The Reign of William Rufus and the Accession of Henry the First, Volume 1 (of 2)

by Edward A. Freeman

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
A. D.	PAGE
Character of the reign of William Rufus	[3]
The Norman Conquest in one sense completed, in another undone	[3]
Feudal developement under Rufus and Flambard	[4]
Growth of anti-feudal tendencies	[4]
Extension of the power of England at home	[4]
Beginning of rivalry between England and France	[5]
Change in the European position of England	[5]
Personal character of William Rufus	[5–6]
His companions and adversaries; Anselm and Helias	[6]
Last warfare between Normans and English; results of the struggle	[6–7]
The Norman kingship becomes English	[7]
Effects of the French war	[7]
Scheme of the work	[8]
CHAPTER II.
THE EARLY DAYS OF WILLIAM RUFUS. 1087–1090.
Character of the accession of Rufus; general acceptance without formal election	[9–10]
§ 1. The Coronation and Acknowledgement of William Rufus. September, 1087.
Rufus the enemy of the Church, yet his election specially ecclesiastical	[10]
Wishes of the late King in his favour	[11]
Special agency of Lanfranc	[12]
Sept. 8, 1087. – William Rufus leaves his father’s death-bed and hastens to England	[12–13]
He brings with him Morkere and Wulfnoth, and again imprisons them	[13–14]
Duncan and Wulf set free by Robert	[13]
Meeting of William and Lanfranc	[15]
Sept. 26. – Coronation of William Rufus at Westminster	[15]
His special oath	[16]
Dec. 1087-Jan. 1088. – His gifts to churches and to the poor	[17–18]
The Christmas Assembly; Odo restored to his earldom	[18–19]
Special circumstances of William’s accession; no other available choice; comparison between William and Robert	[19–22]
§ 2. The Rebellion against William Rufus. March-November, 1088.
Beginning of the rebellion; discontent of Odo; influence of William of Saint-Calais	[22–24]
March, 1088. – Gatherings of the rebels; speech of Odo; arguments on behalf of Robert	[24–26]
Comparison of the elder and younger William	[26–27]
Geoffrey of Coutances joins the rebels	[27]
Treason of the Bishop of Durham; different statements of his conduct	[28–29]
March, 1088. – Early movements in Kent and Sussex	[29]
The Bishop forsakes the King; his temporalities seized	[30]
He is summoned to the King’s court; action of Ralph Paganel	[31]
March-May, 1088. – Lands of the bishopric laid waste	[32]
April 16. – The Easter Assembly; the rebels refuse to come	[32]
List of the rebels	[33–35]
Loyalty of Earl Hugh of Chester	[34]
Ravages of the rebels; of Bishop William, Roger Bigod, and Hugh of Grantmesnil	[35–36]
History and description of Bristol	[36–40]
Bristol occupied by Bishop Geoffrey; his works; ravages of William of Eu and Robert of Mowbray	[40–41]
Robert of Mowbray burns Bath	[41–42]
His siege and defeat at Ilchester	[42–44]
William of Eu plunders in Gloucestershire; history and description of Berkeley	[44–46]
Rebel centre at Hereford; action of Earl Roger	[46–47]
The rebels march on Worcester; history and description of the city	[47–49]
Action of Wulfstan; deliverance of Worcester	[48–51]
Movements of Odo in Kent; he occupies Rochester	[52]
Rochester, Tunbridge, and Pevensey	[52–53]
The war at Rochester; history and description of the city and castle	[52–56]
Duke Robert sends over Eustace of Boulogne and Robert of Bellême	[56]
The three sons of Earl Roger	[57]
Earl Roger at Arundel; history and description of the castle	[58–59]
William of Warren; his earldom of Surrey; his loyalty; he keeps Lewes	[59–60]
The King wins over Earl Roger	[60–61]
Robert of Mortain holds Pevensey against the King	[62]
Loyal Normans; Robert Fitz-hamon	[62]
The Church and the people for the King	[63]
William’s proclamations and promises; the English arm for him	[63–65]
Meeting of the English army at London; William accepted as English king	[65–67]
William’s march; English hatred of Odo	[67]
Taking of Tunbridge castle	[68–70]
March towards Rochester; Odo at Pevensey	[70]
Duke Robert fails to help the rebels	[71]
The English besiege Odo in Pevensey	[72–73]
Robert at last sends help; the Norman landing hindered by the English	[74–75]
Alleged death of William of Warren	[76]
Pevensey surrenders; terms granted to Odo; Rochester to be surrendered	[76]
The garrison of Rochester refuse to surrender; Odo taken prisoner by his own party	[77]
William’s Niðing proclamation; second English muster	[78]
Siege of Rochester; straits of the besieged; they agree to surrender	[79–80]
Lesson of the war; the King stronger than any one noble; the unity of England	[80–81]
The King refuses terms to the besieged	[81]
Pleadings for the besieged, Odo and others; the King grants terms	[82–85]
The honours of war refused to Odo; his humiliation; he leaves England	[87–89]
June 4, 1088. – The Whitsun Assembly; confiscations and grants; amnesty of the chief rebels	[88]
The Bishop of Durham again summoned	[89]
His dealings with Counts Alan and Odo; he comes with a safe-conduct	[90–91]
The Bishop’s ecclesiastical claims; he goes back to Durham	[91–92]
Sept. 8 – Agreement between the Bishop and the Counts	[92–93]
Nov. 2. – Meeting at Salisbury; trial of the Bishop; he denies the authority of the court	[95–97]
Lanfranc and William of Saint-Calais	[97]
The charge and the Bishop’s answer	[98–99]
Lanfranc and Geoffrey of Coutances	[100–101]
Debate in the Bishop’s absence; constitution of the court	[100–101]
Debate on the word fief	[102]
The Bishop’s seven counsellors	[103]
He appeals to Rome; character of the appeal; position of Lanfranc	[103–106]
The sentence pronounced; he renews his appeal	[106–107]
Dialogue between the King and the Bishop; intervention of Count Alan	[107–109]
The Bishop appeals again; the final sentence	[109–110]
The Bishop’s demand for money; answer of Lanfranc	[110–111]
The King’s offer; the Bishop gives sureties	[111–112]
Question of the safe-conduct; charges of the Bishop’s men	[112–113]
Conditions of the Bishop’s leaving England	[113–114]
Nov. 14 – Durham castle surrendered to the King	[114]
Nov. 21–26 – The Bishop’s voyage delayed	[115]
New charges and summonses; the Bishop’s dealings with Osmund and Walkelin	[116–117]
He at last sails to Normandy; his reception by Duke Robert	[117]
Character and importance of the story; William of Saint-Calais the first to appeal to Rome	[117–119]
Behaviour of the King, of Lanfranc, and of the lesser actors	[119–120]
State of Wales; Rhys restored by a fleet from Ireland	[121]
Gruffydd son of Cynan attacks Rhuddlan	[122]
Action of Robert of Rhuddlan; he returns to North Wales	[123]
Robert at Dwyganwy; description and history of the place	[123–124]
July 3 – Approach of Gruffydd’s fleet; death of Robert of Rhuddlan	[124–127]
His burial and epitaph	[127–129]
End of the Norman Conquest; its confirmation and undoing	[129–130]
Tendencies to union; the new dynasty and nobility accepted in an English character	[131–132]
Rufus’ breach of his promises; his general oppression; no oppression of the English as such	[132–133]
His employment of mercenaries; their presence helps the fusion of races	[133–134]
Sale of ecclesiastical offices; prolongation of vacancies	[134–135]
Restoration of Thurstan of Glastonbury	[135]
Sept. 25 – Death of Geoffrey Bishop of Chichester	[135]
Death of Abbot Scotland of Saint Augustine’s, Abbot Ælfsige of Bath, and Bishop Gisa of Wells	[136]
1088–1122 – The bishopric of Somerset granted to John of Tours; he removes the see to Bath	[136–137]
He obtains the temporal lordship of Bath	[137]
Complaints of the canons of Wells and the monks of Bath	[138–139]
Guy forced on the monks of Saint Augustine’s; disturbances and their punishment	[139–140]
§ 3. Character of William Rufus.
