Ancient Man in Britain

by Donald A. Mackenzie

INDEX

• Achæans, Celts and, [111], [112].
• Acheulian culture, [13], [14].
• Adonis, killed by boar, [197].
• Ægean culture, Celts absorbed, [112].
• — — in Central Europe, [96].
• Æstyans, the, amber traders, [161].
• — worship of mother goddess and boar god, [161], [162].
• Africa, Crô-Magnon peoples entered Europe from, [35].
• — ostrich eggs, ivory, &c., from, found in Spain, [96].
• — transmigration of souls in, [143].
• Age, the Agricultural and pre-Agricultural, [213].
• — the Early Red Deer, [214], [215].
• — the Prehistoric, [217].
• — the Historic, [217].
• — the Reindeer, [213].
• Ages, Archæological, new system of, [215].
• — — problem of Scottish copper axe, [219].
• — the Mythical, colours and metals of, [121]. See also Geological and Archæological Ages.
• Agriculture, beginning of, in Britain, [217].
• — importance of introduction of, [212].
• — history of, [210].
• — Neolithic sickles, [4].
• — barley, wheat, and rye cultivated, [5].
• Aine, the Munster fairy, [202].
• Airts (Cardinal Points), the, doctrine of, [145]. See also Cardinal Points.
• Akkad, Sargon of, his knowledge of Western Europe, [96], [218].
• Alabaster, Eastern perfume flasks of, in Neolithic Spain, [96].
• Albertite, jet and, [164].
• Albiorix, the Gaulish god, [207].
• All Hallows, Black Sow of, [200].
• Amber, associated with jet and Egyptian blue beads in England, [104], [105] (ill.), [106].
• — Celtic and German names of, [162].
• — as magical product of water, [162], [163].
• — eyes strengthened by, [165].
• — imported into Britain at 1400 b.c., [106]; and in first century a.d., [114].
• — jet and pearls and, [22].
• — as "life substance", [80].
• — Megalithic people searched for, [93].
• — origin of, in Scottish lore, [162].
• — Persian, &c., names of, [163], [164].
• — Tacitus on the Baltic Æstyans, [161].
• — connection of, with boar god and mother goddess, [161].
• — as "tears" of goddess, [161].
• — trade in, [219].
• — the "vigorous Gael" and, [163].
• — connection of, with Woad, [163].
• — white enamel as substitute for, [165].
• America, green stone symbolism in, [34].
• Angles, [126].
• — Celts and, [227].
• Anglo-Saxon intruders, our scanty knowledge of, [209].
• Angus, the Irish god of love, [202].
• Animism, not the earliest stage in religion, [178].
• Annis, Black (also "Black Anny" and "Cat Anna"), [195].
• — — Irish Anu (Danu), and, [198].
• Anthropology, stratification theory, [11], [12].
• Anu (Ana), the goddess, [198], [201].
• Aphrodite, [221].
• — amber and, [163].
• — the black form of, [164].
• — connection of, with pearl and moon, [158].
• — Julius Cæsar's pearl offering to, [159].
• — myth of origin of, [38].
• — Egyptian Hathor and, [38].
• — the Scandinavian, [161].
• Apollo, British temples of, [177].
• — the Gaelic, [202].
• — the Gaulish, [207].
• — god of London, [203].
• — mouse connection of, [179].
• — mouse feasts, [187].
• Apple, [221].
• — connection of mouse with, [196].
• — as fruit of longevity, [144].
• — Scottish hag-goddess and, [196].
• — Thomas the Rhymer and apple of knowledge and longevity, [146].
• — "wassailing", [204].
• Apple land (Avalon), the Celtic Paradise, [144].
• Apples, life substance in, [206].
• Apple tree, God of, [204].
• Archæological Ages, 1400 b.c., a date in British history, [106].
• — — "Broad-heads" in Britain and "Long-heads" in Ireland use bronze, [87].
• — — climate in Upper Palæolithic, [14].
• — — Egyptian and Babylonian relics in Neolithic Spain, [96].
• — — Egyptian Empire beads associated with bronze industry in south-western England, [104], [105] (ill.), [106].
• — — few intrusions between Bronze and Iron Ages, [109].
• — — in humorous art, [1].
• — — "Stone Age" man not necessarily a savage, [2].
• Archæological Ages, influences of Neanderthal and Crô-Magnon races, [12].
• — — Irish sagas and, [119].
• — — bronze and iron swords, [119].
• — — Lord Avebury's system, [8].
• — — Neolithic industry introduced by metal workers in Spain, [95], [99].
• — — relations of Neanderthal and Crô-Magnon races, [14], [15], [16].
• — — "Transition Period" longer than "Neolithic Age", [61].
• — — Western European metals reached Mesopotamia between 3000 b.c. and 2000 b.c., [99], [100]. See also Palæolithic and Neolithic.
• Archæology, stratification theory, [11], [12].
• Argentocoxus, the Caledonian, [112].
• Armenoid (Alpine) races, early movements of, [56].
• Armenoids in Britain, [222].
• — intrusions of, in Europe, [126].
• — partial disappearance of, from Britain, [127].
• Armlets, in graves, [158].
• Arrow, the fiery, and goddess Brigit, [188].
• Arrows, Azilians introduced, into Europe, [55].
• — as symbols of deity, [51].
• Art, ancient man caricatured in modern, [1].
• Artemis, bee and butterfly connected with, [193].
• — myth of the Scottish, [174], [197].
• Arthur, King, Celtic myth attached to, [198].
• Arthur's Seat, Edinburgh, night-shining gem of, [160].
• — — giant of, [131], and also note [98].
• Aryans, The, [123].
• Astronomy in Ancient Britain and Ireland, [175], and also note [162].
• — Welsh and Gaelic names of constellations, [203].
• Atlantis, The Lost, [70].
• Atrebates, The, in Britain, [128].
• Augustine of Canterbury, Pope Gregory's letter, [176].
• — — Canterbury temple occupied by, [177].
• Augustonemeton (shrine of Augustus), [159].
• Aurignac, Crô-Magnon cave-tomb of, [20], [22].
• Aurignacian, African source of culture called, [27], [35].
• — custom of smearing bodies with red earth, [27].
• — animism and goddess worship, [178].
• — influence in Britain, [19], [216].
• — burial customs, [45].
• — cave hand-prints, [47].
• — "Combe-Capelle" man, [25].
• — Brüx and Brünn race, [26].
• — Crô-Magnons and, [14].
• — culture of Crô-Magnon grotto, [23], [24].
• — heart as seat of life, [32].
• — green stone symbolism, [33].
• — Indian Ocean shell at Grimaldi, [36].
• — Magdalenians and, [52].
• — the Mother-goddess, [42], [178].
• — Egyptian milk and shells link, [43].
• — "Tama" belief, [44].
• — origin of term, [22].
• — pre-Agricultural, [213].
• — Proto-Solutrean influence on, [49].
• — no trace of, in Hungary, [50].
• Aurignacian Age, [13].
• Aurignacian implements [21] (ill.).
• Australian natives, Neanderthal man and, [9].
• Avalon (Apple land), the Celtic Paradise, [144].
• Avebury, megaliths of, [82].
• — — burial customs, [171].
• Axe, Chellean [14] (ill.).
• — double, as "god-body", [50].
• — Glasgow and Spanish green-stone axes, [97].
• — as religious object, [77].
• Axes, Neolithic, distribution of population and, [82], [84].
• — Neolithic, mathematical skill in manufacture of, [4].
• Aynia, Irish fairy queen, [201].
• Azilian culture, [62].
• — — artifacts, [13].
• — — English Channel land-bridge crossed by carriers of, [58], [67], [69].
• Azilian culture, Iberian carriers of, [216].
• — — pre-Agricultural, [213].
• — — rock paintings, [55].
• — — customs of, revealed in art, [55].
• — — script used, [56].
• — — in Scotland and England, [58], [60].
• — boats, [75].
• Azilians in Britain, [70], [125].
• Babylonia, goddess of, in Neolithic Spain, [96].
• — influence of, in Asia Minor and Syria, [95].
• — influence of culture of, [212].
• — influence of, in Britain, [218].
• — knowledge of European metal-fields in, [99].
• — religious ideas of, in Britain, [154].
• Baptism, milk and honey used in, [152].
• Barley, cultivation of, [5].
• — the Egyptian, reaches Britain, [84], [85].
• Basket-making, relation of, to pottery and knitting, [6].
• Beads, as "adder stones" and "Druid's gems", [163].
• — Egyptian blue beads in England, [104], [105] (ill.), [106].
• — Egyptian, in Britain, [211].
• Bede, on jet symbolism, [164].
• Bee, connection of, with Artemis and fig tree, [193].
• — as soul form in legends, [193].
• Bees, connection of, with maggot soul form, [102].
• — "Telling the bees" custom, [103], [193].
• Belatucadros, a Gaulish Mars, [207].
• Belgæ, The, in Britain, [128].
• Belisama, goddess of Mersey, [206].
• Beltain festival, fires at, [191].
• Berries, fire in, [181].
• — life substance in, [206].
• — "the luck", [180].
• — salmon and red, [183].
• Berry charms, [47].
• Birds, butterfly as "bird of god", [191].
• — Celtic deities as, [195].
• Birds, language of, Druids and wren, [145].
• — language of, in India, [151].
• — language of, St. Columba and, [146].
• — oyster catcher and wood linnet as birds of goddess Bride, [187].
• — swan form of soul, [190].
• — taboo in Ancient Britain, [201].
• — taboo in Highlands, [201].
• — tom-tit, robin, wren, and apple cults, [204].
• — wren as king of, [186].
• Black Annis, Irish Anu (Danu) and, [198].
• —Leicestershire hag-deity, [195], [196].
• Black Demeter, [196].
• Black goddesses, Greek and Scottish, [164].
• Black Kali, Indian goddess, [196].
• Black Pig, Devil as, [200].
• Black Sow, Devil as, [200].
• Blood Covenant, [152].
• Boadicea, [162], [227].
• — (Boudicca), Queen, [114].
• — Iceni tribe of, [128].
• Boann, the goddess, [202].
• Boar, Adonis and Diarmid slain by, [197].
• — in Orkney, [129].
• — salmon and porpoise as, [182].
• Boar god on British and Gaulish coins, [162].
• — — connection of, with amber, [161].
• — — the Gaulish, [197].
• — — Mars as, [197].
• — — The Inverness, [129], [155] (ill.).
• Boats, ancient migrations by sea, [92].
• — axe of Clyde boat, [77].
• — Himilco's references to skin-boats, [77].
• — sea-worthiness of skin-boats, [77].
• — how sea-sense was cultivated, [78].
• — Veneti vessels, [78].
• — Azilian-Tardenoisians and Maglemosians required, [69].
• — Britain reached by, before last land movement ceased, [72].
• — Perth dug-out, under carse clays, [72].
• Boats, Forth and Clyde dug-outs, [72].
• — dug-outs not the earliest, [72], [73].
• — Ancient Egyptian papyri and skin-boats, [73].
