Myths of Babylonia and Assyria

by Donald A. Mackenzie

S

Saliva, Isis serpent formed from, [45]; magical qualities of, [46]. Samaria, building of, [405]; murder of Jezebel in, [410]; Assyrians capture, [455]; "ten tribes" deported, [455]; Babylonians settled in, [456]. Sammu-rammat (sam´mu-ram-mat), Queen of Assyria, as Semiramis, [417], [437], [438]; a Babylonian, [418]; high status of, [419]; relation to Adadnirari IV, [419], [420]; innovations of, [421]; mother worship and, [423], [436]; Queen Nakia like, [470], [471]. Samsu-iluna (säm-sü-il-ü´na), King, son of Hammurabi, slays Rim-Sin, [249]; Kassites appear in reign of, [255]; Erech and Ur restored by, [256]. Sandan (sän´dän), the god, [261]; Agni and Melkarth and, [346]; winged disk of, [348]. Also rendered Sandes. Sandstorms, the Babylonian, [24]. Sap of plants, vitalized by water of life, [45]. Sarah, Abraham's wife, [16]. Saraswati (să-răs´wă-tee), wife of Brahma, [101]. Sardanapalus (sar-dan-a-pā´lus), palace burning of, [350]; Ashur-bani-pal and, [486], [487], [488]. Sargon of Akkad, as Patriarch, [xxxiii]; the Patriarch-Tammuz myth of, [91], [437]; humble origin of, [125]; legend of like Indian Karna story, [126]; empire of, [127]; Enlil-bani of Isin like, [133]; Gilgamesh legend and, [171], [172]; Sargon II an incarnation of, [462]. Sargon II, King of Assyria, excavations at city of, [xx]; "Lost Ten Tribes" deported by, [455]; Merodach Baladan revolt, [457]; Syrian revolts against, [458], [459]; tribute from Piru of Mutsri, [458]; Piru and Pharaoh, [458] n.; Isaiah warns Ahaz regarding, [459]; Hittites and, [460]; Urartu crippled by, [460], [461]; Merodach Baladan ejected by, [462]; Messianic pretensions of, [462]; Dur-Sharrukin built by, [463]; deities worshipped by, [463]; assassination of, [463], [464]. Saturn, the planet, Horus as, [300], [302]; in sun and moon group, [301]; Ninip (Nirig) as, [301]; as ghost of elder god, [302]; month of, [305]; the "black", [314], [315]; in astrology, [318]. Satyrs, the dance of at Babylon, [114], [333]. Saul, the ephod ceremony, [213], [214]; cremation of, [350]. Saushatar (sa-ü-sha´tär), King of Mitanni, Assyria subdued by, [279], [280]. Sayce, Professor, on Dagon-Dagan problem, [32]; on Daonus and Tammuz, [83]; on Hittite chronology, [264]; on star worship, [317]; on the goat god, [332], [333]; Hittite winged disk, [347], [348], [428]. Sceaf or Scef, "the sheaf", Tammuz and the Germanic myth of, [91], [92], [93], [210]. Schliemann, pottery finds by, [263]. Schools, in Hammurabi Age, [251]. Scorpion man and wife, in Gilgamesh epic, [177], [178]. Scotland, the sea god of, [33]; spitting customs in, [47]; the "Great Mother" in, a demon, [64]; return of dead dreaded in, [70]; "calling back" belief in, [70] n.; south-west wind a hag like Babylonian, [73]; fairies and elves of, [80], [186]; Tammuz-Diarmid myth of, [85]; Diarmid a love god of, [87]; the eternal goddess of, [101]; "the Yellow Muilearteach" of, [151]; slain by Finn as Merodach slays Tiamat, [151]; great eel story of, [152]; mother-monster Sumerian lore in, [153]; giant lore of, [164], [317]; Etana-like eagle myth of, [167], [168]; John Barleycorn, the Icelandic god Barleycorn and Nimrod, [170], [170] n., [171]; water of life myths of, [186], [187]; dark tunnel stories of, [189]; Pictish customs in, [212]; the Gunna, [213]; seers and bull skin ceremony, [213]; folk cures in, [232], [233]; pig as the devil in, [293]; May day solar belief in, [348]; the "seven sleepers" in, [394]; "death thraw" belief, [427] n.; doves and ravens, [429]; pigeon lore in, [431]. Scott, Sir Walter, the Taghairm ceremony, [213]. Scyld. See Sceaf. Scythians, raids of in Western Asia, [461]; Esarhaddon and, [472]; fall of Nineveh, [488]. Sea demon, Ea as a, [62]. Sea fire, [50], [51]. Sea giants, the Babylonian, [34]. Sea goddess, Ea's spouse