May 24, 1089 – Death and burial of Lanfranc; his position in England and Normandy	[140–142]
Change for the worse in the King’s character; rebukes of Lanfranc	[142–143]
Personal description of William Rufus	[143–144]
His conduct in youth; his filial duty; his conduct during the rebellion	[145–146]
General charges against William Rufus; his marked personality	[147]
His alleged firmness of purpose; his lack of real steadiness; his unfinished campaigns	[148–149]
His alleged magnanimity; his boundless pride; story of the chamberlain	[149–151]
His alleged liberality; his wastefulness	[151–152]
His rewards to the loyal troops after the rebellion	[152]
His extortions	[153]
His generally strict government	[153]
His lavishness to his foreign mercenaries	[153–154]
1108 – They are restrained by the statute of Henry	[154]
Stricter forest laws; story of the fifty English acquitted by ordeal	[155–157]
Special vices of Rufus; old and new fashions of dress	[157–159]
His irreligion; his favour to the Jews	[159–161]
True position of the Jews in England	[160]
Dispute between Jews and Christians	[162]
He makes the converted Jews turn back; story of the convert Stephen	[162–165]
William’s defiance of God and the saints; frequency of blasphemy	[165–167]
Redeeming features in Rufus; little personal cruelty; respect for his father’s memory	[167–169]
His chivalrous spirit; his word when kept; and when broken	[169–171]
Chivalry a new thing; William Rufus marks the beginning of a new æra	[169–171]
Illustrations of the chivalrous character	[171–174]
Grouping of events in the reign of Rufus	[174]
CHAPTER III.
THE FIRST WARS OF WILLIAM RUFUS. 1090–1092.
Character of the year 1089; natural phænomena	[175–176]
August 11, 1089 – The great earthquake	[176]
Character of the year 1090; beginnings of foreign adventure and domestic oppression	[177]
The years 1090–1091; affairs of Normandy, Scotland, and Cumberland	[177]
Connexion of English and Norman history; the same main actors in both	[177]
Contrast between England and Normandy as to private war	[178]
The old and the new generation	[179]
History of Robert of Bellême	[179–181]
His character; his engineering skill; his special and wanton cruelty	[181–183]
His enmity towards Helias, Abbot Ralph, and others	[183–184]
1110 – His final imprisonment by Henry	[184]
History and character of Robert Count of Meulan and Earl of Leicester	[184–187]
His fame for wisdom and influence with Rufus and Henry	[185–186]
1118 – Story of his death-bed	[187]
§ 1. Normandy under Robert. 1087–1090.
State of Normandy; interest of those who held lands in both countries	[188–189]
Temptations to invasion	[188–189]
Character of Robert; his weak good-nature and lack of justice	[190–191]
Spread of vice and evil fashions	[191]
Building of castles; garrisons kept by the Conqueror in the castles of the nobles	[192]
Robert of Bellême and others drive out the Duke’s forces	[193]
Robert’s lavish grants; Ivry; Brionne	[194]
The Ætheling Henry claims his mother’s lands	[195]
He buys the Côtentin and Avranchin; his firm rule	[196–197]
Summer, 1088 – Henry goes to England; William promises him his mother’s lands	[197]
He seizes them again; and grants them to Robert Fitz-hamon	[198]
Autumn, 1088 – Influence of Odo with Robert	[198]
Henry comes back to Normandy with Robert of Bellême; they are seized and imprisoned	[199]
Earl Roger makes war on the Duke; his fortresses	[199–200]
Odo’s exhortation to Robert	[200–202]
Affairs of Maine; relations with Fulk of Anjou	[202–204]
Robert acknowledged in Maine	[204]
Chief men of the county; Bishop Howel, Geoffrey of Mayenne, Helias of La Flèche	[205]
April 21, 1085 – Appointment of Howel to the see of Le Mans; his loyalty to the Norman dukes	[205–208]
Temporal relations to the see of Le Mans	[207]
Robert before Le Mans; general submission of the county	[208–209]
Aug.-Sept. 1088 – Ballon holds out; description of the place; siege and surrender of the castle	[209–211]
Robert attacks Saint Cenery; description and history of the place	[211–215]
Geroy and his descendants; Saint Cenery seized by Mabel	[214–215]
Siege and surrender of Saint Cenery; blinding of Robert Carrel	[215–217]
Castle granted to Robert grandson of Geroy	[217]
Surrender of Alençon, Bellême, and other castles; Robert disbands his army	[218–219]
Robert of Bellême set free at his father’s request	[219–220]
Henry set free; his good government of Coutances and Avranches	[220–222]
§ 2. The First Successes of William Rufus. 1090.
Easter, 1090 – Schemes of William Rufus; assembly at Winchester; the King’s speech; war voted by the Witan	[221–224]
William stays in England; his policy; his advantages in his struggle with Robert	[224–226]
Power of William’s wealth; mercenaries; bribes	[226–227]
Submission of Saint Valery; beginning of English action on the continent	[227–228]
Submission of various castles; Aumale, Eu, Gournay, Longueville; description of Gournay and Longueville	[228–231]
Ralph of Toesny and Count William of Evreux; their kindred; enmity of their wives	[231–232]
Heloise of Evreux and Isabel of Toesny	[232–234]
War between Ralph and Count William; Ralph vainly asks help of the Duke; he submits to King William	[234]
Helias of Saint-Saens; he marries Robert’s natural daughter	[235]
His faithfulness; importance of his castles; Saint-Saens, Bures, and Arques	[236–237]
William’s dealings with France; Robert asks help of Philip; Philip sets out, but is bribed to go back	[237–239]
The first English subsidy; first direct dealings between England and France; results of Rufus’ dealings with Philip	[239–241]
Private wars not interrupted by the invasion; action of Robert of Bellême	[241–242]
Robert of Meulan imprisoned and set free	[243]
Duke Robert takes Brionne	[244]
November, 1090 – Movement at Rouen; the municipal spirit; influence of Conan; his treaty with William Rufus	[245–247]
A day fixed for the surrender to William; Duke Robert sends for help	[248]
November 3. – Henry and Robert of Bellême come to the help of Duke Robert	[248–249]
Rouen in the eleventh century	[249–253]
Fright of Duke Robert; division in the city; Henry sends Duke Robert away	[253–256]
Gilbert of Laigle enters Rouen; slaughter of the citizens; Conan taken prisoner	[256]
Conan put to death by Henry	[257–260]
Robert brought back; treatment of the citizens; imprisonment of William son of Ansgar	[260–261]
November – Count William of Evreux marches against Conches	[261–266]
Siege of Conches; settlement of the county of Evreux on Roger of Conches	[262–268]
The three dreams; death of Roger of Conches	[268–270]
1100–1108 – Later history of Ralph and William and their wives	[270–271]
Orderic’s picture of Normandy; his English feelings	[271–272]
§ 3. Personal Coming of William Rufus. 1091.
