INDEX.

Acorn, [141], [144], [146], [175], [177]
Air, carbon dioxide in, [31], [33]
Air-chamber of hen’s egg, [283], [285]
Air sacs of birds, [279]
Albumin, [285]
Alder, [142], [149]
Allantois, [289], [293]
Alternation of generations, [189], [196]
Amnion, [288], [290]
Anemone, [97], [98]
Animals and plants, resemblances and differences, [243]
Annual, meadow grass, [135]; rings, [73]
Anterior, [217]
Anther of stamen, [91]
Aorta, [236], [238]
Appendages of crayfish and lobster, [373], [375]
Apple, [104], [106]; fruit of, [176], [179]
Apricot, [106]
Aquarium, a simple, [340]
Arachnids, [378]
Arteries, [237], [238]
Arteries, pulse in, [235], [239]
Arthropods, [351]
Arum, [122]
Ash, [153], [156]; fruit of, [171], [173]; mountain, [157]
Aspen, [152]
Auricles of heart, [235], [237]
Awn, [129], [130], [131]
Axil of leaf, [45], 47
Backbone, of pigeon, [269]; of rabbit, [217], [222], [227]
Bacteria, [209]
Balancers of hen’s egg, [283], [285]
Bark, [74]
Bast, [71], [72]
Bat, [255], [256]
Bean seed, [1], [2], [5];
germination of, [9], [13];
starch in, 2
Beech, [142], [145], [147]; fruit of, [175], [178]
Beetle, a water, [357]
Beetles, [362]
Berries, [175], [179]
Biennials, [31], [96]
Bile, [232], [234]
Birch, [142], [147], [148]
Birds, [269]
Bird’s foot trefoil, [102]
Black bent, [135]
Blackberry, [103], [105];
fruit of, [175], [179];
leaves, [38], [41], [105]
Blackbird, [302], [307]
Bleeding of stems, [67], [70]
Blood, [233], [235], [242];
circulation of, [235];
red corpuscles of, [237], [242]
Blue mould, [207], [208]
Bone, structure of a long, [223], [228]
Bones,
of birds, [269];
of pigeon, [274];
of rabbit, [222]
Box leaves, [44], [45]
Bracken fern, [184], [189]
Bracts of anemone, [97], [99];
of daisy, [111];
of dandelion, [113];
of lime, [152], [154], [155], [174]
Branches, position of, [45], [47]
Breast bone, of pigeon, [269];
of rabbit, [217], [223], [227]
Breathing, definition of, [242];
necessity for, [241];
of cockroach, [355];
of crustaceans, [376], [377];
of fresh-water mussel, [381];
of frog, [333], [337];
of mammals, [242], [243];
of snails, [382], [383];
of tadpole, [344]
Breathing organ of chick-embryo, [289], [294]
Broad bean seed, [1], [2], [5]
Broccoli, [96]
Broom, [101]
Brussels sprouts, [96]
Bud, a typical, [55], [58]
Buds, [55], [69];
bursting of, [56], [61], [64];
of ash, [153], [156];
of horse chestnut, [57], [63];
of sycamore, [56], [60];
position of, [45], [50]
Bulb, [81], [84]
Burrows of earthworms, [384], [385]
Buttercup, [96], [97]; family, [96], [97]
Butterflies, cabbage-white, [362], [365]
Calamites, [196]
Calceolaria, [116]
Calyx, [90]
Cambium, [72]
Candytuft, [94]
Canine teeth, [246], [248], [255]
Capillaries, [237], [240]
Capsule, [168]
Carbon,
contained in plants, [31], [33];
contained in starch, [32]
Carbon dioxide,
formed by living body, [240], [241];
formed when flesh burns, [240], [241];
formed when wood burns, [31];
in air, [31], [33]
Carnivores, [254]
Carpel, [96], [98]
Carrot, [96], [108]
Castings of earthworms, [384], [386]
Cat, [246], [250], [252], [254]
Catkin, [146]
Catkins,
of alder, [142], [149];
of beech, [142], [148];
of birch, [142], [148];
of hazel, [142], [149];
