INDEX
A
Abbaye Blanche, near Mortain, [109], [110]
Almenèches, [139] et seq.;
its church, [150], [151];
site of the castle, [152]
Ambrières, fortress of, [57], [229];
architectural significance of its church, [230]
Amiens, [8], [9], [23], [24], [47]
Architecture in Normandy, its points of likeness with that of England, [23], [27], [28], [31], [46];
Romanesque, at Bayeux, [28], [29];
at Exmes, [147];
at Le Mans, [206], [207], [209];
transitional period well marked in Fécamp Abbey, [48]
Argentan, [125–138]
Arletta [Herleva], mother of William the Conqueror, [10]
Arnulf of Montgomery, [141], [142]
Arques, fortress of Count William at, [59], [60];
battle of, [60]
Avranches, historical associations of, [75];
its position, ib., [81], [82];
its ecclesiastical territory merged in the diocese of Coutances, [81]
B
Barbe, M. Henri, quoted, [191], [194], [196]
Bayeux, retention of the Danish tongue and religion at, [2], [6];
Richard the Fearless educated at, ib.;
Saxon and Danish colonies at, [5], [6];
its cathedral church, [8], [22–30];
the seminary chapel, [8], [30];
compared with Coutances, [25–28];
Bishop Odo's work at, [26], [28];
later Romanesque at, [29];
its English character, [30]
Beaumont-le-Roger, [179] et seq.
Beaumont-le-Vicomte, castle and church, [234], [235]
Beauvais, [9], [23], [24]
Bernay, Judith's Abbey at, [8], [182], [188]
Bigod, use of the name, [105]
Brionne, character of the building, [97], [98]
C
Caen, [2];
its ecclesiastical buildings, [8];
destruction of churches at, [19];
burial-place of William the Conqueror, [51]
Cæsaris Burgus, [67]. See [Cherbourg]
Calleva, its fall, [199]. See [Silchester]
Carentan, [72]
Castles, beginning of in England, [14];
in Normandy, earlier and later sites of, [58];
question as to the earliest date of stone castles in Normandy, [97]
Caudebec, Teutonic origin of the name, [6]
Cerisy, [8]
Chandos, Sir John, building of the keep of St. Saviour attributed to, [71]
Channel Islands, their relation to England, [65]
Chartres, contrasted with Le Mans, [200] et seq.;
its historical associations, [202], [203];
architectural features of its cathedral church, [203], [204];
why it differs from Le Mans, [204];
its height, [207];
its secondary churches, [209]
Cherbourg, name probably cognate with Scarborough, [68]
Churches, Norman, French and English, compared, [9], [23], [24], [46], [111]
Cintheaux, [53], [54]
Colomby, [70]
Côtentin, derivation of the name, [62];
its peninsular character, [64], [65];
acquired by William Longsword, [66]
Coutances, cathedral church of, [22] et seq., [82];
its sham west front compared with that of Wells, [25];
its internal architecture compared with that of Bayeux, [26], [27];
men of, at Senlac, [66];
its position, [72], [73], [75], [83];
aqueduct at, [73], [88];
its diocese enlarged, [81]
D
Diablintes, tribal name survives in Jublains, [190]
Dieppe, meaning of the name, [6]
Dinan, [22], [54], [55]
Dive, river, battle by, [60]
Dol, church of, [22], et seq.;
compared with S. Canice at Kilkenny, [25], [30];
its position suggests St. David's, [30];
east end compared with Wells, [31]
Domfront, fortress of, won by William, [56], [228];
compared with Falaise, ib.
Dumaine, l'Abbé L.V., his history of Tinchebray, [117], [118]
E
Eadgar the Ætheling, at Tinchebray, [121];
taken prisoner and released, [123]
Ecclesiastical foundations, choice of sites for, [42], [43]
Emma, Abbess of Almenèches, sister of Robert of Bellême, [140–143]
England, likeness of Normandy to, how accounted for, [5–7]
Eu, its historical associations, [58], [59]
Evreux, [4], [8], [24]
Evron, abbey at, [234]
Exeter, commonwealth of, compared with Le Mans, [212], [213]
Exmes, [139] et seq.;
site of the castle, [144], [145];
its church, [146–149]
F
Falaise, birthplace of William the Conqueror, [10], [12];
its historical associations, [11], [12];
probable date of the castle, [15];
its position, [16], [17];
origin of the name, [16];
spoiled by so-called restoration, [18–20], [53];
compared with Domfront, [56]
Fécamp, abbey of, [43] et seq.;
transitional period well marked at, [47], [48];
its fourteenth century alteration compared with Waltham, [49], [50]
Flers, [113]
G
Gally Knight, Mr., quoted, [82], [86], [106]
Geoffrey of Mowbray, Bishop of Coutances, [67], [80]
Geoffrey, Count of Mayenne, his betrayal of the Commune of Le Mans, [214], [231]
Geoffrey Malaterra, quoted, [93], [94]
Granville, [73]
H
Harold, son of Godwine, received by William at Eu, [58];
the guest of William Patey, [114], [115]
Harold Blaatand, his settlement in the Côtentin, [5], [66];
delivers the Norman Duchy, [60]
Hauteville-la-Guichard, [90] et seq.