Christmas, 1090 – Assembly at Westminster	[273]
Feb. 1091 – The King crosses to Normandy	[273]
January – Duke Robert helps Robert of Bellême; siege of Courcy	[273–274]
The siege raised at the news of William’s coming	[274]
Treaty of Caen; cession of Norman territory to William	[275–276]
Saint Michael’s Mount passes to William, the rest of the Côtentin and Maine to Robert; agreement to despoil Henry	[277–279]
Settlement of the English and Norman succession; growth of the doctrine of legitimacy	[279–280]
Dealings with Henry and Eadgar; Eadgar banished from Normandy; he goes to Scotland	[280–282]
Partisans on each side to be restored	[282]
The treaty sworn to; it stands but a little while	[283]
Lent, 1091 – Robert and William march against Henry	[283]
Henry’s preparations; Hugh of Chester and others surrender their castles	[283]
Henry defends himself on Saint Michael’s Mount; he is welcomed by the monks	[284–285]
Siege of the Mount; its position; character of the siege	[285–287]
Personal anecdotes; story of Rufus and the knight who unhorsed him	[287–290]
Contrast between William and Robert; Henry allowed to take water, and William’s answer	[291–292]
Feb. 1091 – Henry surrenders	[292–293]
Aug. 1091 – William returns to England with his brothers	[293]
Stories of Henry’s adventures; evidence for his presence in England in 1091	[293–295]
§ 4. The Scottish Expedition of William Rufus. August-October, 1091.
May, 1091 – Affairs of Scotland; Malcolm’s invasion of Northumberland; he is driven back	[295–297]
Aug. 1091 – William and Robert in England; relations between Robert and Malcolm; stronger side of Robert and Eadgar	[297–298]
September 3 – William’s march; state of Durham; restoration of Bishop William; his renewed influence	[298–300]
Michaelmas – Loss of William’s ships	[300]
The kings by the Scots’ Water; mediation of Robert and Eadgar; Malcolm does homage to William	[301–304]
Questions as to the betrothal of Margaret and the earldom of Lothian	[303–304]
Return of William; signatures to the Durham charters	[305–306]
December 23 – Fresh disputes between William and Robert; Robert and Eadgar leave England	[306–307]
October 15 – Fall of the tower at Winchcombe	[307]
October 17 – Great wind in London	[308]
1092 – Fire in London	[308]
March 28 – Consecration of the church of Salisbury	[308–309]
April 10 – The tower and roof blown down	[309]
May 9 – Completion of Lincoln minster; the church ready for consecration; Thomas of York claims the jurisdiction of Lindesey; the King orders the consecration	[309–312]
May 6 – Remigius dies before the appointed day; the church remains unconsecrated	[312]
§ 5. The Conquest and Colonization of Carlisle. 1092.
William’s conquest of Carlisle; popular mistakes as to Cumberland and Westmoreland	[313–314]
603–685 – Early history of Carlisle; it forms part of the Northumbrian kingdom	[314]
Scandinavians in Cumberland; destruction of Carlisle	[315]
1092 – Dolfin lord of Carlisle; he is driven out; the city restored and the castle built	[315]
The Saxon colony at Carlisle	[316]
The earldom of Carlisle; later history of the city; the castle and the bishopric	[317–318]
1093 – Fortunes of Henry; the men of Domfront choose him as their lord; description of Domfront	[319–320]
Henry’s wars with Robert; he wins back his county	[320–321]
The castle of Saint James is granted to Earl Hugh	[321–323]
CHAPTER IV.
THE PRIMACY OF ANSELM AND THE ACQUISITION OF NORMANDY. 1093–1097.
1087–1092 – Character of the early years of William Rufus; chronological sequence of the history	[325–326]
1093–1098 – Character of the next period; distinct lines of story	[326–328]
Ecclesiastical affairs; working of the new ideas; new position of the King	[328]
1089–1093 – Vacancy of the see of Canterbury; influence of Randolf Flambard	[328–329]
§ 1. The Administration of Randolf Flambard.
1089–1099 – Early history of Flambard; question as to his settlement in England T. R. E.	[329]
His service with the Bishop of London	[329–330]
Flambard a priest, and said to have been Dean of Twinham	[330]
Character of Flambard; his parents; his surname; his financial skill	[330–331]
His probable share in Domesday; his alleged new Domesday	[331–332]
His rise under Rufus; he holds the justiciarship; growth of the office under him	[332–333]
His loss of land for the New Forest	[333]
His systematic charges and exactions; the King to be every man’s heir	[333–335]
The feudal tenure; wardship; marriage; dealings with bishoprics and abbeys	[335–336]
Agency of Flambard; systematizing of the feudal tenures	[336–337]
Flambard’s theory of land-holding; relief and redemption; dealings with wills	[337–339]
Wardship; its oppressive working; wardship and marriage special to England and Normandy	[339–340]
The two sides of feudalism; England in what sense feudal	[340–341]
Flambard’s oppression falls most directly on the greatest estates; no special oppression of the English as such	[341–342]
Dealings of the tenants-in-chief with their under-tenants	[342]
Submission of the nobles; position of the king’s clerks	[342–343]
Position of Rufus favourable for his schemes; effect on national unity	[343–344]
Abuse of the old laws	[344]
Dealings with church property; appointment and investiture of bishops and abbots	[345]
Grant of the temporalities by the king; church lands become fiefs; analogy between lay and spiritual fiefs; Flambard’s inferences	[346–347]
Vacant prelacies held by the King; power of prolonging the vacancy	[347]
Sale of bishoprics and abbeys; simony not systematic before Rufus	[347–348]
Treatment of vacant churches; Flambard the chief agent	[349]
Novelty of the practice; tenure in frankalmoign	[350]
1092–1100 – Resignation and restoration of Abbot Odo of Chertsey	[350]
Distinction between bishoprics and abbeys; the vacancies longer in the case of the abbeys	[350–352]
English abbots; story of the appointment to an unnamed abbey	[352–353]
Sees vacant in 1092	[353]
1091–1123 – Ralph Luffa Bishop of Chichester; his appointment and episcopate	[353–354]
1091 – Death of Bishop William of Thetford; history of Herbert Losinga; he buys the bishopric	[354]
1088–1091 – Three years’ vacancy of New Minster	[355]
1091–1093 – Herbert buys the abbey for his father Robert	[355]
1093 – Herbert repents; receives his bishopric again from the Pope; novelty of the act	[355–356]
1092–1094 – Vacancy of the see of Lincoln	[356]
1089–1093 – Vacancy of Canterbury	[356]
§ 2. The Vacancy of the Primacy and the Appointment of Anselm. 1089–1093.