of oak, [141], [144], [145];
of poplar, [151];
of willow, [150], [151]
Caterpillar,
of cabbage-white butterfly, [362], [365];
of tiger-moth, [364], [369];
of vapourer-moth, [364], [370]
Cauliflower, [96]
Celery, [108]
Centipedes, [378]
Cephalothorax of crab, [373], [376];
of crayfish and lobster, [373], [375]
Cherry, [103], [105], [106];
fruit of, [175], [179]
Chestnut, horse, [38], [42], [47], [57], [63], [65], [157], [159];
Spanish or sweet, [148]
Chick, development of, [286], [289];
education of, [295], [296];
embryo of, [287], [289];
hatching of, [294], [295]
Chitin, [251]
Chrysalis, [366]
Claws of cat, [247], [251]
Cleavers, [175], [177]
Climbing stems, 75
Clitellum of earthworm, [383], [386]
“Clock” of dandelion, [112], [171], [172]
Clover, [101], [102]
Cockroach, [349], [351];
habits of, [356];
life-history of, [356];
position of in insect class, [357];
structure of, [355]
Cocoon of earthworm, [386];
of tiger-moth, [364], [369]
Coleoptera, [362]
Collar of mushroom, [203], [205];
of garden snail, [379]
Collecting, [389], [390]
Colour,
of flowers, [93];
of fruits, [182]
Compositae, [114]
Cone-bearing trees, [160], [161]
Cones of alder, [149];
of horsetail, [191], [192], [194], [195];
of larch, [161], [163];
of Scotch pine, [160], [162], [171], [174];
of spruce fir, [163], [171], [174]
Convolvulus, [76], [78], [79]
Cork, 75
Corm, [81], [85]
Corolla, [91]
Corona, [120], [122]
Cotyledons, [13], [16], [22], [23];
of bean, [2], [6]
Cowslip, [109], [110]
Crayfish, [372], [374]
Creeping stems, [80], [82]
Cress, [94], [96]
Crocus corm, [81], [85]
Crop of pigeon, [271]
Cross fertilisation, [92], [102], [110], [118], [122], [151]
Crow, [312], [318], [320]; family, [312], [320]
Crucifers, [95]
Crustaceans, [372], [377]
Cuckoo, [322], [324]; cuckoo-pint, [122]
Currants, [176], [179]
Cushion-feet of caterpillar, [365]
Daffodil, [84], [85], [120], [122]
Daisy, [111], [112]
Dandelion, [112], [113]; fruit of, [171], [172]
Deadnettle, [117]
Deer, [261]
Dentine, [219]
Development of chick, [286], [289];
of frog, [340]
Diaphragm, [218]
Diastase, [234]
Dicotyledons, [23], [40], [72]
Digestion, [231], [233]; definition of, [233]
Digestive canal of frog, [231];
of rabbit, [232]
Diptera, [370]
Dispersal of insects, [370];
of seeds, [165]
Dissection, [214]
Dog, [248], [251], [252], [254]
Donkey, [261]
Dorsal, [217]
Down feathers, [273], [277]
Dropwort, water, [108]
Duck, [326], [327]
Dytiscus,
habits and structure of, [357], [358];
life-history of, [361]
Ear, of grass, [130]
Ears, of rabbit, [218]
Earthworms, [383], [384]
Education of young animals, [248], [249], [262]
Eggs,
of cabbage-white butterfly, [362];
of cockroach, [357];
of Dytiscus, [361];
of earthworm, [386];
of frog, [339], [340], [341];
of hen, [282], [284];
of Limnaea, [380]
Elm, [152], [153];
fruit of, [171], [173]
Embryo, [12];
of chick, [287], [289];
of fern, [188], [191];
of horsetail, [195]
Enamel, [219]
Endosperm, 22
Evolution, a case of, [338]
Extinct horsetails, [196]
Eyes,
of butterfly, [363], [367], [368];
of cat, [246], [250];
of cockroach, [348], [352];
of crab, [373];
of crayfish and lobster, [372];
of dog, [248], [251];
of pigeon, [271];
of rabbit, [218];