• — "seams" and "skins" of, [74].
• — Egyptian models in Europe and Asia, [74].
• — religious ceremonies at construction of dug-outs, [74].
• — Polynesian, dedicated to gods, [74].
• — earliest Egyptian, [74].
• — Britons and Veneti, [224].
• — Celtic pirates, [136].
• — earliest, in Britain, [218].
• — early builders of, [6].
• — Easterners exported ores by, from Western Europe, [99].
• — Egyptian barley carried by early seafarers to Britain, [84].
• — exports from early Britain, [104].
• — Glasgow discoveries of ancient, [75], [76].
• — cork plug in Glasgow boat, [75], [76].
• — invention of, [72].
• — oak god and skin boats, [153].
• — outrigger at Glasgow, [76].
• — ancient Clyde clinker-built boat, [76].
• — Aberdeenshire dug-out, [76].
• — Sussex, Kentish, and Dumfries finds of, [77].
• — Brigg boat, [77].
• — Pictish, [136].
• — pre-Roman British, [224].
• — similar types in Africa and Scandinavia [75] (ill.).
• — why early seafarers visited Britain, [80], [81].
• Bodies painted for religious reasons, [28].
• Boers, the mouse cure of, [187], and also note[172].
• Bone implements, [82].
• — — Magdalenians favoured, [52].
• Bonfires, at Pagan festivals, [181].
• Borvo, the Gaulish Apollo, [207].
• Bows and arrows, Azilians introduced, into Europe, [55].
• Boyne, River goddess of, [202].
• Boyne, The "white cow", [206].
• Bran, the god and saint, [202].
• Bride, The goddess, Bird of, and Page of, [187]. — — dandelion as milk-yielding plant of, [187].
• — serpent of, as "daughter of Ivor" and the "damsel", [187], [188]. See Brigit.
• — Saint, Goddess Bride and, [188].
• Bride's Day, [187].
• Bride wells, [188].
• Brigantes, blue shields of, [173].
• — Brigit (Bride) goddess of, [187].
• — territory occupied by, [188].
• — in England, Scotland, and Ireland, [128], [188].
• Brigit, Dagda and, [202].
• — as "fiery arrow", [188].
• — the goddess (also Bride), Brigantes and, [187].
• — three forms of, [188], [195].
• — as hag or girl, [195].
• Britain, Stone Age man in, [1].
• — early races in, [16].
• — date of last land movement in, [18].
• Briton, "cloth clad", [119].
• Britons, the, Cruithne of Ireland were, [131], [132].
• — chief people in ancient England, Ireland, and Scotland, [132].
• Brittany, Easterners in, [100].
• Bronze, Celts and, [106].
• — Gaelic gods connected with, [102].
• — knowledge of, introduced into Britain by traders, [101].
• — British, same as Continental, [101].
• — Spanish Easterners displaced by carriers of, [221].
• Bronze Age, The Archæological, British "broad-heads" and Irish "long-heads" as bronze users, [87].
• — — French forms in Britain and Spanish in Ireland, [88].
• — — conquest theory, [88].
• — — prospectors discovered metals in Britain, [89].
• — — how metals were located, [89].
• — — bronze carriers reached Spain from Central Europe, [96].
• — — carriers of bronze earliest settlers in Buchan, Aberdeenshire, [111].
• Bronze Age, Celtic horse-tamers as bronze carriers, [111].
• — — carriers expel Easterners from Spain, [100], [101].
• — — Druidism and, [149].
• — — Egyptian relics of, [104].
• — — relics of [113] (ill.).
• Bronze industry, fibulæ and clothing, [119].
• Brünn and Brüx races, [50].
• — — skull caps, [25], [26].
• Brut, The, reference in, to Apollo's temple, [177].
• Bull, rivers and, [206].
• Bulls, The Sacred, [155] (ill.).
• — sacrifice of, in Ross-shire in seventeenth century, [148].
• Burial Customs, Avebury evidence regarding, [171].
• — — body painting, [27].
• — — Seven Sleepers myth, [29].
• — — British Pagan survivals, [17].
• — — Crô-Magnon Aurignacian, in Wales, [19].
• — — doctrine of Cardinal Points and, [168], [170].
• — — Egyptian pre-dynastic customs, [170].
• — — food for the dead, [158].
• — — urns in graves, [158].
• — — green stones in mouths of Crô-Magnon dead, [33].
• — — Egyptian and American use of green stones, [33], [34].
• — — long-barrow folk in England, [82].
• — — milk offerings to dead, [148].
• — — in Neolithic Britain, [86].
• — — Palæolithic, [158].
• — — "Round Barrow" folk, [87].
• — — Shakespeare's reference to Pagan, [45].
• — — Crô-Magnon rites, [45].
• — — shell and other ornaments, [36].
• — — short-barrow and cremation intruders, [104].
• — — solar aspect of ancient British, [170].
• — — Welsh ideas about destiny of soul, [144].
• — — why dead were cremated, [109], [110], [111].
• Butterfly, connection of, with jade and soul in China, [193].
• — connection with plum tree in China and honeysuckle in Scotland, [193].
• — as fire god in Gaelic, [191].
• — Gaelic names of, [191].
• — goddess Freyja and, [192].
• — Psyche as, [192].
• — as Italian soul form, [192].
• — Serbian witches and, [192].
• — Burmese soul as, [193].
• — Mexican soul and fire god as, [194].
• Byzantine Empire, The, Chinese lore from, [160].
• Cailleach, The, [174], [197]. See Artemis.
• Caithness, the "cat" country, [130].
• Caledonians, The, [129].
• — Celtic tribal name of, [112].
• — personal names of, [112].
• — clothing of, [119].
• — the Picts and, [130].
• — Romans and, [224].
• — Tacitus's theory regarding, [137].
• Calendar, the Gaelic, [198].
• Calgacus, [112].
• Callernish stone circle, [94].
• Calton (hazel grove), [150].
• Camulos, god of Colchester, [207].
• Canoes. See Boats.
• Canterbury Pagan temple, St. Augustine used, [177].
• Cantion, the, Kent tribe, [128].
• Cardinal Points, doctrine of, [145], [168].
• — — south as road to heaven, [145], and also note [114].
• — — Gaelic colours of, [168].
• — — goddesses and gods come from their own, [173].
• — — giants of north and fairies of west, [173].
• — — in modern burial customs, [171].
• — — "sunwise" and "withershins", [172], and also note [159].
• Carnonacæ Carini, the, [129].
• Carthage, Britain and, [229].
• — British and Spanish connection with, [107].
• — megalithic monuments and, [149].
• Carthage, trade of, with Britain, [114].
• Cassiterides, The, [98].
• — Carthagenians' trade with, [114].
• — Pytheas and, [115].
• — Crassus visits, [116].
• — exports and imports of, [104].
• — Œstrymnides of Himilco and, [116].
• — the Hebrides and, [117].
• Cat, the Big, [196].
• — as goddess, [154].
• — pear tree and, [196].
• Cat-Anna, Leicestershire hag-goddess, [195].
• Cat goddess of Egypt, [196].
• Cat stone, [196].
• Cats, the, peoples of Shetland, Caithness, and Sutherland as, [129], [130].
• — witches as, [196].
• Caturix, the Gaulish god, [207].
• Catuvellauni, The, in England, [128].
• Cauldron. See Pot.
• Cauldron, the Celtic, [90], [91].
• — — Welsh goddess of, [204].
• — of Dagda, [202].
• — Holy Grail and, [205].
• — myth of, [205].
• Celts, Achæans and, [111].
• — as carriers of La Tène culture, [112].
• — confederacies formed by, [112].
• — as conquerors of earlier settlers in Britain and Ireland, [107].
• — as military aristocrats in Britain, [107].
• — conquests of, [111].
• — Etruscans overcome by, [112].
• — Sack of Rome, [112].
• — Danube valley and Rhone valley trade routes controlled by, [114].
• — as pig rearers and pork curers, [114], [223].
• — destiny of soul, [144]. See Soul.
• — displacement theory regarding, [137].
• — earlier fair folks in Britain, [125].
• — ethnics of, [112].
• — the fair in Britain and Ireland, [227].
• — fair queens of, [112].
• — gold and silver offered to deities by, [80].
• Celts, Maglemosians and, [138].
• — origin of, obscure, [222].
• — as Fair Northerners, [222].
• — Pictish problem, [130]. See Picts.
• — as pirates, [136].
• — references to clothing of, [119].
• — British breeches, [119].
• — settlement of, in Asia Minor, [112].
• — Tacitus on the Caledonians, &c., [137].
• — Teutons and, [125].
• — Iberians and, [125].
• — Teutons did not exterminate, in England, [227].
• — early Christian influence of, [228].
• — theory of extermination of, in Britain, [122].
• — as traders in Britain, [107].
• — and transmigration of souls, [143].
• — tribes of, in ancient Britain, [128].
• — tribal rivalries of, in Britain, [119].
• — westward movement of, [214].
• Celtic art, Ægean affinities, [118], [119].
• — cauldron, [205], [206].
• — gods, connection of, with metals, [102].
• Cenn Cruach, Irish god, [102], [103].
• Cereals, [5].
• Cerones, Creones, the, [129].
• Chancelade Man, [53].
• Chariots, in pre-Roman Britain, [119].
• Charms, hand-prints, horse-shoes, and berries as, [47].
• — herbs and berries as, [167].
• — lore of, [157] et seq. See Shells, Necklaces, Pearls.
• — otter skin charm, [189].
• Chellean culture, [13].
• — — artifacts of, [13], [14].
• — Coup de Poing [14] (ill.).
• Children sacrificed, [174].
• China, butterfly soul of, [193].
• Chinese dragon, Scottish Bride serpent and, [188], [189].
• Churchyards, Pagan survivals, [171].
• Cocidius, a Gaulish Mars, [207].
• Cockle-shell elixir, in Japan and Scotland, [40], [41].
• — — in Crete, [41].
• Coinage, ancient British, [223].
• Colour symbolism, black and white goddesses, [164].
• — — blue artificial shells, [173].
• — — blue shields of Brigantes, [173].
• — — blue as female colour, [173].
• — — blue as fishermen's mourning colour, [173].
• — — blue stone raises wind, [172].
• — — body paint used by Neolithic industry peoples, [82].
• — — Celtic root glas as colour term, and in amber, &c., [162], [163].
• — — coloured pearls favoured, [168].
• — — coloured races and coloured ages, [121], [124].
• — — coloured stones as amulets, [80].
• — — Dragon's Eggs, [173].
• — — enamel colours, [165].
• — — four colours of Aurignacian hand impressions in caves, [47].
• — — Gaelic colours of seasons, [169].
• — — Gaelic colours of winds and of Cardinal Points, [168].
• — — green stones used by Crô-Magnon, Ancient Egyptian, and pre-Columbian American peoples, [33], [34].
• — — how prospectors located metals by rock colours, [89].
• — — Irish rank colours, [173], and also note [160].
• — — jade tongue amulets in China, [34].
• — — luck objects, [165].
