Modern Copper Smelting / being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.

by Donald M. Levy

INDEX.

• A
• Accretions in the blast furnace, [55], [124], [130], [158].
• Acidity of electrolyte, [231], [236].
• Acid-lined converters, [193–213].
• Acid-making from blast-furnace gas, [140], [146], [167], [181], [186], [188–191].
• Acid-making from roaster gas, [63], [68].
• Acid-plant, [190], [191].
• Acid-silicates, [148].
• Acids and copper, [33].
• Addicks, L., [23], [34].
• Advantages of basic linings, [202], [204], [213], [214].
• " blast furnaces, [114].
• " Brückner roasters, [72].
• " forced draft, [85].
• " high current density, [233].
• " large grates, [84].
• " " reverberatories, [91].
• " long blast furnaces, [129].
• " matte-pool, [91].
• " MacDougal roasters, [75], [76].
• " multiple system, [229].
• " pyritic smelting, [177].
• " roasting, [62], [67].
• " sectioning, [124].
• " series system, [228].
• " upright converter, [195].
• " water-jacketing, [123], [124].
• Aëration in electro-refining, [231], [232].
• " furnace refining, [222], [239–242].
• Africa, copper output, [15].
• Agglomeration of fines, [47], [51], [55–57], [110–112].
• Air and copper, [33].
• " for furnace refining, [221], [222], [241].
• " in roasting, [66].
• " -admission in reverberatory work, [86].
• " -holes in reverberatory furnace, [85], [86], [101].
• " -space under blast furnaces, [136].
• " -supply for blast furnaces, [141–145], [188].
• "" converters, [195–198], [213].
• "" pyritic smelting, [173–188].
• "" reverberatory work, [85], [92].
• Airing, [41].
• Alabaster, R. C., [191].
• Alaska copper output, [15].
• Alchemists, [2].
• Allen roaster, [70].
• Alloys, [18], [21], [34], [40], [42].
• Alumina in slags, [147], [150], [191].
• Aluminium and copper, [21], [23].
• Amalgamated Copper Company, [13].
• American copper mining, [7].
• " production, [15].
• Ammonium sulphate in electro-refining, [231].
• Anaconda, [9], [52], [80], [191], [220], [243].
• " blast-furnace practice, [120], [190].
• " blast furnaces, [125–128], [166], [191].
• " briquetting plant, [57].
• " Brückners at, [72].
• " Casting at, [226].
• " charge calculations, [150].
• "" -cars, [154], [155].
• " converter practice, [194], [201], [207], [214–216].
• " converters, [194], [197], [207], [216].
• " copper, [227].
• " costs of production, [14].
• " refining, [219].
• " reverberatory practice, [82], [85], [89], [91], [96–104].
• " roasting, [74–79].
• " sampling, [47], [48].
• " smelting scheme, [54].
• " wet concentration, [53].
• Analysis of copper, [20], [44], [50], [227].
• " costs of oil-fired reverberatories, [81], [107], [108].
• " " roasting, [79].
• Annealing of copper, [28], [31], [32].
• Anodes, [217], [219], [226], [229–238].
• Anode-casting machines, [226].
• " -copper, [54], [219], [230], [233], [243].
• " -scrap, [237].
• Antimony and copper, [20], [23–25], [30–32], [44], [207], [217], [230].
• " in copper matte, [37], [207], [217].
• " in electro-refining, [217], [230], [231].
• Apparatus for roasting, [66], et seq. (see Roasting furnaces).
• Appearance of copper-mattes, [38], [39].
• Apron-plates, [140], [153], [154].
• Arch of reverberatories, [96].
• Argall roaster, [73].
• Argentine copper output, [15].
• Argo smelter, [71], [88].
• Arizona copper output, [17].
• " costs of production, [14].
• " mines, [8], [17].
• " ores, [46].
• Arnold, J. O., [34].
• Arrangement of electrodes, [227–229], [234–237].
• " tanks, [234], [235].
• Arsenic in copper, [20], [23–25], [28–33], [41], [43], [44], [207], [217], [230].
• " " -matte, [37], [207], [215], [217].
• " electro-refining, [215], [217], [231].
• Arsenides, Roasting of, [66].
• Ash-beds, Copper-bearing, [45].
• Aspinall, [34].
• Assaying, [47].
• Associated Copper Smelters, [7].
• Atacamite, [47].
• Atlantic Mine, [45].
• Atmosphere of the blast furnace, [115], [186].
• " " reverberatory furnace, [63], [81].
• Auger-Former, [56].
• Austen, Roberts- [34].
• Austin, L. S., [80], [145], [170], [191].
• Australian copper output, [15].
• "mines, [7], [8], [15].
• Austria, copper production, [15].
• Azurite, [47].
• B
• Baggaley, [194], [200], [202], [215].
• Balakala, Cal., [75].
• Baltic Mine, [14].
• Baltimore Company’s Smelter, [194].
• Barilla, [45].
• Barnett, M., [229], [235], [243].
• Barrel-shaped converters, [193–197].
• Barring of blast furnaces, [124], [127], [130], [158], [185].
• Bases in slags, [148–150], [176], [180], [181].
• Basic converter practice, [51], [181], [193–202], [212–215].
• " linings, [193–197], [200], [202], [204], [207], [212–216].
• " silicate slags, [148], [149], [176], [179], [180], [183].
• Bauer, [50].
• Bedding systems, [156].
• Beds of refining furnaces, [219].
• " reverberatory furnaces (see Hearths).
• Bending tests for copper, [20].
• Bengough, G. D., [28].
• Bessemer, [170], [192], [195].
• Bessemerising of copper mattes, [42], [51], [191], [193–217].
• " of low-grade matte, [51], [193].
• " in pyritic smelting, [172–182].
• Best select copper, [40], [42], [44], [214], [215].
• " selecting process, [9], [40], [214], [215].
• Bi-silicate slags, [148], [149].
• Bismuth in copper, [23], [30–33], [44], [207], [217], [230].
• " bessemerising, [217].
• " electro-refining, [231].
• " refining, [217], [230].
• Black copper, [43], [44].
• Black copper smelting, [115], [116].
• Blast for blast furnaces, [125], [160], [161].
• " converters, [195–198], [207], [213], [215].
• " pyritic smelting, [178–184], [188].
• " sintering, [58].
• Blast furnaces, [52], [55].
• " furnace, early forms, [10].
• " " practice, [113–191].
• " " smelting, [10], [53], [54], [67], [108], [110], [111].
• " " water-jacketing, 10 (see also Water-jacketing).
• " mains, [141].
• " pressure, [135], [141], [159], [160], [167], [184], [188].
• " roasting, [51], [55–59], [80], [110–112], [169].
• Blister copper, [41], [43], [44], [205], [213].
• Blount, [34].
• Blowers for blast furnaces, [141].
• Blowing to blister, [213–215].
• " fine concentrates into converters, [55].
• " of converters, [192], [195], [205–216].
• Boiler tubes, Copper for, [19], [33].
• Boiling in furnace refining, [221].
• " point, [24].
• Bolivia, copper ores, [46].
• " " output, [15].
• Bornite, [46].
• Bosh-angle, [139].
• Boshes, [123], [138].
• Boston and Montana Smelter, [191].
• Bottoms, Copper, [40].
• Bottom-plate for blast furnaces, [136].
• Bottom of reverberatories (see Hearths).
• Bracing of reverberatories, [96], [99], [221].
• Brasque hearths, [117], [123], [134].
• Brasses, [21], [40].
• Breadth of reverberatories, [89].
• Breakdown of electrodes, [230], [233], [237], [238].
• Breast plate, [139], [159], [160].
• Brick furnaces, [124].
• Bridging of blast furnaces, [125–127].
• Brinell test, [32].
• Bringing to pitch, [19], [26], [28], [39], [40], [43], [217], [222], [223],
• [230], [238], [241], [242].
• Briquettes in blast-furnace charges, [150–152].
• " Coke in, [57], [101].
• Briquetting, [51], [54–57], [169].
• British copper mining, [2], [56].
• " production, [15].
• Brittleness of crude copper, [242].
• Bronzes, [21].
• Brown, W., [17].
• " roaster, [70], [71].
• Brückner roaster, [72], [75].
• " " Introduction of, [10].
• Brunton sampler, [49], [50].
• Bullion in electro-refining (see Values).
• Bustle pipes, [141].
• Butte mining, [8].
• " ores, [46], [63].
• " " Preliminary treatment, [52].
• " " Roasting of, [63].
• C
• Cadmium in copper, [23].
• Calculation of blast-furnace charges, [146], [147], [150–152].
• California, copper output, [17].
• " Practice in, [75], [168].
• Calumet and Hecla, [8], [14], [45].
• " " costs of production, [14].
• Canada, copper ores, [46].
• " " output, [15].
• Cananea, [80].
• " blast furnaces, [136], [142], [145], [156], [161].
• " Costs of production at, [14].
• " " roasting, [78].
• " reverberatories, [91], [105–108].
• " settlers, [163].
• Capacity of blast furnaces, [114], [123–125], [129], [131], [135], [151], [153],
• [174], [179], [184–188].
• " converters, [193], [195], [198], [201], [202], [204], [207], [212].
• " electrolytic tanks, [231], [234], [237].
• " refining furnaces, [219], [224–227], [240].
• " reverberatories, [88–92], [99], [102], [106].
• " roaster furnaces, [70–72], [76–79].
• Cape Copper Company, [68], [73].
• Carbon and copper, [28], [42].
• " " silicates, [39].
• " dioxide and copper, [23].
• " " and acid manufacture, [181], [189], [190].
• " " in blast-furnace gases, [181], [189], [190].