of snail, [379], [382]
Falcon, [272], [330]
Fantail pigeon, [280]
Feathers of pigeon, [265], [266], [267], [270], [275], [276]
Feelers,
of butterfly, [363], [367];
of cockroach, [349], [352];
of crayfish and lobster, [372], [373], [374], [375];
of Dytiscus, [358], [359];
of moth, [364], [368], [369]
Fehling’s solution, [230]
Ferns, [183];
bracken, [184], [189];
hart’s tongue, [185], [190], [191];
male fern, [183], [185]
Fertilisation, [92];
of ferns, [188];
of forest trees, [146];
of foxglove, [116];
of grasses, [131];
of horsetail, [195];
of moss, [202];
of oak, [145];
of primrose, [109];
of red clover, [101];
of Scotch pine, [162]
Fescues, [132], [134]
Fieldfare, [303], [309]
Field work, [388]
Filament of stamen, [91]
Fir, spruce, [161], [163]
Flight of bird, [278]
Flower,
of a grass, [128], [129];
of wallflower, [88], [89]
Flowerless plants, [197]
Flowers, work of, [89]
Food, carbonaceous, of plants, [34], [35];
mineral, of plants, [29];
necessity of, [230];
obtained from air, [31], [34];
obtained from soil, [26], [29];
of mushroom, [204], [206];
of young seedling, [28]
Fool’s parsley, [108]
Fowls, [296], [299]
Foxglove, [114], [115]; family, [114], [115]
Foxtails, [132], [134], [135]
Frog,
development of, [340];
digestive canal of, [231];
life of, [332], [334]
Fronds of ferns, [65], [183], [184], [186], [189]
Fruit, [166]
of apple, [176], [179];
of ash, [171], [173];
of beech, [175], [178];
of blackberry, [175], [179];
of buttercup, [98];
of cherry, [175], [179];
of dandelion, [171], [172];
of elm, [171], [173];
of field geranium, [165], [168];
of gooseberry, [175], [179];
of hazel, [175], [177];
of herb bennet, [174], [177];
of lime, [174];
of oak, [175], [177];
of pansy, [166], [169];
of pea, [7], [165], [168];
of pear, [176], [180];
of penny-cress, [165], [168];
of plum, [175], [179];
of poppy [166], [168];
of raspberry, [175], [179];
of rose, [176], [180];
of shepherd’s purse, [165];
of strawberry, [176], [180], [181];
of sycamore, [3], [171], [173];
of vegetable marrow, [176], [179];
of violet, [166], [169];
of wallflower, [165], [167];
of willow, [171], [173];
of wood avens, [174], [177]
Fruits, colour of, [182]; hooked, [174], [177]
Funaria, [199], [202]
Fungi, [206], [244]
Fur,
of bat, [256];
of cat, [246], [250];
of rabbit, [212], [216]
Galls, [141], [146]
Gastric juice, [232], [233]
Geranium, fruit of, [165], [168]
Germinal disc, [285], [287], [289]
Germination, [12], 21
Gills,
of crab, [374];
of crayfish and lobster, [373], [376];
of fresh-water mussel, [379], [381];
of mushroom, [203], [205];
of tadpole, [341], [344], [346]
Gizzard of pigeon, [271]
Gloxinia, [116]
Glumes, [129], [130]
Goats, [261]
Gooseberry, [175], [179]
Goose grass, [175], [177]
Gorse, [101]
Grapes, [176], [179]
Grasses, [125]
Grass,
flowers of, [128], [129];
reproduction of, [128]
Grass stems, [72], 75
Grinding teeth of rabbit, [219]
Gullet, [231], [232]
Gymnosperms, [72], [163]
Hair,
of cat, [246], [250];
of dog, [248], [251];
of sheep, [258]
Hart’s tongue fern, [185], [190], [191]
Hatching,
of chick, [294], [295];
of tadpole, [340], [344]
Haulms,
of grasses, [125], [127];
of horsetail, [191], [192], [193], [194]
