Form and Function: A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology

by E. S. Russell

INDEX

• Actinozoan Theory of Vertebrate Descent, [299]-300
• Adaptation as Conservative Principle—
  • Cuvier, [39], [76]
• Adaptation, Ecological—
  • Von Baer, [123]
  • H. Milne-Edwards, [199]
  • Lamarck, [221], [222], [223], [224], [227]
  • Treviranus, [225] f.n.
  • C. Darwin, [231]-2, [235], [239]
  • Haeckel, [248], [263]
  • Gegenbaur, [263]
  • V.O. Kowalevsky, [362]
  • Osborn, [362]-4
• Adaptation, Ecological, and Classification—
  • Bronn, [203]
• Adaptation of Parts. See "Correlation, Functional," and "Conditions of Existence"
• Adaptive Radiation (Osborn), [362]-4
• Agassiz, A., [288] f.n., [295]
  • On Cœlom, [296]
• Agassiz, L.—
  • Criticism of Vertebral Theory of Skull, [157]
  • Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [164]
  • Transcendentalism, [203]
  • Classification, [203] f.n.
  • Three-fold Parallelism, [203], [255]
  • Influence on Darwin, [238]
  • Specific Distinctness of Embryos, [353]
• Albertus Magnus, [17]
• Alcmæon, [1]
• Aldrovandus, [18]
• Allman, [209]
• Analogy. _See also_ Homology.
  • Aristotle, [8]-10
  • Owen, [108]
  • Haeckel, [251]
  • Gegenbaur, [266]
  • Lankester, [267]
• Anaxagoras, [14]
• Anaximander, [14]
• Anaximenes, [1]
• Animal and Vegetative Lives—
  • Aristotle, [16], [32]
  • Buffon, [26]-7
  • Bergson, [26] f.n.
  • Cuvier, [26]26, [32]
  • Bichat, [27]-9
  • Oken, [296]94
  • K. G. Carus, [94]
  • Von Baer, [116], [123], [131]
  • Remak (Sensory and trophic layers), [210]
  • Gegenbaur, [263]
• Annelid Theory of Vertebrate Descent, [274]-85, [301]
• Archetype, Anatomical, [246], [302]-3
  • E. Geoffroy, [54], [67]
  • Owen, [104]-7, [110]
  • J. V. Carus, Huxley, [204]
  • C. Darwin, [238] f.n.
• Archetype, Anatomical, as Ancestral—
  • C. Darwin, [235], [247]
  • Haeckel, [251]
  • Gegenbaur, [265]
  • Sedgwick, [300]
  • Criticism of this idea—
    • O. Hertwig, [355]-7
• Archetype, Embryological, [168], [246], [302]-3
  • Von Baer, [126], [132]
  • Reichert, [139], [147], [149]
  • Rathke, [151], [153]
  • Huxley, [159]-61
• Archetype, Embryological, as Ancestral—
  • C. Darwin, [233], [236]-7
  • Haeckel, [296]254, [289]-91
  • Gegenbaur, [266]
  • O. and R. Hertwig, [298]
  • Sedgwick, [300]
  • A. Kowalevsky, [300]
• Arendt, [162]
• Aristotle, [2]-16, [17], [345], [364]
  • _Historia Animalium_, [2]
  • _De Partibus Animalium_, [2], [9]
  • Knowledge of Animals, [3], [4]
  • Comparative Embryology, [4]
  • Classification of Animals, [4]-6
  • Unity of Plan, [6]-7, [10]
  • Homology and Analogy, [7]-10
  • Teleology and Correlation, [10]-12
  • Law of Compensation, [11]
  • Division of Labour, [12]
  • Degrees of Composition--homogeneous and heterogeneous parts, [12]-14, [169]
  • Law of Development (Von Baer), [14]
  • Scale of Beings, [14]-16
  • Functional attitude, [15]-16, [197]
  • Animal and Vegetative Lives, [16], [32]
• Ascidian Theory of Vertebrate Descent, [269]-73, [304]
• Atomists, [16]
• Atomists, "Biological," [192]-4
• Audouin, V.—
  • Unity of plan in Arthropods, [85]-6
  • Law of Compensation, [86]
  • Marine Zoology, [195]
• Autenrieth, [90], [96]
• Avicenna, [17]
• Babák, E., [333]
• Baer, K. E. von, [113]-32, [133], [251], [304], [345], [356]
• • Founder of Embryology, [113]
  • Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere, [114]
  • Regulation of Development, [114], [350]
  • Development as Differentiation, [115], [128]
  • Germ-Layer Theory, [115]-6, [118]-119, [208]-9, [296]
  • Morphological Differentiation, [116]-7
  • Histological Differentiation, [117]-8
  • Tissues and Germ-Layers, [118]
  • Double symmetrical Development, [118], [279]
  • Criticism of Meckel-Serres Law, [120]-3, [304]
  • Theory of Types, [123]-4, [289], [291]
  • Law of Development, [124]-6
  • Embryological Criterion, [126]-8, [132], [138]
  • Embryological Archetype, [126], [132]
  • Types of Development, [127]-8
  • Von Baer and Cuvier, [128]-30
  • Functional attitude, [129]
  • Relation to Transcendentalists, [129], [131]
  • Criticism of Scale of Beings, [130]
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [131], [142]
  • Serial Homology, [131]-2
  • Gill-slits, Gill-arches and Aortic arches, [135]-6, [146]
  • Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [162]-3
  • Degrees of Composition, [172]
  • Ova of Mammals, [175]-6
  • Segmentation of Ovum, [186]
  • Criticism of Evolution Theory, [229], [242]
  • Influence on Darwin, [236], [238]
  • Criticism of Darwinism, [242]
  • Teleology and Correlation, [242]
  • On Ascidians, [271]
• Baer's Law. See "Development, Von Baer's Law"
• Bagge, [187]
• Balanoglossus Theory of Vertebrate Descent, [285]-7
• Balbiani, [330]
• Balfour, F. M., [247], [299]
  • Annelid Theory, [282]-4
  • Gastrulation and Gastræa Theory, [295]
  • Mesoderm, [296] f.n.
  • Cœlom, [297]
• Barfurth, D., [330]
• Barry, M., [186], [188]
• Bateson, W.—
  • Metamerism, Vegetative Repetition, [286]
  • Balanoglossus Theory, [286]-7
  • On Phylogenetic Speculation, [302]
• Beard, J., [285]
• Belon, [18]
• Beneden van, and Julin, [271], [285], [346]
• Bensley, A. B., [311] f.n.
• Bergmann, [187]
• Bergson, H., [26] f.n., [341], [345]
• Bernard, Claude, [195], [314]
• Bert, P., [315]
• Bichat, X., [27]-30, [118], [132], [169], [178], [263]
  • Animal and Vegetative Lives, [27]-9
  • "General Anatomy," [29]-30
  • Vie propre of Tissues, [30]
• Biogenetic Law. See "Development, Haeckel's Law"
• Bischoff, [138]
  • Segmentation, [186], [188]
• Blainville, de, [96], [128], [141], [199] f.n.
• Bojanus, [96], [97]
• Bonnet, C.—
  • Scale of Beings, [22]-3, [220], [227]
  • Evolution, [215]
  • Regeneration, [315]
• Bonnet, R., [350]
• Bonnier, G., on Albertus Magnus, [17]
• Born, G., [330]
• Boveri, T., [270] f.n., [333]
• Braem, [347] f.n.
• Braun, A., [355]
• Breschet, [138], [173]
• Bronn, H. G., [200]-3, [248]
  • Naturphilosophie, [201]
  • Functional attitude, [201]-3
  • Geometry of Organism, [201], [249]
  • Theory of Types, [202]
  • Principle of Connections, [202]
  • Intrinsic Laws of Evolution, [202]
  • Division of Labour, [202]