• — — lucky and unlucky colours, [157].
• — — painted vases in Neolithic Spain, [96].
• — — painting of god, [174].
• — — red berries as "fire berries", [181].
• — — red berries, [31].
• — — Greek gods painted red, [31].
• — — Indian megaliths painted, [32].
• — — Chinese evidence, [32].
• — — red earth devoured, [32].
• — — Ruadh (red) means "strong" in Gaelic, [32].
• Colour symbolism, red and blue supernaturals in Wales, [158].
• — — red body paint in Welsh Aurignacian cave burial, [20].
• — — red earth and blood, [167].
• — — herbs and berries, [167].
• — — red jasper as blood of goddess, [45].
• — — red stone in Aurignacian cave tomb, [46].
• — — shells coloured, in Mentone cave, [46].
• — — Red symbolism, [31].
• — — red blood and red fire, [31], [32].
• — — blood as food of the dead, [32].
• — — red souls in "Red Land", [32].
• — — red woman as goddess, [45].
• — — scarlet-yielding insect, [152].
• — — sex colours, [170].
• — — significance of wind colours, [174].
• — — Solutrean flint-offerings coloured red, [50].
• — — white serpent, [188].
• — — why Crô-Magnon bodies were smeared with red earth, [27].
• — — Woad dye, [163].
• Columba, Saint, Christ as his Druid, [146].
• "Combe-Capelle" man, [25], [26], [36].
• — — shells worn by, [46].
• Con-chobar, dog god and, [66].
• Copper, axe of, in Scotland, [219].
• — in Britain, [91].
• — difficult to find and work in Britain, [95].
• — Easterners worked, in Spain, [97], [98].
• — as variety of gold, [80].
• — offered to water deity, [174].
• Coral, enamel and, [162].
• — as "life-giver" (margan), [161].
• — as "life substance", [80].
• — Megalithic people searched for, [93].
• — symbolism of, [221].
• — use of, in Britain, [164], [165].
• — enamel as substitute for, [165].
• Cormorants, Celtic deities as, [195].
• Cornavii, The, in England and Scotland, [129].
• Cornwall, Damnonians in, [89].
• Cow, The Sacred, in Britain and Ireland, [152], [154], [195], [206].
• — connected with River Boyne, [206].
• — Damŏna, Celtic goddess of cattle, [208].
• — Indian, and milk-yielding trees, [151].
• — Morrigan as, [195].
• — The Primeval, in Egypt, [149].
• — white, sacred in Ireland, [152].
• Cranes, Celtic deities as, [195].
• Cremation, in Britain, [127].
• — significance of, [109].
• Cresswell caves, Magdalenian art in, [53].
• Cromarty, night-shining gem of, [160].
• Crom Cruach, Irish god, [102]; children sacrificed to, [174].
• — — as maggot god, [102].
• Crô-Magnon, animism, [178].
• Crô-Magnon Grotto, discovery of, [23].
• — — skeletons in, [23].
• Crô-Magnon Races, advent of, in Europe, [12].
• — — ancestors of "modern man", [10], [11].
• — — archæological horizon of, [9].
• — — Aurignacian culture of the, [14].
• — — Brüx and Brünn types different from, [26].
• — — burial customs of, [45].
• — — cultural influence of, on Neanderthals, [14].
• — — discovery of Crô-Magnon grotto skeletons, [23].
• — — first discovery of traces of, in France, [20].
• — — history of modern man begins with, [26].
• — — as immigrants from Africa, [35].
• — — Indian Ocean shell at Mentone, [36], [37].
• — — inventive and inquiring minds of, [27].
• — — Magdalenian culture stage of, [53].
• — — domestication of horse, [53].
• — — modern representatives of, [122].
• Crô-Magnon Races, Mother-goddess of, [42].
• — — "Tama" belief, [44].
• — — not in Hungary, [50].
• — — "Red Man" of Wales, [19].
• — — Red Sea shells imported by, [210].
• — — history of, [210].
• — — relations of, with Neanderthal man, [14].
• — — in Wales, [19].
• — — sea-shell necklace [39] (ill.).
• — — trade of, in shells, [40].
• — — tall types, [24].
• — — high cheek-bones of, [25].
• — — tallest types in Riviera, [35], [36].
• Crô-Magnon skulls [24] (ill.).
• Crô-Magnons, Azilian intruders and, [62].
• — heart as seat of life, among, [32].
• — in Britain, [67], [125], [216].
• — English Channel land-bridge crossed by, [67].
• — hand-prints and mutilation of fingers, [47].
• — modern Scots and, [137].
• — Selgovæ and, [139].
• Crow, and goddess of grove and sky, [160].
• Crows, Celtic deities as, [195].
• Cruithne, in Ireland, [224].
• — the Irish, not Picts, [132].
• — the Q-Celtic name of Britons, [132].
• Cuchullin, and Scotland, [224].
• — dog god and, [64].
• — goddess Morrigan and, [195].
• — his knowledge of astronomy, [175], and also note [162].
• — pearls in hair of, [163].
• Dagda, the god, [202].
• — connection with oak and fire, [202].
• — cauldron of, [202].
• — Thor and, [202].
• — a giant-slayer, [202].
• Damnonians. See Dumnonii.
• — an early Celtic "wave", [107].
• — Fomorians as gods of, [198].
• — settlements of, in metal-yielding areas, [89].
• Damona, Celtic goddess of cattle, [208].
• Danann deities, [201].
• — — not in Scotland, [199].
• — — talismans of, [205].
• — — Japanese talismans, [205].
• — — war against Fomorians, [198].
• — — Welsh "Children of Don" and, [203].
• Dandelion, as milk-yielding plant of goddess Bride, [187].
• Danes, in Britain, [126].
• Dante, moon called "eternal pearl" by, [159].
• Danu, the goddess, [198].
• Danube valley trade route, [114].
• Danubian culture in Central Europe, [96].
• — — Celts as carriers of, [111], [112].
• Decantæ, The, [129].
• Deer, as goddess, [154].
• Demetæ, The, in Wales, [129].
• Demeter, The black, [196].
• Demons, dogs as enemies of, [65].
• Derbyshire, Magdalenian art in, [53].
• Deva, Devona, Dee, Rivers, [206].
• Devil as "Big Black Pig" in Scotland, [200].
• — as Black Sow in Wales, [200].
• — as pig, goat, and horse, [191].
• Devon, Damnonians in, [89].
• — Magdalenian art in, [54].
• Diamond, The night-shining, [160].
• Diana of the Ephesians, fig tree and, [193].
• Diancecht, Irish god of healing, [202].
• Diarmid, Gaelic Adonis, [197].
• Diodorus Siculus, on gold mining, [90].
• — — reference to British temple to Apollo, [177].
• Disease, deity who sends also withdraws, [179].
• — ancient man suffered from, [2].
• — "Yellow Plague", [2].
• Dog, The Big, god Indra as, [196].
• — The Sacred, [154], [155] (ill.).
• — taboo to Cuchullin, [154], and also note [133]. See Dogs.
• Dogger Bank, ancient plateau, [68].
• — — animal bones, &c., from, [57], [61].
• — — Island, [69].
• Dog gods, [64].
• Dogs, children transformed into, [190].
• — domesticated by Maglemosians, [57], [63].
• — religious beliefs regarding, [63].
• — early man's dependence on, [65].
• — in ancient Britain and Ireland, [66].
• — in warfare, [66].
• — exported from Britain in first century a.d., [114].
• Dog Star, The, [64].
• Dolmen, The. See Megalithic monuments.
• Domnu, tribal goddess of Damnonians, [90].
• Don, the Children of, [203].
• Doves, Celtic deities as, [195].
• Dragon, Bride's Scottish serpent charm and Chinese charm, [188].
• — Hebridean, [190].
• — Irish, and the salmon, [182].
• — otter and, [189].
• — on sculptured stone, [155] (ill.).
• — luck pearls of, [184].
• — stones as eggs of, [173].
• Dragon-mouth Lake, The Irish, [183].
• Dragon Slayers, the, Druids and, [145].
• Druid Circle, the Inverness, [220].
• Druidism, [140].
• — belief in British origin of, [142].
• — doctrines absorbed by, [222].
• — eastern origin of, [149].
• — in ancient Spain, [149].
• — Pliny on Persian religion and, [143], and also note [111].
• — oak cult, [145].
• — tree cults and, [141].
• Druids, in Anglesea, [103].
• — human sacrifices of, [103].
• — "Christ is my Druid", [146].
• — the collar of truth, [146].
• — connection of, with megalithic monuments, [103], [154].
• — and oak, [141].
• — classical references to, [141].
• — "Druid's gem", [163].
• — evidence of, regarding races in Gaul, [100].
• — Tacitus on Anglesea Druids, [147].
• — temples of, [177].
• — "True Thomas" (the Rhymer) as "Druid Thomas", [146].
• — sacred salmon and, [182].
• Druids, salmon and dragon myth, [182].
• — star lore of, [175].
• — Kentigern of Glasgow as Christian Druid, [185].
• — wren connection, [145].
• — soothsayers, [145], [146].
• Dug-out canoes, origin of, [72]. See Boats.
• Dumnogeni, The, in Yarrow inscription, [89].
• Dumnonii, [128]. See Damnonians.
• — Fomorians as gods of, [198].
• — Silures and, [129].
• Dunatis, Gaulish Mars, [207].
• Durotriges, in Britain and Ireland, [128].
• Dwyn, St., formerly a goddess, [204].
• Dwynwen, British Venus, [204].
• Eagle, the Sacred, [155] (ill.).
• — wren and, in myth, [186].
• Ear-rings, as solar symbols, [165].
• East, The, "Evil never came from", [168]. See Cardinal Points.
• Easterners, colonies of, in Spain and Portugal, [95], [100], [211], [218], [229].
• — descendants of, in Britain, [118].
• — displacement of, in Spain, [100], [221].
• — Druidism introduced into Europe by, [149].
• — as exploiters of Western Europe, [98].
• — settlements of, in France and Etruria, [100].
• — in Hebrides, [139].
• — influence of, in Britain and Ireland, [221].
• — iron industry and, [107].
• — not all of one race, [107].
• — Neolithic industry of, [214].
• — in touch with Britain at 1400 b.c., [106].
• — in Western Europe, [218], [229].
• Eel, Morrigan as, [195].
• Eels, as "devil fish" in Scotland, [190].
• — tabooed in Scotland, [199].
• Eggs, Dragons', stones as, [173].
• Egypt, alabaster flasks, &c., from, in Neolithic Spain, [96].
• — artificial shells in, [41], [173].
• — barley of, carried to Europe, [84].
• — black and white goddesses of, [164].
• — blue beads from, in England, [104], [105] (ill.), [106], [211].
• — Cat goddess of, [196].
• — culture of, transferred with barley seeds, [212].
• — "Deathless snake" of, and Scottish serpent, [188].
• — dog-headed god of, [64].
• — earliest sailing ship in, [74].
• — earliest use of gold in, [80].
• — malachite charms in, [80].