Hawks, [329]
Hawthorn, [106]
Hazel, [142], [149]; fruit of, [175], [177]
Head,
of clover, [101], [102];
of daisy, [113];
of dandelion, [113]
Heart,
beats of, [235], [239];
of chick-embryo, [288], [291];
of cockroach, [350], [355], [356];
sheep’s, structure of, [235], [237];
valves of, [236], [238], [239]
Hemiptera, [370]
Hemlock, poison, [106], [107]; water, [108]
Hen, eggs of, [282], [284]
Herb-bennet, fruit of, [174], [177]
Heredity, [217], [339]
Hip bones of rabbit, [223], [228]
Hip of rose, [176], [180]
Honey-dew, [158]
Honeysuckle, [78]
Hoofed mammals, [257]
Hoofs, [258], [259], [261]
Hooked fruits, [174], [177]
Hooking stems, 75
Horns, [257], [259]
Horse, limbs of, [261]
Horse chestnut, [157], [159];
buds of, [57], [63];
leaves of, [38], [42], [47], [64]
Horsetail, [191]
House-martin, [311], [315]
House-sparrows, [315], [320]
Hovering, [279], [331]
Hyacinth, [84], [119], [120]
Hymenoptera, [370]
Hypha of mushroom, [205]
Hyphae of moulds, [208], [209]
Imago, [363]
Incisor teeth of rabbit, [213], [219]
Incubator, a simple, [286]
Insect, definition of, [351]
Insects, [349]
Instinct, [252], [296]
Internodes, 45
Intestines, [231], [232]
Iodine solution, [2]
Irritability, [116]
Ivy, leaves, [38], [43]; stem, [75], [77], [78]
Jacobin pigeon, [280]
Jaws,
of cockroach, [349], [352], [354];
of crayfish, [375];
of rabbit, [222], [226];
of sheep, [257], [259]
Keel,
of bird’s breast-bone, [274];
of pea flower, [100], [102]
Kestrel, [329], [330]
Keys,
of ash, [153], [156];
of sycamore, [159]
Kittens, [248]
Labial palps, of cockroach, [353];
of Lepidoptera, [367]
Labiates, [117]
Labium,
of caterpillar, [363], [365];
of cockroach, [349], [353]
Labrum of cockroach, [349], [352]
Laburnum, [101], [102]
Lambs, [258], [262]
Lark, [311], [316]
Larva, of cabbage-white butterfly, [362], [365];
of Dytiscus, [361];
of tiger-moth, [364], [369];
of vapourer-moth, [364], [370]
Leaf fall, [55], 59
Leaf of a grass, [127]
Leaves, arrangement of, [44];
of blackberry, [38], [41], [105];
of box, [44], [45];
of ferns, [65], [183], [184], [185], [186], [189], [191];
of horse chestnut, [38], [42], [47], [64];
of ivy, [38], [43];
of rose, [38], [42];
of sweet pea, [39], [43];
of sycamore, [38], [42], [58], [157], [158];
shapes of, [37], [40];
simple and compound, [41];
skeleton, [37], [39];
veins of, [37], [39];
work of, 48
Legume, [165], [168]
Ligule, [125], [127]
Lily family, [119], [120]
Limbs, movement of, [225];
of cat, [246];
of chick-embryo, [288], [292];
of dog, [248];
of pigeon, [266], [270];
of rabbit, [216], [223], [228];
of sheep, [259], [261]
Lime, [152], [154], [155]; fruit of, [174]
Limnaea, [379], [382]
Liver, [232], [233]
Liverwort, [199], [200]
Lobster, [372], [374]
Locomotion,
of cat, [247], [251];
of crab, [377];
of dog, [249], [251];
of earthworm, [383], [385];
of fresh-water mussel, [380];
of garden snail, [379], [382];
of insects, [353], [360], [368];
of rabbit, [216]
Lombardy poplar, [150], [152]
“Lords and Ladies,” [122]
Lupine seed, [3], [7], [11], [14]
Maize seed, [18], [19]; germination of, [21]
Male fern, [183], [185]
Mammals, [220]
Mandibles,
of caterpillar, [365];
of cockroach, [349], [352];
of crayfish and lobster, [373], [375]