  • Ecological Adaptation and Classification, [203]
• Brown, R., [171]
• Bruch, C., [203] f.n.
• Büchner, [194], [248]
• Buffon, [24]-7, [336]
  • Scale of Beings, [24], [215]
  • Unity of Plan, [24]
  • Evolution, [24]-5, [214]
  • Classification, [25]-6
  • Animal and Vegetative Lives, [26]-7
  • Homology and Analogy, [27]
• Burckhardt, R., [3] f.n., [268] f.n.
• Burdin, [96]
• Burmeister, [249] f.n.
• Butler, S., [226] f.n., [313], [335]-42
  • Relation to Lamarck, [335]-7
  • Psychological Vitalism, [336]-41
  • Heredity and Memory, [337]-41
  • The Two Stages of Development, [337]-9
  • Consciousness and Habit, [337]-9
  • Recapitulation Theory, [339]-40
  • Teleology, [341]
• Cabanis, [215]
• Camper, P., [45], [46]
• Carter, [293] f.n.
• Carus, J. V..—
• • Criticism of Embryological Criterion, [167]
  • Morphology and Physiology, [194]
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [203]
  • On Archetype, [204]
  • Evolution, [230]
• Carus, K. G.—
  • Law of Parallelism, [94], [249]
  • Vertebral Theory, [96]
  • Geometry of Skeleton, [98]-100
  • Splanchnoskeleton, [98], [140]
• Causal Morphology, [312]-3, [315]-34
• Cell-Theory—
  • Schwann, [169], [173]-86, [188]
  • C. F. Wolff, [170]
  • Schleiden, [170]-2
  • Criticism of Schwann-Schleiden Theory, [185]-8
    • Virchow, Leydig, [188]
• Cell-Theory and Germ-Layer Theory—
  • Remak, [209]-12
• Cell-Theory as Disintegrative—
  • Schwann, [180]-5, [248]
  • Vogt, [190]-1
  • Virchow, [191]
  • Haeckel, [248]
  • Criticism of this idea—
    • Reichert, [192]-3, [194]
    • J. V.. Carus, [194]
    • Sedgwick, Whitman, [346]
• Cell-Theory, Influence on Morphology, [190]
• Cenogenesis, [258]-9, [323]
• Chabry, [331]
• Child, C. M., [333]
• Chun, C, [317], [332]
• Classification of Animals—
  • Aristotle, [4]-6
  • Rondeletius, Aldrovandus, Gesner, [18]
  • Linnæus, [22]
  • Buffon, [25]-6
  • Cuvier, [39]-41
  • E. Geoffroy, [60]
  • L. Agassiz, [203] f.n.
  • Lamarck, [216]-7, [227], [228]
• Classification and Ecological Adaptation (Bronn), [203]
• Classification as Genealogical—
  • Buffon, [24]-5
  • Lamarck, [218], [228]
  • C. Darwin, [233], [234], [247]
  • Haeckel, [250]-1, [254]
  • Criticism of this idea, [303], [304],
    • O. Hertwig, [356]
• Classification, Phylogenetic—
  • Haeckel's, [289]-94
• Claus, [259]
• Co-adaptation, [326] f.n.
• Cœlom—
  • Remak, [211]
  • A. Kowalevsky, [270], [295], [297]
  • Haeckel, [291], [295], [296]
  • Lankester, [291], [297]
• Cœlom, Theory of, [295]-301
• Cohen, [189]
• Coiter, [18]
• Colucci, [346]
• Compensation, Law of—
  • Aristotle, [11]
  • Goethe, [49]
  • E. Geoffroy, [72]-3
  • Audouin, [86]
  • German Transcendentalists, [100]
• Condillac, [215]
• Conditions of Existence, Principle of—
  • Cuvier, [34], [75]-6, [239]
  • Gegenbaur, [263]-4
  • Roux, [324], [326]
  • Spencer, Weismann, [326] f.n.
  • Disregard for—
    • Lamarck, [226]
    • C. Darwin, [232], [238]-41
    • Haeckel, [248], [264]
• Conklin, [333]
• Connections, Principle of—
  • Goethe, [47]
  • E. Geoffroy, [53]-4, [62]-3, [71], [74], [261]
  • Audouin, [85]
  • German Transcendentalists, [100]
  • J. F. Meckel, [101]
  • Owen, [107]-8
  • Bronn, [202]
  • C. Darwin, [234]-5
  • Gegenbaur, [261]
  • Semper, [279]
  • In Embryology, [168]
  • Main Principle of Morphology, [246], [302]
• Convergence—
  • Milne-Edwards, [199]
  • I. Geoffroy St Hilaire, [199] f.n., [206]
  • C. Darwin, [236]
  • Friedmann, Willey, Vialleton, [306] f.n.
• Convergence, Rejected by Evolutionary Morphologists, [305], [312]
  • Hubrecht, [305]-6
• Cope, E. D., [342], [357] f.n., [361], [362]
• Correlation, Functional—
  • Aristotle, [10]-12
  • Cuvier, [35]-8, [239], [241]
  • E. Geoffroy, [77]
  • Von Hartmann, [240]-1
  • Rádl, [240] f.n., [241]
  • Von Baer, [242]
  • Gegenbaur, [264]
  • Disregarded by—
    • C. Darwin, [235], [238]-41
    • Haeckel, [248], [264]
• Coste, [138], [176], [187]
• Crampton, [332]
• Cunningham, J. T., [284]
• Cuvier, [26], [31]-44, [89], [196], [197], [199] f.n., [278], [345], [361]
  • Functional attitude, [31]-6, [65], [75]-8, [200], [305]
  • Animal and Vegetative Lives, [32]
  • Degrees of Composition, [32]-3
  • Teleology, [33]-5
  • Functional Adaptedness, [33]-5, [324]
  • Principle of Conditions of Existence, [34], [75]-6, [239]
  • Correlation, [35]-8, [239], [241]
  • Metabolism, [38]
  • Adaptation as Conservative Principle, [39], [76]
  • Classification, [39]-41
  • Principle of Subordination of Characters, [40]
  • Criticism of Scale of Beings, [39]-40, [130]
  • Type Theory, [41], [124], [289], [291]
  • Criticism of Evolution-Theory, [41]-4, [129], [304]
  • Variation, Limits of, [42]
  • Palæontological Succession, [43]
  • Polemic with Geoffroy, [64]-5, [74]-8
  • Criticism of Vertebral Theory of Skull, [97]-8
  • Influence on J. F. Meckel, [101]
  • Criticism of Meckel-Serres Law, [129]-30, [304]
  • As Embryologist, [130]
  • Criticism of Lamarck, [228]
• Cytology, [346]
• Cytoplasm of Egg, Organ-forming Stuffs, [332]-3
• Dall, [361]
• D'Alton, [113]
• Dareste, C., [315]
• Darwin, Charles, [78], [230]-41, [271], [304], [307], [336], [362]
• • Systematist and Field Naturalist, [230], [231]
  • Palæontological Succession, [231]
  • Ecological Adaptation, [231]-2, [235], [239]
  • Species Problem, [231]
  • Functional Adaptation, Disregard for, [232], [238]-41
  • Classification as genealogical, [233], [234], [247]
  • Unity of Plan due to Community of Descent, [233], [234]-5, [239], [247]
  • Embryological Archetype as ancestral, [233], [236]-7
  • Rejects Meckel-Serres Law, [233], [236]
  • Interpretation of Vestigial Organs, [233], [237]
  • Organism as Historical Being, [233], [308]
  • Rejects Scale of Beings, [234]
  • Homology, [234]-5, [247]
  • Principle of Connections, [234]-5
  • Anatomical Archetype as ancestral, [235], [247]
  • Von Baer's Law interpreted phylogenetically, [236]-7
  • Modifications inherited at corresponding age, [237]
  • Monophyletism and Polyphyletism, [238]
  • Causes of Success, [238], [241]
• Darwin, Erasmus, [214], [226] f.n., [229], [336]
• Darwin, Sir Francis, [344]
• Daubenton, [26]
• Degrees of Composition—