Helias of La Flèche, Count of Maine, at Tinchebray, [121], [122]
Henry I. of England, [54];
Avranchin held by, [76];
wins back Saint James, [78];
victorious at Tinchebray, [115], [120], [123];
his treatment of Robert, [123];
at Saint-Evroul, [164]
Henry II. of England, homage paid him at Falaise by William the Lion, [11];
his hospital at Le Mans, [209], [220]
Henry I. of France, helps William against his rebellious vassals, [35];
his personal experiences at Val-ès-dunes, ib.;
sees the slaughter at Varaville, [61];
burns Argentan, [128], [130], [171];
fortress of Tillières burned by, [171];
re-fortifies Tillières, ib.
Henry of Beaumont, Earl of Warwick, [91]
Herbert Wake-Dog, Count of Maine, [218]
Herlwin, Abbot of Saint Peter's, Orleans, pillages Abbey of Saint-Evroul, [164]
Hildebert, Bishop of Le Mans, ordered to pull down the towers of Saint Julian's, [132], [208]
Holy Trinity, Abbey church of, at Beaumont-le-Roger, [185–187]
Hubert of Rye receives William on his escape from Valognes, [114]
Humfrey de Vetulis, father of Roger of Beaumont, [180]
Hundred Years' War, personal nomenclature in Normandy, affected by, [5]
J
Jublains and Silchester compared, [189–191];
origin of the name, [190];
its position, [191], [192];
its Roman remains, [192], et seq.;
numismatic evidence for date of fortress, [196–199]
L
La Lande-Patry, [114], [115]
Laigle, surname misunderstood, [154–156]
Langlois, significance of the name, [5]
Laval, [231], [232]
Le Mans, contrasted with Chartres, [200], et seq.;
Saint Julian's keeps its ancient nave, [205–207];
its thirteenth century choir, [207], [208];
destruction of its towers ordered by William Rufus, [208];
its secondary churches, [209], [220];
Henry the Second's hospital at, [220];
owes its special character to its municipal history, [210–214];
its analogy with Exeter, [212], [213];
no existing monuments of the time of the Commune, [215];
its position, ib.;
Roman and mediæval walls, [216], [217], [218];
position of Saint Julian's, [217], [218];
early greatness of its ecclesiastical and civil rulers, [217];
its buildings, [218], [219];
William's fortresses at, [219], [220];
birthplace of Henry the Second, [220];
German occupation of, [221];
ruthless destruction at, [222];
menhir at, [223]
Les Vieilles, faubourg of, at Roger-le-Beaumont, [180];
church of, [187], [188]
Lessay, [72]
Lewis-from-beyond-Sea, King of the West-Franks, taken captive by Harold Blaatand, [60]
Limay, [52], [53]
Louise of Silly, Abbess of Almenèches, [150]
M
Maine, its history, [224] et seq.;
its modern division, [225];
architectural borderland between Normandy and Anjou, [226]
Malger, Count of Mortain, [104]
Mantes, [51], [53]
Matilda of Flanders, Queen, her church of the Holy Trinity at Caen, [8];
married to William at Eu, [58]
Matilda, daughter of Richard the Fearless, marries Odo of Chartres, [170];
dispute about her dowry, ib.