Effects of the vacancy of the see of Canterbury	[357]
Special position of the metropolitan see; place of the Archbishop as the leader of the nation	[358–359]
Appointment to the archbishopric; the see not granted to the King’s clerks	[359]
The King’s purpose to keep the see vacant; his motives	[359–361]
No fear of a bad appointment	[361–362]
No thought of election either by the monks or by the Witan; silent endurance of the nation	[362–363]
Results of the vacancy; corruption of the clergy; lack of ecclesiastical discipline	[363–365]
Anselm; debt of England to foreigners; the Burgundian saints, Anselm and Hugh	[365]
1080 – Birth and parentage of Anselm; Aosta	[366–368]
Comparison of Lanfranc and Anselm; various sides of Anselm’s character; he is not preferred in England by the Conqueror	[368–369]
Anselm and Eadmer; references to Eadmer in other writers	[369–370]
Childhood of Anselm; his youthful licence	[370–371]
1057–1060 – He leaves Aosta; his sojourn at Avranches	[371]
1060 – He becomes a monk at Bec	[371]
1063 – He is elected Prior; stories of him as Prior	[372]
1078 – He is elected Abbot; Bec under his government; his widespread fame	[373]
His correspondence	[374]
Relations between Bec and England	[374–376]
1090 – Foundation of the priory of Clare	[376]
Frequency of lawsuits; Anselm’s desire to do justice	[376–377]
1078 – His first visit to England; his friendship with the monks of Christ Church; his first acquaintance with Eadmer	[377–378]
His general popularity in England; his love for England; his preaching and alleged miracles	[378–380]
His friendship with the Conqueror and with Earl Hugh	[380–381]
Feeling as to the vacancy of the archbishopric; Anselm looked to as the coming archbishop	[381–382]
Earl Hugh changes the canons of Saint Werburh’s at Chester for monks; he asks help from Anselm	[382]
Anselm refuses to go; repeated messages and refusals; he at last goes at the bidding of his own monks	[382–385]
September 8, 1092 – Anselm at Canterbury	[385]
His first interview with Rufus; his rebukes of the King; settlement of the affairs of Bec	[385–387]
Anselm at Chester	[387]
February, 1093 – The King refuses him leave to go back; William’s feeling towards Anselm	[388]
Christmas, 1092–1093 – The Christmas assembly; the vacancy discussed by the Witan; petition of the assembly to the King	[387–389]
Prayers for the appointment of an archbishop drawn up by Anselm	[389–390]
Character of the year 1093	[390]
Discourse about Anselm before the King; the King’s mockery	[390–391]
He falls sick at Alveston and is removed to Gloucester	[391]
Repentance of Rufus; advice of the prelates and nobles; Anselm sent for; Rufus promises amendment	[392–393]
His proclamation of reform; general satisfaction	[393–394]
Beginnings of reform; prisoners set free; the bishopric of Lincoln granted to Robert Bloet	[394–395]
March 6, 1093 – Rufus names Anselm to the archbishopric; unwillingness of Anselm	[396]
Arguments of the bishops, of the King, and his own monks	[397–399]
He is invested and installed by force	[398–401]
Anselm’s renewed protest; his parable of the two oxen; the King orders the restitution of the temporalities of the see	[401–403]
The royal right of investiture not questioned; no scruples on the part of Anselm; later change in his views	[403–404]
No ecclesiastical election; sole action of the King; Gundulf’s letter to the monks of Bec	[404–405]
Anselm tarries with Gundulf; consent of the Duke, the Archbishop of Rouen, and the monks of Bec	[406]
April 17, 1093 – The King’s recovery; the Easter Gemót	[407]
The King falls back into evil ways; he recalls his acts of mercy	[407–408]
He keeps his purpose as to Anselm	[408–409]
March-Dec. 1093 – Affairs of England and Wales; dealings between William and Malcolm; designs of William on Normandy	[409–410]
Action of William of Eu; he suggests an attack on Normandy	[410–411]
Dealings of Rufus with the Counts of Flanders	[411–412]
Oct. 4 or 13, 1093 – Death of Robert the Frisian; accession of Robert of Jerusalem	[411–412]
Interview between Anselm and the King at Rochester; his three conditions	[412–414]
Anselm requires to be allowed to acknowledge Pope Urban; question of the acknowledgement of Popes; English feeling on the subject	[414–416]
The King’s answer; his special counsellors; Count Robert of Meulan and Bishop William of Durham	[417]
The King prays Anselm to take the archbishopric; he asks for the confirmation of grants made by him during the vacancy	[418]
Anselm refuses; statement of the case on both sides; the King’s advocatio of the archbishopric	[418–421]
State of public feeling; special Gemót at Winchester; Anselm receives the archbishopric and does homage	[421–422]
The King’s writ; the Archbishop’s thegns; clauses in favour of the monks	[422–423]
Relations of the Archbishop to the city of Canterbury and the abbey of Saint Alban’s	[423–424]
1093 – Death of Abbot Paul of Saint Alban’s; four years’ vacancy of the abbey	[423–424]
The question as to the Pope left unsettled; no reference to the Pope in English episcopal appointments	[424–425]
Order of episcopal appointments then and now; theory of the two systems	[425–427]
Sept. 25, 1093 – Enthronement of Anselm; Flambard brings a suit against him on the day of his enthronement	[427–428]
December 4 – Consecration of Anselm at Canterbury; list of the officiating bishops	[429–430]
Successful objection of Thomas of York to the phrase “Metropolitan of Britain”	[430–432]
Anselm’s general profession to the Roman church	[432–433]
Thomas claims jurisdiction over Lincoln; Robert Bloet’s consecration delayed	[433]
Christmas, 1093–1094 – Assembly at Gloucester; Anselm received by the King	[434]
§ 3. The Assembly at Hastings and the second Norman Campaign. 1094.