• " monoxide in copper, [25].
• Carbonaceous fuel in blast furnaces, [115], [119], [121] (see also Coke).
• Carbonate ores, [47].
• Cars for charging, [141], [153–155], [186].
• Cast copper, [32], [35].
• Casting furnaces, [219], [220], [224], [225].
• " machines, [224], [226], [242].
• " of copper anodes, [217], [219], [224].
• " of merchant copper, [217], [237–242].
• Cathode copper, [39], [43], [44], [230], [233], [238], [239].
• " plates, [227–231], [237].
• " sheets, [227], [230–232], [235], [237].
• Caypless, [37], [50].
• Cement copper, [43], [44], [236].
• Cerro de Pasco, [75].
• Chalcocite, [46].
• Chalcopyrite, [45–47].
• " in pyritic smelting, [171].
• " roasting of, [65].
• Chambers’ briquette machine, [56], [57].
• Changes during bessemerising, [206–210], [215], [216].
• Channelling in reverberatory grates, [86], [101].
• Channing, J. Parke, [170], [186], [191].
• Charge for blast furnaces, [130], [146], [147], [150], [151], [187], [211].
• " " blast roasting, [58], [111], [112].
• " " converters, [212], [213].
• " " pyritic smelting, [178–180], [187], [188].
• " " reverberatories, [102], [110–112].
• " " roaster furnaces, [76–79], [111], [112].
• " " sintering, [58], [111], [112].
• " -cars, [141], [153–156], [186].
• " -sheets, [153], [157], [158], [187].
• " trains for blast furnaces, [156–158].
• " " reverberatories, [99].
• Charging of blast furnaces, [140], [146], [153–158], [179], [186], [188].
• " of converters, [198], [199], [207], [208], [212–214].
• " of refining furnaces, [240].
• " of reverberatories, [85–87], [91–105]
• " -doors, [141].
• " -platform, [141].
• Checking of operations, [47].
• Chemical properties, [18], [33].
• Chili bar, [43], [44].
• " copper ores, [46].
• " " production, [15].
• " supplies of copper from, [7], [15], [45], [46].
• Chilling in blast-furnace hearths, [115], [117].
• " converters, [195], [199], [210], [212].
• " settlers, [117].
• China, [45].
• Chlorine and copper, [33].
• Chromite linings, [162].
• Circulation of electrolyte, [232–236].
• Claying of reverberatories, [95].
• Clean slags, [131–133], [148], [149], [188], [211].
• Cleaning of electrolytic tanks, [238].
• Cleaning-out of pyritic furnaces, [178–179].
• Clinkering of reverberatory fire-grates, [84], [85], [101].
• Cloud, T. C., [80].
• Coal for reverberatory furnaces, [89], [90], [101–102] , [105].
• " consumption in reverberatory work, [84], [102], [105].
• Coaling of reverberatories (see Firing).
• Cobalt in copper, [23], [217].
• Coinage alloys, [21].
• Coke charging in blast furnaces, [153], [158].
• " consumption in the blast furnace, [119–122], [143], [151], [152], [158],
• [169], [177], [178], [182], [187].
• " in the blast furnace, [121], [129], [143], [147].
• " in pyritic smelting, [169], [173], [174], [178], [180–184], [187], [188], [191].
• " recovery from reverberatories, [101].
• " used in briquettes, [57], [101].
• Cold rolling of copper, [31].
• Collection of slimes, [238].
• Colorado, practice in, [17].
• Colour of converter flame, [205], [207], [209], [210], [216].
• " copper, [23].
• Colour of matte, [39].
• Commercial copper, [29], [39], [44], [238].
• Composition of anodes, [217], [230–233], [238].
• " blast-furnace charges, [150–152].
• " blast-furnace gas for acid-making, [189–191].
• " blast-furnace slags, [147–153], [179], [180], [188].
• " briquettes, [57].
• " cathodes, [230], [232], [233].
• " charges for pyritic smelting, [173–176], [180], [187].
• " charges for reverberatory smelting, [82], [102], [108–112].
• " charges for blast-roasting, [111], [112].
• " converter copper, [218].
• " copper, [31], [34], [39], [40], [44], [217], [218], [230], [238].
• " " for fire-boxes, [19], [20], [34].
• " " mattes, [37], [50], [61–65], [82], [87], [131], [146], [147],
• [175–188], [207], [217].
• " " ores, [45], [46].
• " electrolyte, [231–237].
• " pyritic-smelting slags, [175–188].
• " reverberatory charges, [82], [102], [108–112].
• " reverberatory matte, [82], [103], [104].
• " slag, [103], [104].
• " roaster products, [79].
• Compounds of copper, [35].
• Concentrates, coarse, Treatment of, [53], [63], [150–152].
• " Fine, [53–55], [61], [63], [68], [108–112], [158].
• Concentration in the blast furnace, [57], [113–121], [179].
• " pyritic smelting, [174–183], [187], [194].
• " reverberatory smelting, [81], [110–112].
• " smelting, [62], [63], [66], [200].
• " Wet, [51], [53], [54], [61], [63].
• Condition of charge for blast roasting, [111], [112].
• " " reverberatory smelting, [81], [88], [91], [108–112].
• " " roasting, [62], [76], [78], [110–112].
• " copper market, [13].
• " impurities in copper, [26], [31], [34].
• Conditions for electro-refining, [232], [234], [237].
• " good settling, [117], [131], [133].
• " successful acid-making, [189–191].
• " for successful bessemerising, [192], [204], [211].
• " " pyritic smelting, [179].
• " " roasting, [66], [76], [110].
• Conductivity of electrolyte, [232].
• " Electrical, [23], [24].
• " High, copper, [18], [22], [39], [41], [44], [218], [242].
• " Thermal, [19], [25], [117], [221], [239].
• Conglomerate deposits, [45].
• Conker plate of reverberatories, [99].
• Connections in electro-refining, [228], [234].
• Construction of the blast furnace, [113], [114], [124], [131], [135].
• " MacDougal roasters, [73–79].
• " reverberatories, [87], [96], [97].
• Constituents of blast-furnace charges, [150–152].
• " briquettes, [57].
• " reverberatory charges, [103], [104], [108–112].
• " roaster charges, [76], [79], [109–112].
• Constitution of copper matte, [37], [38], [50].
• Consumption of copper for alloys, [21].
• " " in electrical work, [18].
• Contacts in electro-refining, [228].
• Contamination of cathodes, [231], [233], [235], [238].
• " electrolyte, [219], [230], [233–238].
• Continuous converting, [181], [202].
• " working in blast furnaces, [115], [130], [135].
• " " in pyritic smelting, [179].
• " " of reverberatories, [85], [87], [92], [94].
• " " of roasters, [72].
• Contraction of area, [20].
• Control in bessemerising, [196], [205], [211–213].
• " in blast-furnace working, [115], [117], [131], [178].
• " in pyritic smelting, [173–183].
• " in reverberatory smelting, [63], [87], [88].
• " in roasting, [72], [75].
• " of matte grade, [82], [175–186], [200], [203], [204].
• " of operations, [47], [82].
• Converter bars, [42].
• " copper, [42–44], [217], [218].
• " flames, [205], [207], [209], [210], [216].
• " -grade matte, [61], [63], [146], [147], [192].
• " -linings, [192], [194], [199–201], [211–216].
• " -matte, [181], [188], [192], [194], [203], [204], [207], [211], [212], [215–217].
• " -practice, [192], [199], [203–216].
• " -process, [35], [41].
• " " Losses in, [116].
• Converter-slags, [192], [203–205], [211], [212].
• Converters, [192–216].
• Converting, [54], [170], [192–216].
• Cooling of hearth in reverberatories, [83–87], [91], [96].
• Copper as electrical conductor, [14], [34], [242].
• " for stays, [19], [41].
• " for steam pipes, [19].
• " glance, [46].
• " High-conductivity, [18], [39].
• " in blast-furnace charges, [150–152].
• " in converter slags, [211], [213].
• " in matte, [147].
• " in refinery slags, [241].
• " industry, Present position of, [13].
• " losses in slags, [115–117], [131], [132], [145], [149], [179–181], [186], [188].
• " matte, [36], 37 (see Matte, also Grade of Matte).
• " oxide in copper, [26–29].
• " oxide in furnace refining, [221], [239–242].
• " oxides, [35], [43] (see Oxides).
• " Properties of, [22–34].
• " pyrites (see Chalcopyrite).
• " sand, [45].
• " silicates, [35], [39].
• " sulphate in electrolyte, [231], [236].
• " sulphides, [35], [36].
• " " Roasting of, [64].
• " Uses of, [18–22].
• " Varieties of, [24].
• Copperhill Smelter, Tennessee, [140], [162], [170], [184], [186], [188], [190], [214].
• Cornish copper mining, [5].
• " ores, [46].
• Corrosion of copper, [33].
• " reverberatory linings, [95].
• Costs in blast-furnace smelting, [124], [130], [143], [153], [177], [179].
• " blast roasting, [58].
• " electro-refining, [228], [229], [233].
• " oil-fired reverberatories, [81], [107], [108].
• " production of copper, [11], [14].
• " pyritic smelting, [179], [182], [185].
• " reverberatory smelting, [102],
• " roasting, [62], [75], [78], [177].
• Cottrell fume settler, [191].
• Cowper-Coles process, [19], [238], [243].
• Cranes, [214], [236], [237].
• Crucible-jackets, [137].
