical force produced by its evaporation, [6];
The alternate decomposition and recomposition of, by magnetism and electricity, analogous to vaporisation and condensation, [8];
The fixed temperature which it assumes in boiling subject to variation, [108];
Experiments to illustrate this, [109];
Table to show the temperature at which it will boil under different pressures of the atmosphere, [113];
Mechanical force of a cubic inch of, converted into steam, [118];
Discovery of the composition of, [303];
The merit of this discovery shared between Cavendish, Lavoisier, and Watt, [305];
Latent heat of, [101];
Conversion of ice into, [103].
Water tank, [404].
Water-wheels, steam engine used for turning, [182].
Watt (James), birth of, [77];
His infancy, [78];
Anecdotes respecting, [78];
His boyhood, [79];
Goes to London, [80];
Returns to Glasgow, [80];
Appointed mathematical instrument-maker to the university, [81];
Adam Smith one of his earliest friends and patrons, [81];
Also Black and Robert Simson, [81];
Extract from an unpublished manuscript of Robison respecting the character of, [82];
His first experiments on steam, [83];
Observes defects of atmospheric engine, [84];
His first attempt to improve it, by using a wooden instead of an iron cylinder, [85];
His method to ascertain the temperatures at which water would boil under pressures less than that of the atmosphere, [86];
His early experiments on steam, [87];
His notice of the waste of heat in atmospheric engines, [89];
His experiments to determine the extent to which water enlarged its volume when it passed into steam, [90];
Discovers the latent heat of steam, [91];
Learns the theory of latent heat, [93];
His letter to Dr. Brewster, explaining the circumstances which led to the error that a large share of the merit of his discoveries were due to Black, [93];
Finds that condensation in the cylinder is incompatible with a due economy of fuel, [120];
Conceives the notion of condensing out of the cylinder, [120];
Discovers separate condensation, [121];
Invents the air-pump, [122];
Substitutes steam pressure for atmospheric pressure, [123];
Invents the steam case or jacket, [124];
His first experiments to realise these inventions, [125];
His experimental apparatus, [126];
Difficulties of bringing the improved engines into use, [128];
Practises as a civil engineer, [129];
Makes a survey of the river Clyde, [129];
His partnership with Dr. Roebuck, [130];
His first patent, [130];
Description of his experimental engine at Kinneal, [131];
Removes to Soho, [131];
Abstract of the act of parliament for the extension of his patent, [132];
Description of his single-acting engine, [133]- [144];
His condenser worked by an injection, [146];
Objections attending condensation by surface, [146];
Improvements in construction of piston, [147];
Effected by a contrivance called a stuffing-box, [147];
Method of packing, [148];
Improved methods of boring the cylinder, [149];
His letter to Smeaton on this subject, [149];
Used black-lead dust for the purpose of lubrication, [149];
This found to wear the cylinder, [149];
Disadvantages of the atmospheric compared with the old engines, [150];
Greatly increased economy of fuel, [151];
Expedients to force the atmospheric engines into use, [152];
His correspondence with Boulton, [153];
His correspondence with Smeaton, [154];
Exertions to improve the manufacture of engines at Soho, [155];
Efficiency of fuel in the new engines, [156];
Endeavours to bring to perfection the application of the steam engine to the drainage of mines, [178];
The reasons why his single-acting engine was not adapted to produce continuous uniform motion of rotation, [184];
His notes upon Dr. Robison's article on the steam engine, [184];
His second patent, [186];
His third patent, [189];
His application of the fly-wheel, [205];
His application of the throttle-valve, [207];
His adaptation of the governor, [209];
His double-acting engine considered as a whole, [216];
Investigation of the process of its operation, [217];
Eccentric, [225];
Cocks and valves, [227];
Single clack-valve, [227];
Double clack-valve, [228];
Conical steam-valve, [228];
Slide-valves, [229];
The waggon boiler adopted by him, [225];
Invents the indicator, [274];
The counter contrived by him, [278];
The Lunar Society in which Watt and Boulton were leading members, [302];
Invents the copying press, [302];
His friends and associates at Birmingham, [302];
Method of heating by steam brought forward by him, [303];
His invention of a machine for drying linen by steam, [303];
His share in the discovery of the composition of water, [303];
His letter to Priestley on this subject, [307];
Anecdote of his inventive genius, [309];
Introduces the use of chlorine in bleaching, [310];
One of the founders of the Pneumatic institution at Clifton, [310];
His first marriage, [310];
Private life of, [311];
Death of his first wife, [311];
His second marriage, [311];
He retires from business, [311];
Death of his younger son, [311];
Extracts from his letters, [312];
His death, [313];
Character of, by Lord Brougham, [313];
By Sir Walter Scott, [314];
By Lord Jeffrey, [315];
Occupation of his old age, [318];
Invention of machine for copying sculpture, [318];
His last days, [318];
Monuments, [319];
Inscription on the monument in Westminster Abbey from the pen of Lord Brougham, [319];
His application of tubular condensers, [457];
His expedient for coating boilers with felt, [463].
Wilkinson, his machine for accurately boring the insides of cylinders, [149].
Williams's method of consuming the unburned gases which escape from the grate, and are carried through the flues, [260].
Woolf's engine, [176];
Woolf's piston, [243].