  • Aristotle, [12]-14, [169]
  • Glisson, [19]
  • Malpighi, [20]
  • Bichat, [29]-30
  • Cuvier, [32]-3,
  • Dujardin, [169], [188]
  • Von Baer, [172]
  • Effect of Invention of Microscope, [20]
  • Relation to Cell-Theory, [169]
• Delage, [333]
• Delage and Hérouard, [273] f.n.
• Delpino, [345]
• Demaillet, [44]
• Democritus, [16]
• Depéret, C., [357]
  • On Cuvier, [43]
  • Absence of intermediary forms in Palæontology, [358]
  • Phyletic series and Polyphyletism, [360]-1
• Development, Von Baer's Law—
  • Aristotle, [14]
  • Von Baer, [124]-6
  • Prévost and Dumas, [125] f.n.
  • Reichert, [149]-50, [351] f.n.
  • Milne-Edwards, [205]-8
  • Lereboullet, [206]-8
  • Criticised by—
    • Agassiz, [352]-3
    • His, [353]
    • Sedgwick, [353]
    • O. Hertwig, [354]
  • Phylogenetic Interpretation of—
    • Darwin, [236]-7
    • Gegenbaur, [266]
    • Relation to Haeckel's Law, [254], [256], [257]
• Development, Biogenetic Law (Haeckel)—
  • Haeckel, [251], [253]-9, [291]-4
  • F. Müller, [252]-3, [254], [257]
  • Gegenbaur, [262]
  • Roux, [319]
  • Butler, [339]-40
  • Orr, [342]
  • Criticism of—
    • Vialleton, [348]
    • Oppel, [348]-9
    • Keibel, [349]-50
    • Mehnert, [350]-2
    • O. Hertwig, [352], [354]-5
    • His, [353]
  • Relation to Laws of Meckel-Serres and Von Baer, [254], [256], [257], [303], [309]
  • Relation to Heredity and Development, [312]-3
  • Influence of Causal Morphology, [347]-8
  • Palæontological Evidence for, [359]
• Development, Meckel-Serres Law—
  • Harvey, [18]
  • Hunter, [22]
  • E. Geoffroy, [69]-70, [72]
  • Serres, [80]-3, [94], [203]-4, [205]-6
  • Kielmeyer, Autenrieth, Oken, [90]
  • Tiedemann, [91]
  • J. F. Meckel, [91]-3
  • K. G. Carus, [94]
  • Criticism of—
    • Von Baer, [120]-3, [304]
    • Cuvier, [129]-30, [304]
    • Milne-Edwards, [205]
    • Lereboullet, [206]-8
    • C. Darwin, [233], [236]
  • Analogy with Biogenetic Law, [254]-7, [262], [303], [304], [309]
• Development, Meckel-Serres Law, Theory of Three-fold Parallelism—
  • L. Agassiz, [230], [255]
  • Tiedemann, Vogt, [255] f.n.
  • Haeckel, [254]-5
• Development, The two periods of—
  • Roux, [320]-4, [325], [327], [335]
  • Butler, [337]-9
• Diogenes of Apollonia, 1
• Disintegration. See "Materialistic Attitude"
• Division of Labour, Principle of—
  • Aristotle, [12]
  • Milne-Edwards, [197]-8
  • Bronn, [202]
  • Gegenbaur, [264]
• Dohrn, A., [269], [274]-8
  • Annelid Theory of Vertebrate Descent, [274]-7, [303]
  • Principle of Function-Change, [276]-8, [307]
  • Functional Attitude, [277]-8, [307]
  • Formal Attitude, [306]
• Döllinger, I., [113], [157]
• Dollo, [311]
• Donné, [173]
• D'Orbigny, [43]
• Driesch, H., [242], [331], [332], [333], [334], [345], [346]-7
• Dugès, A., [86]-8, [100], [134], [142], [146]
  • Unity of Plan, [87]
  • Polyzoic conception of Organism, [87]-8
  • Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [163]
• Dujardin, [169], [188]
• Dumas. See Prévost and Dumas
• Duméril, [96]
• Dumortier, [173]
• Dutrochet, [99] f.n., [130], [134]
• Duverney, [19]
• Ear-Ossicles, Homology of—
• • E. Geoffroy, [56]
  • Spix, [100]
  • Rathke, [141], [150]
  • Reichert, [144]-7
• Échelle des êtres. See "Scale of Beings."
• Ehlers, [284]
• Eisig, H., [284], [285]
• Embryology, Comparative, Early Workers—
  • Aristotle, 4, [113]
  • Fabricius, Harvey, [18], [113]
  • Malpighi, [20], [113]
  • Oken and Kieser, [90], [113]
  • Haller, C. F. Wolff, J. F. Meckel, Tiedemann, [113]
• Embryology, Experimental, [317], [318], [330]-3
• Embryological Archetype. See "Archetype, Embryological"
• Embryological Criterion of Homology, [133]-168, [347]
  • Goethe, [49]
  • E. Geoffroy, [72], [110]
  • Cuvier, [75], [110], [130]
  • Owen, [110]-1
  • Von Baer, [126]-8, [132], [138]
  • Rathke, [138], [140]-1
  • J. Müller, [138]
  • Reichert, [138]-9, [144]-7, [163]
  • Vogt, [156]-7
  • Huxley, [158]-9, [166]
  • Kölliker, [165]-6
  • Criticised by—
    • Owen, J. V. Carus, [167]
• Empedocles, 1, [15]
• Engramm (Semon), [343]
• Entwicklungsgesetz. See "Evolution, Intrinsic Laws of"
• Entwicklungsmechanik, [315]
• Erasistratus, [17]
• Evolution Theory—
  • Lucretius, [16]
  • Buffon, [24]-5, [214]
  • Cuvier's criticism, [41]-4, [129], [304]
  • E. Geoffroy, [66]-9, [73], [228]
  • J. F. Meckel, [92]-3, [215], [228]
  • Leibniz, [213]
  • Kant, [213]-4
  • Erasmus Darwin, [214], [229]
  • C. Bonnet, Oken, Robinet, Treviranus, [215]
  • Tiedemann, [215], [255] f.n.
  • Lamarck, [215]-29
  • Von Baer, [229], [242]
  • I. Geoffroy St Hilaire, J. V.. Carus, [230]
  • Charles Darwin, [230]-41
  • Von Hartmann, [240]-1, [244], [356]
  • Kölliker, [243]
  • Owen, [244]
  • Milne-Edwards, [244]-5
  • Haeckel, [250]-9
  • Gegenbaur, [265]
  • The Organism as an Historical Being, [308]-13
  • C. Darwin, [233], [308]
  • Haeckel, [252], [257]
  • Sedgwick, [308]
  • Roux, [313], [322]-4
  • Butler, [313], [336]-41
• Evolution-Theory, Influence on Morphology, [302]-13
• Evolution, Intrinsic Laws of, [241]
  • J. F. Meckel, [93]
  • Bronn, [202]
  • Von Baer, [229], [242], [356]
  • Kölliker, Naegeei, [243], [356]
  • Owen, [244]
  • Von Hartmann, [244], [356]
  • Milne-Edwards, [244]-5
  • O. Hertwig, [354]-5, [356]-7
  • Wigand, [356]
  • Depéret, [361]
• Fabricius, [18], [113]
• Fallopius, [18]
• Fischel, [346], [350]
• Fischer, [328]
• Fleischmann, [357] f.n.
• Flourens, [46], [315]
• Fontana, [172]
• Forbes, E., [196]
• Formal Attitude, [246], [305]
• • Goethe, [49]
  • E. Geoffroy, [62]-3, [71], [75]-8, [305]
  • Haeckel, [249], [257], [260]
  • Gegenbaur, [261], [263]
  • Semper, [279]
  • Adopted by Evolutionary Morphologists, [302]-8, [311]-2, [314]
  • Hubrecht, [305]-6
  • Dohrn, [306]
• Francé, R., [345]
• Friedmann, [306] f.n.
• Fuld, [333]
• Functional Adaptation, [316]-7, [318], [320]-9, [333], [344], [351]
• Functional Attitude—
  • Aristotle, [15]-6, [197]
  • Bichat, [27]-9
  • Cuvier, [31]-6, [65], [75]-8, [200], [305]
  • Goethe, [49]-50
  • J. F. Meckel, [101]
  • Owen, [109], [110], [111]
  • Von Baer, [129]
  • Milne-Edwards, [195], [197]-200
  • J. Müller, Reichert, [200]
  • Bronn, [201]-3
  • Lamarck, [222]-6, [307], [335]