• Crude copper, [43].
• Crusting in blast-furnace work, [129], [130], [153], [154], [158], [178], [185], [188].
• Cuba, Copper output of, [15].
• Cuprite, [46].
• Cuprous oxide in copper, [26–29], [42].
• " Properties of, [35].
• Current-density, [229], [232], [233], [237].
• " in electro-refining, [227], [229], [232–235].
• " leakage, [228].
• Cutter for sampling, [49].
• D
• David, [193], [214].
• Dean, [34].
• Decline of British mining, [9].
• De Lamar refinery, [243].
• Density of copper, [24].
• "" mattes, [39], [179].
• " electrolyte, [231].
• " slags, [147], [148], [149].
• Depositing tanks (see Tanks).
• Deposition of copper, Electrolytic, [232], [233], [236], [237].
• "" from solution, [33], [43].
• " of moss copper, [38].
• Destruction of converter linings, [199–204].
• Details of blast furnaces, [113], [131].
• " MacDougal furnaces, [76].
• " pyritic smelting furnaces, [184], [185], [188].
• " refining furnaces, [220], [224], [239].
• " reverberatory furnaces, [96–99].
• Development of bessemerising, [192].
• " blast furnaces, [122–127], [145].
• " copper industry, [2].
• " reverberatory furnaces, [89], [90].
• " roasting furnaces, [69].
• " "practice, [69].
• " smelting practice, [9], [51].
• Difficulties in black-copper smelting, [115], [117].
• " in casting, [224].
• " in converting, [192], [193].
• " in electro-refining, [219].
• " in pyritic smelting, [177–181].
• " in series-system, [228].
• " with gaseous fuel, [108].
• " with matte-anodes, [26].
• Diffusion of arsenic in copper, [29].
• Dilution of blast-furnace gases, [189].
• Dimensions of blast furnaces, [123–127], [135], [184], [185], [188].
• " converters, [193], [195], [197], [198], [202], [204].
• " electrodes, [229], [230].
• " heaps, [68].
• " refining furnaces, [220–224].
• " reverberatories, [84], [88–89], [105].
• " roasting furnaces, [69], [72], [74], [76].
• " tanks, [234].
• Dimorphic change in sulphides, [36].
• Disadvantages of basic linings, [214].
• " bessemerising low-grade mattes, [203].
• " Brückner roaster, [72].
• " forced draught, [85].
• " high current density, [233].
• " impure anodes, [219].
• " roasting, [118].
• " series-system, [228].
• " small fire-grates, [85].
• Discharge of blast furnaces, 138 (see Withdrawal).
• Discharge of roasters, [72], [78].
• Disposal of blast-furnace products, [146], [159] (see also Withdrawal).
• Dissolved gases in copper, [25], [26], [31], [40], [42].
• Distribution of blast-furnace charges, [153], [156], [179], [186], [188].
• " electrolyte, [235].
• " impurities in copper, [31].
• Direct process, [35].
• Doctoring of furnaces, [178].
• Doors, [141].
• “Dope,” [210].
• “Doping” in converting, [210].
• “Doubling” in converting, [212].
• Douglas, James, [215].
• Draft in reverberatory work, [83–87], [93], [94].
• Draft-pressures, [85], [87], [92–94], [101], [102].
• Dry copper, [24], [28], [42], [222], [239], [241], [242].
• " Characteristics of, [24], [41], [42].
• Ducktown Smelter, Tennessee, [154], [170], [177], [184], [186], [188], [190].
• Ductility of copper, [20], [22], [31], [33].
• Dust, [159], [167], [168], [169], [186], [221].
• " chambers for blast furnaces, [140], [159], [167], [168], [190].
• " " roasters, [72], [78].
• " losses (see Flue-dust).
• Dwight-Lloyd sintering machine, [59], [60], [109], [169].
• E
• Earth-oxides in slags, [149], [176], [177].
• Economic factors in acid-making, [189], [190].
• Economy of pyritic process, [177], [181].
• Effects of impurities in copper, [18], [22], [23], [34].
• " mechanical treatment, [22].
• Efficiency of blast furnaces, [114], [129].
• " in electro-refining, [229], [234].
• " of reverberatory furnaces, [114].
• Elastic limit, [33].
• Elasticity in blast-furnace smelting, [114], [115], [124], [130].
• Electrical conditions (see Conditions).
• " conductivity, [23], [34].
• " resistance, [24].
• " uses, [18].
• Electrodes, [227], [229], [234].
• Electrolyte, [229–231], [235].
• Electrolytic copper, [33], [39], [40], [42], [44], [50], [218].
• " " Tough pitch, [41].
• " refining, [8], [43], [50], [215–218], [227–238].
• Elimination of constituents in converting, [205], [207], [210],
• [215], [217], [222].
• " impurities from copper-mattes, [50], [215], [217].
• " impurities in furnace refining, [221–223], [239].
• " iron in the blast furnace, [118], [174].
• " sulphur in the blast furnace, [113], [114], [117], [118], [120], [174].
• " sulphur in reverberatory smelting, [81], [82].
• Elkington, [227].
• Elmore depositing process, [19], [238].
• Elongation, [32].
• Emmons, W. H., [140], [145].
• End-feeding of blast furnaces, [154].
• Engineering and Mining Journal, [17].
• " progress and copper mining, [6].
• " uses of copper, [18], [21], [30], [33], [41], [42].
• Equilibrium diagrams, [22].
• Erection of blast furnaces, [114].
• Erubescite, [46].
• Evans’ Klepetko roaster, [74–79].
• Excrescences on anode-plates, [228], [230], [234], [237].
• Expansion-openings in reverberatories, [99].
• Expense of roasting, [62], [75], [78], [79], [177].
• Extension of blast furnaces, [124], [131].
• External settling, [113], [117], [122], [123], [131], [133].
• Extraction of values in converting, [194], [200], [201], [213–215].
• F
• Factors in slag calculations, [147].
• Fahl-ore, [46].
• Falding, F. J., [191].
• Features of blast-furnace practice, [113], [114].
• Fettling of reverberatories, [95].
• Fine concentrates in the blast furnace, [120].
• Fines, Agglomeration of, [47], [109].
• " in the blast furnace, [53], [55], [108], [110], [114], [120], [140], [154], [158], [167].
• " in the reverberatory, [81], [108], [109].
• " Preliminary treatment of, [53–57].
• " produced on wet-dressing, [52–55].
• " Roasting of, [66–68], [110].
• Fining of crude copper, [238].
• Fire-boxes (see Grates).
• Fire-box plates, [33], [41], [44].
• Fire-brick linings for settlers, [162].
• Firing of reverberatory furnaces, [83–87], [93], [100], [101].
• " roaster furnaces, [72].
• Flame in converting, [205–210].
• " furnace refining, [223], [224].
• " reverberatory furnaces, [86], [89], [91], [101], [103], [105–108].
• " roasting, [69].
• Flanging test for copper, [20].
• Flinn, F. B., [243].
• Fluctuations in price of copper, [11], [12].
• Fluidity of slags, [149], [150], [176].
• Flue-dust, [159], [167–169], [186], [221].
• " losses in the blast furnace, [55], [159].
• " " roasting [72], [78].
• " " smelting, [81], [110].
• " treatment, [82], [106], [108], [110], [111], [140], [167–169].
• Flues of blast furnaces, [140], [159], [168], [186].
• " reverberatories, [85].
• Fluxes in blast-furnace smelting, [147], [149], [211].
• " converting, [193], [199], [200], [203], [204], [212–214].
• " pyritic smelting, [173–176], [187].
• " reverberatory smelting, [76], [88], [110].
• " roasting, [79], [88], [110].
• " smelting, [52].
• Focus of pyritic furnace, [171].
• Forced draught in reverberatories, [85].
• Fore-hearths (see Settlers).
• Formation-temperature of slags, [148], [172], [175], [176], [180], [181], [183].
• Foundations for blast furnaces, [135].
• " refining furnaces, [239].
• " reverberatories, [96].
• Fracture of copper, [23], [242].
• Freeland, W. H., [170], [186], [188], [191].
• " charger, [154–158].
• Freezing-point curve for mattes, [38].
• Friedrich, [28].
• Fuel consumption in blast furnaces, [115], [120], [121], [125], [129], [153], [177], [178].
• " economy in blast furnaces, [114], [115], [129], [177], [178].
• " in blast-furnace practice (see Coke).
• " in reverberatory smelting, [81], [83], [84], [86], [91], [103], [105].
• " in roasting, [69], [72], [75], [78], [79].
• " value of charges in blast furnaces, [115], [119], [120], [152],
• [170], [177], [178], [184].
• " value of fine concentrates, [58], [111].
• " value of sulphides, [119–122], [152], [170], [173], [177], [178], [203],
• [212], [213].
• " value, Loss of, in roasting, [72], [78].
• Fulton, [50].
• Fume, [67], [140], [158], [159], [168], [191], [216].
• Functions of the blast furnace, [113–116], [131], [133], [134].
• " coke in pyritic work, [182].
• " the converter lining, [193], [199].
• " oxygen in copper, [20], [23], [26–33], [40], [41], [42], [44],
• [221–223], [238–243].
• " the refining furnace, [221], [223], [239].
• " the reverberatory, [81], [82–88].
• " the roasting furnace, [88].
• Furnaces for refining, [219], [239].
• " roasting, [69].
• Furnace-refined (tough pitch) copper, [41].
• Fusibility of slags, [148–150], [176].