as, and earth lady, [34]. Sea gods, Ea, Dagon, Poseidon, Neptune, Shony, and Njord as, [33]. "Sea Lady", the, Sabitu, in Gilgamesh epic, [178], [179]; Germanic hag and, [184], [185]; the Indian Maya like, [188]. Sea of Death, in Gilgamesh epic, [178] et seq. Sealand, Dynasty of in Hammurabi Age, [257]; in Kassite Age, [274], [275]. Seasonal changes, evil spirits cause, [65]. Seasons, the, of Babylonia, [23], [24]. Sebek (seb´ek), Egyptian crocodile god, as a weeping deity, [29]. Sekhet (se´khet), the Egyptian goddess, Ishtar and, [57]. Seleucid Period, Lagash occupied in, [243]. Seleucus I, [498]. Seleukeia, rival city to Babylon, [498]. "Self power", [xxxiii]; conception of in stage of Naturalism, [291]; the "world soul" conception, [304]; Anu a form of, [328]; the "world soul", [328]; gods as phases of, [329]; stars as phases of, [331]. Semiramis (sem-ir´a-mis), Queen, as founder of Nineveh, [277]; Queen Sammu-rammat as, [417]; mother worship and, [423], [434]; birth legend like Shakuntala's, [423], [424]; as representative of mother goddess, [425]; buildings and mounds of, [425], [426]; Persian connection, [427], [433]; dove symbol of, [431], [432]; origin of legend of, [437], [438]; Urartu and, [441]; Queen Nakia and, [471]; wife of Cambyses like, [496]. See Sammu-rammat. Semites, Akkadians were, [2]; the racial blend of, [9] et seq.; influence of on Sumerian gods, [135], [136], [137]. Sennacherib (sen-näk´er-ib), King of Assyria, [463]; wars of in Elam and Asia Minor, [464]; Ionians deported to Nineveh by, [464]; Merodach Baladan's second reign, [465]; army of destroyed by "angel of the Lord", [466], [467]; death of Merodach Baladan, [468]; destruction of Babylon by, [468], [469]; murder of, [470]; Nakia, Babylonian wife of, [471]. Sergi, Professor, on Syrian and Asia Minor races, [11], [267]. Serpent, Isis makes from saliva of Ra, [45]; in group of seven spirits, [63]; the world, [150]; dragon as, [157], [158]; totemic theory, [293], [296]; in Crete, [430]. Serpent charms, as fertility and birth charms, [150], [165]. Serpent worship, [77]. Serpents, the mother of, in Zu bird myth, [74], [75]; the Babylonian and Egyptian, [74]-[76] , [150]. Sesostris (se-sōs´tris), Hittite god identified with, [441]; Semiramis and, [426]. Set, as boar demon, [46], [85], [293]; as the dragon, [156]; as thunder god, [261]. Seti I (set´ee), of Egypt, struggle of with Hittites, [364]. Seven, the demons in groups of, [34]. "Sevenfold One", [298]; constellations as, [300] et seq.; Tammuz as, [304], [317]. "Seven sleepers", the, [394]. Seven spirits, the, dragon, &c., in, [63]; the daughters of Anu, [68]; the sexless, [71]. Shabaka (shä´bä-kä), King of Egypt, the Biblical So and, [454] n. Shakespeare, "Jack" the fairy, [66]; Tiamat-like imagery in, [151]; "sea devils", [152]; grave inscription of, [214], [215]; astrology references, [324], [325]. Shakuntala (shă-koon´tă-läh), birth legend of like Semiramis's, [423], [424]; Persian eagle legend and, [493]. Shallum (shäl´lüm), revolt of at Samaria, [449]. Shalmaneser I (shäl-män-e´-ser), of Assyria, a great conqueror, [363]; western and northern expansion, [366]; Kalkhi capital of, [367]. Shalmaneser III, referred to in Bible, [401]; attacks on Aramaeans and Hittites, [407]; Ahab of Israel fights against, [407]; authority of in Babylonia, [408], [409]; defeat of Hazael of Damascus, [411]; tribute from Jehu of Israel, [411], [412]; conquests of, [414]; revolt of son against, [414]; death of, [415]; Babylonian culture, [422]; library of at Kalkhi, [422]. Shalmaneser IV, of Assyria, reign of, [439]; Urartu wars of, [442]. Shalmaneser V, imprisons Hoshea of Israel, [454], [455]. Shamash (shäm´ash), Semitic name of sun god, [40]; Babbar Sumerian name of, [54], [240]; Mitra and Varuna and, [54]; as god of destiny, [55]; Mithra and, [55], [56]; sun as "boat