  • Gegenbaur, [260], [263]-4
  • Dohrn, [277]-8, [307]
  • Roux, [320]-9, [335]
  • Houssay, [333]
  • Butler, [336]-41
  • G. Wolff, [346]
  • Driesch, [346]-7
  • Giard, [347]
  • E. Schulz, [347] f.n.
  • Keibel, [349]-50
  • Mehnert, [350]-1
  • American Palæontologists, [361], [362]
  • Rütimeyer, [361]
  • V. O. Kowalevsky, [361]-2
  • Osborn, [362]-4
• Function-Change, Principle of—
  • Dohrn, [276]-8, [306], [307]
  • Eisig, [284]
• Fürbringer, M., [282] f.n., [284], [323] f.n.
• Galen, [17]
• Gastræa Theory, [269], [288]-95, [298], [299]-301, [303]
• Gastrula, Discovery of, [288]
• Gaupp, E., [310] f.n.
• Gegenbaur, C., [247], [260]-7, [271], [285], [286], [288] f.n.
• • Division of Egg-nucleus, [188]
  • Functional Attitude, [260], [263]-4
  • Formal Attitude, [261], [263]
  • Principle of Connections, [261]
  • Embryology and Comparative Anatomy, [261]-2, [263]
  • Biogenetic and Meckel-Serres Laws, [262]
  • Homology, [261], [263], [265], [266]-7
  • Adaptation and Correlation, [263]-4
  • Archetype as ancestral, [263] f.n, [265]
  • On Phylogenetic Speculation, [265]-6
  • Embryological Archetype, [266]
  • Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [309], [310]
• Gemmill, J. F., [285] f.n., [312] f.n.
• Geoffroy, Etienne, St Hilaire, [40], [52]-78, [141]
  • Unity of Plan, [52]-65, [70] ff., as conservative, [75], [78]
  • Principle of Connections, [53]-4, [62]-3, [71], [74], [261]
  • Unity of Composition, [54], [70]-1, [75]-6, [200], [305]
  • Archetype, [54], [67]
  • Metastasis, [55]-6, [59], [74]
  • Opercular Bones, [56]
  • Unity of Composition of Sternum, [57]-60
  • Classification, [60]
  • Vertebrates and Articulates, [60]-4, [274], [278]-9, [303]
  • Formal Attitude, [62]-3, [65], [71], [75]-8, [305]
  • Cephalopods and Vertebrates, [64]-5
  • Scale of Beings, [64]
  • Polemic with Cuvier, [64]-5, [74]-8
  • Evolution, [66]-9, [73], [228]
  • Biogenetic Law, [69]
  • Teratology, [69], [315]
  • Meckel-Serres Law, [70], [72]
  • Criteria of Homology, [71], [72], [110]
  • Law of Compensation, [72]-3
  • Criticism of his Principles, [74]
  • Relation to German Transcendentalists, [89], [100]-1
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [96], [97]
  • Influence on Darwin, [234]-5, [238]
• Geoffroy, Isidore, St Hilaire, [65] f.n., [199] f.n., [230]
• Geometry of the Organism, [33]
  • K. G. Carus, [98]-100, [249]
  • Bronn, [201], [249]
  • Haeckel, J. Müller, Burmeister, G. Jäger, [249]
• Germinal Vesicle (Egg-nucleus), [175]-7, [188], [291] f.n.
• Germ-Layer Theory—
  • Von Baer, [115]-6, [118]-9, [208]-9, [296]
  • Pander, [119]-20, [209]
  • C. F. Wolff, [119]-20
  • Rathke, [136], [208]
  • Lereboullet, Bischoff, [208]
  • Huxley, [208], [289]
  • Remak, [209]-12, [296]
• Germ-Layers and Gastræa Theory—
  • Haeckel, [289]-95
  • Lankester, Balfour, [295]
• Germ-Layer Theory, Influence of Causal Morphology on, [347]
• Gesner, [18]
• Giard, A.—
  • On Ascidian Theory, [271]-3
  • Adaptive Homology, [273]
  • Pœcilogeny, [347]-8
• Glisson, F., [19]
• Gluge, [173]
• Goebel, K., [356] f.n.
• Goethe, [45]-51, [65], [89], [250]
  • Unity of Plan, [45]-7, [51]
  • Homology, [47]
  • Principle of Connections, 47
  • Formal and Functional Attitudes, [48]-50
  • Teleology, [48]
  • Metamorphosis of Plants, [48]
  • Repetition of parts, [48]-9
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [49], [96], [97]
  • Law of Compensation, [49]
  • Embryological Criterion, [49]
  • Organisms as Nature's Works of Art, [50]
• Goette, [259]
• Graaf, von, [175]
• Grew, N., [169]
• Gruber, [330]
• Haeckel, Ernst, [247]-60, [271], [314], [342], [353], [357]
• • His sources, [248]-50
  • Materialism, [248], [250]
  • On Teleology, Heredity and Adaptation, [248], [263]
  • Correlation, Disregard for, [248], [264]
  • Geometry of the Organism (Promorphology), [249]
  • Repetition of Parts (Tectology), [249]-50
  • Classification as Genealogical, [250]-1, [254]
  • Archetype as ancestral, [251]
  • Homology and Analogy, [251]
  • Biogenetic Law, [251], [253]-9, [291]-4
  • Three-fold parallelism, [254]-5
  • Scale of Beings, [255], [256]-7
  • Organism as an Historical Being, [257]
  • Prussianism, [257]
  • Palingenesis, [258]
  • Cenogenesis, [258]-9
  • Heterotopy, Heterochrony, [259]
  • Gastræa Theory, [269], [288]-95
  • Phylogenetic Classification, [289]-94
  • Criticism of Theory of Types, Monophyletism, [289], [291]
  • Gastræa Theory and Biogenetic Law, [291]-4
  • Primary stages of Ontogeny and Phylogeny, [291]-3
  • Cœlom, [291], [295], [296]
  • Experimental Embryology, [317]
• Haller, [113]
• Harting, [284] f.n.
• Hartmann, E. von—
  • On Darwin's conception of correlation, [240]-1
  • Evolution, [244], [356]
• Hartog, M., [344]
• Harvey, [18], [113]
• Hatschek, [270] f.n., [299]
• Helmholtz, H. von, [195]
• Henle, [172]
• Hensen, V., [209] f.n.
• Herbst, C., [333]
• Herder, [46]
• Heredity and Memory, [336]-44
• Hering, E., [341]-2
• "Heritage" Characters, [309], [322]
• Herlitzka, [332]
• Herophilus, [17]
• Hertwig, O., [163], [330], [331], [346]
  • On C. F. Wolff, [119]
  • Fertilisation, [291] f.n.
  • Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [309]-10
  • Biogenetic Law, [352], [354]-5
  • Von Baer's Law, [354]
  • Intrinsic Laws of Evolution, [354]-5, [356]-7
  • Homology not necessarily Homogeny, [355]-7
  • Unity of Plan not necessarily due to Community of Descent, [355]-7
  • On Phylogenetic Speculation, [356]
• Hertwig, O. and R.—
  • Cœlom Theory, [297]-8
  • Nervous System of Cœlentera, [299]
• Heterochrony, [259], [348], [349]-52
• Heterogeneous Generation (Kölliker), [243]
• Heterotopy, [259]
• Hilgendorf, [359]
• Hill, [311]
• Hippocratic Treatises, [2]
• His, W., [206] f.n., [209] f.n.
  • Causal Morphology, [316]
  • Cytoplasm of Egg, Organ-forming Stuffs, [333]
  • Specific Distinctness of Embryos, [353]
• Histological Differentiation (von Baer), [117]-8
• Histology. See also "Cell-Theory"
  • Malpighi, [20]
  • Stensen, [21]
  • Bichat, [29]-30, [169], [178]
  • Von Baer, [117]-8
  • Schwann, [178]
  • Remak, [209]-12
• Hofer, B., [330]
• Hofmeister, [185]
• Homogeny, [267], [303], [355]
