CONTENTS.

CHAPTER V.
THE WARS OF SCOTLAND, NORTHUMBERLAND, AND WALES.1093–1098.
A. D.PAGE
Events of the year 1093; relations between England and Scotland; results of the war of 1093[3–4]
Growth of the English power and of the English nation under Rufus; the Scottish kingdom becomes English[4–5]
1093 – Death of Malcolm; first reign of Donald[5]
1094 – Reign of Duncan; second reign of Donald[5]
1097 – Establishment of Eadgar[5]
1095 – Revolt of Robert of Mowbray[5–5]
Affairs of Wales; comparison between Wales and Scotland[6]
Effects of the reign on the union of Britain; comparison with Ireland and Normandy[6–8]
§ 1. The last year of Malcolm.
1093.
Complaints of Malcolm against William Rufus; effects on Scotland of the restoration of Carlisle; other grounds of offence[8–9]
March, 1093 – Scottish embassy at Gloucester; Malcolm summoned to Gloucester; Eadgar sent to bring him[9–10]
Present favour of Eadgar with William[9–10]
August – Malcolm sets forth; he stops at Durham[11]
August 11 – He lays a foundation stone of the abbey; import of the ceremony[11–12]
August 24 – Malcolm at Gloucester; William refuses to see him; questions between the kings; William observes his safe-conduct[13–14]
Malcolm’s last invasion of England; he draws near to Alnwick; history of the place[15–16]
English feeling about Malcolm[16]
Nov. 13 – Malcolm slain by Morel[16–17]
Burial of Malcolm at Tynemouth; history of Tynemouth; his translation to Dunfermline[18–19]
Local estimate of Malcolm’s death[19]
Character of Margaret; Malcolm’s devotion to her; her children and their education[20–22]
Margaret’s reforms; Scottish feeling towards them[22–26]
Her religious reforms[22–23]
She increases the pomp of the court[23–24]
English influence in Scotland; English and Norman settlers[24–26]
Nov. 27 – Death of Margaret; different versions; her burial at Dunfermline; Scottish feeling towards her[26–28]
Donald elected king; he drives out the English; meaning of the words[29–30]
Margaret’s children driven out; action of the elder Eadgar[30]
Eadgyth and Mary brought up at Romsey; Malcolm at Romsey; story of Eadgyth and William Rufus[31–32]
Events of 1094; order of Scottish events[32–33]
Christmas, 1093–1094 – Assembly at Gloucester; Duncan claims the Scottish crown; his Norman education[33–34]
1094 – He receives the crown from William, and wins the kingdom by the help of Norman and English volunteers[34–35]
May, 1094 – Revolution in Scotland; the foreigners driven out[35]
November – Duncan slain and Donald restored[36]
1094–1097 – Second reign of Donald[36]
§ 2. The revolt of Robert of Mowbray.
1095–1096.
Conspiracy against William Rufus; no general support for the plot[37–40]
Robert of Mowbray marries Matilda of Laigle[38]
His dealings with Earl Hugh and Bishop William; other conspirators; William of Eu[38–39]
Designs on behalf of Stephen of Aumale[39–40]
Earl Robert plunders the Norwegian ships; the merchants complain to the King; Robert refuses redress[40–41]
March 25, 1095 – Easter assembly at Winchester; Robert summoned, but refuses to come[41]
April 4 – Falling stars[41–42]
Messages between the King and Robert[42]
May 13 – Whitsun assembly at Windsor; Robert again refuses to come[42]
The King marches against Robert; his rebellion[42–43]
The rebels expect help from Normandy[44]
The King marches to Nottingham; Anselm’s command in Kent[44–45]
Robert’s fortresses; the New Castle, Tynemouth, Bamburgh; taking of the New Castle[46–47]
July – Siege of Tynemouth; description of the site; taking of Tynemouth[47–48]
The castle of Bamburgh; Robert defends it against the King[49–50]
Failure of direct attacks; making of the Malvoisin; the King goes away[51–52]
Robert entrapped by a false message; he flees to Tynemouth; he is besieged in the monastery, taken, and imprisoned[52–53]
Bamburgh defended by Matilda of Laigle[54]
November – She yields to save her husband’s eyes[54]
Later history of Robert and Matilda[54–55]
Morel turns King’s evidence[55]
1095–1096 – Christmas assembly at Windsor; all tenants-in-chief summoned; constitutional importance of the meeting[56–59]
January 13 – The meeting adjourned to Salisbury; action of the assembly; no general sympathy with the accused[56–59]
Bishop William charged with treason and summoned to take his trial; portents foretelling his death[59–61]
Dec. 25, 1095–
Jan. 1, 109 – His sickness and death		[61]
Debate as to his burial-place; he is buried in the chapter-house[61–62]
Sentences of the assembly; Earl Hugh buys his pardon[62–63]
January 13 – William of Eu appealed by Geoffrey of Baynard, and convicted by battle[63]
He is blinded and mutilated; action of Earl Hugh[64–65]
Story of Arnulf of Hesdin; his innocence proved by battle[65]
He goes to the crusade and dies[66]
William of Alderi sentenced to death; the King refuses to spare him[66–67]
His pious end[67–68]
Last days of William of Eu and of Morel[68–69]
§ 3. The Conquest and Revolt of Wales.