of the sky", [56], [57]; consort and attendants of, [57], [100]; local importance of, [58]; in eagle and serpent myths, [75], [76]; in demon war, [76]; development of, [132]; in Gilgamesh legend, [172] et seq.; as an abstract deity, [240], [241]; oracle of pleads for Merodach, [272]; month of, [305]; as the "high head", [334]; "water sun" of, [334]; the wheel symbol of, [347]; Aramaeans destroy temple of, [445]; worshipped by Esarhaddon, [471]; oracle of and Ashur-bani-pal, [481]; Nabonidus and, [492]. Shamash-shum-ukin (sham´ash-shum-ü´kin), King of Babylon, [471], [476], [480]; restoration of Merodach, [480], [481]; revolt of against Ashur-bani-pal, [484]; burns himself in palace, [485]. Shamshi-Adad VII (sham´shi-ad´ad), King of Assyria, [414]; civil war, [415]; conquests of, [415], [416]; culture in reign of, [423]; rise of Urartu, [440]. Shär, the god. See Anshar. Shär Apsi, "King of the Deep", Ea as, [28], [29]. "Shar Kishsháte", "King of the World", Assyrian title, [363], [370]. Sharduris III (shar´dü-ris), of Urartu, routed by Tiglath-pileser IV, [446], [447]. Shaving customs, significance of, [4]; of Arabians and Libyans, &c., [9]; why Sumerian gods were bearded, [135]-[137] . Shedu (shā´du), the destroying bull, [65]; as household fairy, [77]. Sheep, skin of in graves, [213]. Shepherd, the divine, Tammuz as, [53]. Sheshonk (shish´ak), Pharaoh of Egypt, alliance with Solomon, [388]; Hebrews spoiled by, [391], [402]. Shinar, the Biblical, [111], [247]; Amraphel (Hammurabi) of, [131]. Shishak. See Sheshonk. Shivă, the Indian god, Bel Enlil like, [38]; the Sumerian Ninip like, [53]; Osiris and Ra like, [63]; in "dying Indra" myth, [101]. Shony (shon´ee), sea god of Scottish Hebrides, [33]. Shü, the Egyptian god, created from saliva, [46], Shubari (shu-bä´ri) tribes, [284]. Shurippak´ or Shurruppak´, city of, in flood legend, [190], [191], [243]. Shushan. See Susa. Siberia, elves of, [105]; "calling back" of ghosts in, [69], [70]. Sidon, conspiracy against Nebuchadrezzar II, [491]; tribute of to Adadnirari IV, [439]; Tyre and, [388], [392]; Israel an ally of, [406]; in league against Esarhaddon, [472]; destruction of, [473]. Siegfried (seeg´freed), "birds of Fate" sang to, [65]; the "Regin" dragon, [156], [164]. Signs of the Zodiac. See Zodiac. Sigurd (see´goord), link with Merodach as dragon slayer, [147] n.; the "Fafner" dragon, [156], [164]. Sin, desert of, called after moon god, [52]. Sin, the moon god, [51], [52]; consort and children of, [53]; Shamash, Mitra, and Varuna chastise, [54], [55]; in demon war, [76], [77]; as father of Isis, [100]; as form of Merodach, [160]; month of, [305]; Ashur worshipped with, [353]; Nabonidus as worshipper of, [494]. See Moon and Nannar. Sinai, mountains of, called after moon god, [52]. Sin-iksha (sin-ik´sha). King of Isin, [133]. Sin-magir (sin-mä´gir), King of Isin, [133]. Sin-muballit (sin-mü-bäl´lit), King, father of Hammurabi, [132], [242]; struggle of with Elamites, [243]. Sin-shar-ish´kun, last King of Assyria, [487]. Sippar (sip´par), sun god chief deity of, [40]; a famous priestly teacher of, [42]; goddess of assists Merodach to create mankind, [148]; rise of sun cult of, [240]; first Amoritic king of, [241]; Esarhaddon plunders, [472]. Sirius, the star, Teutonic giant as, [295]; goddess Isis as, [296]. Skull forms, language and, [3]; of Mongolian, Ural-Altaic, and Mediterranean peoples, [3], [4]; Kurdish and Armenian treatment, [4], [5]; of early Egyptians and Sumerians, [7] et seq.; Palaeolithic still survive, [8]; persistence of, [8]; broad heads in Western Asia, Egypt, and India, [8], [9]; the Semitic, [10]. Sky, conception of "Self Power" of, [292]; god of, [31]; goddesses of, [36], [37]. Sleeper, the divine, Angus, the Irish, and Tammuz, [90]. Sleepers, the seven, the Indras as, [101]; Thomas the Rhymer, Finn, Napoleon, and