RICHMOND BRIDGE.

THE END.

London:

Printed by A. Spottiswoode,

New-Street-Square.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:

The transcriber constructed the cover image, and hereby transfers it into the public domain.

Original spelling and grammar has mostly been retained. For example, "Cyclopœdia", "cyclopædia", "Encyclopædia", "Encyclopœdia", "guage", "gauge" have all been retained.

Figures were moved from within paragraphs to between paragraphs.

Footnotes were re-indexed and moved to the ends of chapters.

The original page numbers are embedded in the form e.g. "[Pg135]".

A link to the INDEX was inserted into the Table of Contents.

In the Table of Contents, changed "MM. Dulong and Arrago" to "MM Dulong and Arago". Also "Blinkinsop" to "Blinkensop". Also "Wasborough's" to "Wasbrough's".

Figs. 4, 5 and 6 are all in one image. Two tubes in Fig. 4 were incorrectly labeled T′; one of these has been crossed out and changed to T. Both tubes in Fig. 6 were incorrectly labeled G. One of these was crossed out and replaced by G′. Note also that Figs. 4, 5, 6 are repeated in the text on different pages; this feature has been retained.

Page 10: "it s already" to "it is already".

Page 43: "Thu if heat" changed to "Thus if heat".

Page 45: "had a diameter of only one square foot" changed to "had a diameter of only one foot".

Page 47: "immedate" to "immediate".

Page 51: "a a level" to "a level". Also, comma removed from "A gauge, pipe is inserted".

Page 53: "proportionably" to "proportionally".

Page 79: A paragraph beginning "He was not fourteen" contains three double quotation marks; this is presumably an error. Possibly there should be two double quotation marks and two single quotation marks.

Page 80: "S'. Gravesande" is retained, although this probably refers to a person known as "'s Gravesande".

Page 103: "gases n general" to "gases in general".

Page 122: comma removed from "process may, be continued".

Page 123: "two thin pipes F G of tin" to "two thin pipes F, G of tin".

Page 172: "empyrical" to "empirical".

Page 187, Fig. 32.: The text refers to "end I of the connecting rod", but this was labeled L on the Figure. This L has been crossed out and replaced by I.

Page 285: In "surrounding the boiler with iron-conducting substances", changed "iron-" to "non-".

Page 308: "exeitement" to "excitement".

There were several extended quotations, for example beginning on page 312, in which each line began with a quotation mark, with ending quotation marks at the end of each paragraph. In this edition, these passages have been marked by indentation, and all but the first and last quotation marks from each paragraph were removed.

Page 362: "acomplish" to "accomplish".

Page 366: Figs. 97-104 appeared originally between pages 385 and 399, as full-page prints. Numerically, however, they belong between Figs. 96 and 105--and therefore between pages 366 and 369. Therefore, they have been moved to a location between two paragraphs on page 367.

Page 368: "rivetted" to "riveted".

Page 419: "TREVITHECK'S INVENTION" changed to "TREVETHICK'S INVENTION", in the chapter heading. However, the references to Trevethick occur in a previous chapter, around page 324.

Page 468: Period added to end sentence "[...] piston is at the bottom of its stroke".

Page 490: Period added to end sentence "[...] therefore one eighth of its capacity".

Pages 494, 497: large data tables were split into three pieces each.

Page 505: The logarithm originally given as log x = "[=1]·82340688193", where "[=1]" represents a numeral one with a horizontal line over it, is herein changed to log x = "0·82340688193 − 1", as that is the meaning of this convention.

Page 513: "formulæ are hyberbolic" to "formulæ are hyperbolic".

The symbol ∵ (Unicode hex 2235-"BECAUSE") appears frequently in the Appendix. It is not available in all fonts.

Page 520: The table of piston area versus piston diameter was split into two tables.