• — flint sickles of, [4].
• — furnaces and crucibles of, in Western Europe, [101].
• — Hathor and Aphrodite, [38].
• — shell amulets in early graves in, [39].
• — Isis as "Old Wife", [181], and also note [166].
• — gods in weapons, [51].
• — gold in, [90], [93].
• — gold diadem from, in Spanish Neolithic tomb, [98].
• — gold models of shells in, [41].
• — green stone symbolism, [33].
• — Hathor as milk goddess, [149].
• — history of agriculture in, [210].
• — ideas regarding soul in, [103].
• — influence of, in Asia Minor and Europe, [95].
• — influence of, in Britain, [218].
• — invention of boats in, [72].
• — ivory from, found in Spain, [96]·
• — Ka and serpent, [189].
• — milk elixir in Pyramid Texts, [43].
• — milk goddess of, in Scotland, [221].
• — Mother Pot of, and Celtic cauldron, [206].
• — Osirian Underworld Paradise, [143].
• — pork taboo in, [201].
• — annual sacrifice of pigs in Scotland and, [201].
• — Post-Glacial forests of, [15].
• — pre-dynastic burial customs, [170].
• — sex colours in, [170].
• Egypt, proto-Egyptians and British Iberians, [126].
• — red jasper as "Blood of Isis", [45].
• — "Red Souls" in "Red Land", [32].
• — why gods of, were painted, [32].
• — religious ideas of, in Britain, [154], [201], [206], [218], [221].
• — stones, pearls, metals, &c., and deities of, [80].
• — symbols of, in Celtic art, [118].
• — transmigration of souls, [143].
• Elk, on Dogger Bank, [57], [68].
• Elm, [221].
• Enamel, [224].
• — British, the finest, [225].
• — coral and, [162].
• — as substitute for coral, [165].
• — turquoise, lapis lazuli, white amber and, [165].
• Enamels, colours of the British, [226].
• Eoliths, [13], [26].
• Epidii, The, [129].
• Epŏna, Celtic goddess of horses, [208].
• Eskimo, the Chancelade skull, [53].
• — Magdalenian art of, [53].
• Etruscans, [149].
• — Celts as conquerors of, [112].
• — civilization of, origin of, [100].
• European metal-yielding areas, [99].
• Evil Eye, The, shells as protection against, [39].
• Fairies, associated with the west,
• — dogs as enemies of, [65].
• — on eddies of western wind, [173].
• — Greek nereids and, [173].
• — Fomorians (giants) at war with, [198].
• — goddess as "fairy woman", [207].
• — shell boat of, [207].
• — Irish "queens" of, [201].
• — as milkers of deer, [154].
• — as "the mothers" in Wales, [206].
• — Picts and, [131], and also note [98].
• — Scottish "Nimble Men" and "Blue Men", [208].
• Fairies, as supernatural beings, [201], and also note [192].
• Fairy dogs, [64].
• Fairyland, as Paradise, [144].
• — Thomas the Rhymer in Paradise of, [146].
• Fata Morgana, [161].
• Fauna, Post-Glacial, in Southern and Western Europe, [14].
• Festus Avienus, [116].
• Figs, hazel-nuts and, [151].
• Fig milk, [149].
• — trees, bees and wasps fertilize, [193].
• — tree, Diana of the Ephesians and, [193].
• Finger charms, [47].
• Finger-mutilation, Aurignacian custom, [47].
• — Australian, Red Indian, and Scottish customs, [47].
• Fir, The Sacred, [179].
• Fir-bolgs, The, [188].
• — as miners, [90], and also note [65].
• — as slaves, [90].
• — Celts as subduers of, [107].
• — subject peoples called, [223].
• Fir-domnan, [90], and also note [65].
• Fir-domnann, [118].
• — Fomorians as gods of, [198]. See Damnonians and Dumnonii.
• Fire, Beltain need fires, [191].
• — Brigit and, [188].
• — butterfly as god of, in Gaelic, [191].
• — God Dagda and, [202].
• — goddess and, [163].
• — Mexican god of, as butterfly, [193].
• — pool fish and, [182].
• — salmon and, [183].
• — Scottish goddess of, [181].
• — in red berries, [181].
• — in St. Mungo myth, [186].
• — from trees, [180].
• — lightning and, [181].
• — worshipped in ancient Britain, [147].
• Fire-sticks, The, [180].
• "Fire water" as "water of life", [181].
• Fish taboo, [201].
• Flax, Stone Age people cultivated, [5].
• Flint, as god, [51].
• Flints, in Aurignacian cave-tomb, [45].
• — as offerings to deity, [50].
• Flint deposits, English, [81].
• — — early peoples settled beside, [81].
• — — river-drift man in England near, [81].
• Flint industry, Tardenoisian microliths used by Maglemosians, [57].
• — working, ancient English flint factories, [82].
• — — Aurignacian, [13], [14]. See Palæolithic.
• — — Aurignacian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian implements [21] (ill.).
• — — Chellean coup de poing [14] (ill.).
• — — "Combe-Capelle" man's, [25].
• — — early English trade in worked flints, [81].
• — — eastern influence in Neolithic industry, [214].
• — — Egyptian origin of Spanish Neolithic industry, [97].
• — — the evolution theory, [99].
• — — Hugh Miller's and Andrew Lang's theories regarding, [11].
• — — Neanderthal and pre-Neanderthal, [12].
• — — Neolithic saws or sickles, [4].
• — — Palæolithic and Neolithic, [212].
• — — Tardenoisian microliths or "pygmy flints", [54], [55] (ill.).
• — — proto-Solutrean and "true" Solutrean, [49].
• Flint-god, the Solutrean, [51].
• — Zeus and Thor as, [51].
• Foam, as milk, [151].
• Fomorians, duels of, in Scotland, [199].
• — as gods of Dumnonii, [198].
• — Neit as war god, [202].
• — Nemon as goddess of, [202].
• — war of, with fairies, [198], [199].
• Fowl taboo in ancient Britain, [201].
• Freyja, Scandinavian Venus, [161].
• — pearls, amber, &c., as tears of, [161].
• Furfooz man, [56].
• Gaelic Calendar, [198].
• Galatia, Celts in, [112].
• Galley Hill man, [26].
• Gaul, Celts of, in Roman army, [127].
• — early inhabitants of, [100].
• — refugees from sea-invaded areas in, [70].
• Gaulish gods, [207].
• Gems, "Druid's gem", [163].
• — night-shining, [160].
• — as soul-bodies, [44].
• Geological Ages, breaking of North Sea and English Channel land-bridges, [69].
• — — confusion regarding, in modern art, [1].
• — — date of last land movement, [100].
• — — megalithic monuments submerged, [100].
• — — early boats and, [72].
• — — England in Magdalenian times, [54].
• — — sixth glaciation and race movements, [54].
• — — England sinking when Scotland was rising, [71].
• — — last land movement, [70], [100].
• — — horizon of Crô-Magnon races, [26].
• — — Pleistocene fauna in Europe, [14].
• — — Archæological Ages and, [14].
• — — Post-Glacial and the early Archæological, [13], [14], [15].
• — — theories of durations of, [16], [17], [18].
• Giants, associated with the north, [173].
• — (Fomorians) as gods, [198].
• — war of, with fairies, [198].
• — Scottish, named after heroes, [131], and also note [98].
• Glas, as "water", "amber", &c., [162], [163].
• Glasgow, seal of city of, [185].
• Glass, connection of, with goddess, [163].
• — imported into Britain in first century a.d., [114].
• Goat, Devil as, [191].
• God, in stone, [173].
• God-cult, Solutreans and, [51].
• God-cult, stone as god, [51], [173].
• Goddess, Anu (Danu), [198], [201].
• — — as "fairy queen" in Ireland, [201], [202].
• — bird forms of, [195].
• — Black Annis, [195].
• — Black Aphrodite, [164].
• — Black goddess of Scotland, [164].
• — The Blue, [173].
• — Bride (Brigit) and her serpent, [187].
• — Brigit as goddess of healing, smith-work, and poetry, [188].
• — cat forms of, [196].
• — connection of, with amber and swine deities, [161].
• — connection of, with glass, [163].
• — connection of, with grove, sky, pearl, &c., in Celtic religion, [158]-[60], [162],[17]9, [206].
• — animals and plants of, [162].
• — cult animals of, [154], [161], [162], [195], [196], [200].
• — eel and, [200].
• — eel, wolf, &c., forms of, [195].
• — Egyptian milk goddess, [149].
• — Indian milk goddess, [151].
• — Gaulish goddess Ro-smerta, [174].
• — influences of, [179].
• — groups of "mothers", [206].
• — Hebridean "maiden queen", [221].
• — honeysuckle as milk-yielding plant, [193].
• — bee and, [193].
• — luck and, [167].
• — Morrigan comes from north-west, [173].
• — wind goddess from south-west, [173].
• — Scottish Artemis, [174], [196].
• — The Mother, Aurignacians favoured, [51].
• — — connection of, with law and trade, [166].
• — — Crô-Magnon form of, [42], [51].
• — — jasper as blood of, [45].
• — — her life-giving shells, [40].
• — — shell-milk Highland myth, [42].
• — The mother-pot, [205].
• — rivers and, [206].
• — Oriental, in Spain, [220].
• Goddess, pearl, &c., offerings to, [174].
• — precious stones of, [221].
• — Scottish hag goddess, [174], [196].
• — Indian Kali, [196].
• — shell and milk Hebridean goddess, [153].
• Gods, animal forms of, [196].
• — Danann deities, [198].
• — deity who sends diseases withdraws them, [179].
• — influences of, [179].
• — Gaelic references to, [140], [179].
• — Hazel god, [140], [150].
• — Gaelic fire god, [140].
• — "King of the Elements", [179].
• — Romano-Gaulish, [207].
• Goibniu, Irish god and the Welsh Govannan, [203].
• Gold, amber and, [165].
• — coins of, in pre-Roman Britain, [223].
• — deposits of, in Britain and Ireland, [79], [84], [89], [91], [95], [114], [219], [220].
• — mixed with silver in Sutherland, [91].
• — earliest use of, in Egypt, [80].
• — copper used like, [80].
• — Egyptian diadem of, found in Neolithic Spain, [98].
• — in England (map), [83].
• — exported from Britain in first century a.d., [114].
• — finds of, in Scotland, [220].
• — first metal worked, [84].
• — as a "form of the gods", [80].
• — as "fire, light, and immortality", [80].
• — as "life giver", [80].
• — Gaelic god and, [102].
• — Gauls offered, to water deity, [174]·
• — how miners worked, [90].
• — "World Mill" myth, [90].
• — ingot of, from salmon, [184].
• — luck of, [166].
• — no trace of where worked out, [93].
• — not valued by hunting peoples in Europe, [99].
• — offered to deities by Celts, [80].
• — psychological motive for searches for, [94].
• Gold, knowledge and skill of searchers for, in Britain, [95].
• — ring in St. Mungo legend, [185].
• — rod of, at Inverness stone circle, [220].
• — in salmon myths, [183].
