NEW DEVELOPMENTS
We may expect to see over the next few years major developments in punch-card machinery. It would seem likely that types of punch-card machines like the following might be constructed:
A punch-card machine that performs any arithmetical or logical operation at high speed and may perform a dozen such operations in sequence during the time that a punch card passes through the machine.
A punch-card machine that uses loops of punched paper tape, which express either a sequence of values in a table that the machine can consult or a sequence of instructions that govern the operations of the machine.
Punch-card machinery that uses a larger card than the 80-column card.
A punch-card machine that may have a fairly large amount of internal memory, perhaps 30 or 40 registers where numbers or words may be stored and referred to.
SPEED
The speed of various operations with present IBM punch-card machines is about as shown in the table.
| Machine | Operation | Time in Seconds |
|---|---|---|
| Key punch | Punch 80 columns | About 20 to 40 |
| Verifier | Check 80 columns | About 20 to 40 |
| Sorter | Sort 1 card on 1 column | 0.15 |
| Interpreter | Print 1 line | 0.8 |
| Reproducer | Reproduce a card, all 80 columns | 0.6 |
| Collator | Merge 2 cards | 0.25 |
| Multiplying punch | Multiply by 8 digits | 5.6 |
| Calculating punch | Add | 0.3 |
| Calculating punch | Multiply by 8 digits | 3.6 |
| Calculating punch | Divide, obtaining 8 quotient digits | 9.0 |
| Tabulator | Print 1 line, numbers only | 0.4 |
| Tabulator | Print 1 line, letters included | 0.75 |
| Tabulator | Add numbers from 1 card | 0.4 |
COST
Punch-card machines may be either rented or purchased from some manufacturers but only rented from others. If we take the cost of a clerk as $120 to $150 a month, the monthly rent of most punch-card machines ranges from ⅒ of the cost of a clerk for the simplest type of machine, such as a key punch, to 3 times the cost of a clerk for a complicated and versatile type of machine, such as a tabulator with many attachments. The rental basis is naturally convenient for many kinds of jobs.
RELIABILITY
The reliability of work with punch cards and punch-card machines is often much better than 99 per cent: in 10,000 operations, failures should be less than 2 or 3. This is, of course, much better than with clerical operations.
There are a number of causes for machine or card failures. Sometimes cards may be warped and may not feed into the machines properly. Or, the air in the room may be very dry, and static electricity may make the cards stick together. Or, the air may be too humid; the cards may swell slightly and may jam in the machine. A punch may get slightly out of true alignment, and punches in the cards may be slightly off. A relay may get dust on its contact points and, from time to time, fail to perform in the right way. Considerable engineering effort has been put into remedying these and other troubles, with much success.
To make sure that we have correct results from human beings working with punch-card machines, we may verify each process. Information that is punched on the key punch may be verified on the verifier. Multiplications done with multiplicand a and multiplier b may be repeated and compared with multiplications done with multiplicand b and multiplier a. Cards that are sorted on the sorter may be put through the collator to make sure that their sequence is correct. It is often good to plan every operation so that we have a proof that the result is right.
It is standard practice to have the machines inspected regularly in order to keep them operating properly. On the average, for every 50 to 75 machines, there will be one full-time service man maintaining them and taking care of calls for repairs. Of course, as with any machinery, some service calls will be a result of the human element; for example, a problem may have been set up wrongly on a machine.
GENERAL USEFULNESS
Punch-card calculations are much faster and more accurate than hand calculations. With punch cards, work is organized so that all cases are handled at the same time in the same way. This process is very different from handling each case separately from start to finish. As soon as the number of cases to be handled is more than a hundred and each item of information is to be used five or more times, punch cards are likely to be advantageous, provided other factors are favorable. Vast quantities of information have been handled very successfully by punch-card machines. Over 30 scientific and engineering laboratories in the United States are doing computation by punch cards. Over a billion punch cards, in fact, are used annually in this country.
Chapter 5
MEASURING:
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY’S
DIFFERENTIAL ANALYZER NO. 2
In the previous chapter we talked about machines that move information expressed as holes in cards. In this chapter we shall talk about machines that move information expressed as measurements.