Events of the year 1094; affairs of Normandy; their connection with Anselm	[434–435]
Christmas, 1093–1094 – Robert’s challenge of William; war decreed	[435–436]
Contributions collected for the war; Anselm unwilling to contribute; he at last gives five hundred pounds	[437–438]
William first accepts the money and then refuses it	[438–440]
Dispute with Bishop Maurice of London; judgement of Wulfstan	[440–441]
February 2, 1094 – Assembly at Hastings; fleet delayed by the wind	[441–442]
February 11 – Consecration of the church at Battle; William and Anselm at Battle	[442–445]
February 3, 1093 – Death of Bishop Geoffrey of Coutances; his successor Ralph at Hastings and Battle	[444]
February 12 – Consecration of Robert Bloet to Lincoln; his gift to the King; plot against Anselm; compromise with York	[445–446]
1104–1123 – Character and episcopate of Robert Bloet	[447–448]
Return of Bishop Herbert of Thetford; he is deprived by the King	[448]
1094 – His restoration; he removes his see to Norwich	[448]
February 17 – The ceremonies of Ash-Wednesday; Anselm rebukes the minions	[449–450]
Anselm’s interview with the King; his silence about the war	[450–451]
Anselm asks for help in his reforms; he asks leave to hold a synod; his appeal against the fashionable vices	[451–453]
Grievances of the Church; wrongs of the church tenants	[454]
He prays the King to fill the vacant abbeys; their relation to the King; hostile answer of Rufus	[454–456]
Comparison of Lanfranc and Anselm; estimate of Anselm’s conduct	[456–457]
Anselm tries to recover the King’s favour; the bishops advise him to give more money; his grounds for refusing	[457–460]
The King more hostile than ever; Anselm leaves Hastings	[460]
March 19, 1094 – William crosses to Normandy	[461]
Vain attempts to settle the dispute between William and Robert; verdict of the guarantors against William	[461]
Castles held by William; taking of Bures	[462–463]
Robert calls in Philip; siege and surrender of Argentan; ransom of the prisoners	[463–464]
Robert takes La Houlme	[465]
Difficulties of Rufus; further taxation; levy of English soldiers; Flambard takes away the soldiers’ money	[465–466]
Rufus buys off Philip	[466–467]
Contemporary notices of the campaign; differences between England and Normandy; private wars go on in Normandy	[467–468]
Relations between Rufus and Henry; war at Saint Cenery; the castle taken by Robert of Bellême	[468–469]
Henry and Earl Hugh summoned to Eu	[469]
October 31 – They go to Southampton and keep Christmas in London	[470]
December 28 – The King comes to England; William and Henry reconciled	[470]
February, 1095 – Henry goes to Normandy; his warfare with Robert	[470–471]
Norman supporters of William	[471–474]
Wretchedness of England; causes for the King’s return; affairs of Scotland and Wales; plots at home	[474–475]
§ 4. The Council of Rockingham. December, 1094-March, 1095.
Notes of the year 1095; councils of the year	[476]
Jan., Feb., 1095 – Movements of William; alleged Welsh campaign	[476–477]
April, 1094-Jan., 1095 – Last days and sickness of Wulfstan; his friendship with Bishop Robert of Hereford	[477–479]
January 18, 1095 – Death of Wulfstan; his appearance to Bishop Robert	[480]
January 22 – His burial	[480]
Anselm and Urban; need of the pallium; elder usage as to it	[481–484]
Anselm asks leave to go to Urban for the pallium; William refuses to acknowledge any pope	[484–485]
Anselm asks for an assembly to discuss the question; he will leave the realm if he may not acknowledge Urban	[485–486]
Frequency of assemblies under Rufus; a special meeting summoned	[487]
Sunday, March 11 – Assembly at Rockingham	[487]
Estimate of the question; the King technically right; no real objection to Urban on his part	[487–489]
History and description of Rockingham	[490–491]
Place of meeting; the King’s inner council	[491]
Anselm’s opening speech	[492]
The real point avoided on the King’s side; Anselm treated as an accused person	[493]
Conduct of the bishops; the meeting adjourned till Monday	[493–494]
Monday, March 12 – The bishops counsel submission; Anselm’s second speech; he asserts no exclusive claims; his two duties	[494–496]
Position of England towards the popes; Anselm and William of Saint-Calais	[496–497]
Anselm not the first to appeal to Rome	[497]
Answer of the bishops; the King’s messages; the bishops advise him to submit to the King in all things	[497–499]
Anselm sleeps during the debate	[498]
The bishops’ definition of freedom; Anselm will not forsake Urban	[499–500]
Schemes of William of Saint-Calais against Anselm; he aspires to the archbishopric	[500–501]
Objects of the King; promises of William of Saint-Calais; his speech to Anselm	[502–503]
William’s imperial claims; his relations at the time to the vassal kingdoms	[503–505]
The real question hitherto evaded; Anselm’s challenge; he states the real case	[505–506]
New position of the bishops	[506]
Anselm insulted; popular feeling on his side; story of Anselm and the knight	[506–508]
Perplexity of the King; failure of William of Saint-Calais; the assembly adjourned	[508–509]
Tuesday, March 13 – Debates in the inner council; William of Saint-Calais recommends force; the lay nobles refuse; speeches of the King and Robert of Meulan	[510–511]
The King bids the bishops renounce Anselm; he withdraws his protection; Anselm’s answer	[511–513]
The King turns to the lay lords; they support Anselm	[513–514]
Shame of the bishops; the King further examines them; his rewards and punishments	[514–516]
Anselm wishes to leave England; another adjournment	[516–517]
Wednesday March 14 – Anselm summoned to the King’s presence; the lay lords propose a truce; adjournment to May 20	[517–519]
Importance of the meeting at Rockingham	[519]
William keeps faith to Anselm personally, but oppresses his friends	[519–521]
§ 5. The Mission of Cardinal Walter. 1095.
March-May 1095 – Events of the time of truce; assemblies of the year	[521]
Position of Urban	[521]
March 1–7, 1095 – Council of Piacenza; its decrees; no mention of English affairs	[522–523]
William’s schemes to turn the Pope against Anselm; mission of Gerard and William of Warelwast	[523–524]
April 10 – Urban at Cremona; dealings of William’s messengers with Urban	[525]
The Sicilian monarchy; relations between England and Sicily	[525–526]
Gerard and William bring Walter of Albano as Legate; he brings a pallium	[526–527]
Secrecy of his errand; his interview with the King; William acknowledges Urban	[527–528]
Walter refuses to depose Anselm	[528–529]
William and his counsellors outwitted by the Legate; he is driven to a reconciliation with Anselm	[529]
May 13 – Whitsun Assembly; the King’s message to Anselm	[530]
Anselm will not pay for the pallium; Anselm and William reconciled; their friendly discourse	[531–532]
Anselm refuses to take the pallium from the King	[532]
Popular aspect of the assembly	[533]
Anselm absolves two bishops, Osmund of Salisbury and Robert of Hereford; he restores Wulfrith of Saint David’s	[533–534]
June 10 – Anselm receives the pallium at Canterbury	[534–535]
June 26 – Death of Bishop Robert of Hereford; the Legate stays in England; his dealings with Anselm	[535–537]
The King’s northern march; Anselm entrusted with the defence of Canterbury	[537–538]
Letters between Anselm and the Legate; the bishops object to Anselm’s position; his answer	[538–540]
Question about the monks at Christ Church; Anselm and his tenants	[540–541]
Christmas, 1095–1096 – Assembly at Windsor and Salisbury	[541–542]
January 6 – Anselm attends William of Saint-Calais on his death-bed	[541–542]
June 6 – Consecration of bishops; Samson of Worcester and Gerard of Hereford	[542–544]
Anselm consecrates Irish bishops	[544]
§ 6. The Crusade and the Mortgage of Normandy. November 1095-March 1097.