• — Scottish deposits of, [89].
• — search for, in Britain, [214], [217].
• — shells imitated in, [41], [80].
• — trade in, [219].
• — as tree, [221].
• Goodwin Sands, [69].
• Goose, taboo in ancient Britain, [201].
• Govannan. See Goibniu.
• Grail, The Holy, [205].
• Grannos, Gaulish Apollo, [207].
• Gregory the Great, letter from, to Mellitus, [176].
• Grimaldi, Indian Ocean shell in Aurignacian cave at, [36].
• Grove, The sacred, Celtic names of, [159]·
• — — Latin "nemus", [159].
• Gwydion, the god, Odin and, [204].
• Hades, dog and,
• Hallowe'en, pig associated with, [200].
• Hallstatt culture, Celts influenced by, [112].
• Hand-prints, in Aurignacian caves, [47]·
• — four colours used, [47].
• — dwellings protected by, in India and Spain, [47].
• — Arabian, Turkish, &c., customs, [47]·
• Hare, taboo in ancient Britain, [201]
• Harpoon, [62].
• — Victoria cave, late Magdalenian or proto-Azilian, [58].
• — finds of, in England and Scotland, [58].
• — Azilians imitated Magdalenian reindeer horn in red deer horn, [56].
• — Magdalenians introduced, [52].
• Hazel, nut of, as fruit of longevity, [144].
• — as god, [150], [179].
• — in early Christian legends, [150].
• — as milk-yielding tree, [150].
• Hazel, as sacred tree, [150].
• — nuts of, as food, [151].
• — palm tree and, [221].
• — The Sacred, [150], [179].
• — connection of, with sky, wells, &c., [179].
• — snakes and, [189].
• — in St. Mungo (St. Kentigern) myth, [186].
• — sacred fire from, [186].
• — Groves, Sacred, "Caltons" were, [150].
• Heart, as seat of life, [154].
• — as seat of life to Crô-Magnons and Ancient Egyptians, [32].
• Heaven as South, [170].
• Hebrides, dark folks in, [138].
• — descendants of Easterners in, [118].
• — "Maiden Queen" of, [221].
• — reroofing custom in, [178].
• — Sea god of, [193].
• — traces of metals in, [117].
• — as the Œstrymnides, [118].
• Heifer, milk of, in honeysuckle, [193].
• Hell, as North. See Cardinal Points.
• Herbs, ceremonial gathering of, [168].
• — life substance in, [206].
• — lore of, [167].
• — from tears of sun god, [181], and also note [167].
• — Silvanus, god of, [207].
• Hills, Gildas on worship of, [176], [178].
• Himilco, voyage of, [116].
• Homer, reference of, to cremation, [110].
• Honey, in baptisms, [152].
• — as life-substance, [193].
• — nut milk and, [150], and also note [120].
• — in "soma" and "mead", [151].
• Honeysuckle, butterfly and, [193].
• — honey and milk of, [193].
• Horn implements, [82].
• — — Magdalenians favoured, [52].
• Horse, Demeter and, [196].
• — domesticated by Azilians, [55].
• — domesticated by Crô-Magnons, [53].
• — eaten in Scotland, [200].
• — Epŏna, Celtic horse goddess, [208].
• Horse, The Sacred, [155] (ill.).
• — god, [129], and also note [96.]
• Horse-shoe charms, [47].
• Hound's Pool, [64].
• Houses, Neolithic, [5].
• Human sacrifices, children as, [174].
• Iberians, Armenoids and,
• — as carriers of Neolithic culture, [126].
• — Celts and, [125].
• — Silurians as, [137].
• Ice, connection of, with amber, &c., [163].
• Ice Age. See Geological Ages.
• Iceni, The, of Essex, [128].
• — boar god of, [162].
• Idols, in ancient Britain, [147], [176].
• — Pope Gregory's reference to ancient English, [176].
• Indo-European theory, [124].
• Indo-Germanic theory, [124].
• Indra, dog and, [64].
• Ireland, as a British island, [132].
• Iron, exported from Britain in first century, a.d., [114].
• Iron Age, Celts in, [112].
• Iron industry, Easterners and, in Western Europe, [107].
• Island of Women, [178].
• Isles of the Blest, Gaelic, [143].
• Ivory, associated with bronze, jet, and Egyptian beads in England, [104].
• — in Crô-Magnon grotto, [23].
• — Egyptian, in Neolithic Spain, [96].
• — imported into Britain in first century a.d., [114].
• — in Welsh cave-tomb, [20].
• Jade, butterfly soul in,
• Japan, the shintai (god body) and Gaelic "soul case", [173].
• — talismans of, and the Irish, [206].
• Jasper, symbolism of, [221].
• Jet, amber and, [164].
• — British and Roman beliefs regarding, [164].
• — as article of trade at 1400 b.c., [106].
• — associated in Stonehenge area with Egyptian blue beads, [104], [105] (ill.), [106].
• Jet, early trade in, [219].
• — early working of, [82].
• — megalithic people searched for, [93]·
• — pearls and amber and, [221].
• Jupiter, The Gaulish, [207].
• — Lapis, [51].
• Jutes, [126].
• — Celts and, [227].
• Kali, the Black,
• Kentigern, St., as Druid, [185].
• — — in salmon and ring legend, [184].
• Kent's Cavern, Magdalenian art in, [54]·
• Kerridiwen, the goddess, cauldron of, [204].
• Knife of deity, [206].
• Knitting, Stone Age people and, [5].
• — relation to basket-making and pottery, [5].
• Lake, the Sacred, goddess and,
• Lanarkshire, Damnonians in, [89].
• Land-bridges, breaking of North Sea and English Channel bridges, [69].
• — Dogger Bank, [57], [61], [67], [68].
• — English Channel, [17], [67].
• — Italian, [14], [35].
• Land movement, the last, [216].
• Language and race, [123], [124], [222].
• Language of birds. See Birds.
• La Tène culture, Celts as carriers of, to Britain, [112].
• Leicestershire, Black Annis, a hag deity of, [195].
• Lewis, Callernish stone circle, [94].
• Lightning, butterfly form of god of, [191].
• — as heavenly fire, [181].
• — and trees, [181].
• Lir, sea god, [202]. See Llyr.
• — sea god, "Shony" and, [194].
• Liver as seat of life in Gaelic, [154], [187].
• — cure from mouse's, [187].
• Lizard as soul-form, [189].
• Lleu, the god, [204].
• Llyr, sea god, [202]. See Lir.
• — the sea god, "Shony" and, [194].
• London, god's name in, [203].
• Love-enticing plants, [168].
• Luck, belief in, [157].
• — berries and, [180].
• — fire as bringer of, [191].
• — lucky and unlucky days, [168].
• — pearls and, [166], [167].
• Lud, god of London, [203].
• — form of, [203].
• Lugh, Celtic god, associated with north-east, [173].
• — Gaelic Apollo, [202].
• Lugi, The, [129].
• Mæatæ, The, Picts and Caledonians and, [130].
• Magdalenian culture, [13].
• — — Azilian and, [62].
• — — Eskimo art and, [53].
• — — in Britain, [53].
• — — origin of, [52].
• — — new implements, [52].
• — — traces of influence of, in Scotland, [60].
• — — Victoria cave reindeer harpoon, [58].
• — cave art revival and progress, [53].
• — implements, [21] (ill.).
• — pre-Agricultural, [213].
• Maggot god, early Christian myth of, [103].
• — — bees and, [103].
• — — Gaelic, [102].
• Magic wands, [146], [191].
• — — Etruscan, French, and Scottish, [100].
• Maglemosian culture, [54], [56].
• — — art and, [57].
• — — Magdalenian influence on, [57].
• — — Siberian origin of, [57].
• — — artifacts and, [13].
• — — in Britain, [125].
• — — Northerners as carriers of, [217].
• — — pre-Agricultural, [213].
• Maglemosians, boats of, [76].
• — animals hunted, [57].
• — land-bridges crossed by, [57].
• — in France and Britain, [58].
• — in Britain, [70].
• — Celts and, [138].
• — Dogger Bank land-bridge crossed by, [57], [67].
• — dogs domesticated by, [63].
• — Tardenoisian microliths used by, [58].
• Malachite charms, [80].
• Mammoth, bones of, from Dogger Bank, [68].
• — evidence that heart was regarded as seat of life, [33] (ill.).
• — in Western Europe, [14]. See Fauna.
• Man, the Red, of Wales, ornaments of, [80].
• Mars, the Gaulish, [207].
• — Greek and Gaulish boar forms of, [197].
• Marsh plants, goddess and, [162].
• Mead, milk and honey in, [151].
• Meave, Queen, [112], [114], [227].
• Mediterranean race in North Africa and Britain, [126].
• — Sea, divided by Italian land-bridge, [14].
• Megalithic culture, Egyptian influence in Britain, &c., [101].
• — monuments, burial customs and, [170].
• — — connection of, with ancient mine workings, &c., [92], [93].
• — — connection of, with metal deposits, [82].
• — — connection of, with sacred groves, [103].
• — — cult animals on Scottish, [155] (ill.).
• — — "cup-marked" stones, [148].
• — — knocking stones, [148].
• — — Gruagach stone, [148].
• — — "cradle stone", [148].
• — — child-getting stones, [148].
• — — distributed along vast seaboard. [91].
• — — searchers for metals, gems, &c., erected, [92].
• — — distribution of, [82], [83] (ill.).
• — — distribution of Scottish, [219].
• — — Druids and, [103], [154].
• — — Easterners and followers of, as builders of, [104], [149].
• — — Egyptian Empire beads and Stonehenge circle, [104], [105] (ill.), [106].
• — — Gaelic gods and, [102].
• — — Gaelic metal symbolism and, [102].
• — — Gaelic name of sacred shrine, [159].
• — — Phœnicians and, [149].
• Megalithic monuments, their relation to exhausted deposits of metals, [94].
• — — problem of Lewis and Orkney circles, [94].
• — — Standing Stones as maidens [147].
• — — Tacitus on Anglesea altars and Druids, [147].
• — — Stonehenge as temple, [177].
• — — Heathen temples and, [178].
• — — stone circle as sun symbol, [170].
• — — stones submerged in Brittany, [100].
• — — Tree Cult and, [220].
• — — worship of stones, [147], [179].
• — — connection of, with trees and wells, [147].
• Mentone, Aurignacian Mother-goddess, [43].
• — Indian Ocean shell in Aurignacian cave at, [36].
• Mersey, the, goddess of, [206].
• Mesopotamia, influence of, in Western Europe, [218].
• — knowledge of European metal fields in, [99].
• Metals, eastern colonists worked, in Spain, [95].
• — Egyptian furnaces and crucibles in Britain, [101].
• — megalithic monuments and deposits of, [82].
• — searchers for, in Britain, [89].
• — searchers for; how prospectors located deposits of gold, &c., [89].
• — traces of, in Scotland, [93].
• Metal symbolism, Gaelic gods and metals, [102]. See Gold, Silver, Copper, and Bronze.