• Homology, [168], [303], [355]-7. See also "Connections, Principle of," and "Embryological Criterion"
  • Aristotle, [7]-10
  • Belon, [18]
  • Buffon, [27]
  • Goethe, [47]
  • E. Geoffroy, [53], [71]
  • Serres, [80]
  • Owen, [107]-9
  • Lamarck, [227]
  • C. Darwin, [234]-5, [247]
  • Haeckel, [251]
  • Gegenbaur, [261], [263], [265], [266]-7
  • Giard, [273]
  • Semper, [279]
  • O. Hertwig, [355]-7
  • Braun, [355]
• Homology, Genetic Definition of—
  • Gegenbaur, [266]
  • Lankester, [267]
  • O. Hertwig's criticism, [355]-7
• Homoplasy, [267]
• Hooke, R., [20], [169]
• Houssay, F., [19] f.n., [333]
• Hubrecht, A. A. W., [284], [295] f.n., [301], [305]-6
• Hunter, J., [22], [315]
• Huschke, [134]-5, [136], [141], [146]
• Huxley, T. H., [157], [238], [247]
  • On Rathke, [154] f.n.
  • Embryological Criterion, [158]-9, [166]
  • Embryological Archetype, [159]-61
  • Criticism of Vertebral Theory of Skull, [161]-2
  • Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [166]-7
  • On Archetype, [204]
  • Germ-Layer Theory, [208], [289]
  • Criticism of Three-fold Parallelism, [230] f.n.
  • Cœlom, [297]
  • Ancestry of Marsupials, [311]
• Hyatt, A., [359], [361]
• Instinct and Morphogenesis, Analogy of, [vi]., [307], [312]
• • Lamarck, [220], [226]
• Jacobson , [164]
• Jäger, G., [249] f.n.
• Jardin des Plantes, Paris, [19]
• Jenkinson, J. W., [347] f.n.
• • On His, [316]
• Jones, Wharton, [138], [176]
• Julin, C., [271], [285]
• Jussieu, de, [40]
• Kant, I.—
• • Teleology, [35], [213], [242]
  • Unity of Plan, [46], [213]-4
  • Evolution, [213]-4
• Keibel, F., [348], [349]-50
• Kerkring, [131]
• Kielmeyer, [89], [90], [96]
• Kieser, [90]
• Kleinenberg, N., [277]
• Kohlbrugge, J., [44] f.n., [65] f.n.
• Kölliker, A.—
  • On C. F. Wolff, [119]
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [157]
  • Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [164]-6, [310]
  • Embryological Criterion, [165]-6
  • Cell-division, [187]
  • Intrinsic Laws of Evolution, [243], [356]
  • Saltatory Variation, [243]
• Kowalevsky, A., [269]-71, [284], [285], [299], [300]
  • Development of Amphioxus, [270]
    • Ascidians, [270]-1
  • Cœlom, [270], [295], [297]
  • Gastrula, [288]
• Kowalevsky, V. O., [361]-2
• Krause, [176]
• Kupffer, [271]
• Lacaze-Duthiers, H. de, [203] f.n., [315]-6
• • On Ascidians, [271], [273]
• Lamarck, [44], [66], [78], [215]-29
  • Relation to Buffon, [215]
  • Scale of Beings, [215]-8, [220]-1, [227]-8
  • As Evolutionary, [218], [220]
  • Classification, [216]-7, [227], [228]
  • Species Problem, [216], [227]
  • Materialism, [218]-9, [222]-3, [225]-6
  • Psychological Vitalism, [219], [220]-6, [307], [335]
  • Sentiment intérieur, [219]-20, [222]-3, [225]
  • Ecological Adaptation, [221], [222], [223], [224], [227]
  • Laws of Evolution, [221]-5
  • Transmission of Acquired Characters, [221]-2, [224]
  • Subtle Fluids, [222]
  • Use and Disuse, [223]-4
  • Independence of Current Thought, [226]-7
  • Homology and Analogy, [227]
  • Reception of his Theory, [228]-9
  • Lamarck and Butler, [335]-7
• Lang, A., [301]
• Lankester, Sir E. Ray, [247]
  • Homology, Homogeny, Homoplasy, and Analogy, [267]
  • Balanoglossus Theory of Vertebrate Descent, [287]
  • Germ-Layer Theory and Phylogenetic Classification, [291]
  • Planula Theory, [295]
  • On Cœlom Theory, [296]-7, [299] f.n.
• Latreille, [86], [100]
• Laurencet, [64]
• Lavocat, [203] f.n.
• Leeuenhoek, [20], [21], [169]
• Leibniz, [23], [213], [343]
• Lereboullet—
  • Von Baer's Law, [206]-8
  • Germ-layer Theory, [208]
  • Gastrula, [288] f.n.
• Leucippus, [16]
• Leuckart, [193] f.n., [194], [297]
• Levy, O., [333]
• Leydig, [187], [188], [275] f.n., [285]
• Linnæus, [22]
• Loeb, J., [333], [347]
• Loi de Balancement. See "Compensation, Law of"
• Lovén, [186], [196]
• Lucretius, [16]
  • On the Soul, [222] f.n.
• Ludwig, [193], [194], [314]
• Lyell, Sir C., [228] f.n.
• Lyonnet, [22]
• Macbride, E. W., [287] f.n.
• M'Kendrick, J.—
• • On Fontana, [172]
• Mackenzie, W., [345]
• Malpighi, M., [20]-1, [113], [169]
• Marine Zoology, Rise of, [195]-6
• Materialistic Attitude, [246]-7, [345], [364]
  • Schwann, [180]-5
  • Vogt, [190]-1
  • Virchow, [191]
  • Ludwig, [193]
  • Materialistic Physiology, [193]-4, [314]-5, [347]
  • Lamarck, [218]-9, [222]-3, [225]-6
  • The Darwinians, [241], [308]
  • Haeckel, [248], [250]
  • Roux, [315], [317], [318]-9, [329]
  • Semon, [343]
  • Rignano, [344]
  • Loeb, [347]
  • Criticism of this attitude—
    • Reichert, [192]-3
• Meckel, D. A., [95]
• Meckel, J. F., [113]
  • Meckel-Serres Law, [91]-3
  • Evolution, [92]-3, [215], [228]
  • Teratology, [93]-4
  • Repetition of Parts, [95]
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [96]
  • Eclecticism, [101]
• Meckel's Cartilage, [141], [145]
• Meckel-Serres Law. See "Development, Meckel-Serres Law"
• Mehnert, E., [348], [350]-2
• Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [162]-7, [309]-10
• Memory and Heredity, [336]-44
• Mendelism, [346]
• Mesenchyme, [298]
• Mesoderm, [209]-11, [296], [297], [298]
• Metabolism—
  • Cuvier, [38]
  • Schwann, [182]-5
  • Roux, [324], [329]
• Metamerism, [94], [95], [100], [109], [131]-2, [266]-7, [274]-5, [279], [282], [286], [299], [301]
• Metamorphosis of Plants, [48], [235]
• Metastasis, Principle of—
  • E. Geoffroy, [55]-6, [59], [74]
  • Owen, [106]
• Metschnikoff, E., [278] f.n., [285], [288]
  • Criticism of Ascidian Theory, [271]
  • Cœlom, [295], [296], [297]
• Meyen, [170], [185]
• Meyer, E., [284]
• Meyranx, [64]
• Microscope, Invention of, [19]
• Milne-Edwards, H., [12], [86], [238]
  • Marine Zoology, [195]
  • Functional Attitude, [195], [197]-200
  • Unity of Plan, [197]
  • Division of Labour, [197]-8
  • Ecological Adaptation, Convergence, [199]
  • Von Baer's Law, Polemic with Serres, [204]-8
  • Evolution, [244]-5
• Mirbel, [170], [171]
• Mivart, St G., [277]
• Mohl, von, [170], [185]
• Moldenhawer, [170]
• Moleschott, [194]
• Moquin-Tandon, A., [87]
• Morgan, T. H., [317] f.n., [332], [333], [347] f.n.
• Mosaic Theory of Development, [330]-3
• Müller, F., Biogenetic Law, [252]-3, [254], [257]
• Müller, H., [166]