Mantle of fresh-water mussel, [378], [381];
of garden snail, [379], [381]
Maps, use of, in Nature-study, [389]
Marjoram, [118]
Marsh marigold, [97], [98]
Martin, house, [311], [315]; sand, [311], [315]
Mast of beech, [142]
Mastication, [219]
Mavis, [301], [303]
Maxillae,
of cockroach, [350], [353];
of crayfish and lobster, [373], [375];
of Lepidoptera, [367]
Maxillary palps of cockroach, [353]
Maxillipedes of crayfish and lobster, [373], [375]
Meadow,
catstail, [132], [136];
fescue, [132], [134];
flower of, [131];
foxtail, [132], [134], [135];
grasses, [132], [135];
vetchling, [101]
Medullary rays, [74]
Metamorphosis of frog, [346]
Mineral matter in plants, [26], [28], [29]
Mint, [118]
Missel-thrush, [302], [306]
Molluscs, [378]
Monkshood, [99]
Monocotyledons, [23], [40]
Mosses, [199], [201]
Moth, [368];
tiger-moth, [364], [369];
vapourer-moth, [364], [369]
Moulds, [207], [208]
Moulting of birds, [277], [327], [329]
Mountain ash, [157]
Mucor, [207], [208]
Mullein, [116]
Muscles, action of, [224], [225]
Mushroom, [203]
Musk, [115], [116]
Mussel, fresh-water, [378], [380]
Mustard, [94], [96]; seed, [3], [7], [11]
Mycelium,
of moulds, [208], [209];
of mushroom, [203], [205]
Myriapods, [378]
Narcissus, [120]
Natural selection, [217], [338]
Nectary, [90]
Neuroptera, [370]
Nodes, [45]
Nuts, [175], [177]
Oak, [140], [142];
family, [140];
fruit of, [175], [177]
Oat, [133], [136]
Oranges, [176], [179]
Orthoptera, [357]
Ovary, [92]
Ovule, [92]
Oxen, [261]
Oxygen, liberated by leaves, [48], [51]
Pales, [129], [130]
Pancreas, [232], [233]
Pancreatic juice, [232], [234]
Panicle, [130]
Pansy, fruit of, [166], [169]
Parsley, [108];
family, [106], [107];
fool’s, [108];
hedge, [107]
Parsnip, [108]
Passerine order of birds, [320]
Pea, [99];
family, [99], [101];
fruit of, [7], [165], [168];
leaves of, [39], [43];
seed, [2], [7];
seed, germination of, [9], [13]
Pear, [104], [106]; fruit of, [176], [180]
Pellia, [199], [200]
Penicillium, [207], [208]
Perching of pigeon, [271]
Perennial rye grass, [133], [137]
Perianth, [119], [121]
Pericarp, [167]
Petal, [91]
Pets, [214]
Pigeon, [265], [270]
Pigeons, different breeds of, [279]
Pine cones, [160], [162], [171], [174]
Pine, Scotch, [160], [161]
Pistil, [91]
Plane, [157], [159]
Plants and animals, resemblances and differences, [243]
Plants, respiration of, [243]
Play of young animals, [248], [249], [258], [262]
Plough-share bone of pigeon, [269]
Plum, [106]; fruit of, [175], [179]
Plumule of bean, [2], [6]
Pod, [103]
Poison hemlock, [106], [107], [108]
Pollen, [91]
Pond-life, [340], [357], [378], [379], [390]
Pond-snails, [379], [382]
Pouter pigeon, [280]
Poplar, [150], [151]
Poppy, fruit of, [166], [168]
Posterior, [217]
Potato, [81], [84]
Poultry, [296], [299]
Precocious birds, [296], [329]
Prickles, [75], [77]
Primrose, [108], [109]; fertilisation of, [109]
Proboscis of butterfly, [367]
Pro-legs of caterpillar, [365]
Protective colouration,
of frog, [332];
of rabbit, [217]
Prothallus,
of ferns, [184], [185], [188], [191];
of horsetail, [192], [195]
Pupa,
of cabbage-white butterfly, [363], [366];
of Dytiscus, [361];
of tiger-moth, [364], [369]
Rabbit, [211]; digestion in, [233]