• Metal working, after introduction of bronze working, [106].
• Mictis, tin from, [116].
• Milk, baptisms of, [152].
• — in the blood covenant, [152].
• — children sacrificed for corn and milk, [174].
• — cult animals of milk goddess, [154].
• — dandelion as milk-yielding plant of goddess Bride, [187].
• — in elixirs, [151].
• Milk, "soma" and "mead" and, [151].
• — elm as milk tree, [151].
• — foam as milk, [151].
• — goddess-cow gives healing milk, [195].
• — Hebridean milk goddess, [153], [221].
• — honeysuckle as milk-yielding plant, [193].
• — Indian evidence regarding "river milk" and milk-yielding trees, [151].
• — Irish milk lake, [152].
• — healing baths of, [152].
• — marsh mallows and, [152], and also note [124].
• — mistletoe berries as milk berries, [153].
• — Oblations of, in Ross-shire, [148].
• — offerings of, to dead, [148].
• — elixir, Highland shell-goddess myth, [42].
• — — Egyptian evidence regarding, [43].
• — — prepared from shells in Japan and Scotland, [40].
• — goddess, Hathor as, [149].
• Milky Way, The, [154], [221].
• — — in ancient religion, [150].
• — — in Welsh and Gaelic, [203].
• Mind, heart as, [33].
• Mining, Egyptian methods in Western Europe, [102].
• Mistletoe, as "All Heal", [153], [167].
• — milk berries, [153].
• — trees on which it grows in Britain, [145], and also note [115].
• Modern man, [9]. See Crô-Magnon Races.
• Mogounus, a Gaulish Apollo, [207].
• Moon, Aphrodite as goddess of, [159].
• — Dante refers to, as pearl, [159].
• — Gaels swore by, [148].
• — as "Pearl of Heaven", [159].
• — worship of, in ancient Britain, [147].
• Morgan le Fay, Arthur's pursuit of, [198].
• — — goddess Anu and, [198].
• — — as "life giver", [161].
• Morrigan, The (Irish goddess), Anu and, [198].
• Morrigan, associated with north-west, [173].
• — as the "life giver", [161].
• — forms of, [195].
• Mother goddess. See Goddess.
• Moths as soul forms, [192].
• Mouse, buried under apple tree, [196].
• — hunting of, in Scotland, [187].
• — mouse cures, [187].
• — Scottish supernatural, [187].
• — Apollo and, [179].
• — — mouse feasts, [187].
• — cures, Boers have, [187], and also note [172].
• — feasts in Scotland and the Troad, [187].
• Mousterian Age, [13].
• — — artifacts of, [14].
• — — Neanderthal races of, [14].
• Mungo, St., as Druid, [185], [186].
• — — salmon legend of, [184].
• Navigation. See Boats
• Neanderthal man, Crô-Magnon influence on, [14].
• — — disappearance of, [15], [16], [122].
• — — European climates experienced by, [14].
• — — relations of, with Crô-Magnon races, [14].
• — — first discovery of bones of, [8], [9].
• — — skeleton of, found, [9].
• — — Australian natives and, [9].
• — — description of, [9], [10].
• — — flint working of, [12].
• — — Mousterian artifacts of, [14].
• — — Piltdown man and, [26].
• Necklaces in Crô-Magnon grotto, [23].
• — Crô-Magnon sea shells, [39] (ill.).
• — Egyptian blue beads in British "Bronze Age" necklace, [104], [105] (ill.), [106].
• — as gods, [44].
• — in graves, [158].
• — shell, in Welsh Aurignacian cave-tomb, [20].
• — why worn, [37].
• Need fires, [181].
• — — butterfly and, [191].
• Neit, god of battle, [202].
• Nem, the root in neamh (heaven), neamhnuid (pearl), nemeton (shrine in a grove), nemed (chapel), neimhidh (church-land), nemus (a grove), Nemon (goddess), and Nĕmĕtŏna (goddess), [159], [160].
• Nĕmĕtŏna, British goddess, [159].
• Nemon, the goddess, a Fomorian, [202].
• — Irish goddess, and pearl, heaven, &c., [159].
• Neolithic, chronological problem, [212].
• — Egyptian diadem of gold found in Spanish Neolithic tomb, [98].
• — Egyptian origin of Spanish Neolithic industry, [97], [214].
• — metal workers as flint users, [98].
• — Scottish copper axe problem, [219].
• — why ornaments were worn, [37], [38].
• — Age, transition period longer than, [61].
• — Culture, Iberians as carriers of, [126].
• — Industry, carriers of, attracted to Britain, [78].
• — — distribution of population and, [81]-[4].
• — — "Edge" theory, [61].
• — — Campigny find, [62].
• — — in Ireland, [85].
• — — in Scotland, [85].
• — — Scottish pitch-stone artifacts, [85].
• — — carriers of, not wanderers, [86].
• — — a lost art, [86].
• Nereids, the, fairies and, [173].
• Ness, the River, [206].
• Night-shining gems, [160].
• Norsemen, [126].
• — modern Scots and, [137].
• Northern fair race, [125].
• Northerners, Armenoids and, [127].
• Novantæ, The, [129].
• Nudd, the god, [203].
• Nut, as "soul case", [173].
• Nut-milk, [150].
• — — honey and, as elixir, [150], and also note [120].
• Nuts, life substance in, [206].
• — of longevity, [150].
• Oak, [221].
• — acorn as fruit of longevity, [144].
• — Druids and, [141], [145].
• — Black Annis and, [196].
• — Galatian oak grove and shrine, [159].
• — on Glasgow seal, [185].
• — god of, and seafarers, [153].
• — god Dagda and, [202].
• — the Sacred, [179].
• — use of acorns, [153].
• — in tanning, [153].
• — Spirits, [207].
• Oaths, Sacred, Gaels swore by sun, moon, &c., [148].
• Oban, MacArthur Cave, [58], [217].
• Obsidian artifacts, [86].
• Odin, the dog and, [64].
• — pork feasts of, [144].
• — Welsh Gwydion and, [204].
• Œstrymnides, The, Himilco's tin islands, [116], [118].
• Onyx, same name as pearl in Gaelic, [160].
• Oracles, Druids and, [145].
• Orc (young boar), salmon as, [182].
• Orcs, The Picts as, [201].
• Orkney, boar name of, [129].
• — megalithic remains in, [94].
• — "Sow day" in, [201].
• Ornaments, "adder stones", "Druid gems", &c., [163].
• — jet charms, [164].
• — in Crô-Magnon grotto, [23].
• — as gods or god-cases, [44].
• — in grotto at Aurignac, [22].
• — in Mentone cave-tombs, [45].
• — religious value of, [80], [165].
• — in Welsh Aurignacian cave-tomb, [20].
• — why worn by early peoples, [37], [38].
• Ostrich eggs, found in Spain, [96].
• Otter, skin charm of, [189].
• — as god, [190].
• — as soul-form, [189].
• — the king, [189].
• — jewel of, [189].
• Palæolithic, chronological problem,
• — implements of Upper Palæolithic, [21] (ill.).
• Palæolithic Age, why ornaments were worn, [37], [38].
• — — break in culture of, [12].
• — — origin of term, [8].
• — — races of, [8].
• — — sub-divisions of, [12], [13]. See, Chellean, Acheulian, Mousterian, Aurignacian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian.
• Palm tree, British substitutes for, [221].
• — — cult of, in ancient Spain, [149].
• Paradise, as "Apple land" (Avalon) [144].
• — Celtic ideas regarding, [143].
• — fairyland as, [143].
• — pork feasts in, [144].
• — Welsh ideas regarding, [144].
• — in Border Ballads, [144].
• Parisii, The, in Britain, [128].
• Patrick, St., Pagan myth attached to, [198].
• Paviland cave, Crô-Magnon burial in Welsh, [19].
• Pearl, Aphrodite (Venus) as pearl, [158].
• — as life substance, [80], [158].
• — moon as "Eternal Pearl" in Dante's Inferno, [159].
• — Gaelic name of, [159].
• — nocturnal luminosity of, [160].
• Pearls, British, attracted Romans, [79]·
• — and sacred grove, &c., [159].
• — Cæsar's pearl offering to Venus, [159].
• — in Cuchullin's hair, [163].
• — on Roman emperor's horse, [163].
• — dragons possess, [184].
• — in England (map), [83], [84].
• — fabulous origin of, [161].
• — Irish standard of value a set (pearl), [166].
• — luck of, [166].
• — jet and amber and, [221].
• — as "life substance", [80], [158].
• — as margan (life-giver), [161].
• — as medicine in India, [41].
• — searched for by megalithic people, [92].
• — soul in, [206].
• — as tama in Japan, [44].
• — as "tears" of goddess Freyja, [161].
• Pearls, why offered to goddess, [174].
• — Ythan River, Aberdeenshire, yields, [76].
• Pear tree, cat and, [196].
• Peat, from Dogger Bank, [57], [68].
• Penny Wells, [174].
• Phœnicians, the Cassiterides monopoly of, [104].
• — eastern colonists in Spain and, [98].
• — methods of, as exploiters, [98].
• — in Iron Age, [107].
• — megalithic monuments and, [149].
• — in modern Cornwall, [139].
• Pictones, The, as allies of Romans, [224].
• — Scottish Picts and, [131].
• Picts, The, agriculturists and seafarers, [130].
• — Caledonians and, [130].
• — allies of the Scots, [130].
• — Cruithne were Britons, [132].
• — fairy theory, [131], and also note [98].
• — as Pechts and Pecti, [131].
• — Gildas, Bede, and Nennius on, [132].
• — Irish myth regarding, [132].
• — Irish Cruithne not Picts, [132].
• — Saxon allies of, [131].
• — Roman, Scottish, and Welsh names of, [131].
• — as branch of the Pictones, [131].
• — tattooing habit of, [136].
• — vessels of, [136].
• — tribes of, [136].
• — as pirates, [136].
• Pig, Demeter and, [196].
• — Devil as, [191], [200].
• — in Roman religious ceremony, [51].
• — Scottish and Irish treatment of, [199].
• — taboo in Scotland, [199].
• — the Sow goddess, [154].
• Pigs, Achæans and Celts as rearers of, [111], [199].
• — Adonis and Diarmid and, [197].
• — Celts rearers of, [114].
• — and amber, [161].
• — as food of the dead, [144].
• — "lucky pigs", [157].
• — Orkney a boar name, [129].
• Pigs, salmon as, [182]. See Pork taboo.
• Piltdown man, [26].
• Pin Wells, [174].
• Pirates, ancient, Picts as, [136].
• — — Gaelic reference to, [136].
• Pliocene mammals, [16].
• Poetry, goddess of, [188].
• Polycrates of Samos, luck of, in seal, [184].
• Pope Gregory the Great, letter on Pagans in England, [176].
• Pork. See Pigs and Swine.
• — taboo in Arcadia, [223].
• — — why Cretans detested, [154], and also note [133].
• — — Scottish, [199] et seq., [223].
• — — Celts ate pork, [199].
• Porpoise as sea-boar, [182].