• Müller, J., [136], [209] f.n., [260], [285], [309], [345]
  • Embryological Criterion, [138]
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [142]-4, [154], [157]
  • On Reichert, [150]
  • Cell Theory, [172]-3
  • Division of Egg-nucleus, [188]
  • Vitalism, [192]
  • Marine Zoology, [196]
  • Functional Attitude, [200]
• Mutations (Waagen), [361] f.n.
• Naegeli, [185], [243] f.n., [356]
• Naturphilosophie. See "Philosophy of Nature"
• Nesbitt, R., [162]
• Neumayr, [357], [360]
• Nussbaum, M., [330]
• Oken, L., [89], [113], [131], [134], [149]
• • Meckel-Serres Law, [90]-1
  • Teratology, [91]
  • Repetition of Parts, [94]-5
  • Serial Homology, [95]-6, [100]
  • Vertebral Theory, [96], [97], [98]
  • On Geoffroy, [100]
  • Influence on Serres, [205]
  • Evolution, [215]
• Ollier, [315]
• Oppel, A., [318] f.n., [324] f.n., [327], [348]-9
• Orr, H. F., [342]
• Osborn, H. F., [214] f.n., [361]
  • On V. O. Kowalevsky, [362]
  • Functional Attitude, [362]-4
  • Law of Adaptive Radiation, [362]-4
• Owen, R., [97], [102]-12, [204]
  • Eclecticism, [102]
  • Vertebral Theory of Skeleton, [103]-7
  • Archetype of Vertebrate Skeleton, [104]-7, [110]
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [104]-6
  • Metastasis, [106]
  • Principle of Connections, [107]-8
  • Anatomy and Embryology, [108]
  • Homology and Analogy, [108]
  • Classes of Homology, [108]-9, [266]
  • Functional Attitude, [109], [110], [111]
  • Embryological Criterion, [110], [167]
  • Homological and Teleological Compoundedness, [110]-1
  • Vegetative Repetition of Parts, [111], [286]
  • Unity of Plan as Conservative Principle, [112]
  • Influence on Darwin, [234], [235], [238]
  • Evolution, [244]
• Packard, [361]
• Palæontological Record, [357]-61
• • Absence of connecting forms, [357]-9
  • Biogenetic Law, [359]
  • Phyletic Series, [359]-61
• Palæontological Succession—
  • Cuvier, [43]
  • E. Geoffroy, [67]
  • L. Agassiz, [230], [255]
  • C. Darwin, [231]
  • Milne-Edwards, [245]
  • Tiedemann, [255] f.n.
• Paley, W., [341]
• Palingenesis (Haeckel), [258], [323]
• Pander, [113], [119]-20, [133], [208], [209]
• Parallelism, Theory of. See "Development, Meckel-Serres Law"
  • Three-fold. See "Development, Meckel-Serres Law"
• Paris Museum of Natural History, [19], [89], [101]
• Paul, [360]
• Pauly, A., [345]
• Perrault, C., [19]
• Perrier, E., [88], [359] f.n.
• Pflüger, E., [317], [330]
• Philipeaux, [315]
• "Philosophy of Nature," [89], [94], [98], [203], [248]
• Phyletic Series, [359]-61
• Physiology, Separation from Morphology, [194], [247], [260], [314]
• Physiology of Development, [315]
• Planula Theory (Lankester), [295]
• Plato, [15]
• Pockels, [138]
• Pœcilogeny (Giard), [347]-8
• Poli, [175]
• Polyphyletism—
  • Darwin, [238]
  • Von Baer, [242], [356]
  • Kölliker, Wigand, Naegeli, [356]
  • Depéret, [360]-1
  • Steinmann, [360] f.n.
• Polyzoic Conception of Organism—
  • Dugès, [87]
  • Perrier, [88]
• Prévost and Dumas, [125] f.n., [134], [175], [186]
• Promorphology (Haeckel), [249]
• Protoplasm, [169], [188]-9
• Purkinje, [172], [173], [175], [176], [189]
• Quatrefages, A. de, [172], [195]-6
• Rádl, E., on Goethe, [48]
• • Correlation, [240] f.n., [241]
  • On Darwin's Critics, [242] f.n.
  • On Cuvier's Critics, [278] f.n.
• Rathke, H., [133], [136]-7, [174], [194], [269], [351] f.n.
  • Discovery of Gill-slits in Pig and Chick, [134]
  • Discovery of Gill-slits in Man, [135]
  • Germ-Layer Theory, [136], [208]
  • Embryological Criterion, [138], [140]-1
  • Homologies of Gill-arches, [139]-41, [146], [150]
  • Development of Skull, [141], [150]-4
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [141], [154]-6
  • Embryological Archetype, [151], [153]
  • Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [163], [166]
• Rauber, A., [330]
• Réaumur, [22], [315]
• Recapitulation Theory. See "Development, Biogenetic Law"
• Regeneration, [315], [318], [333], [346]
• Regulatory Processes in Development, [114], [319], [333], [346]-7, [350]
• Reichert, C. B., Embryological Criterion, [138]-9, [144]-7, [163] Archetype, [139], [147], [149]
  • Homologies of Gill-arches and Ear-ossicles, [144]-7
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [147]-9, [157]
  • Von Baer's Law, [149]-50, [351] f.n.
  • Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [163], [165], [166], [310]
  • Criticism of "Biological Atomists," [192]-3, [194]
  • Functional Attitude, [193], [200]
• Remak, R., [118], [288] f.n.
  • On Vertebræ, [157]
  • Cell Theory, [173], [187]-8, [209]
  • Microscopical Technique, [209] f.n.
  • Germ-Layer Theory, [209]-12, [296]
  • Cells, Tissues and Germ-Layers, [209]-12
  • Mesoderm, [209]-11
  • Cœlom, [211], [296]
• Repetition of Parts within the Organism, Theory of. See also "Vertebral Theory of Skull"
  • Goethe, [48]-9
  • Dugès, [87]-8
  • Oken, [94]-5
  • J. F. Meckel, D. A. Meckel, [95]
  • Haeckel (Tectology), [249]-50
• Reymond, E. du Bois, [194], [314]
• Rignano, E., [343]-4
• Robinet, [23], [215]
• Rondeletius, [18]
• Rosenhof, Rösel von, [22]
• Roux, W., [313], [315]-29, [344], [351]
  • Entwicklungsmechanik, [315], [317]-8
  • Materialistic Attitude, [315], [317], [318]-9, [329]
  • Functional Adaptation, [316]-7, [318], [320]-9, [333]
  • Experimental Embryology, [317], [318], [330]-1
  • Simple and Complex Components, [318]-20
  • Functional Definition of Life, [320]
  • Functional Attitude, [320]-9, [335]
  • The Two Periods of Development, [320]-4, [325], [327], [335]
  • Mosaic Theory of Development, [323], [330]-1
  • Metabolism, [324], [329]
  • Structure, Functional and Non-functional, [324]-6
  • Functional Unity of Organism, [326]
  • Functional Adaptation of Blood-vessels, [326]-9
  • Form as manifestation of Activity, [329]
• Ruini, C., [18]
• Rusconi, [133]-4, [186]
• Rütimeyer, L., [361]
• Ryder, [361]
• Sachs, J. von, [170]
• St Ange, M., [146]
• Salensky, [259]
• Saltatory Variation—
• • E. Geoffroy, [78]
  • Von Baer, [242]
  • Kölliker, [243]
  • Owen, [244]
• Sarcode, [169]
• Sars, M., [186], [196]
• Savigny, J. C., [83]-5, [100], [137], [271]
• Scale of Beings, [89], [206], [214]-5
  • Aristotle, [14]-6
  • Anaximander, Anaxagoras, [14]