• G
• Gangue, [43].
• Garfield Smelter, Utah, blast furnaces, [156].
• " " converters, [194].
• " " reverberatories, [91].
• " " roasters, [75], [78].
• Gases dissolved in copper, [25], [26], [31], [40], [42].
• " for acid manufacture, [140], [146], [167], [181], [186], [188–191].
• " in blast-furnace work, [140], [146], [156], [159].
• " in copper, [43].
• " in furnace refining, [223].
• " in pyritic process, [172], [181], [186].
• " in reverberatory smelting, [89–91].
• " in roasting, [63], [64], [68], [78], [177].
• Gaseous fuel for reverberatories, [108].
• " products of the blast furnace, [159], [166–168], [181], [182], [188–191].
• German copper mining, [5].
• "" production, [15].
• "" smelting, [3].
• " silver, [21].
• Gibb, A., [37], [50].
• Giroux blast-heater, [144].
• Gobbing of furnaces, [174], [178], [188].
• Gold and copper, [21], [23], [34], [40].
• " in copper, [44], [217], [218], [226].
• " " ores, [46], [217].
• " " -smelting, [217].
• " in electro-refining, [229], [230–233], [238].
• Goodner, [50].
• Gossan deposits, [45].
• Gowland, W., [3], [17], [34], [90], [126], [145].
• Grade of matte, [61–65], [82], [87], [131], [175–194], [200], [203], [204], [211].
• " Control of, [82], [175–186], [200], [203], [204].
• Granby smelter, [154], [191].
• Granulation of slags, [165].
• Grate-area in reverberatories, [83–85], [88], [89].
• Grating in reverberatory smelting, [83], [85], [86], [92], [101].
• Great Falls Smelter, [108], [191], [195].
• Greenawalt, W. E., [243].
• Green-ore matte, [179], [181], [187], [188].
• " smelting, [179], [181], [187], [188].
• Guess, G. A., [171].
• H
• Haas converter, [215], [216].
• Hallowell, [50].
• Hammering and mechanical properties, [31].
• Hampe, E., [26], [34].
• Hand calciner, [69].
• Hand-charging of blast furnaces, [153].
• Hand-ladling, [224].
• Handling of electrodes, [230].
• Hardening of copper by hammering, [1], [31].
• "" impurities, [21].
• Hardness of copper, [32].
• Harrington, [37], [50].
• Harvard, F. T., [191].
• Hayden, [50].
• Heap-roasting, [67].
• Hearth-area of blast furnaces, [127], [129], [130], [135].
• Hearth of blast furnaces, [123], [127], [129], [134], [159].
• " of refining furnace, [239].
• " of reverberatory furnace, [86], [89], [91], [95–99].
• " of roasting-furnace, [69].
• Heat, Conductivity for, [25].
• " losses in blast furnaces, [124], [181].
• " " converting, [212], [213].
• " " reverberatories, [83], [86].
• " " roasters, [75].
• " " settling, [133].
• " production in converting, [194], [198], [203–205], [210–213].
• " production in pyritic smelting, [173], [174–177], [180–184].
• Heaters of copper, [21].
• Heating air for blast furnaces, [143–145], [181–184].
• Height of blast furnaces, [136], [137], [188].
• " " furnace charges, [153], [172], [184], [188].
• " water-jackets, [123], [136–138].
• Henderson process, [7].
• Herrick, R. L., [191].
• Herreshof roaster, [74–79].
• Heyn, E., [27], [34], [50].
• Heywood, W. A., [194], [205], [215].
• High-conductivity copper, [18], [39].
• Hill, [28].
• Hiorns, A., [24], [28], [34].
• History of copper, [1].
• " pyritic smelting, [170].
• Hixon, H., [216].
• Hodge’s charge-car, [154], [155].
• Hoepfner, [238].
• Hofman, H. O., [37], [50], [80], [243].
• Holway, [119], [170], [172], [191–193].
• Hood of converter, [197], [198], [201].
• Hoppers in roaster furnaces, [69].
• Hopper-feed to blast furnaces, [140].
• Horse-Shoe roasting furnace, [71].
• Hot-blast stoves, [144], [145].
• Hot charges for reverberatories, [87], [92].
• Hughes, G., [34].
• Hungary copper output, [15].
• Hydrocarbons in copper, [25].
• Hydrochloric acid and copper, [33].
• Hydrogen dissolved in copper, [25].
• I
• Idaho copper output, [15].
• Improvements in roasting practice, [69–79].
• Impure anodes, [228–231], [235].
• Impurities and annealing temperature, [31].
• " and conductivity, [23], [24], [34].
• " and hardness, [32].
• " and specific gravity, [25].
• " elimination from mattes, [50], [217].
• " in anode copper, [219], [228–231], [233], [235].
• " in copper, [18], [20], [23], [24], [26], [28], [31], [40–42], [217], [218].
• " in electro-refining, [219], [228–231], [233], [236].
• " in furnace refining, [239], [241].
• Increase in blast-furnace size, [113].
• " reverberatories, [88–91].
• Incrustation in blast furnaces, [129].
• Industrial uses of copper, [18], [21].
• Influence of conditions on properties of copper, [30], [34].
• Ingot copper, [242].
• Intermittent working of roasters, [72].
• Internal settling, [123], [133], [134].
• Iron and copper silicates, [39].
• " in blast-furnace charges, [118], [147], [149–152].
• " in converting practice, [193], [200], [203], [205], [207], [212–217].
• " in copper, [20], [23], [31], [44].
• " in electro-refining, [229–232].
• " in furnace refining, [221], [241].
• " in pyritic smelting, [172–176], [179], [180], [181], [183], [188].
• " in slags, [149–153], [211].
• " pyrites (see Pyrites).
• " reduction in the blast furnace, [115], [116].
• " silicates, [148–150].
• " sulphide in matte, [37], [146], [147], [203].
• " " reactions on roasting, [64].
• Isabella Smelter (see Ducktown).
• Italy, Copper output of, [15].
• J
• Jacketing (see Water-jacketing).
• James (and Nicholl) process, [9], [35].
• Japan, Copper ores of, [46].
• " " output of, [15].
• " old smelting methods, [3].
• Johnson, F., [26], [34], [243].
• " T., [34].
• " on electrical conductivity, [23], [24].
• K
• Katanga, [46].
• Keith, [238].
• Keller, E., [50], [71], [193], [202], [215], [217], [243].
• Keswick Smelter, Cal., [119], [120].
• Kiddie blast heater, [144].
• Kilns, Roasting in, [67], [68].
• Kletko (and Evans) roaster, [74–79].
• Knudsen process, [194], [215].
• L
• Labour for blast furnaces, [130].
• " refining furnaces, [224].
• " reverberatories, [100].
• " roasters, [69], [70], [72], [75], [78], [79], [177].
• Ladles, [166].
• " for refining furnace, [224–226], [242].
• Ladling of copper, [224].
• Lake copper, [40], [42], [44], [45].
• " Superior ores, [43].
• Lamb, S., [24], [34].
• Lambert, [7].
• Large reverberatories, [81], [87], [88].
• Launders for matte, [116].
• " for slag, [164], [165].
• " -castings, [166].
• Law, E. F., [34].
• Lawrie, [34].
• Lay-out of blast-furnace plant, [156].
• Leaching processes, [67].
• Lead anodes, [236].
• " in copper, [20], [23], [30], [32], [44], [217].
• " " -matte, [37], [215–217].
• " in blast-furnace fume, [168].
• " sulphide, Roasting of, [66].
• Leakage of air in blast-furnace blowers, [141], [174].
• " of air in reverberatory furnaces, [83], [85], [86].
• " in electro-refining, [228].
• " in water-jackets, [139], [158].
• Length of blast furnaces, [131], [135].
• " reverberatories, [89], [91].
• Lengthening of blast furnaces, [124–127], [131].
• Levelling of charges in reverberatory smelting, [92].
• Levy, D. M., [216].
• Liberating tanks, [236].
• Lime in blast-furnace charges, [151–153], [180].
• " blast-roasting process, [58].
• " pyritic process, [180], [181], [186–188].
• " roaster charges, [76], [77], [88].
• " slags, [149–151], [153], [180].
• Linings for converters, [192–194], [197–201], [211–216].
• Lining of converters, [201–204].
• " settlers, [162], [163].
• " tanks, [228], [229], [234].
• Liquation of sulphides, [172], [182], [194].
• Liquid fuel for reverberatories (see Oil).
• Lloyd-Dwight sintering machine, [59].
• Loam lining for settlers, [162], [163].
• Locomotive work, Copper for, [20].
• Losses by fines in the blast furnace, [55], [110].
• " by fines in the reverberatory, [110].
• " in blast-furnace smelting, [115–117], [125], [146], [152], [179].
• " in converting, [195], [200], [204], [209], [210], [212], [214], [222].
• " in pyritic smelting, [179–181], [186], [188].
• " in refining, [116], [221], [222].
• " in roasting, [62], [67], [68], [177].
• " of heat (see Heat losses).
• Louis, H. (and Schnabel), [243].
• Low-grade mattes, [181], [200], [203], [204], [212–214].
• " ores, [52].
• Lugs of electrodes, [226], [229], [230], [236].
• Lump ores, Roasting of, [66], [67].
• M
• MacDougal roasters, [73–79].
• M‘Murty-Rogers sintering process, [58], [80].
• Magnesia in slags, [150].
• Magnesite linings (see Basic linings).
• Malachite, [46].
• Malleability, [1], [22], [31], [33].
• Management of converters, [212].
• Manganese and copper, [21], [23].
• Manhès, [193], [200].
• Mansfeld furnace, [122].
• Mantle plates, [140], [153], [154].