• Portugal, colonists from, in Britain, [106].
• — early eastern influence in, [211].
• — settlements of Easterners in, [95].
• — settlers from, in Britain, [127].
• Pot, the, shell as, [207].
• — as symbol of Mother-goddess, [205].
• — the Mother, Celtic cauldron as, [90].
• "Pot of Plenty", Celtic cauldron as, [205].
• Potter's wheel, [112].
• Pottery, Neolithic, [5].
• — relation to basket-making and knitting, [5], [6].
• Priestesses, ancient British, Tacitus refers to, [147].
• — witches and, [147], and also note [116].
• Ptolemy, evidence of, regarding British tribes, [128].
• Purple-yielding shells, in Crô-Magnon grotto, [23].
• — — searched for by megalithic people, [92].
• Pytheas, [229].
• — exploration of Britain by, [115].
• — the Mictis problem, [116].
• — voyage of, [107].
• Races, alien elements may vanish,
• — "Caucasian Man", [123].
• — Aryan theory, [123].
• Races, animal names of Scoto-Celtic tribes, [129].
• — Azilian and Tardenoisian, [55].
• — Maglemosian, [56].
• — Britain in Roman period, [127].
• — Britain mainly "long-headed", [128].
• — Ptolemy's evidence regarding British tribes, [128].
• — British extermination theory, [227].
• — British Iberians and proto-Egyptians, [126].
• — Armenoid intrusions, [87], [126], [222].
• — Spanish settlers in Britain, [127].
• — bronze carriers displace eastern metal searchers in Western Europe, [100].
• — bronze users as earliest settlers in Aberdeenshire, [111].
• — Brünn and Brüx, [50].
• — Celts and Armenoids, [112].
• — Celts and Northerners, [112], [222].
• — Celts as conquerors of early settlers in Britain, [107].
• — colours of the mythical, [121], [125]·
• — extermination theory, [122].
• — Celts as Fair Northerners, [222].
• — "broad heads" in Britain, [56], [87], [126], [222].
• — Celts and Teutons, [125].
• — Chancelade skull and Eskimos, [53].
• — Crô-Magnons in Wales, [19].
• — first discovery of Crô-Magnons in France, [20].
• — Cuchullin and Scotland, [224].
• — Britons in Ireland, [224].
• — Damnonians as metal workers, [89].
• — Damnonians in England, Scotland, and Ireland, [89], [90].
• — dark and fair peoples in England, [227].
• — descendants of Easterners in Britain, [118].
• — drifts of, into Britain, [79].
• — early settlers in Britain, [125], [216].
• — eastern colonists in Spain, [95].
• — Easterners reached ancient Britain from Spain, [97].
• — fair and dark among earliest settlers in Post-Glacial Britain, [60].
• Races, fair Celts and Teutons, [60].
• — Fir-bolgs in Ireland, [223].
• — Furfooz type, [56].
• — broad-headed fair types, [56].
• — Gaelic Fir-domnann and Firbolg, [90], and also note [65].
• — Gibraltar man, [8].
• — Cannstadt man, [8].
• — Neanderthal man, [9]. See Neanderthal Man.
• — great migrations by sea, [92].
• — high and heavy Scots, [137].
• — intrusion of "Round Barrow", broad-headed people, [87], [126].
• — "Long heads" use bronze in Ireland, [87].
• — megalithic intruders, [94].
• — mixed peoples among Easterners in Western Europe, [107].
• — modern Crô-Magnons in Africa, British Isles, and France, [25].
• — "Combe-Capelle" man, [25].
• — Brüx and Brünn skulls, [25].
• — "Galley Hill" man, [26], [27].
• — modern man, [9].
• — Crô-Magnon, [9], [19]. See Crô-Magnon Races.
• — Piltdown man, [9], [26].
• — Heidelberg man, [9].
• — Phœnician type in Cornwall, [139].
• — physical characters of, [124].
• — "pockets" in British Isles, [138].
• — Post-Glacial movements of, [54].
• — pre-Celtic extermination theory, [107].
• — few intrusions in ancient Britain, [109].
• — settlements of traders and workers, [109].
• — "short barrow" intruders, [104].
• — cremating intruders, [104].
• — Solutrean intrusion, [49].
• — Tacitus's references to British races, [137].
• — transition period and Neolithic, [61].
• Rainbow as god's rod-sling, [204].
• Raven and goddess of grove and sky, [160].
• Ravens, Celtic deities as, [195].
• Red deer on Dogger Bank, [68].
• "Red Man", The Welsh, [19], [27].
• Regni, The, Sussex tribe, [128].
• Reindeer on Dogger Bank, [68].
• — French and German, in early, Aurignacian times, [14]. See Fauna.
• — in Scotland till twelfth century, [67].
• — in Germany in Roman times, [68].
• — Age, the, [213].
• Rhodesia, mouse cure in, [187], and also note [172].
• Rhone valley trade route, [114].
• Rivers, goddesses and, [206].
• River-worship, [176], [178], [179].
• Robin, apple cult and, [204].
• Robin Red-breast, on Glasgow seal, [185].
• — — in St. Mungo legend, [186].
• Romans, how Britain was conquered by, [119], [120].
• — Celtic boats superior to boats of, [224].
• — as exploiters of conquered countries, [79].
• — how loan-rate of interest was reduced, [79].
• — goddess, groups of, [207].
• — Gauls in army of, [127].
• — mean and tragical conquest of Britain by, [226], [227].
• — myths of, regarding savages in ancient Britain, [224].
• — references of, to Picts and Caledonians, [130].
• — religious beliefs of, no higher than those of Gaels, [208].
• — Tacitus on rewards of, in Britain, [79].
• — wars for trade, [229].
• Rome, connection of, with milk goddess cult, [149], [150].
• — sacked by Celts, [112].
• Ro-smerta, the Gaulish goddess, [174].
• Rowan, [221].
• — berry of, as fruit of longevity, [144].
• — the sacred, [179], [180]. See Tree Cults.
• Rye, cultivation of, [5].
• Sacred stones and sacred trees, [103]. See Megalithic Monuments and Tree Cults.
• Sacrifices, annual pig sacrifices,[201].
• — oxen sacrificed to demons in England, [178].
• — at "wassailing", [204], [205].
• Sahara, [27].
• — grass-lands of the, [14].
• St. Swithin's Day, [168].
• Salmon on city of Glasgow seal, [185].
• — as form of dragon, [182].
• — fire and, [183].
• — Gaelic names of, [182].
• — Irish saint finds gold in stomach of, [184].
• — in St. Mungo legend, [184].
• — the ring myth, [183].
• — the sacred "salmon of wisdom", [182].
• Sargon of Akkad, his knowledge of Western European metal-yielding areas, [99] et seq., [218].
• Saxons, [126].
• — Celts and, [227].
• — the, Picts as allies of, [131].
• Scape-dog, the, [65].
• Scots, The, Crô-Magnons and, [137].
• — Picts and, [130].
• — first settlement of, in Scotland, [130].
• Scott, Michael, in serpent myth, [188].
• Seafaring. See Boats.
• Sea god, the Hebridean Seonaidh (Shony), [193].
• Seasons, Gaelic colours of, [169].
• Selgovæ, The, [139].
• — in Galloway, [129].
• Serpent, Bride's serpent and dragon, [188].
• — as "daughter of Ivor", the "damsel", &c., [187].
• — dragon as, [182].
• — goddess Bride and, [187].
• — jet drives away, [164].
• — sacred white, [188].
• — on sculptured stones, [155] (ill.).
• — "snake of hazel grove", [189].
• — sea-serpent, [189].
• — as soul, [189].
• — the white, in Michael Scott legend, [188].
• Setantii, The, in England and Ireland, 128.
• — Cuchullin and, [128].
• Severus, disastrous invasion of Scotland by, [130], [225].
• Sheep, goddess as, [154].
• — in Scoto-Celtic tribal names, [129].
• Shells, as amulets, [34], [80].
• — Aphrodite as pearl in, [158].
• — in British graves, [46].
• — finds of, in Ireland and Scotland, [46].
• — coloured, in Aurignacian cave-tomb, [46].
• — wearing of, not a juvenile custom, [46].
• — Combe-Capelle man wore, [25].
• — in Crô-Magnon grotto, [23].
• — Crô-Magnon trade in, [40].
• — Japanese and Scottish "shell-milk" elixirs, [40], [221].
• — "Cup of Mary" Highland myth, [42].
• — limpet lore, [42], and also note [32].
• — Egyptian artificial, [173].
• — Egyptian gold models of, [41].
• — stone, ivory, and metal models of, [41].
• — as "life-givers", [41].
• — "Evil Eye" charms, [39].
• — Crô-Magnon necklace, [39] (ill.).
• — as food for dead, [41].
• — Cretan artificial, [41].
• — fairy woman's coracle a shell, [207].
• — in grotto at Aurignac, [22].
• — ground shells as elixir, [38].
• — as "houses" of gods, [38].
• — love girdle of, [38].
• — Hebridean tree goddess and, [153].
• — Indian Ocean shell in Aurignacian cave, [36].
• — as "life substance", [80], [158], [178].
• — mantle of, in Aurignacian cave-tomb, [45].
• — milk from, [40], [221].
• — "personal ornaments" theory, [37].
• — Red Sea shell in Hampshire, [47], and also note [36].
• — Red Sea shell in Neolithic Spain, [96].
• Shells, Red Sea shell at Mentone, [210].
• — searched for by megalithic people, [92] et seq.
• — in Welsh cave-tomb, [20].
• Ships. See Boats.
• Silures, The, Hebrideans and, [139].
• — Tacitus on, [137].
• — in Wales and Scilly Islands, [129].
• Silurians, as miners, [118].
• Silvanus, British deity, [207].
• Silver, amber and, [165].
• — in Britain, [91].
• — difficult to find and work in Britain, [95].
• — exported from Britain in first century a.d., [114].
• — Easterners worked, in Spain, [97].
• — Gaelic god connected with, [102].
• — offered to water deity by Gauls, [174].
• — offered to deities by Celts, [80].
• — lead, as ballast for boats of Easterners, [99].
• Sin (pronounced sheen), the Druid's judgment collar, [146].
• Skins, exported from Britain in first century, a.d., [114].
• Sky, connection of sacred trees and wells with, [179].
• Slaves, exported from Britain in first century a.d., [114]. See Fir-bolgs.
• Sleepers myth, in Highland story, [47].
• — the Seven, antiquity of myth of, [29].
• Smertæ, The, [129].
• Smertullis, the god, Ro-smerta and, [174].
• Smintheus Apollo. See Mouse Apollo.
• Solutrean Age, [13].
• — pre-Agricultural, [213].
• — proto-Solutrean influence, [216].
• — culture, cave art declines, [51].
• — — characteristic artifacts, [50].
• — — climate, [51].
• — — open-air camps, [51].
• — — bone needles numerous, [52].
• — — decline of, in Europe, [52].
• — — earliest influence of, in Europe, [49].
• Solutrean culture, "true" wave of, [49].