March 7, 1095 – Council of Piacenza; appeal of the Emperor Alexios	[545]
Nov. 18 – Council of Clermont; the first crusade	[545–547]
Bearing of the crusade on our story; no king engaged in the first crusade; share of Normandy and Flanders	[546–547]
The crusades a Latin movement; name of Franks	[546]
Decrees of the Council; lay investitures forbidden; sentence against Clement and the Emperor; against Philip and Bertrada	[548–549]
Urban preaches the crusade; his geography	[549–550]
French, Norman, and other crusaders	[550–552]
Marriage of Robert of Meulan	[551]
Duke Robert takes the cross; he applies to William for money; position of William towards the crusade	[552–553]
Mission of Abbot Jeronto; he rebukes William	[553–554]
Easter, April 13 – The Pope sends his nephew; peace between William and Robert	[554–555]
Normandy pledged to William	[555]
June 2 – Whitsun Assembly; taxation to raise the pledge-money; protest of the prelates	[556–557]
Oppression of the tenants; plunder of the churches	[557–558]
Contribution of Anselm; he mortgages Peckham to his monks	[558–559]
September, 1096 – Conferences between William and Robert; Robert goes on the crusade; his companions	[559–560]
Conduct of Robert; his treatment at Rome; his reception by Robert of Apulia	[560–561]
1096–1097 – The crusaders winter in Apulia; siege of Amalfi; Bohemond takes the cross	[562]
Feb. 1097 – Odo of Bayeux dies at Palermo	[563]
Duke Robert crosses to Dyrrhachion; he does homage to Alexios	[563–564]
Robert at Laodikeia; Hugh of Jaugy joins the crusaders; the rope-dancers of Antioch	[564–565]
Robert refuses the crown of Jerusalem and goes back	[566]
William takes possession of Normandy; character of his rule there	[566–567]
The Côtentin restored to Henry	[567]
1096 – Synod of Rouen; the Truce of God confirmed; other decrees; small results of the synod	[568–569]
William’s appointments to Norman prelacies	[570]
1090–1101 – Tancard Abbot of Jumièges	[570]
1096–1107 – Etard Abbot of Saint Peter on Dives	[570]
1098–1105 – Turold Bishop of Bayeux	[571]
§ 7. The Last Dispute between William and Anselm. 1097.
Events of the year 1096–1097	[571]
State of Wales at the end of 1096	[571]
April, 1097 – Assembly at Windsor; Welsh war and seeming conquest	[572]
William complains of Anselm’s contingent; position of the Archbishop’s knights; Anselm summoned to the King’s court	[572–574]
Change in Anselm’s feelings; his yearnings towards Rome; aspect of his conduct	[574–578]
Causes of his loss of general support	[578]
His continued demands of reform; he determines not to answer the summons but to make a last effort	[579–580]
May 24, 1097 – Whitsun assembly; Anselm favourably received; his last appeal	[581]
He determines to ask leave to go to Rome; the King refuses	[581–583]
June-Aug., 1097 – The charge against Anselm withdrawn; affairs of Wales; another assembly; Anselm’s request again refused	[583]
Wednesday, October 14 – Assembly at Winchester; Anselm renews his request; he is again impleaded	[584–585]
Thursday, October 15 – Anselm and the bishops and lords; speech of Walkelin; the bishops’ portrait of themselves; Anselm’s answer	[586–588]
Part of the lay lords; Anselm’s promise to obey the customs; he is charged with breach of promise; alternatives given him	[588–589]
Anselm and the King; Anselm’s discourse; answer of Count Robert; the barons against Anselm	[589–592]
Anselm allowed to go, but the archbishopric to be seized	[592–593]
Anselm’s last interview with Rufus; he blesses him	[593–594]
Anselm at Canterbury; he takes the pilgrim’s staff	[594]
His treatment at Dover; he crosses to Whitsand	[595]
The King seizes the archbishopric; Anselm’s acts declared null; the monks keep Peckham	[595–596]
Rebuilding of the choir of Christ Church; works of Prior Ernulf	[596–597]
Comparison of the trials of William of Saint-Calais, Anselm, and Thomas	[597–605]
Anselm does not strictly appeal to the Pope	[598]
He asserts no clerical privilege	[599]
Question of observing the customs	[600]
Comparison of the proceedings in each case	[600–601]
Architectural arrangements	[601–602]
Constitution of the assemblies; they become less popular; lessened freedom of speech	[602–603]
The inner and outer council; foreshadowing of Lords and Commons	[603–604]
The Witan and the Theningmannagemót	[604]
Behaviour of Rufus, of Henry the First, of Henry the Second	[605]
Effect on Anselm of his foreign sojourn	[606]
His journey; dealings of Odo of Burgundy; he reaches Rome	[607]
Councils of Lateran and Bari; story of the cope of Beneventum	[607–610]
Position of Rufus; he is never excommunicated; probable effect of excommunication	[611–612]
Anselm at Lyons; his letters to the Pope	[612]
His letters to the King from Rome; William’s treatment of the letters	[613]
Mission of William of Warelwast	[614–620]
Nov., 1097-April, 1099 – William on the Continent	[614]
Anselm at Schiavia; he writes “Cur Deus Homo”	[615]
Anselm and Urban before Capua; Anselm and the Saracens	[615–617]
Anselm wishes to resign the archbishopric; Urban forbids him	[617–618]
October 1, 1098 – Council of Bari	[618]
Anselm at Rome; dealings between the Pope and William of Warelwast; the excommunication threatened and respited	[618–620]
Urban’s treatment of Anselm	[620–621]
April 12, 1099 – Council of Lateran; protest of Reingard of Lucca; Anselm goes to Lyons	[621–622]
July 29 – Death of Urban; William’s words on his death	[622–623]
Aug. 13, 1099-Jan. 21, 1108 – Paschal the Second Pope; William’s words on his election	[623]

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CHRONOLOGY OF THE YEARS 1087–1102.
1087	September 8	William Rufus leaves his father’s death-bed and hastens to England.
		He imprisons Morkere and Wulfnoth.
		He is accepted by Lanfranc.
		In Normandy Robert of Bellême and others drive out the Duke’s garrisons.
	September 26	William is crowned at Westminster.
		He makes gifts for his father’s soul.
	December 25	The Christmas assembly. Odo restored to his earldom.
1088	-January 6
		Death of Abbot Scotland.
		Abbot Guy appointed at Saint Augustine’s.
	March	Conspiracy against the King. Rebellious movements in Kent and Sussex.
		Bishop William secures London, Dover, and Hastings for the King.
	March-May	The Bishop forsakes the King; his temporalities seized. He is summoned to the King’s court, and his lands laid waste.
	April 16	The Easter assembly; the rebel nobles fail to appear.
	April-June	Ravaging of Gloucestershire and Somerset. Deliverance of Worcester.
		Attempted invasion of Robert. Sieges of Tunbridge, Pevensey, and Rochester.