• Marchésé, [238].
• Mass influence, [194].
• Mathewson, E. P., [89], [125], [127], [145], [207], [211], [215].
• Matte, [36], [37], [50], [61], [118] (see also Grade of matte).
• " anodes, [238].
• " for converters, [134], [135], [192], [200], [202–204], [211–213].
• " in pyritic smelting, [178], [181], [183], [186], [188].
• " -pool in reverberatory smelting, [87], [91], [94–97].
• " Properties of, [38], [39], [91].
• Mechanical charging of blast furnaces, [140], [153], [167], [188].
• " operation of roasters, [69–75].
• " properties of copper, [18], [30], [33], [34], [43], [45], [238], [241], [242].
• " rabbling, [69–75].
• " treatment, Effects of, [20], [30], [32], [34].
• Mechanism of casting ladles, [225–226].
• " furnace refining process, [223].
• " pyritic process, [171], [172], [183].
• Melaconite, [46].
• Melting agent, Blast furnace as, [113], [114].
• " function of blast furnace, [114], [117].
• " point of copper, [24], [117].
• " " copper-mattes, [37], [38].
• " " slags, [148].
• Merchant copper, [238], [239].
• Metallic copper in blast-furnace slags, [116].
• Metallography, [26].
• Mexico copper ores, [46].
• " " output, [15].
• Michigan copper output, [17].
• Milton, J. T., [34].
• Mineral industry, [17], [191], [243].
• " statistics, [17].
• Mining in Britain, [2], [5], [6].
• " Germany, [5].
• " Spain, [5], [7], [8].
• Mitchell blast heater, [144].
• Mixed silicate slags, [149], [150].
• Mixing of samples, [49].
• Modern smelting practice, [37], [51], [61], [62], [65], [66].
• "" " Development of, [9].
• " reverberatory smelting, [87].
• Modifications of converter practice, [214], [216].
• " electro-refining, [238].
• Moisture in briquettes, [58].
• Monel metal, [21].
• Monopolies in copper industry, [11].
• Mono-silicates, [149], [150].
• Montana copper ores, [8], [46], [52], [63].
• "" output, [17].
• Moore, R. R., [80], [215].
• Moss copper, [38].
• Moulds of casting furnaces, [224–226].
• Mount Lyell, Tasmania, [171], [172], [174], [195].
• Mud (see Slimes).
• Muffles, [69].
• Multiple system, [227–229].
• Muntz metal, [21].
• N
• Native ores, [43], [45].
• " preliminary treatment, [51].
• Natural draft in reverberatories, [85].
• Neal, C. B., [215].
• Nevada, [8], [14], [17], [75].
• " copper output, [17].
• Newfoundland copper output, [15].
• New Mexico copper ores, [45].
• " " output, [17].
• Nicholl and James process, [7], [35].
• Nicholls, F. S., [191].
• Nickel and copper, [34].
• " in bessemerising, [205].
• " in copper, [20], [23], [33], [44], [217].
• " " mattes, [37], [205].
• " in electro-refining, [230].
• " in refining, [217], [230].
• Nitric acid and copper, [33].
• Nitrogen in blast-furnace gases, [189].
• “Normal” converter practice, [211].
• North American supply, [15], [17], [45].
• "Carolina ores, [46].
• Norway, copper output, [15].
• Nose-pieces of spouts, [159], [160], [164].
• Notches (see Slag notches).
• O
• Objections to external settling, [133].
• " internal settling, [134].
• " roasting, [62], [67].
• " water-jacketing, [124].
• Objects of electrolytic refining, [218].
• " furnace refining, [223].
• Offerhaus, C., [93], [112], [191], [216].
• Off-takes of blast furnaces, [140], [167].
• O’Harra calciner, [70].
• Oil burners, [106], [107].
• " fuel for reverberatory furnaces, [81], [91], [105], [106–108].
• Open-air roasting, [67].
• Operation of the blast furnace, [114], [146], [158], [178].
• " of converters, [192], [207], [210–214].
• " electro-refining process, [227], [230], [236].
• " furnace refining process, [221], [223], [238–243].
• " large reverberatories, [81].
• Ore bedding, [156].
• " of copper, [43–47].
• " for converter fluxes, [213], [214].
• " " linings, [201], [214].
• " for pyritic process, [171], [176], [177], [184], [187], [188].
• " -lining for settlers, [162], [163], [186].
• Organisation in bessemerising, [214].
• " at smelters, [47], [75].
• Outlets of blast furnaces, [160].
• " settlers, [164–166].
• Output of blast furnaces, [124], [129–131], [133], [135], [188].
• " copper, [15–17].
• " electrolytic tanks, [228], [229], [232], [234], [237].
• Over-fire, [176], [184].
• Over-poled copper, [24], [26], [42], [50], [242].
• Oxidation in bessemerising, [194], [195], [200], [205], [207], [208],
• [210], [211], [214], [217].
• " in the blast furnace, [113–122], [171].
• " in electro-refining, [231], [232].
• " in furnace refining, [221], [222], [239–242].
• " in pyritic smelting, [174–184].
• " in smelting, [62].
• " reactions in roasting, [64], [65].
• Oxides in copper, [26–29], [239–242].
• " of copper, [35], [43].
• " ores, [43], [45–47].
• " " Preliminary treatment of, [51].
• Oxidised constituents of the blast-furnace charge, [113–115], [118], [119].
• Oxland roaster, [72], [73].
• Oxygen and copper, [33], [40], [41].
• " in copper, [20], [23], [26–33], [42], [44], [218], [239–242].
• " in furnace gases, [171], [172], [182], [189], [190].
• " in furnace refining, [221], [222], [239–243].
• " in gases for acid manufacture, [189–190].
• " in pyritic smelting, [172–175], [182], [183].
• " ratio, [147], [150].
• P
• Panels of water-jackets, [129], [137], [185].
• Parallel system, [227–229].
• Parkes’ roaster, [73].
• Parrott Smelter, Butte, [125], [193].
• Partial pyritic smelting, [121], [143], [147], [149], [158], [169], [177], [184].
• Peacock ore, [46].
• Pearse, R., [88], [92].
• " roasting furnace, [71].
• Percy, John, [2], [17], [34].
• Perth Amboy Refinery, N.J., [194], [234].
• Peru copper output, [15].
• " smelting practice, [75].
• Peters, E. D., [65], [80], [110], [112], [143], [145], [170–172],
• [183], [191], [220], [243].
• Philp, [37], [50].
• Phosphorus in copper, [23], [242].
• Physical properties of copper, [18].
• Pierce (and Smith), [194], [202], [215].
• Piltz, [123].
• " blast furnace, [10].
• Pipe stoves, [144].
• Pitch of copper, [224].
• " Bringing to, [19], [26], [28], [39], [40], [43], [217],
• [222], [223], [238], [239–242].
• Pittsmont Smelter, Butte, [193].
• Plant for acid making, [190], [191].
• Platforms for charging blast furnaces, [141].
• " of reverberatory furnaces, [86], [100].
• Platinum in copper, [23].
• Poling of copper, [25], [42], [222], [223], [239], [240], [242], [243].
• Polybasic slags, [150], [176], [181].
• “Porphyry” camps, [14].
• Portuguese copper mines, [7], [15].
• " " output, [15].
• Pots for blast roasting, [58].
• Power for electro-refining, [233], [234].
• Precipitation of copper from solution, [33], [43].
• " impurities, [232], [233].
• Preliminary refining of copper, [217], [219], [222], [223], [228–230].
• " " fines, [53], [61], [110–112].
• " " ores, [47–49], [51], [54–61].
• Preparation of anodes, [217], [219], [230].
• " cathodes, [230].
• " floor for heap-roasting, [68].
• Pressing of briquettes, [27].
• Pressure of blast for blast furnaces, [135], [141], [159], [160],
• [167], [184], [188].
• Prevention of heat losses in reverberatory smelting, [86].
• " losses, [116].
• Price of copper, [11], [40].
• Primitive smelting methods, [3].
• Principles of converting, [194], [215].
• " copper smelting, [51], [61].
• " electro-refining, [229].
• " the MacDougal roaster, [73].
• " reverberatory smelting, [81], [83], [87].
• " the Welsh process, [9].
• Production, Statistics of, [5], [15–17].
• Products of the blast furnace, [114], [117], [146], [159], [186], [214].
• " blast roasting, [58], [110–112].
• " converting, [193], [199], [205], [209], [210], [212].
• Properties of copper, [18], [22], [34].
• " " matte, [38], [39].
• " of dry copper, [24], [41], [42], [239], [241–243].
• " Mechanical, [30].
• " Physical, [18].
• Prosser roaster, [71].
• Pulverised fuel for reverberatories, [105].
• Punching of tuyeres, [142], [158], [195], [198], [200], [210], [213], [214].
• Purification of copper, [217–243].
• " electrolyte, [230], [235], [236].
• Pyrites, [45].
• " reactions on roasting, [64].
• Pyritic effect, [121], [122].
• " principle, [62], [113], [118–122], [158], [169].
• " smelting practice, [67], [121], [140], [143], [145], [146],
• [158], [169–188], [191–194], [215].
• Pyrrhottite, [45].
• " reactions on roasting, [64].
• Q
• Quincy mine, [45].
• R
• Rabbles of MacDougal furnaces, [76], [77].
• Rabbling of roaster furnaces, [69–71].
• Rachette furnace, [10], [125].
• Radiation losses in reverberatory smelting, [83], [86].
• Rapidity of smelting in blast furnaces, [124], [129], [133], [135],
• [143], [159], [160].