Radicle,
of bean, [2], [6];
of lupine, [7];
of pea, [2], [7];
of sycamore, [4]
Radish, [94], [95]
Raspberry, [105], [175], [179]
Receptacle, [90]
Red, clover, [101];
fertilisation of, [101];
corpuscles of blood, [237], [242]
Reproduction,
of a grass, [128];
of a moss, [201];
of ferns, [187], [188];
of flowering plants, [89];
of horsetail, [195];
of liverwort, [201];
of moulds, [208], [209];
of mushroom, [205]
Respiration, [240];
definition of, [242];
of chick-embryo, [294];
of cockroach, [355];
of crustaceans, [376], [377];
of fresh-water mussel, [381];
of frog, [337];
of mammals, [242], [243];
of pigeon, [279];
of snail, [379], [382], [383];
of tadpole, [344]
Resting stage,
of butterfly, [363], [366];
of Dytiscus, [361]
Ribs of rabbit, [217], [223], [227]
Rock pigeon, [280]
Rodents, [220]
Rook, [312], [318]
Root cap, [17]
Root, hairs, [17], [28], [30]; lengthening of, [16]
Rootlets, [17]
Roots, [17], [21], [28];
as storehouses of food, [28], [30];
climbing, [75], [78];
work of, [28], [30]
Rose, [103], [104];
family, [103];
fruit of, [176], [180];
leaves of, [38], [42]
Rowan tree, [157]
Ruminants, [261]
Runner, [80], 82
Rushes, [133], [138]
Rye grass, [133], [137]
Saliva, [233], [234]
Sallow willow, [150]
Sand-martin, [311], [315]
Saugh tree, [150]
Scales of Lepidoptera, [364], [367]
Scotch pine, [160], [161]
Secondary thickening, [73]
Sedges, [133], [138]
Seeds, germination of, [9], [12];
of broad bean, [1], [5], [9], [13];
of maize, [18], [19];
of mustard, [3], [7], [11];
of pea, [2], [7];
of sycamore, [3], [8], [11], [13];
of vegetable marrow, [3], [7], [11];
of wheat, [18], [19];
of yellow lupine, [3], [7], [11]
Sepal, [90]
Sheep, [257], [258]
Sheep’s, fescue, [132], [133], [134];
heart, structure of, [235], [237]
Shell of hen’s egg, [282], [284]
Shell,
of fresh-water mussel, [378], [381];
of garden snail, [379], [382];
of slug, [382]
Shepherd’s purse, [93], [95]; fruit of, [165]
Shoot, [69]
Shoulder blade of rabbit, [223], [228]
Silicula, [165], [168]
Siliqua, [165], [168]
Skeleton,
leaves, [37], [39];
of arthropods, [351];
of pigeon, [268];
of rabbit, [217], [222], [226];
uses of, [224]
Skin of frog, [334], [338]
Skull,
of pigeon, [268];
of rabbit, [217], [222], [226]
Skylark, [311], [316]
Slender foxtail, [134], [135]
Smell-sense of moths, [369]; of rabbit, [218]
Snapdragon, [116]
Snowdrop, [120], [122]
Soaring, [278]
Song-thrush, [301], [303]
Sounds of heart, [238]
Spanish chestnut, [148]
Sparrow, [315], [320]
Sparrow hawk, [329], [330]
Spawn,
of frog, [339], [340], [341];
of Limnaea, [380]
Speedwell, [115], [116]
Spiders, [378]
Spikelet, [128], [130]
Spinneret of caterpillar, [363], [365]
Spiracles,
of cabbage-white caterpillar, [363], [365];
of cockroach, [350], [355]
Spores,
of ferns, [184], [185], [187], [190], [191];
of horsetail, [195];
of liverwort, [199], [201];
of moss, [200], [202];
of Mucor, [207], [208];
of mushroom, [203], [205];
of Penicillium, [207], [209]
Spruce fir, [161], [163]; cones, [171], [174]
Squirrels, [178], [220]
Stamen, [91]
Standard, [100], [102]
Starch, [229];
action of saliva on, [230], [234];
formation of, in leaves, [32], [34];
in cotyledons, [2], [6];