• — — carriers of, [50].
• — Implements, [21] (ill.).
• Soul, animal shapes of, [65], [178], [190].
• — bee and butterfly forms of, [191].
• — bee forms of, in folk tales, [193].
• — beliefs regarding, Sleepers myth, [29].
• — soul-case in Scotland and Japan, [44].
• — butterfly as, in Greece, Italy, Serbia, Burmah, Mexico, China, Scotland, Ireland, &c., [192], [193].
• — the "change" in Gaelic, [158].
• — nourishment of, [158].
• — cremation customs and destiny of, [109].
• — dead go west, [173].
• — dog form of, [65].
• — Druids and transmigration, [142].
• — heart and liver as seats of life, [154].
• — maggot as, [102].
• — Egyptian Bata myth, [103].
• — moth form of, [192].
• — serpent form of, [189].
• — lizard and other forms of, [189].
• — star as, [208].
• — in stone or husk, [173].
• — in trees, [190].
• — in egg, fish, swans, &c., [190].
• — in weapons, [50].
• — Welsh ideas regarding destiny of, [144].
• Sow-day in Orkney, [201].
• Sow goddess, the, [154]. See Pigs.
• Spain, British trade with, [114], [116].
• — colonists from, in Britain, [106].
• — displacement of Easterners in, [221].
• — Druidism in, [149].
• — early trade of, with Britain, [218].
• — Easterners in, [95], [211], [218], [229].
• — Easterners kept natives of, ignorant of uses of metals, [99].
• — Egyptian gold diadem in Neolithic tomb, [98].
• — Egyptian origin of Neolithic industry in, [97].
• — expulsion of Easterners from, [100].
• — in pre-Agricultural Age, [213].
• — settlers from, in Britain, [127].
• Spear of god Lugh, [206].
• Spinning, [5].
• Spirit worship. See Animism.
• Standing Stones. See Megalithic Monuments.
• Star, St. Ciaran's stellar origin, [208].
• — the Dog, [64].
• Stars, Druid lore of, [175].
• — Gaels measured time by, [175], and also note [162].
• — Sirŏna, star goddess, [208].
• — Milky Way and milk goddess cult, [149].
• — Welsh and Gaelic names of, [203].
• Stennis, Standing Stones of, [94].
• Stone of Danann deities, [206].
• — as god, [51].
• Stonehenge, doctrine of Cardinal Points and, [174].
• — and Egyptian Empire beads, [104], [105] (ill.), [106].
• — Temple theory, [177].
• Stones, in graves, [33], [34].
• — wind raised by, in Hebrides, [172].
• — as "god body", [173].
• — as dragon's eggs, [173].
• Sumeria. See Babylonia.
• Sun, ancient British solar symbol, [162].
• — circulating chapels, &c., [148].
• — ear-rings and, [165].
• — fire and, [181].
• — rays of, as tears, [181], and also note [167].
• — Gaelic worship of, [170].
• — Gaels swore by, [148].
• — goddess and, [163].
• — modern and ancient sunwise customs, [171].
• Sun-worship in Britain, King Canute and, [147].
• Surgery, ancient man's skill in, [2].
• — folk-lore evidence regarding, [3], [4].
• Surrogate of life blood, [28].
• Sussex dug-out, [76], [77].
• Swallows, Celtic deities as, [195].
• Swans, as souls, [190].
• — as oracles, [190].
• — Celtic deities as, [195].
• Swine. See Pork Taboo.
• — Celts rearers of, [114].
• — Devil and, [200].
• Swine, Maglemosian hunters of, [57].
• — Orkney a boar name, [129].
• — in Roman religious ceremony, [51].
• — Scottish taboo of, [199].
• Sword of god Lugh, [206].
• Symbols, swashtika, &c., [165], [166]. See Colour Symbolism.
• Tæxali, The,
• Talismans, Irish and Japanese, [206].
• Taranŭcus (Thunderer), Gaulish god, [207].
• Tardenoisian, [54], [62].
• — artifacts, [13].
• — Iberian carriers of, [216].
• — pre-Agricultural, [213].
• — pygmy flints, [54], [55] (ill.).
• Tardenoisians, The, in Britain, [125].
• — English Channel land-bridge crossed by, [69].
• — Industry, traces of, in Africa, Asia, and Europe, [71].
• — Maglemosians and, [57].
• Temples, pagan, used as Christian churches, [177].
• — the Gaulish, [177].
• — Apollo's temple in England, [177].
• — Stonehenge, [177].
• — Pytheas refers to, [178].
• — reroofing custom, [178].
• Ten Tribes, The Lost, [118].
• Teutons, British Celts' relations with, [137].
• — Celts and, [125].
• Thomas the Rhymer, "True Thomas" as "Druid Thomas", [146].
• Thor, Dagda and, [202].
• Tilbury man, [70], [71].
• Tin, [101].
• — beginning of mining in Cornwall, [116].
• — Scottish and Irish, [94], [117].
• — in Britain and Ireland, [91].
• — surface tin collected in Britain, [9].
• — English mines of, opened after surface tin was exhausted, [91].
• — the Mictis problem, [116].
• — descendants of ancient miners in Britain, [118].
• — exported from Cornwall in first century a.d., [114].
• Tin, Phœnicians and the Cassiterides, [104].
• — search for, in Britain, [95].
• — traces of, in Scotland, [94].
• — trade in, [219].
• — voyage of Pytheas, [107].
• — Cornish mines opened, [107]. See Cassiterides and Œtrymnides.
• Tin Land, Sargon of Akkad's knowledge of the Western European, [99], [218].
• Tin-stone as ballast for boats of Easterners, [99].
• Toad, The, Jewel of, [189].
• Tom-tit, apple cult of, [204].
• Toothache, ancient man suffered from, [2].
• Torquay, Magdalenian art near, [54].
• Trade, early British exports, [104].
• — Red Sea shell in Hampshire, [47], and also note [36].
• — routes, British and Irish, [223].
• — — British trade with Spain and Carthage, [114].
• — — Danube valley and Rhone valley, [114].
• — — early trade between Spain and Britain, [218].
• — — exports from Britain in first century a.d., [114].
• — — when overland routes were opened, [106].
• — — Celts and, [106], [107].
• — — Phœnicians kept sea-routes secret, [107].
• — — voyage of Pytheas, [107].
• Transition Period. See Azilian, Tardenoisian, and Maglemosian.
• — — longer than Neolithic Age, [61].
• — — race movements in, [54].
• — in Scotland, [216].
• Transmigration, Druidism and, [142], [222].
• Traprain, silver as substitute for white enamel at, [165].
• Tree cults, apple of knowledge eaten by Thomas the Rhymer, [146].
• — — apple tree as "Tree of Life", [204].
• — — birds and apple trees, [204].
• — — Artemis and the fig, [193].
• Tree cults, bee and maggot soul forms in trees, [103].
• — — and standing stones, [103], [104].
• — — coral as sea tree, [221].
• — — grown gold, [221].
• — — and standing stones and wells, [147].
• — — trees and wells and heavenly bodies, [180].
• — — Druidism and, [141].
• — — fig as milk-yielding tree, [149].
• — — Gaelic and Latin names of sacred groves, [159].
• — — Galatian sacred oak, [159].
• — — Gaulish, [151].
• — — elm as milk tree, [151].
• — — plane as milk tree, [151].
• — — grove goddess as raven or crow, [160].
• — — the hazel god, [140], [144].
• — — apple of longevity, [144].
• — — Hebridean shell and milk goddess and, [153].
• — — Indian milk-yielding trees, [151].
• — — mouse and apple tree, [196].
• — — mistletoe and Druidism, [145].
• — — megalithic monuments and, [220].
• — — and pearls, &c., [220].
• — — palm tree cult in Spain, [220].
• — — oak on Glasgow seal, [185].
• — — sacred groves and stone shrines, [156].
• — — sacred rowan, [180].
• — — Silvanus, British tree god, [207].
• — — souls in trees, [190].
• — — St. Mungo takes fire from the hazel, [186].
• — — stone circles and, [178].
• — — Trees of Longevity and Knowledge, [152].
• — — woodbine as "King of the Woods" in Gaelic, [180].
• — — fire-producing trees, [180].
• Trepanning in ancient times, [2].
• Trinovantes, The, in England, [128].
• Turquoise, symbolism of, [221].
• Twelfth Night, [204].
• Underworld, Gaelic ideas regarding,
• Underworld, Egyptian paradise of, [143].
• — fairyland as Paradise, [144].
• — Welsh ideas of, [144].
• — "Well of healing" in, [197].
• Urns, burial, food and drink in, [158].
• Uxellimus, Gaulish god, [207].
• Vacomagi, The,
• Veneti, The, Pictones assist Romans against, [224].
• — Picts and, [131].
• Venus. See Aphrodite.
• — the British, [204].
• — Cæsar offered British pearls to, [79].
• — origin of, [38].
• — the Scandinavian, [161].
• Vernicones, The, in Scotland, [129].
• Viking ship, origin of, [76].
• Votadini, in Scotland, [129].
• Vulcan, the Celtic, [202], [203].
• Warfare, Neolithic weapons rare
• Water, fire in, [182].
• — as source of all life, [180].
• — spirits, [207].
• "Water of Life", "fire water" as, [181], [182].
• Weapons, Celts swore by, [148].
• — demons in, [50].
• — as sacred symbols in Ireland and Japan, [206].
• Well, "Beast" (dragon) in, [182].
• Wells, Bride (Brigit) and, [188].
• — connection of, with trees, stones, and sky, [180].
• — goddess and, [180].
• — "well of healing" in Underworld, [197].
• Well-worship and sacred grove, heaven, &c., [160].
• Well-worship, Dingwall Presbytery deals with, [148].
• — Gildas refers to, [176].
• — well as a god, [176]-[9].
• — trees, standing stones, and, [147].
• — winds and, [174].
• — offerings of gold, &c., [174].
• Welsh gods, [203].
• Were-animals, Scottish, [190].
• — witches and, [191].
• Wheat, cultivation of, [5].
• Whistle, the, antiquity of, [31].
• Widow-burning, [110].
• Wind, fairies come on eddies of, [173].
• Wind and water beliefs, [174].
• Wind goddess, Scottish, associated with south-west, [173].
• Winds, colours of, [169] et seq.
• — Gaelic names of, in spring, [198].
• — Hebridean wind-stone, [172].
• Witches, cat forms of, [196].
• — priestesses and, [147].
• — were-animals and, [191].
• Withershins, [172].
• Woad, Celtic connection of, with water, amber, &c., [163].
• Wolf, goddess as, [154].
• — goddess Morrigan as, [195].
• Woodbine as "King of the Woods", [180].
• "World Mill", The, metal workers and, [90].
• Wren, apple cult of, [204].
• — Druids and, [145].
• — hunting of, [187].
• — the sacred, [186].
• — as king of birds, [186].
• Yellow Muilearteach, the, Scottish deity, [196],
• Zuyder Zee, formerly a plain,
• — — disasters of, [69], [70].

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