Matilda, Abbess of Almenèches, [143]
Mayenne, [57], [58], [225], [230], [231]
Montacute, siege of, raised by Geoffrey of Mowbray, [67];
Norman name of Leodgaresburh (Lutgaresburg), [105]
Mortagne, [101]
Mortain, its position, [101], [102];
site of the castle, [103];
its history, [104];
foundation of Saint-Evroul at, [105]
Mortemer, battle of, [35];
its position, [38], [39];
reason for its historic interest, ib.;
surprise of the French at, [40]
N
Næodunum, [190], [198]. See [Jublains]
Neufbourg, [110]
Neufchâtel-en-Bray, its hills and cheeses, [39]
Names, confusion of, [100], [101], [154], [155]
Nomenclature, personal, in Normandy, affected by Hundred Years' War, [5];
local traces of Danish, in Normandy, [6];
in Gaul, [63]
Normandy, its points of likeness with England, [3], [4], [41];
compared with France proper, [3];
Teutonic elements in, [5], [6];
traces of Danish local nomenclature in, [6];
its ecclesiastical buildings, [8];
compared with those of France proper, [9], [23], [24];
restoration and destruction in, [17–20], [29];
importance of its early history, [33];
its political absorption by France, [41], [218]
Normans and English, original kindred of, [5–7];
in England, English fusion of, [15];
in Normandy, French fusion of, ib.
Notre-Dame, Avesnières, [233]
Notre-Dame, Domfront, [57]
Notre-Dame, Saint-Lo, [83–85]
Notre-Dame, Verneuil, [178]
Notre-Dame de La Couture, Abbey of, Le Mans, [209], [220], [226]
Notre-Dame de la Place, Argentan, [136]
Notre-Dame-du-Pré, Le Mans, [209], [220], [226]
O
Odelerius, sends his son Orderic to Saint-Evroul, [162]
Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, his work at Bayeux, [26], [28]
Odo II., Count of Chartres, refuses to give up his wife's dowry, [170];
defeated, [171]
Orderic (Vital), at Neufbourg, [110], [119];
at Saint-Evroul, [143], [160], [162]
Oximenses, use of the name, [140]
P
Palgrave, Sir Francis, quoted, [39], [64], [101], [226]
Periers, [72]
Petit, Mr., quoted, [1]
Puiseux, M.L., quoted, [33]
Q
Querqueville, church of, [68], [69];
origin of the name, [69]
Quilly, [53], [54]
R
Rennes, [55]
Richard the Fearless, Duke of the Normans, educated at Bayeux, [2]
Richard the Good, Duke of the Normans, fortifies Tillières, [170];
his dispute with Odo of Chartres, ib.
Richer of Laigle, his character and death, [156]
Robert the Magnificent (the "Devil"), Duke of the Normans, castle of Falaise attributed to, [13–15]
Robert, Duke of the Normans, eldest son of William, [54];
his march to Tinchebray, [119];
his captivity, [123];
defeated by Robert of Bellême, [143]
Robert, Count of Meulan, son of Roger of Beaumont, [91], [179], [181], [184];
at Tinchebray, [122]
Robert, Count of Mortain, [103], [105], [106]
Robert of Bellême, at Tinchebray, [120], [121];
banished by Henry, [141];
his treatment of Almenèches, [142];
defeats Robert, [143];
his imprisonment, ib.
Robert of Grantmesnil, Abbot of Saint-Evroul, [162]
Robert of Torigny, quoted, [122], [137]
Robert the Bigod, accuses William of Mortain of treason, [105]
Robert Wiscard, [91], [92], [98], [181]
Roger I., Count of Sicily, [92], [98]
Roger of Beaumont, [91], [179], [180]
Roger of Montgomery, Earl of Shrewsbury, [140], [141]
Roger of Poitou son of Earl Roger, [137], [141], [142]
Rolf, his settlement, [5], [36]
Rouen, its French character, [2], [6];
death of William the Conqueror at, [51]
S
Saint Andrew, Chartres, [209]
Saint Canice, Kilkenny, central tower of, compared with that of Dol, [25]
Saint Cross, Saint-Lo, [85]–[87]
Saint-Evroul, 14[3]; his story, [162];
his name, [163];
memorials and relics of, [167]
Saint Evroul Abbey, home of Orderic, [143], [160], et seq.;
restored by families of Geroy and Grantmesnil, [162];
pillaged by order of Hugh the Great, [164];
its architectural remains, [165–167]
Saint-Evroul, Mortain, its foundation, [106];
its architectural features, [106–108]
Saint German, Argentan, [127], [131–136]
Saint Gervase, Falaise, [16], [173]
Saint James, topographical use of the name, [77];
fortified by William the Conqueror, ib., [78];
won back by Henry the Ætheling, ib.;
its position, ib.;
site of William's castle, [79]
Saint John, Verneuil, its tower, [176], [177]
Saint Julian's, Le Mans, contrasted with cathedral church of Chartres, [200] et seq.;
Romanesque work at, [206], [207];
Angevin style in, [226]. See also [Le Mans].