in leaves, [48], [50];
in twigs, [56];
test for, [2], [32]
Stem, lengthening of, [16]
Stems,
bleeding of, [67], [70];
climbing, [75];
creeping, [80], [82];
duties of, [68];
food channels in, [67], [68], [69], [71];
hooking, [75];
of grasses, [72], [75];
of ivy, [75], [77], [78];
strengthening of, [71], [72], [75];
thickening of, [72];
twining, [76], [79];
underground, [80], [83]
Sternum,
of pigeon, [269];
of rabbit, [217], [223], [227]
Stigma, [91]
Stipules, [39], [43]
Stock, [94]
Stolon, [81], [83], [125], [126]
Stomach, [231], [232;] of ruminant, [260]
Stomata, [53]
Stone fruits, [175], [179]
Storm-cock, [302], [307]
Strawberry, [105]; fruit of, [176], [180], [181]
Style of flower, [91]
Sugar, [230]
Sugar, formation of,
in germinating pea, [33];
in grasses, [126]
Swallow, [310], [313]; family, [310], [312]
Sweet chestnut, [148]
Sweet-scented vernal grass, [133], [137]
Swift, [321], [322]
Swimmerets of crayfish and lobster, [373], [375]
Sycamore, [157], [158];
buds of, [56], [60];
fruit of, [3], [8], [171], [173];
leaves of, [38], [42], [58], [157], [158];
seeds of, [3], [8], [11], [13]
Tadpoles, [341], [344]
Tail,
of rabbit, [215];
of tadpole, [346], [347]
Teeth,
of cat, [246], [255];
of dog, [248], [255];
of frog, [333], [336];
of rabbit, [219];
of sheep, [257], [259]
Tendrils, [43], [76], [79]
Tentacles of snail, [379], [382]
Thistle, [112], [114]
Thorax,
of cockroach, [350], [353];
of rabbit, [218]
Thorns, [75], [78]
Throstle, [301], [303]
Thrush, [301], [303];
family, [301], [303];
missel, [302], [306]
Thyme, [118]
Tiger-moth, [364], [369]
Timothy grass, [132], [135], [136]
Toadstools, [204], [206]
Tongue,
of cat, [246], [252];
of frog, [333], [336]
Tuber, [81], [84], [191], [194]
Tumbler pigeon, [279]
Turnip, [94], 95
Twining stems, [76], [79], [80]
Valves,
of heart, [236], [238], [239];
of veins, [235], [239]
Vapourer-moth, [364], [369]
Vegetable marrow,
seed of, [3], [7], [11], [14];
fruit of, [176], [179]
Vegetable mould, formation of, by earthworms, [384], [386]
Veins,
of leaves, [37], [39];
valves of, [235], [239]
Ventral, [217]
Ventricles of heart, [235], [237]
Vertebrae,
of pigeon, [269];
of rabbit, [223], [227]
Vertebral column, [217], [222], [227]
Vertebrates, [220], [355]
Vetch, [100]
Violet, fruit of, [166], [169]
Wallflower, [88], [89];
family, [93], [94];
fruit of, [165], [167]
Warren of rabbit, [211], [214]
Water, amount of,
in plants, [26];
culture, [27];
dropwort, [108];
hemlock, [108]
Wheat seed, [18], [19]; germination of, [21]
Whiskers,
of bat, [256];
of cat, [246], [250];
of rabbit, [217]
White, mould, [207], [208]; of egg, [283], [285]
Wild oat, [133], [136]
Willow, [150]; fruit of, [171], [173]
Windhover, [329], [331]
Wind-sown seed, [172]
Wing-covers,
of cockroach, [350], [354];
of beetles, [358], [359], [362]
Winged seeds, [174]
Wings,
of bat, [257];
of cockroach, [350], [353];
of pea flower, [100], [102];
of pigeon, [266], [270], [273]
Wood [70], [71], [72];
avens, fruit of, [174], [177];
louse, [377]
Wool, [257], [258]
“Woolly bear,” [364], [369]
Worm castings, [384], [386]
Worms, [383]
Yellowoat Grass, [137]
Yolk of hen’s egg, [283], [285]
Yorkshire fog, [125], [132], [136]