  • Empedocles, Plato, [15]
  • Albertus Magnus, [17]
  • C. Bonnet, [22]-3
  • Robinet, [23]
  • Buffon, [24]
  • E. Geoffroy, [64]
  • Lamarck, [215]-8, [220]-1, [227]-8
  • As Evolutionary, [218], [220]
  • Haeckel, [256]-7
  • Criticism of this idea—
    • Cuvier, [39]-40, [130]
    • Von Baer, [130]
    • Milne-Edwards, [205]
    • Lereboullet, [207]
    • Darwin, [234]
    • Haeckel, [255]
    • Relation to Evolution-Theory, [214]-5
• Schepelmann, [333]
• Schleiden, [170]-2
• Schmieden, [328]
• Schults, C. H., [173]
• Schultze, Max, [189]
• Schultze, O., [331]
• Schulz, E., [347] f.n.
• Schwann, Theodor, [169], [173]-86, [248]
  • Physiological Standpoint, [173], [179], [180], [182]
  • Development of Cells, [174]-5, [179]-80
  • Cellular Nature of Ovum, [175]-7
  • Development of Tissues from Cells, [177]-8
  • Histology, [178]
  • Materialism and Teleology, [180]-3, [185]
  • Cell-metabolism, [182]-5
  • Cells as organic Crystals, [184]-5
• Sedgwick, A., [347] f.n.
  • Actinozoan Theory of Vertebrate Descent, [299]-300
  • Metamerism, [299]
  • Embryological Archetype, [300]
  • Organism as Historical Being, [308]
  • Cell-Theory, [346]
  • Von Baer's Law, [353]
• Segmentation of Ovum, [186]-8
• Seiler, [138]
• Selection, Natural and Artificial, [307] f.n.
• Self-Differentiation (Roux), [319], [320]-1, [322], [323], [324], [327]
• Self-Regulation (Roux), [319]
• Semon, R., [342]-3
• Semper, C., [259], [269], [278]-82, [284], [286]
  • Annelid Theory, [274], [278]-82
  • Metamerism, [274], [279], [282]
  • Follower of Geoffroy, [278]
  • Unity of Plan and Composition, [279], [303]
  • Principle of Connections, [279]
  • Formal Attitude, [279]
• Sentiment intérieur (Lamarck), [219]-20, [222]-3, [225]
• Serial Homology. See "Metamerism"
• Serres, E., [79]-83, [91], [100], [205]-6, [257] f.n.
  • Criteria of Homology, [80]
  • Law of parallelism, [80]-3, [94], [203]-4, [205]-6
  • Law of Multiple Formation, [80]-1
  • Unity of Plan, [83], [205], [206]
  • Teratology, [83]
  • Meckel's Cartilage, [145] f.n.
  • Transcendentalism, [205]-6
  • Concrescence Theory, [206] f.n.
• Severino, [18]
• Sharpey, [162], [176]
• Siebold, von, [186]
• Skull, Development of, [139]-62. See also "Vertebral Theory"
• Spallanzani, [315]
• Species-Problem—
  • Cuvier, [42]
  • Lamarck, [216], [227]
  • Darwin, [231]
• Spencer, H., [326] f.n.
• Spengel, [285], [287]
• Spinoza, [343]
• Spix, [96], [97], [100], [141]
• Stannius, [165]
• Steenstrup, [309]
• Steinmann, G., [357], [360] f.n.
• Stensen (Steno), [21]
• Swammerdam, [20], [21]-2
• Tachygenesis, [359]
• Technique, Microscopical, [209] f.n., [268]
• Tectology (Haeckel), [249]
• Teleology—
• • Aristotle, [10]
  • Cuvier, [33]-5
  • Kant, [35], [213], [242]
  • Von Baer, [242]
  • Owen, Von Hartmann, [244]
  • Butler, [341]
  • G. Wolff, Driesch, [346]
  • Criticism of—
    • Goethe, [48]
    • Schwann, [180]-2
    • The Darwinians, [241]
    • Haeckel, [248]
    • Evolutionary Morphologists, [308]
• Teratology, [69], [83], [91], [93], [315]
• Thienemann, [23] f.n.
• Thompson, D'Arcy W., [2] f.n.
• Thomson, A., [176]
• Thomson, J. Arthur, [215] f.n.
• Tiedemann, [91], [113], [215], [255] f.n.
• Tissues and Germ-Layers, [118], [209]-12
• Transcendental Anatomy, Relation to Evolutionary Morphology, [302]-8, [312]
• Transcendentalism, French and German Schools, [89], [100]
• Trembley, [22], [315]
• Treviranus, [141], [170], [215], [225] f.n.
• Turpin, [173]
• Types, Theory of (Cuvier and Von Baer)—
  • Cuvier, [41], [124], [289], [291]
  • Von Baer, [123]-4, [289], [291]
  • Bronn, [202]
  • Lereboullet, [207]
  • Criticised by—
    • E. Geoffroy, [60]
    • Haeckel, [289], [291]
    • Lankester, [291]
• Type-Theory and Evolution, [304]
• Unger, [185]
• Unity of Composition, Principle of, Geoffroy, [54], [70]-2, [75]-6, [200], [305]
• Unity of Plan, [88], [241], [278]-9, [303], [312]. See also "Archetype"
• • Aristotle, 6-7, [10]
  • Belon, Severino, [18]
  • Perrault, [19]
  • Robinet, [23]
  • Buffon, [24]
  • Cuvier, [41]
  • Goethe, [45]-7, [51]
  • Vicq D'Azyr, [45]
  • Camper, [45], [46]
  • Herder, [46]
  • Kant, [46], [213]-4
  • E. Geoffroy, [52]-65, [70] ff.
  • Serres, [83], [205], [206]
  • Savigny, [83]
  • Audouin, [85]-6
  • Latreille, [86]
  • Dugès, [86]-7
  • J. F. Meckel, [101]
  • Milne-Edwards, [197]
  • Semper, [279]
  • Haeckel, [289], [291]
  • Lankester, [291]
• Unity of Plan as due to Community of Descent—
  • Darwin, [233], [234]-5, [239], [247]
  • Haeckel, [250]-1
  • Gegenbaur, [263] f.n., [265]
  • Criticism of this idea—
    • O. Hertwig, [355]-7
• Unity of Plan as Conservative Principle—
  • E. Geoffroy, [75], [78]
  • Owen, [112]
  • Gegenbaur, [263]-4
  • Evolutionary Morphologists, [307]
• Valentin, [138], [173], [176]
• Variation, Limits of, Cuvier, [42]
• Vegetative Repetition of Parts—
• • Owen, [111], [286]
  • Bateson, [286]
• Velpeau, [138]
• Vertebral Theory of Skull, [49], [96]-9, [104]-6, [131], [141]-4, [147]-9, [154]-7, [161]-2, [165], [203], [235], [310] f.n.
• Vertebrate Descent, [269]-87, [299]-301, [304]
• Verworn, M., [330]
• Vesalius, [18]
• Vestigial Organs, [233], [237], [309], [312]
• Vialleton, L., [306] f.n., [348]
• Vicq d'Azyr, [45], [95]
• Virchow, R., [188], [191]
• Vitalism, Psychological—
  • Lamarck, [219], [220]-6, [307], [335]
  • Butler, [336]-41
  • Orr, Cope, [342]
  • Ward, [343]
  • Delpino, Francé, Pauly, A. Wagner, Mackenzie, [345]
• Vogt, C.—
  • Criticism of Vertebral Theory, [156]-7
  • Capillaries, [179]
  • Segmentation, [186]
  • Materialistic Attitude, [190]-1
  • Threefold Parallelism, [255] f.n.
• Waagen, [359], [361] f.n.
• Wagner, A., [345]
• Wagner, R., [176]
• Ward, J., [343]
• Weber, [138]
• Weismann, A., [240], [323], [326] f.n., [330]-1, [343]
• Werneck, [173]
• Whitman, C. O., [346]
• Wigand, A., [242] f.n., [356]
• Willey, A., [273] f.n., [306] f.n.
• Williamson, [309]
• Willis, [19]
• Wilson, E. B., [331], [332]-3, [346] f.n., [347] f.n.
• Wolff, C. F., [113]
• • Germ-layer Theory, [119]-20
  • Cells, [170]
• Wolff, G., [346]-7
• Woodward, B. B., [358]
• Wotton, E., [17]
• Zeleny, [333]
• Zittel, K. von, [357], [358]
• Zoja, [331]