Saint-Lo (Manche), town and church of, [83–87]
Saint-Lo, Rouen, [80]
Saint Martin, Argentan, [131], [134–136]
Saint Martin, Laigle, [157], [158]
Saint Martin-in-the-Vale, Chartres, [209]
Saint Mary Magdalen, Verneuil, its fine tower, [175], [176]
Saint Michael in Peril of the Sea, [44], [55]
Saint Nicolas, Beaumont-le-Roger, [181], [182]
Saint Nicolas, Coutances, [87], [88]
Saint Peter, Abbey, Chartres, [209]
Saint Peter, Coutances, [85], [87], [88];
compared with Saint German, Argentan, [131]
Saint Price, near Laval, [234]
Saint Ouen, Rouen, [24]
Saint Remigius, Tinchebray, [119]
Saint Saviour, castle and abbey of, [70], [71]
Saint Stephen's, Caen, [8], [26]
Sainte-Susanne, [156], [234]
Saxons, settlement of, at Bayeux, [5]
Silchester and Jublains, compared, [189–191]
Sillé-le-Guillaume, [234]
Surnames of places, [91], [92];
misunderstood, [100], [101], [154–156]
T
Talbot, John, Earl of Shrewsbury, his tower at Falaise, [11], [15], [16]
Tancred of Hauteville, his home, [90], [95], [97], [98]
Tillières, its position and history, [169–171];
church at, [172], [173]
Tinchebray, battle of, an English victory, [115], [116], [120];
site of the battle, [117]
V
Val-ès-dunes, battle of, a victory of the Roman over the Teuton, [35];
site of the battle-field, [36], [37]
Valognes, [69], [70]
Varaville, battle of, [60]
Verneuil, its position, [173];
castle and donjon at, [174], [175];
churches at, [175–178]
Vimont, M. Eugène, his book on Argentan, [128], [136]
Vire, [112]
W
Wace, value of his description of the battle of Val-ès-dunes, [37], [38];
quoted, [114], [169]
Wells, west front of cathedral church compared with that of Coutances, [25];
east end compared with Dol, [31]
William Longsword, Duke of the Normans, Danish education of his son, [2];
wins the Côtentin, [66]
William the Conqueror, his church of S. Stephen at Caen, [8];
his birthplace, [10], [12];
his attempt at learning English, [12];
modern estimate of in Falaise, [13];
present at the dedication of Odo's church at Bayeux, [28];
results of his personal qualities, [34];
seeks help of Henry I. of France, [34], [35];
burns Mantes, [52];
his marriage to Matilda at Eu, [58];
Domfront submits to, [56];
fortifies Ambrières, [57];
his conquest of Mayenne, ib., [230];
takes Arques, [59];
his surprise of the French at Varaville, [61];
his escape from Valognes, [70], [114];
fortifies Saint James, [77–79];
gives the lands of William of Mortain to his half-brother Robert, [105];
opposition of Le Mans to, [212]
William Rufus, bids Bishop Hildebert pull down the towers of Saint
Julian's, [132], [208]
William, Count of Arques, his fortress, [59]
William, Count of Mortain, [104];
his lands given to Robert, [105];
founds l'Abbaye Blanche, [109];
with Duke Robert at Tinchebray, [119], [120], [121];
taken prisoner, [123];
his alleged blinding, ib.
William of Saint-Calais, use of the surname, [155]
William Patry, receives Harold at La Lande, [115]
William the Lion, King of Scots, does homage to Henry II. at Falaise, [11]
THE END.
RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BUNGAY
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Lecture viii. p. 314.
[2] Methods of Hist. Study, Lecture vi. p. 235.
[3] Crewkerne Inaugural Address, 1871.
[4] Life of E.A. Freeman, vol. i. p. 293.
[5] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 137.
[6] See Petit's Architectural Studies in France, p. 2.
[7] Cf. the following passage in Mr. Freeman's article in The Saturday Review, August 3, 1867: "The primitive Saxons of Bayeux, the Danes of Rolf and of Harold Blaatand, the English colonists who remained in the fifteenth century, have among them left a marked stamp on the people. This last cause cannot have been an unimportant one, when we hear that in the town of Caen alone there are twenty-four families bearing the name of Langlois. French and Norman are not very uncommon names in England, but they are hardly found in the same proportion."
[8] On the foundation of the abbeys of St. Stephen and of the Holy Trinity, see Norman Conquest, vol. iii. (2nd ed.), p. 106, et seq.
[9] See Mr. Freeman's article on "Beauvais and Amiens" in Sketches from French Travel (Tauchnitz edition), and History of the Cathedral Church of Wells, p. 116.