GLASGOW: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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A HEALTH READER

C. E. SHELLY, M.A., M.D., M.R.C.P.

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AND

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Footnotes:

[1] If any difficulty is found in procuring plant-specimens, they may be obtained by post from the British Botanical Association, Ltd., Holgate, York. The names of dealers prepared to supply various animal-specimens are mentioned in the text.

[2] Made by dissolving one or two crystals of potassium iodide in about half a pint of water, and then adding iodine in small quantities until the solution is the colour of sherry.

[3] Lord Avebury, The Pleasures of Life (Macmillan).

[4] Prof. Comstock.

[5] Cheap glass tubing can easily be made soft enough to bend by heating it in an ordinary batswing gas burner.

[6] Greek, stoma, a mouth.

[7] In a large terminal bud the cone often ends in a tiny pink spray, which gives rise to a branch of beautiful flowers when the bud unfolds. In this case no further growth of the main axis of the twig takes place.

[8] Jefferies, The Amateur Poacher (Smith, Elder & Co.).

[9] See footnote, p. [231.]

[10] Prepared by adding to a solution of copper sulphate first tartaric acid, and then caustic soda until the blue mixture is clear. It may be obtained from a chemist if the materials are not available.

[11] Note to Teachers.—A general dissection of a frog should be made and exhibited to the class. Detailed instructions for such a dissection will be found in Marshall’s The Frog (Smith, Elder & Co.) or in Huxley and Martin’s Elementary Practical Biology (Macmillan). The frog’s heart continues to beat for some time after the death of the animal, and may be shown as an illustration of the next section of this chapter. Teachers who are unskilled in dissection may obtain prepared dissections, mounted skeletons, etc., from Newmann & Co., 84 Newman Street, London, W.

[12] More detailed instructions will be found in Foster and Shore’s Physiology for Beginners (Macmillan).

[13] The Descent of Man. Cheap edition, 1s. (Murray).

[14] Gilbert White, The Natural History of Selborne.

[15] See Lloyd Morgan’s Habit and Instinct (Arnold), Thompson-Seton’s Wild Animals I have known (Nutt), and Long’s School of the Woods (Ginn).

[16] Darwin, The Origin of Species (Murray). Cheap edition, 1s.

[17] The amnion originates, early in the second day, as a double fold of the yolk-surface in front of the embryo. Similar folds arise round the sides and tail, forming a low wall ([Fig. 187], A); the folds gradually grow over the embryo ([Fig. 187], B) until, during the fourth day, they meet ([Fig. 187], C) and enclose it in a protective transparent bag, containing a watery fluid.

Fig. 187.—Diagrams to illustrate the method of development of the amnion. The embryo and the rest of the yolk are supposed to be seen in median longitudinal section; the head end is to the right. For convenience, the yolk-membrane (yk.m.) is represented at some distance from its contents. am, folds of amnion; am.c., amniotic cavity; em, embryo; yk, yolk; yk.st., yolk-stalk. (After Foster and Balfour.)

[18] I desire to acknowledge my indebtedness, in drawing up this section, to Prof. Lloyd Morgan’s Habit and Instinct (Arnold).

[19] Lloyd Morgan’s Habit and Instinct (Edward Arnold).

[20] Lloyd Morgan’s Habit and Instinct (Edward Arnold).

[21] Our Bird Friends (Cassell).

[22] The Natural History of Selborne.

[23] The Natural History of Selborne.

[24] A delightful account is given in the story of “Silverspot” (Thompson-Seton’s Wild Animals I Have Known).

[25] Latin, passer, a sparrow.

[26] The Cambridge Natural History, Vol. VIII. (Macmillan.)

[27] Marshall’s The Frog (Smith, Elder & Co.).

[28] Greek: orthos, straight; pteron, a wing.

[29] See Footnote, p. [372.]

[30] Greek: koleos, a sheath; pteron, a wing.

[31] Living eggs, larvae, and pupae of Lepidoptera may be obtained from Mr. H. W. Head, Burniston, near Scarborough, and other dealers.

[32] Greek: lepis, a scale; pteron, a wing.

[33] Injurious and Useful Insects (Bell).

[34] Miall’s Injurious and Useful Insects (Bell), and Natural History of Aquatic Insects (Macmillan), are strongly recommended as guides to further work.

[35] Living specimens may be obtained from Mr. T. Bolton, 25 Balsall Heath Road, Birmingham.

[36] Greek, kephalon, a head.

[37] See footnote, p. [372.]

[38] Parker and Haswell’s Text-book of Zoology (Macmillan).

[39] Darwin’s Vegetable Mould and Earthworms (Murray).

[40] No attempt has been made to compile a complete calendar, the events noticed being those only which are considered in this book.

Transcriber's Notes:

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The scale provided with many of the illustrations is as printed in the original book and is included for completeness. In this ebook version, the scale of the image displayed may not match the original.

Typographical errors have been silently corrected.