Skobeleff as, [164]; as spirits of fertility, [164]; Tammuz and, [210]. Smith, Professor Elliot, on Sumerian origins, [7]; on origin of Semites, [10]; on conquest by Akkadians of Sumerians, [12]; on first use of copper, [12]; on early Egyptian invasion of "broad heads", [263], [264]. Smith, George, career and discoveries of, [xxi]-[xxiii]; "Descent of Ishtar", [95] et seq. Smith, Professor Robertson, on Atargatis legend, [28]; on life-blood beliefs, [47]; on agricultural weeping ceremony, [83]. Snakes, doves and, Cretan goddess and, [430]. So, King of Egypt, Shabaka and other kings and, [454], [454] n. Sokar, a composite monster god, [135]. Sokar (sok´är), Egyptian lord of fear, [63]. Solomon, King, ally of Egypt and Tyre, [388], [389]; sea trade of with India, [389], [390]; Babylonia during period of, [391]; Judah and Israel separated after death of, [401], [402]. Soma (sō´mă), source of inspiration, [45]. Song of the Sea Lady, in Gilgamesh epic, [178], [179]. "Soul of the land", river Euphrates as the, [23]. Souls, carried to Hades by eagle, [168]. Spells on water, [44]; layers of punished, [233]. Spinning, in Late Stone Age, [14]. Spirits, "air" and "breath" as, [48], [49]; gods evolved from, [60]; the good and evil, [58], [63], [77], [78], [236]; the Gorgons, [159]; periodic liberation of, [65]; the "calling back" belief, [69], [70]; penetrate everywhere, [71], [72]; of luck and fate, [77], [236]; elves, Ribhus, and Burkans as, [105]. Spitting customs, in Asia, Africa, and Europe, [46], [47]. Spring sun, the, Tammuz as god of, [53]. Sri, the Indian eternal mother, [101]. Stars, the, great beauty of in Babylonia, [24]; "Will-o'-the-wisps" as, [67]; Zu bird and, [74]; Merodach fixes Signs of the Zodiac, [147]; the "stations" of Enlil and Ea, [147]; animals and myths of the, [289]; in various local mythologies, [290]; the "host of heaven", [294]; as totems, [295]; as ghosts, [295], [304]; in mythologies of Teutons, Aryo-Indians, Greeks, Egyptians, &c., [295], [296], [319], [320]; star of Osiris, [296]; Ishtar myths, [295], [299]; Merodach as Regulus and Capella, [299]; bi-sexual deities and the, [299]; early association of Isis with, [300]; three for each month, [307], [308], [309]; the "divinities of council", [309]; the doctrine of mythical Ages and, [310] et seq.; popular worship of, [317]; as "birth-ruling divinities", [318]; spirits of associated with gods, [318]; in Indian Vedas and "Forest Books", [318]; Biblical references to, [324]; literary references to, [325]; Anshar as the Pole star, [330]; Isaiah and Polar star myth, [331]; Polar star as "the kid", [333]; in Ashur ring symbol, [344]. Steer, moon god as the, [52], [135]. Stone Age, the Late, pottery of in Turkestan, Elam, Asia Minor, and Europe, [5]; origin of agriculture in, [6]; in Palestine, [10]; racial blending in Egypt in, II; civilization in, [13] et seq.; refined faces of men of, [15]. Stone worship, moon worship and, [52]; Ninip the bull god and, [53]. Storm demons, the Babylonian Shutu and Adapa legend, [72], [73]; the European, [72], [73]. See Wind hags. Strabo, on Babylonian works of Alexander, [498]; on Semiramis legend, [425]. Straw girdle, a birth charm, [165]. Subbi-luliuma (süb´bi-lu-li-ü´ma), Hittite king, conquests of, [283], [363]. Sumer, or Sumeria (shoo´mer and sum-ā´ri-a]), its racial and geographical significance, [1]; early name of Kengi, [2]; agriculture in at earliest period, [6]; culture of indigenous, [6], [7]; women's high social status in, [16], [17]; Eridu a seaport of, [22]; surplus products and trade of, [25]; gods of like Egyptian, [26], [36], [37]; modes of thought and habits of life in, [51]; the Great Mother Tiamat of, [106]; early history of, [109] et seq.; principal cities of, [110]; the "plain of Shinar", [111]; why gods of were bearded, [135], [136], [137]; burial customs