[10] See Mr. Freeman's article on "Restoration and Destruction in France," Saturday Review, June 8, 1861.
[11] On Odo's work see also Norman Conquest, vol. ii. p. 209, and note, p. 210.
[12] See Norman Conquest, vol. iii. pp. 235, 236.
[13] Mr. Freeman alludes to M.L. Puiseux's Siège et Prise de Rouen par les Anglais, &c., which was reviewed by him in The Saturday Review, June 8, 1867.
[14] See Norman Conquest, vol. ii. p. 249, et seq.
[15] See Norman Conquest, vol. iii. 154, et seq.
[16] On the foundation of Fécamp, see Norman Conquest, vol. i. p. 253.
[17] See Norman Conquest, vol. ii. p. 286.
[21] See Norman Conquest, vol. iii. p. 226.
[22] Norman Conquest, vol. iii., p. 122, et seq.
[23] See Norman Conquest, vol. i. pp. 216, 217.
[24] See Norman Conquest, vol. iii., p. 175.
[25] For the story of this derivation see Mr. Freeman's article on "South Pembrokeshire Castles" in English Towns and Districts, p. 46.
[26] On French nomenclature see also Mr. Freeman's article on "French and English Towns," pp. 35, 36, in Historical Essays, fourth series, and Sketches from French Travel, p. 99.
[27] On the relation of the Channel Islands to England, see Norman Conquest, vol. i. p. 187.
[28] On the relief of Montacute by Bishop Geoffrey, see Norman Conquest, vol. iv. p. 278.
[29] See Norman Conquest, vol. ii. pp. 242, 243.
[32] See Norman Conquest, vol. iii. p. 233, note.
[33] Cf. S. James, near Taillebourg. (Sketches from French Travel, p. 296.)
[34] See The Reign of William Rufus, vol. i. p. 321.
[37] See Sketches from French Travel, p. 35.
[39] Historical Essays, third series, pp. 446–451.
[40] See Norman Conquest, vol. ii. pp. 261, 607.
[41] See Norman Conquest, vol. ii. p. 287.
[42] See Norman Conquest, vol. ii. p. 288.
[43] See Norman Conquest, vol. iv. pp. 170, 272. For the legend of the Holy Rood see Old English History, p. 271, and Mr. Freeman's article on "Montacute" in The Saturday Review, September 9, 1871.
[44] See Mr. Freeman's account of Kirkstall in English Towns and Districts, p. 294.
[46] Norman Conquest, vol. ii. p. 246.
[47] See Norman Conquest, vol. iii. p. 466.
[48] See Norman Conquest, vol. v. p. 175.
[49] See Historical Essays, Fourth Series, pp. 139, 140.
[51] See The Reign of William Rufus, vol. i. pp. 463, 464.
[52] See The Reign of William Rufus, vol. ii. p. 96.
[53] On the force of the word tyrant see History of Sicily, vol. ii. p. 50.
[55] See above, [pp. 110], [119].
[56] See Norman Conquest, vol. iv. p. 496
[57] See Norman Conquest, vol. ii. p. 227.
[58] See Norman Conquest, vol. ii. pp. 201–203.
[59] See The Reign of William Rufus, vol. i. p. 184.
[60] See Sketches from French Travel, p. 266.
[61] See Mr. Freeman's article on "Silchester" in English Towns and Districts, p. 159.
[62] See English Towns and Districts, p. 163.
[63] See article on "Beauvais and Amiens" in Sketches from French Travel, p. 87.
[64] See The Reign of William Rufus, vol. ii, pp. 297, 298, 654.
[65] See Sketches from French Travel, pp. 114, 117.
[66] On the foundation of the commune of Le Mans and the treachery of Geoffrey of Mayenne, see Norman Conquest, vol. iv. p. 551, et seq.
[67] See Norman Conquest, iii. p. 192.
[70] See Norman Conquest, vol. ii. p. 209, et seq.
[71] See comparison of Laval with Guildford in Mr. Freeman's article on "Some Early Buildings in Sussex and Surrey" in The Guardian, August 22, 1883.
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:
Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible, including obsolete and variant spellings. Obvious typographical errors in punctuation have been fixed. Corrections [in brackets] in the text are noted below:
[Page 14] Val-des-dunes [Val-ès-dunes]
[Page 15] Bayeaux [Bayeux]
[Page 57] Ambières [Ambrières]
[Page 64] Cotentin [Côtentin]
[Page 238] Edgar [Eadgar]
[Page 240] Alminèches [Almenèches]