• " " reverberatories, [83–92].
• Rate of deposition, [232].
• Reactions in the blast furnace, [113], [117–119].
• " converting, [194], [205], [207], [210].
• " furnace refining [239–243].
• " pyritic smelting, [171], [172], [178], [180], [182], [183].
• " reverberatory smelting, [81], [114], [119], [215].
• " roasting, [36], [63], [64], [65], [109–112].
• " sintering, [57], [110–111].
• " smelting, [61], [62].
• Re-concentration in pyritic smelting, [179], [181], [186–188].
• Recovery of copper from slags and residues, [116], [119], [211].
• Rectangular blast furnaces, [123].
• Reducing gases in annealing, [28].
• Reduction in the blast furnace, [113], [115–117].
• " of oxides in furnace refining, [223–240].
• " smelting, [113], [116], [117], [120], [122].
• Redruthite, [46].
• References, Lists of, [17], [34], [50], [80], [112], [191], [215], [243].
• Refinery slags, [221], [222].
• Refining of copper, [25], [26], [50], [54], [211], [214], [217–242].
• Refining, Electrolytic, [8], [43], [50], [215–218], [227–242].
• " of electrolytic copper, [50], [238–343].
• " furnaces, [219], [220], [224], [239].
• " Losses in, [116], [221], [222].
• Regeneration of electrolyte, [236].
• Regulation of reverberatory furnace working, [87], [92].
• Re-lining of converters, [199], [200], [204], [213], [214].
• Removal of blast-furnace products (see Withdrawal).
• " impurities in converting, [207], [215].
• " " furnace refining, [221], [222].
• Renwick, C. W., [191].
• Repairs in roaster furnaces, [79].
• " reverberatory furnaces, [95].
• Replacing jackets of blast furnaces, [127], [158].
• " values of bases, [150], [180].
• Requirements for good blast-furnace slags, [148].
• " good reverberatory practice, [81], [87], [109–112].
• " refining furnaces, [221].
• " roasting furnaces, [69].
• " successful pyritic practice, [176].
• Resistance, Electrical, [24].
• " of electrolyte, [232], [233].
• Reverberatory fore-hearths, [135].
• " furnaces, [52], [69], [88].
• " smelting, [54], [55], [61], [63], [76], [80–112], [215].
• " " compared with blast furnace, [114], [117].
• " " efficiency, [114], [124].
• " " reactions, [81], [114], [119], [215].
• Rice, C. T., [191].
• Richards, [53].
• Rickard, T. A., [145], [170], [191].
• Ricketts, L. D., [78], [80], [105–108], [112].
• Rigidity of arsenical copper, [33], [41].
• Rio Tinto, [8], [67].
• Roaster gases, [63].
• " process, [35].
• Roasting, [36], [47], [51], [54], [55], [61–68], [88], [109–112], [177].
• " in heaps, [67].
• " in pyritic process, [176], [182].
• " Objections to, [62], [67].
• " Open-air, [67].
• " practice, [66–71], [82], [87], [88].
• " " early improvements, [10].
• " preliminary to blast-furnace treatment, [113], [115], [118].
• " reactions in sintering, [57], [110], [111].
• " " on, [36], [63–65], [109–112].
• " yards, [67].
• Roberts-Austen, Sir W. C., [34].
• Rogers (and M‘Murty) sintering process, [58].
• Röntgen, [37], [50].
• Roofs of reverberatories, [99].
• Ropp roaster, [71].
• Rotary blowers, [141].
• Rotating furnaces for roasting, [72], [73].
• Rudeloff, E., [34].
• Russia, Copper output of, [15].
• S
• Sackett, B. L, [191].
• Sample-cutter, [49].
• Sampling, [47], [48], [50], [54].
• " Costs of, [79].
• " from blast furnaces, [166].
• " from converters, [213], [243].
• " in furnace refining, [222], [223], [226], [227], [239], [241], [242].
• Sand, Copper, [45].
• Scrap in electro-refining, [228], [237].
• Schnabel, C. (and Louis), [243].
• Schreyer, F., [215].
• Seasoning of basic converters, [203].
• " refining furnaces, [240].
• Secretan combination, [11].
• Sectioning of blast furnaces, [123], [124], [137], [158], [185].
• Selenium in copper, [26], [30], [207], [217].
• " electro-refining, [232].
• Semenikow, [192].
• Semple, C. C., [216].
• Separation of matte and slag (see Settling).
• Series-system, [227–229].
• Sesqui-silicates, [149].
• Settlers, [127], [130], [160], [162–166].
• Settling, [39], [113], [116], [117], [122], [123], [127], [128–135],
• [147], [158], [179], [181], [186], [211], [221].
• "(in reverberatory furnaces), [81], [91], [94].
• Shaft of blast furnaces, [122].
• “Shaking-out” of gases, [241].
• Shape of blast furnace, [123], [125], [135].
• Shelby, G., [145], [150], [191].
• " blast-furnace top, [140].
• " oil burner, [106], [107].
• Short-circuiting in electro-refining, [219], [227], [228], [233], [234].
• Shots from converters, [205], [210].
• Siemens gas-fired furnace, [108].
• Siemens-Halske process, [238].
• Silica in blast-furnace charges, [150–153], [180], [187], [188], [191].
• " in converting, [194], [200–203], [212], [213].
• " in pyritic process, [172–182].
• " in slags, [148–153], [180], [181], [191].
• " -lined converter, [193–197], [200], [201], [205], [207], [211–213].
• Silicates in the blast furnace, [116], [119], [148–152], [180],
• [181], [187], [188], [191].
• " of copper, [35], [39].
• " slags, [148–153], [180], [181], [187], [188], [191].
• Siliceous flux in converting, [194], [200–203], [212], [213].
• " linings of converters, [193–197], [200], [201], [205], [207], [211–213].
• Silicon in copper, [23], [242].
• Silver and copper, [21], [23], [24], [218].
• " in blast-furnace fume, [168].
• " in copper, [44], [217], [226].
• " " matte, [37], [217].
• " " ores, [46], [217].
• " in electro-refining (see Values).
• Sintering, [51], [55], [58], [59], [80], [110], [111], [112], [169].
• Sites for heap-roasting, [67].
• Situation of electro-refineries, [8], [9], [218].
• Size of blast furnaces, [113], [122], [125], [135], [184], [185], [188].
• " converters, [193], [195], [197], [198], [202], [204].
• " electrodes, [229], [239].
• " grates in reverberatories, [84].
• " material for blast furnaces, [55], [110].
• " " " roasting, [59].
• " " roasting, [68].
• " refining furnaces, [220], [224].
• " reverberatories, [84], [87–90], [105].
• " tanks, [234].
• Skimming of refining furnaces, [240], [241].
• " reverberatory furnaces, [94], [95], [100].
• Slags, [35], [39], [62].
• " in blast-furnace smelting, [116], [129–133], [145], [147–154],
• [180], [181], [187–191].
• " in converting, [192], [203–205], [209–213].
• " in furnace refining, [222], [241].
• " in pyritic smelting, [172–188].
• " in refining, [221].
• " in reverberatory smelting, [94], [95], [102–104].
• Slag-formation in roasting, [88].
• " -foundations for reverberatories, [96].
• " -notch of blast furnaces, [136], [158–162].
• " -spouts, [128], [158–166].
• Slagging-stage in bessemerising, [205], [207].
• Slimes in briquetting, [57], [152].
• " in electro-refining, [228–234], [236], [238].
• " Treatment of, [53–56], [152].
• Slotted tuyeres, [185].
• Smelting practice, [51], [54], [81], [204].
• " scheme at Anaconda, [54], [55].
• Smith (and Pierce converter), [194], [202], [215].
• Smoke problem, [171], [188].
• Soluble constituents of electrodes, [229], [231].
• Solubility of copper in iron sulphide, [38].
• " " slags, [116].
• " gases in copper, [25], [28].
• " matte in slag, [132].
• " sulphides in slag, [116], [149], [179].
• Sound anodes, [229], [230].
• Sources of copper, [43].
• South Wales, [4], [5], [71], [73].
• Span of reverberatory arch, [89].
• Spanish copper mining, [7], [15].
• " " ores, [46].
• " production, [15].
• Special bronzes, [21].
• Specific gravity of copper, [24].
• " " mattes, [39], [179].
• " electrolyte, [231].
• " slags, [147–149].
• Specifications for copper, [19], [20].
• " " for fire-box plates, [20].
• " " for Post Office work, [19].
• Speculation in copper markets, [11], [12].
• “Spewing” of copper, [222].
• Spindles of MacDougal roasters, [74], [79].
• Spouts, [128], [158–166].
• Sprouting of copper, [222].
• Stacks of blast furnaces, [140], [169].
• " reverberatories, [89].
• Staffordshire, Copper smelting in, [4].
• Stages in converting, [205], [209], [210], [213], [216].
• " refining, [223].
• Stahl, [50].
• Stamping of briquettes, [57].
• Stamp-milling of native copper ores, [51].
• Statistics of copper, [15].
• Staying of reverberatories, [96], [99], [221].
• Stays, Copper for, [19], [41].
• Steam-pipes, Copper for, [19].
• Steptoe Smelter, Nevada, [75].
• Stevens, H. J., [17].
• Sticht, R., [171], [172], [182], [183], [191].
• Storing of matte in blast furnaces, [134].
• " " reverberatories, [94].
• " " settlers, [135].
• Stoves for heating blast, [145].
• Straightening of anodes, [228].
• Strength of cathode copper, [18], [232], [238], [239].