of like early Egyptian, [211], [214]; cities of destroyed in Hammurabi Age, [243]; the Biblical Shinar is, [247]; stars in primitive religion of, [289]; Naturalism and the Zi, [291]; sculpture of compared with Assyrian, [401]. Sumerian goddesses, racial origin of, [105]. Sumerians, characteristics of, [2]; Akkadians adopted culture of, [2], [3]; unlike the Chinese, [3]; Mongolian affinities of doubtful, [3]; language of agglutinative like those of Chinese, Turks, Magyars, Finns, and Basques, [3]; Ural-Altaic racial theory, [4]; shaving customs of, [5]; of Mediterranean or Brown Race, [7]; congeners of prehistoric Europeans, [9]; Arabs and Egyptians and, [9], [10]; conquered by Akkadians, [12]; survival of culture and language of, [13]; in early Copper Age, [12], [13]; pious records of kings of, [112]; how history of is being restored, [113]; the earliest dates, [114]; end of political power of, [217]; as early astronomers, [300]. Sumu-abum (su´mu-a´bum), early Amoritic king, [241]. Sumu-la-ilu (su-mu´la-i´lu), early King of Hammurabi Age, [241]; capture of Kish by, [241], [242]; Assyrian king claims descent from, [419]. Sun, origin of in sea fire, [50], [51]; seasonal worship of, [53], [240]; Mitra and Varuna as regulators of, [54]; as "boat of the sky", [56]; as a planet, [301]; as bridegroom, [306], [306] n.; in astrology, [318]; the "man in" the, [335], [336]. Sun, god of, Ninip, Nirig, and Nergal as, [53], [54], [303]; Babbar as, [54]; as Judge of living and dead, [54]; as seer of secret sin, [54], [55]; links between Shamash, Mitra, and Varuna, [54], [55]: Ninip and Nin-Girsu, and Babbar and Shamash, [132]; Tammuz as, [158]; forms of, [297], [298]; Horus as the, [300]; as offspring and spouse of moon, [301]; Orion as a manifestation of, [305]; animals identified with, [329], [330]; symbols of, [335], [336]. Sundial, a Babylonian invention, [323]; of Ahaz, [323]. Sun god, Shamash as, [40]; centres of, [40]. See Shamash. Sun goddess, the Babylonian and Hittite, [57]. Surpanakha (sür-pă´năk-hä]), the Indian demon, like Lilith, [67]. Susa, prehistoric pottery of, [5]; capital of Elam, [111]; Hammurabi Code discovered at, [222]; burning of Persian palace at, [497]. Sutarna II (sü-tär´nä), King of Mitanni, [283]; deposed by rival, [284]. Sutekh (süt´ekh), as tribal god, [156]; as dragon slayer, [157]; Hittite thunder and fertility god and, [261]. Suti (sü´ti), the, Aramaean robbers, [285], [359], [360]; settled in Asia Minor, [461]. Svip´dag, Gilgamesh and, [184], [185]. Swan, Irish love god as, [428] n.; love messenger in India, [429]. Swan maidens, as lovers, [68]. Swine, offerings of to sea god, [33]; demons enter, [71]; sacrificed to Tammuz, [85]; associated with Osiris, [85]; Gaelic Hag's herd of, [87]; sacrifice of to cure disease, [236]; Ninip as boar god, [302]. Symbolism, forehead symbol of Apis bull and Sumerian goat, [334]; "high heads": Anshar, Anu, Enlil, Ea, Merodach, Nergal, and Shamash, [334]; symbols of "high heads", [334]; the "world spine" and "world tree", [334]; the "water sun" of Shamash, [334]; Ashur's winged disks or "wheels", [334] et seq.; "man in the sun" in Assyria, Egypt, and India, [335], [336]; Blake's "double vision", [336]; the arrow symbol, [337]; "shuttle" of Neith a thunderbolt, [337] n.; Assyria the cedar, [340], [341]; Isaiah and Ezekiel use Babylonian and Assyrian, [341]; the eagle, [343], [344]; Ezekiel's wheels and four-faced cherubs, [344] et seq.; wheels or disks of Hittites, Indians, &c., [347], [348]; the double axe, [348]; the Ashur arrow, [351], [352]; the "dot within the circle" and egg thorn, [352]. Syria, broad heads in, [8]; early races in, [11]; supposed invasion of by Lugal-zaggisi, [125]; Sargon of Akkad's empire in, [127]; hill god of, [136]; sheepskin burials in, [213]; culture of higher than Egypt at end of Hyksos Age, [275].