	June	Return of Rhys; Gruffydd and the wikings harry Rhuddlan.
		Bishop William at the King’s court.
		Henry, now Count of the Côtentin, comes to England for his mother’s lands.
	July 3	Death of Robert of Rhuddlan.
	July	John of Tours consecrated to the bishopric of Somerset void by the death of Gisa.
	August-September	Henry and Robert of Bellême go back to Normandy and are imprisoned.
		Duke Robert received at Le Mans; sieges of Ballon and Saint Cenery.
		Henry is released and restored to his county in the course of the autumn.
	September 6	Agreement between Bishop William and the Counts.
	September 25	Death of Bishop Geoffrey of Chichester.
	November 2	Bishop William before the assembly at Salisbury.
	November 14	Durham castle surrendered to the King.
	after 26	Bishop William crosses to Normandy.
	November ?	Grant of the abbey of Bath to Bishop John; the bishopric of Somerset removed thither.
		The priory of Blyth founded in the course of the year by Roger of Bully.
1089	May 24	Death of Lanfranc.
1090	April 21	Easter assembly at Winchester; war declared against Normandy.
		A large part of eastern Normandy won by William without crossing the sea.
		Maine revolts from Robert; reign of Azo of Este; Howel imprisoned by Helias and visits England.
	June 28	Howel returns to Le Mans.
		Intrigues of Conan at Rouen.
	November 3	Rouen secured to Duke Robert; death of Conan.
		War of Evreux and Conches; peace between them.
		Anselm visits England for the first time as abbot in the course of the year.
	December 25	Christmas assembly at Winchester.
1091	-January 6
	January	Siege of Courcy.
	February	Helias buys the county of Maine from Hugh.
		The King crosses to Normandy.
		Treaty of Caen.
	February	William and Robert besiege Henry at Saint Michael’s Mount.
	May	Malcolm invades Northumberland and is driven back.
	August	William, Robert, and Henry go back to England. March towards Scotland.
	September 3	Bishop William restored to his bishopric.
	September 29	Loss of ships.
		Treaty with Malcolm.
	October 15	Fall of the tower at Winchcombe.
	October 17	Great wind in London.
		Death of Cedivor; victory of Rhys son of Tewdwr over Gruffydd son of Meredydd in the course of the year.
		In the course of the year come the death of William Bishop of Thetford, the consecration of his successor Herbert Losinga, who also buys the abbey of New Minster for his father, and the consecration of Ralph Luffa Bishop of Chichester.
1092		Fire in London.
	March 28	Consecration of the church of Salisbury.
	April 10	The tower blown down.
	May 6	Death of Bishop Remigius; the church of Lincoln remains unconsecrated.
		William’s conquest and colonization of Carlisle.
		Marriage of Philip and Bertrada.
	September 8	Anselm comes to England; his reception at Canterbury; his first interview with the King.
		Anselm helps Earl Hugh in his changes at Chester.
	December 25	Christmas assembly; discussion of the vacancy of the archbishopric.
1093	-January 6
	February	William refuses leave to Anselm to go back to Normandy.
	February 3	Death of Bishop Geoffrey of Coutances; Ralph succeeds.
Lent, March 2		Sickness of the King; his repentance and proclamation; he grants the see of Lincoln to Robert Bloet.
	March 6	The King names Anselm to the archbishopric; his first installation.
	April 17	Easter assembly at Winchester; the King recalls his reforms.
		Scottish embassy at Winchester; Malcolm summoned to appear in the King’s court.
	April 17–24	Defeat and death of Rhys at Brecknock.
	April 30	Cadwgan harries Dyfed.
	July 1	The Normans enter Ceredigion and Dyfed.
		Advance of the Earls in North Wales; seeming conquest of all Wales.
	August 11	Malcolm lays a foundation-stone at Durham.
	August 24	Malcolm at Gloucester; William refuses to see him.
		Questions between the King and Anselm; his investiture.
		Intrigues of William of Eu; dealings of William with the Counts of Flanders.
	September 25	Enthronement of Anselm.
	October 4–13	Death of Robert the Frisian.
	October 17	Translation of Saint Julian at Le Mans.
	November 13	Death of Malcolm at Alnwick.
	November 17	Death of Margaret.
		Donald King of Scots; driving out of Margaret’s children.
	December 4	Consecration of Anselm.
		Death of Abbot Paul of Saint Alban’s.
		Henry received at Domfront and wins back the Côtentin.
	December 25	Christmas assembly at Gloucester.
1094	-January 6
		Challenge received from Robert; Duncan claims the Scottish crown and receives it from William.
		Contributions for the Norman war; Anselm’s gift refused.
	February 2	Assembly at Hastings.
	February 11	Consecration of the church of Battle.
	February 12	Robert Bloet consecrated Bishop of Lincoln.
		Bishop Herbert of Thetford deprived of his bishopric.
	February 22	Anselm’s Lenten sermon; he rebukes the King.
	March 19	William crosses to Normandy.
		Campaign of Argentan, Bures, &c.; the French king bought off.
	May	The foreigners driven out of Scotland.
	October 31	Henry and Earl Hugh summoned to Eu; they sail to Southampton.
	November	Duncan killed; Donald’s second reign in Scotland.
	December 28	The King goes back to England.
		Deaths of Roger of Beaumont, Roger of Montgomery, and Hugh of Grantmesnil, in the course of the year.
		In the course of the year the Welsh revolt under Cadwgan and recover the greater part of the country; Pembroke castle holds out.
1095	January 18	Death of Wulfstan.
	February 9	Henry goes to Normandy.
	February	Interview of William and Anselm at Gillingham.
	March 1–7	Council of Piacenza.
	March 11–14	Assembly at Rockingham.
		Gerard and William of Warelwast sent to Pope Urban.
	March 25	Assembly at Winchester; Earl Robert of Mowbray summoned, but does not appear.
	April 10	Urban at Cremona; Cardinal Walter sent to England.
	May 13	Assembly at Windsor; Anselm and William reconciled; Earl Robert fails to appear.
	June 10	Anselm receives the pallium at Canterbury.
	June 26	Death of Bishop Robert of Hereford.
	April 30	Translation of Saint Eadmund.
		The King’s northern march; Anselm’s command in Kent.
	July-Sept.	Taking of Newcastle and Tynemouth; siege of Bamburgh.
	Michaelmas	Montgomery taken by the Welsh; the King marches against them.
	November 1	The King reaches Snowdon; ill-success of the campaign.
	November 18	Council of Clermont.
		Pope Urban at Le Mans.
		Robert of Mowbray taken at Tynemouth; surrender of Bamburgh.
	December 25	Christmas assembly at Windsor.
1096	-January6
	January 1	Death of Bishop William.
	January 13	The assembly adjourned to Salisbury; sentences of William of Eu, William of Alderi, and others.
		Imprisonment of Robert of Mowbray.
		Synod of Rouen; confirmation of the Truce of God.
		Mission of Abbot Geronto.
	Easter, April 13	He is suspended by the Pope’s nephew.