• " copper, [21], [32], [33], [41], [238], [239], [241].
• " electrolyte solutions, [231].
• Stripping of cathodes, [228], [230].
• Sub-silicates, [147].
• Success in pyritic smelting, [181].
• Sulijtelma Smelter, Norway, [194].
• Sulphide ores, [43], [45].
• " Preliminary treatment of, [52].
• Sulphides, Fuel values of, [119–122], [152], [170], [173],
• [177], [178], [203], [212], [213].
• " in the blast furnace, [113], [115], [117–121], [147], [158],
• [171–176], [180], [182], [189], [191].
• " of copper, [35–37], [39], [146], 147
• Sulphur and copper, [33], [36], [61], [146], [147], [217], [238].
• " dioxide in blast-furnace gases, [188–191].
• " " copper, [25], [43], [222].
• " " furnace gases, [189], [190].
• " " furnace refining, [221–223].
• " " gases for acid-making, [189], [190].
• Sulphur dioxide in pyritic smelting practice, [182].
• " elimination in blast-furnace smelting, [113], [114], [117], [118],
• [120], [146], [147], [152].
• " elimination in blast roasting, [58].
• " elimination in reverberatory smelting, [81].
• " elimination in roasting, [65], [77], [78], [88], [110], [177].
• " in blast-furnace charges, [146], [147], [150–152], [177], [189].
• " in blast-furnace smelting, [116], [120], [146], [147], [189].
• " in converting, [194], [205], [207], [211], [212], [215], [217].
• " in copper, [20], [23], [31], [32], [44], [222].
• " in electro-refining, [230].
• " in furnace refining, [221].
• " in pyritic smelting, [171–173], [177], [178].
• " in roasted products, [65], [70], [102], [104], [110].
• Sulphuric acid and copper, [33].
• " in electrolyte, [231], [236].
• " manufacture, [146], [147], [181], [188–191].
• Superior (Lake) copper, [40].
• " " mining, [7], [8].
• " " ores, [43], [45].
• " " production, [15].
• " costs of production, [14].
• " treatment of ores, [51].
• Superstructure of blast furnaces, [140], [168], [186].
• Suspension of electrodes, [230], [231], [234–237].
• Swansea smelters, [4], [5], [71], [73].
• Sweden, Copper output of, [15].
• Systems of working in converting, [192], [211], [212].
• " " electro-refining, [227], [228].
• T
• Tamarack Mine, [45].
• Tanganyika ores, [8], [45].
• Tank efficiency, [229].
• " liquors, [219], [230], [231].
• " slimes, [219], [231], [232].
• Tanks for electro-refining, [219], [227–230], [234], [237].
• Tasmanian mining, [8].
• Tap-holes of blast furnaces, [127], [136], [159–161].
• " refining furnaces, [224], [225].
• " reverberatories, [101], [103].
• " settlers, [152–166].
• Tapping of blast furnaces, [122], [135], [159], [160], [165], [166].
• " of refining furnaces, [224], [225], [242].
• " of reverberatories, [94], [95], [100], [101], [103].
• Tapping of settlers, [166].
• " -breast of blast furnaces, [136], [159], [160].
• " -piece of settlers, [165], [166].
• " -plate of reverberatories, [103].
• " " settlers, [165], [166].
• " -slot of refining furnaces, [224], [225].
• Telegraph, Use of copper for, [19].
• Telephone, Use of copper for, [19].
• Tellurium in copper, [23], [26], [30–32], [207], [217].
• " electro-refining, [232].
• Temperature, Effects of, on strength, [20], [22], [32].
• " for annealing, [31].
• " for roasting, [69], [70], [77], [78].
• " for reverberatory smelting, [83], [84], [87], [89], [91], [94], [96], [99–105].
• " for settling, [117], [123], [130], [133].
• " in blast-furnace smelting, [123], [129], [133], [136], [143], [188].
• " in converting, [194], [199], [203], [205], [207], [210–214].
• " in electro-refining, [231–233], [235], [237].
• " in furnace refining, [224], [225], [242].
• " in pyritic smelting, [172–176], [179], [180], [183], [188].
• Tenacity of copper, [20], [32], [33], [241].
• Tennessee, acid-making, [189–191].
• " blast furnaces, [140].
• " converting practice, [202], [211], [214].
• " Costs of production at, [14].
• " mining, [8].
• " ores, [46].
• " " Treatment of, [52].
• " pyritic smelting practice, [171], [174], [179], [184–188], [191].
• " Roasting at, [62], [68].
• " settlers, [162], [164], [165].
• Tensile strength, [20], [32], [33], [241].
• Testing of refined copper, [223], [241], [242].
• Tests during bessemerising, [210], [213].
• " for copper, [20].
• Tetrahedrite, [46].
• Textile work, Copper in, [21].
• Thermal conductivity, [19], [22], [25].
• Tiers of water-jackets, [137].
• Tilt Cove, Newfoundland, [171], [191].
• Timber for poling, [222], [223].
• Time-element, [194].
• Tin-copper alloys, [21], [34].
• Tin in copper, [20–23], [32], [33], [44].
• Tomlinson, [34].
• Tooele, Utah, Practice at, [75], [91], [211], [214].
• Tops of blast furnaces, [140], [144], [145], [186].
• " charge in blast furnace, [158].
• Toston, Montana, [170].
• Tough (tough-pitch) copper, [24], [31], [33], [40], [41], [42], [44],
• [223], [231], [238], [239].
• Toughening of copper, [238–241].
• Toughness of copper, [22], [25], [40], [241].
• Trapping of blast, [159], [160].
• Treatment of converter slags, [211].
• " copper ores, [47], [50].
• " fine concentrates, [110–112].
• " flue-dust, [82], [106], [108], [110], [111], [167–169].
• " slimes in electro-refining, [238].
• True pyritic smelting, [121], [122], [143], [146], [147], [173],
• [176], [178–184], [189].
• Turkey, Copper output of, [15].
• Turnbull (and W. Brown), [17].
• Tuyeres, [122], [123], [141], [142], [158], [185], [188].
• " for converters, [192], [193], [195], [197], [198], [215].
• Tuyere holes in water-jackets, [137], [140].
• " -jackets of blast furnaces, [138], [140].
• " -pieces, [140].
• " -zone, [171], [174–185].
• Tyee Smelter, B.C., Hot blast, [144].
• " " roasting at, [68].
• Typical pyritic smelting charge-sheets, [206].
• " reverberatory-furnace charge, [82].
• U
• Ulke, T., [229], [237], [243].
• United States copper output, [15–17].
• Uses of copper, [18].
• " " alloys, [21].
• Utah, copper mining, [8].
• " " output, [17].
• " costs of production, [14].
• " smelting practice, [75].
• Utilisation of heat in reverberatory work, [83], [87], [91].
• V
• Vail, R. H., [215].
• Values in anode copper, [230].
• " converter copper, [43], [215], [218].
• " " slags, [211].
• " copper ores, [46].
• " electro-refining, [229–231], [233], [238].
• Varieties of commercial copper, [39], [40].
• Vats for electro-refining, [219], [227–230], [234], [237].
• Vein deposits in Superior, [45].
• Vertical converters, [195].
• Virginia copper ores, [46].
• Viscosity of slags, [148–150].
• Volatile hydrocarbons in reverberatory smelting, [85], [86], [105].
• Voltage for electro-refining, [227], [228], [232], [234], [238].
• Vortex converter, [215], [216].
• W
• Walker, A. L., [34], [191], [224], [226].
• Wallaroo sintering process, [58].
• Walls of reverberatory furnaces, [99].
• Wanjukoff, W., [132].
• Washoe Smelter (see Anaconda).
• Waste heat in reverberatory-furnace gases, [83], [87], [107], [144].
• " Utilisation of, [83], [87], [107], [143].
• Water and copper, [33].
• " in blast roasting, [58].
• " -cooling in roaster furnaces, [74–79].
• " -jacketing of blast furnaces, [10], [113], [122–124], [134–139], [158], [185].
• " -supply for jackets, [124], [137], [139], [140].
• Watson, D., [34].
• Webb, [34].
• Welsh process, [9], [40], [214], [219], [222–224].
• " smelting, [82].
• Wethey roaster, [71].
• Wet concentration of ores, [47], [50], [53–55], [61], [63].
• " processes, [43].
• White-Howell roaster, [73].
• White-metal, [40], [205], [210], [212], [213], [215].
• " stage, [209], [211–214].
• White roaster, [73].
• Width of blast furnaces, [125], [135], [184], [186].
• " reverberatories, [89].
• Wintle, F. H., [191].
• Wire, Preparation of copper, [19], [238], [243].
• " Strength of copper, [32].
• " -bar copper, [40], [242].
• Withdrawal of products from blast furnaces, [124], [130], [133], [135], [158–171].
• ""reverberatories, [83], [86], [94].
• Work, Effects of mechanical, [32].
• Working of blast furnaces, [114], [146], [158], [178].
• " converters, [178], [185], [186], [188].
• " electro-refining plant, [227], [230], [236].
• " large reverberatories, [84], [92], [97], [99].
• " MacDougal roasters, [76–80].
• " pyritic process, [178], [185], [186], [188].
• Wraith, W., [243].
• Wright, L. T., [132], [145], [191].
• Wyoming, Copper production of, [17].
• Y
• Yunnan, Native copper from, [45].
• Z
• Zinc-copper alloys, [21], [22], [34].
• " -sulphide, Roasting of, [66].
• " in copper, [23], [33].
• " in electro-refining, [229], [230].
• " in mattes, [37], [217].
• " in slags, [150].