---

PRINTED BY

OLIVER AND BOYD,

EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND

---

HEREDITY. By J. Arthur Thompson, M.A., LL.D., Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen. With numerous Illustrations. 9s. net.

Contents

Heredity and Inheritance: Defined and Illustrated--The Physical Basis of Inheritance--Heredity and Variation--Common Modes of Inheritance--Reversion and allied Phenomena--Telegony and other Dispute Questions--The Transmission of Acquired Characters--Heredity and Disease--Statistical Study of Inheritance--Experimental Study of Inheritance--History of Theories of Heredity and Inheritance--Heredity and Development--Heredity and Sex--Social Aspects of Biological Results--Bibliography--Subject-Index to Bibliography--Index.

"We all know books of science which we ought to read with pleasure, but to which we turn with shrinking. Full, perhaps, of new facts and ideas, they are so expressed as to bore consumedly. 'Heredity' belongs to another category. He who runs may read, even if he be a beginner, and he who reads will probably not cease to run until he has traversed the last page."--Nature.

"This is certainly the best modern book on heredity to recommend to the student and the intelligently curious."--Science Progress.

"May be regarded as the standard work of reference on this subject. As a judicial summary of an exceedingly difficult and controversial subject it is masterly, while in the matter of clearness of exposition it has no rival."--Knowledge.

RECENT ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF VARIATION, HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION. By Robert H. Lock, M.A., sometime Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, late Assistant-Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon. With Portraits and other Illustrations. Revised by L. Doncaster, D.Sc., F.R.S. With a Biographical Note by Bella Sidnay Woolf (Mrs R. H. Lock). Crown 8vo.

MICROSCOPY. The Construction, Theory, and Use of the Microscope. By Edmund J. Spitta, F.R.A.S., F.R.M.S., etc. With numerous Diagrams and Illustrations. Second Edition. 12s. 6d. net.

"Let us hasten to urge every student of the microscope who wishes to gain a thorough understanding of its principles and possibilities and its defects, and every user of the instrument who desires a work of reference to which he may turn for an explanation of some unexplained optical phenomenon, or for particulars of up-to-date apparatus, to procure a copy of Mr Spitta's book without delay."--Nature.

CONVERGENCE IN EVOLUTION. By Arthur Willey, D.Sc. (Lond.); Hon. M.A. (Cantab.); F.R.S. With Diagrams. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.

This work brings together some scattered facts of parallel development of outward form and internal structure in the Animal kingdom, introducing new cases and fresh interpretations. It is, taken as a whole, an original contribution to the theory of organic evolution, with special reference to the forms of Animal life.

THE HEREDITY OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS IN PLANTS. An aspect of the true Darwinism based on Personal Observations and Experiments. By the Rev. Prof. George Henslow. With Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 6s. net.

A HANDBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY. By W.D. Halliburton, M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Physiology, King's College, London. Eleventh Edition, being the Twenty-fourth of Kirkes'. With nearly Seven Hundred Illustrations, including some Coloured Plates. Large Crown 8vo. 15s. net.

"One of the best manuals for the student which we possess ... the book is an eminently trustworthy one, and will prove a valuable foundation for, and introduction to, the large treatises on physiology."—Lancet.

THE BACTERIOLOGY OF MILK. By Harold Swithinbank, of the Bacteriological Research Laboratory, Durham, and Sir George Newman, M.D., F.R.S.E., D.P.H., Chief Medical Officer, Board of Education. With Special Chapters also by Dr Newman on Spread of Disease by Milk and the Control of the Milk Supply. With numerous Illustrations. Royal 8vo. 25s. net.

"Ought to find a place in the library of every medical officer of health and of every milk-producer. Scientific in method and lucid in exposition, the authors have given us a really invaluable text-book."—Spectator.

BACTERIOLOGY AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH. By Sir George Newman, M.D., F.R.S. (Edin.), D.P.H., Chief Medical Officer, Board of Education. With Illustrations. Medium 8vo. 21s. net.

"The present work, though nominally a third edition of 'Bacteria in Relation to the Economy of Nature, Industrial Processes, and the Public Health,' is virtually a new book, written with the object of supplying all that is necessary for the student of hygiene and the officer of health to know, so far as every-day problems of sanitation and preventive medicine demand.... Dr Newman has done a good work in producing a treatise which places at the service of the community what is known about all these topics."—Daily Telegraph.

THE RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE. By W.C.D. Whetham, M.A., F.R.S. Illustrated. Large Crown 8vo. 5s. net.

The Philosophical Basis of Physical Science—The Liquefaction of Gases and the Absolute Zero of Temperature—Fusion and Solidification—The Problems of Solution—The Conduction of Electricity Through Gases—Radio-Activity—Atoms and Æther—Astro-Physics—Index.

THE REALM OF NATURE. An Outline of Physiography. By H.R. Mill, D.SC, LL.D., Director of the British Rainfall Organisation. Second Edition. Revised and entirely reset. With 19 coloured Maps and 73 Illustrations in the text. Crown 8vo. 5s. net.

"Dr Mill is to be congratulated on having now brought his information, so far as space permitted, well up to date. The most striking features of the work are its comprehensiveness and conciseness.... It would, indeed, be difficult to point to any other English work on physiography giving so much trustworthy matter in equally condensed form, yet so readable."—Athenæum.

NATURE AND ORIGIN OF FIORDS. By J.W. Gregory, D.Sc., F.R.S., Author of "The Dead Heart of Australia." With Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 16s. net.

Professor T.G. Bonney says in Nature, 12th Feb. 1914:—"But we must conclude, and do this by expressing our hearty thanks to him for this admirable history of fiords and other forms of inlets of the sea. It will be a great boon to students, for it is a veritable encyclopædia, full of important facts."

MECHANISM, LIFE AND PERSONALITY. An Examination of the Mechanistic Theory of Life and Mind. By J.S. Haldane, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., Fellow of New College and Reader in Physiology, University of Oxford. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.

"Dr Haldane has succeeded in packing an immense amount of knowledge and thought into the compass of a small volume. The complexity of his themes has never for a moment betrayed him into ambiguity either of thought or expression, and the pervading temptation to stray into bypaths, the failure to resist which makes the weakness of so much otherwise fine work of this class, has been most successfully resisted. The clarity of the book may fairly be described as remarkable."—Sunday Times.

---

THE

PROGRESSIVE SCIENCE SERIES

THE INTERPRETATION OF RADIUM. By Frederick Soddy, M.A., Independent Lecturer in Physical Chemistry and Radio-activity in the University of Glasgow. With Illustrations. 6s. net.

HEREDITY. By J. Arthur Thomson, M.A, Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen. Illustrated. 9s. net.

THE PROBLEM OF AGE, GROWTH, & DEATH. A Study of Cytomorphosis. By Charles S. Minot, LL.D. (Yale, Toronto), D.Sc. (Oxford). Illustrated. 6s. net.

THE SOLAR SYSTEM. A Study of Recent Observations. By Charles Lane Poor, Professor of Astronomy in Columbia University. Illustrated. 6s. net.

PROBLEMS OF LIFE AND REPRODUCTION. By Marcus Hartog, M.A., D.Sc, Professor of Biology in the University, Cork. Illustrated. 7s.* 6d. net.

CLIMATE. Considered Especially in Relation to Man. By Robert de Courcy Ward, Assistant Professor of Climatology in Harvard University. Illustrated. 6s. net.

HYGIENE OF NERVES AND MIND IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. By August Forel, M.D. Translated from the German by A. Atkins. Illustrated. 6s. net.

INFECTION AND IMMUNITY. By George S. Sternberg, M.D., LL.D. 6s. net.

THE STARS. A Study of the Universe. By Professor Simon Newcomb. Illustrated. 6s. net.

A BOOK OF WHALES. By F.E. Beddard, M.A., F.R.S. (The Editor). Illustrated. 6s. net.

THE STUDY OF MAN: An Introduction to Ethnology. By Professor A.C. Haddon, D.SC, M.A., M.R.I.A. Illustrated. 6s. net.

THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE. A Study of Epistemology. By St. George Mivart, M.D., PH.D., F.R.S. 6s. net.

EARTH SCULPTURE; or, The Origin of Land Forms. By Professor Geikie, LL.D., F.R.S. Illustrated. 6s. net.

RIVER DEVELOPMENT. As Illustrated by the Rivers of North America. By Professor I.C. Russell. Illustrated. 6s. net.

VOLCANOES: Their Structure and Significance. By Professor Bonney, D.SC, F.R.S. Illustrated. 6s. net.

EARTHQUAKES, In the Light of the New Seismology. By Clarence E. Dutton, Major U.S.A. Illustrated. 6s. net.

---

Life and Works of