		Normandy pledged to William.
	June 8	Consecration of Bishop Gerard of Hereford and Samson of Worcester.
	August	William takes possession of Normandy.
		Helias takes the cross; mutual defiance between him and William.
	September	Duke Robert, Bishop Odo, and others go to the crusade.
		The King spends the winter in Normandy.
		In the course of the year the Welsh take Rhyd-y-gors; Gwent and Brecknock revolt; Pembroke is besieged, but holds out; Gisors is fortified by Pagan Theobald.
1097	February	Odo dies at Palermo.
	April 4	William comes back to England.
		Assembly at Windsor.
		The King’s campaign in Wales; seeming conquest of the country.
		The King complains of Anselm’s knights.
	May 14	Whitsun assembly; the charge against Anselm dropped; he asks leave to go to Rome, but is refused.
		Revolt of Cadwgan in Wales.
	June-August	The King’s last campaign in Wales; its ill-success.
	July 24	Death of Howel; Hildebert Bishop of Le Mans.
	August	Assembly; an expedition against Donald decreed; Anselm’s request again refused.
	September	The two Eadgars march to Scotland; exploits of Robert son of Godwine; Donald defeated and blinded; the younger Eadgar King of Scots.
	October 14	Assembly at Winchester; Anselm allowed to go, but his temporalities to be seized; his parting with the King.
		Anselm leaves England.
		William demands the French Vexin.
	November	He crosses to Normandy for the war with France and Maine. Flambard and Walkelin joint regents.
	Nov. 1097-Sept. 1098.	French war; Lewis and William; fortification of Gisors by Robert of Bellême.
	December 19	Death of Abbot Baldwin of Saint Eadmund’s.
	December 25	The King demands money of Walkelin.
1098	January 3	Death of Walkelin.
	January	Beginning of the war of Maine; castles occupied by Robert of Bellême.
		Victories of Helias.
	April 28	Helias taken prisoner.
	May 5	Fulk Rechin at Le Mans.
	June	The King invades Maine; he retreats from Le Mans.
	July 20	William at Ballon.
		August Convention between Helias and Fulk.
		William enters Le Mans.
		Helias set free; he strengthens himself in his southern castles.
	September 27	William’s march against France.
		Attacks on Pontoise, Chaumont, and other castles.
		Coming of William of Aquitaine; attacks on the Montfort castles; failure of the two Williams.
	October 1	Council of Bari; Anselm pleads for William.
		In the course of the year the Welsh withdraw to Anglesey.
		The Earls Hugh in Anglesey.
		Expedition of Magnus of Norway; death of Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury at Aberlleiniog.
		Establishment of Robert of Bellême in England; he buys his brother’s earldom.
		His works at Bridgenorth.
		He receives the estates of Roger of Bully.
	Christmas	The King spends the winter in Normandy; truce with France.
1099		Mission of William of Warelwast to Rome; he wins over Urban.
	April 10	The King in England; Easter assembly.
	April 12	Council of Lateran; William’s excommunication delayed.
		Anselm leaves Rome for Lyons.
	April	Movements of Helias in southern Maine.
	May 19	Whitsun assembly in the new hall at Westminster; the bishopric of Durham granted to Randolf Flambard.
	June 3	Consecration of Flambard.
	June-July	Helios recovers Le Mans; the King’s garrisons hold out in the castles; burning of the city.
		The news brought to William; his ride and voyage.
		Helias leaves Le Mans and strengthens himself at Château-du-Loir.
		William passes through Le Mans to southern Maine.
		His failure before Mayet.
		He enters Le Mans.
	July 5	Taking of Jerusalem; exploits of Duke Robert.
	July 12	Duke Robert refuses the crown of Jerusalem; Geoffrey chosen King.
	July 19	Death of Pope Urban the Second.
	August 12	Battle of Ascalon.
	August 13	Paschal the Second elected Pope.
	September	The King returns to England.
	November 3	The great tide in the Thames.
	December 3	Death of Bishop Osmund of Salisbury.
	Dec. 25-Jan. 6, 1100	Christmas assembly at Gloucester.
		In the course of the year Gruffydd and Cadwgan return, and Anglesey and Ceredigion are recovered by the Welsh. Eadgar goes on the crusade. Affairs of Robert son of Godwine in Scotland.
1100	April 1	Easter assembly at Winchester.
	May 20	Whitsun assembly at Westminster.
		Great schemes of William Rufus.
	May	Death of Richard son of Duke Robert in the New Forest.
	June-July	Preparations for war.
	July 13	Consecration of Gloucester abbey.
	August 1	Abbot Fulchered’s sermon at Gloucester.
	August 2	Death of William Rufus.
	August 3	Burial of William Rufus; Henry elected King; he grants the bishopric of Winchester to William Giffard.
	August 5	Coronation of Henry; his charter; he fills the vacant abbeys.
		He imprisons Flambard, and asks Anselm to come back.
		Helias recovers Le Mans; the castle holds out.
	September	Duke Robert comes back to Normandy.
		War between Henry and Robert.
	September 23	Anselm comes back to England.
		Meeting of Anselm and Henry; question of homage and investiture; truce till Easter; mission to the Pope.
	November	Helias recovers the castle.
	November 11	Marriage of Henry and Matilda.
	November 18	Death of Archbishop Thomas of York.
		Empty legation of Guy of Vienne.
		Plots in England on behalf of Robert.
	December 25	Christmas assembly at Westminster.
1101	-January 6
		Escape of Flambard to Normandy; he stirs up Robert to action.
	April 21	Easter assembly at Winchester; the question with Anselm again adjourned.
		Growth of the conspiracy.
	June 9	Whitsun assembly; mediation of Anselm; renewed promise of good laws.
	July	Robert’s fleet at Tréport; the English fleet sent against him; some of the crews join him.
		Henry’s preparations at Pevensey.
	July 20	Robert lands at Portchester; he declines to attack Winchester.
		The armies meet at Alton; conference of Henry and Robert; the treaty of 1101.
	Michaelmas	Robert goes back to Normandy.
		Henry’s rewards and punishments; banishment of Ivo of Grantmesnil and others.
		Robert of Meulan Earl of Leicester.
	December 25	Christmas assembly at Westminster.
1102	-January 6
	April 6	Easter assembly at Winchester; Robert of Bellême summoned, but does not appear.
		War against Robert of Bellême in England and Normandy.
		Failure of Duke Robert’s troops at Vignats.
		Surrender of Arundel to Henry.
		Surrender of Tickhill.
	Autumn	Henry’s Shropshire campaign. Siege of Bridgenorth.
		The King wins over Jorwerth and the Welsh.
		Dealings of Robert of Bellême with Murtagh and Magnus.
		Surrender of Bridgenorth.
		The King’s march to Shrewsbury.
		Surrender of Shrewsbury and banishment of Robert of Bellême and his brothers.
1103		Death of Magnus.
		Jorwerth tried at Shrewsbury and imprisoned.
1104		Banishment of William of Mortain.
1106		Battle of Tinchebrai.
1107		Compromise with Anselm.