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Footnotes:

[1] This figure indicates thousandths of an inch.

[2] The term “impurity” might in several instances be replaced by the word “constituent,” since many so-called impurities are purposely added for conferring desired properties on the metal. It is here taken as implying elements other than copper.

[3] The temperatures given in Heyn’s diagram require revision in the light of later knowledge, and have been omitted here.

[4] The treatment of flue-dust is considered later.

[5] Though these actions represent with fair accuracy what occurs on smelting, there will be indicated later, in the proper place, some modification, due to interactions of certain oxides and sulphides, in the furnace.

[6] It might also be possible to assist the concentration in the matte by the addition of any available oxidised ores or residues.

[7] The chloridising roasting of copper ores is also sometimes employed in connection with wet processes.

[8] When copper combines with sulphur.

2Cu : Cu2S	::	2 × 63·5	:	2 × 63·5 + 32
	::	127	:	159
	::	4	:	5 approximately.

When sulphur combines with iron.

S : FeS	::	32	:	56 + 32
	::	32	:	88
	::	4	:	11.

[9] Some flue-dust is also melted down.

[10] The East Butte Copper Mining Company has recently reported the successful sintering of its flue-dust by Dwight-Lloyd machines. (See Mining Journal, Jan. 6, 1912, p. 21).

[11] Later work on this subject has been published by W. Wanjukoff:—“Investigations on the Conditions governing the Entry of Copper into the Slags on Matte-Smelting, on the Chemical Form in which such Copper exists, and on the Lessening of the Copper Losses in Slags.” Metallurgie, 1912, Vol. x., Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 1–27, Jan. 8 and 22, 1912.

[12] This point will be dealt with in due course.

[13] The iron sulphide of a copper matte is probably the eutectic of the iron-sulphide : iron series containing about 85 per cent. of sulphide.

[14] Ducktown Sulphur, Copper, and Iron Company.

[15] These views have recently been controverted in an interesting paper by G. A. Guess. (“Notes on Pyritic Smelting,” Engineering and Mining Journal, 1912, Jan. 13th, p. 113). He defines Pyritic Smelting as the production of a Ferrous Silicate Slag from Iron Sulphide Ore.

[16] With nickeliferous mattes, the green colour in the flame is reported by Heywood to persist throughout the whole process.

[17] The case of nickel may be here treated as exceptional. It is eliminated with difficulty, the nickel and copper tending to oxidise together on bessemerising.

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Transcriber’s Notes:

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The cover image was created by the transcriber, and is in the public domain.

The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.

Inconsistent hyphenation has been left as printed, except “firebox” has been changed to “fire-box” in the Index to match the spelling in the main body of the book.

Typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered.

In some tables “Number” has been abbreviated to “No.”, “United States of America” to “U. S. A.” and trailing punctuation has been omitted to make the rows shorter.

The advertisements at the beginning of the book have been re-located to the end of the book, just before the footnote section.