1093–1097.
Relations with Wales; character of the Welsh wars of Rufus; effect of the building of castles[69–71]
Welsh campaigns of Harold and William Rufus compared[71–72]
Immediate failure and lasting success[71]
Comparison of the conquest of Wales with the English and Norman conquests; difference of geographical conditions[72–74]
Extension of England by conquest and settlement[74]
Various elements in Wales; the Flemish settlements; ndurance of the Welsh language[74–75]
The local nomenclature of Wales contrasted with that of England[75–76]
The Welsh castles; contrast with England; the Welsh towns[76–77]
Conquests before the accession of Rufus; Robert of Rhuddlan; reigns of Rhys ap Tewdwr and Cedivor[77–78]
1091 – Saint David’s robbed by pirates[78]
1093 – Beginning of the conquest of South Wales; legend of the conquest of Glamorgan[79–81]
Story of Jestin and Einion; settlement of Robert Fitz-hamon and his knights[80–81]
Estimate of the story; elements of truth[81–82]
History of Robert Fitz-hamon; his lands, marriage, and settlement at Cardiff[82–83]
His works at Gloucester and Tewkesbury; his grants of Welsh churches to English monasteries[84]
Distinction between Morganwg and Glamorgan; extent of Glamorgan[85]
The lords and their castles[86–87]
The South-Welsh churches and monasteries[88–89]
Saxon and Flemish settlements in South Wales; oundation of boroughs[88]
Conquest of Brecknock; Bernard of Newmarch and his wife Nest[89–91]
Easter, 1093 – Defeat and death of Rhys at Brecknock; effects of his death[91–92]
April 30 – Cadwgan harries Dyfed[92]
July 1 – Norman conquest of Ceredigion and Dyfed[92–93]
Tale of Rufus’s threats against Ireland[92–93]
Acquisition of Saint David’s; Bishop Wilfrith[94]
The Pembrokeshire castles[95]
Pembroke castle begun by Arnulf of Montgomery; second building by Gerald of Windsor; his wife Nest[96–97]
Earl Hugh in Anglesey; castle of Aberlleiniog[97]
Advance of Earl Roger in Powys; castle of Rhyd-y-gors[97]
Seeming conquest of Wales; Gower and Caermarthen unsubdued[98]
Effect of William’s absence; general revolt under Cadwgan son of Bleddyn[98–100]
Invasion of England[100]
Deliverance of Anglesey; Aberlleiniog castle broken down[101]
Character of the war; action of Cadwgan in Dyfed; Pembroke castle holds out[101–102]
Question of a winter campaign; conquest of Kidwelly, Gower, and Caermarthen[102]
1099 – Alleged West-Saxon settlement in Gower; the Gower castles[103]
Pagan of Turberville helps the Welsh[104]
North Wales holds out; the Welsh take Montgomery[104–105]
Michaelmas, 1095 – William’s invasion of Wales[105]
November 1 – He reaches Snowdon; ill-success of the campaign[105]
1096 – The Welsh take Rhyd-y-gors; revolt of Gwent and Brecknock[106]
English feeling towards the war[106–107]
Vain attempts to recover Gwent[107]
Importance of the castles; the Welsh attack Pembroke; defence of Gerald of Windsor[108–109]
1097 – Gerald takes the offensive against the Welsh[110]
Easter, 1097 – William’s second campaign; seeming conquest; fresh revolt under Cadwgan[110–111]
June–Aug. 1097 – William’s third campaign; his ill-success[111–112]
October – He determines to build castles[112–113]
§ 4. The Establishment of Eadgar in Scotland.
1097–1098.
August, 1097 – Decree for action in Scotland; the elder Eadgar commissioned to restore the younger[114]
Story of Godwine and Ordgar; the Ætheling Eadgar cleared by battle[114–118]
Estimate and importance of the story[117–118]
September – The two Eadgars march to Scotland; exploits of Robert son of Godwine; defeat and blinding of Donald; later life of Eadmund[118–120]
1097–1107 – Reign of Eadgar in Scotland[120–123]
Eadgar’s gifts to Robert son of Godwine[121]
1099–1100 – Eadgar and Robert go to the Crusade[121–122]
1103 – Exploits and martyrdom of Robert son of Godwine; parallels and contrasts[122–123]
1107–1124 – Reign of Alexander in Scotland; friendship of the Scottish kings for England; Turgot and Eadmer[124]
1124–1153 – Reign of David in Scotland; English influence in Scotland; the Scottish kings of the second series[125–126]
§ 5. The Expedition of Magnus.
1098.
Events of the year 1098; their wide geographical range; Anglesey the centre of the story[126–127]
Winter, 1097–1098 – Schemes of Cadwgan and Gruffydd; they take wikings from Ireland into pay[127–128]
The two Earls Hugh of Chester and Shrewsbury[129]
The Earls enter Anglesey; they rebuild the castle of Aberlleiniog[129–130]
The Earls bribe the wikings; Cadwgan and Gruffydd flee to Ireland[130–131]
Cruelties of the Earls; mutilation and restoration of Cenred[131–132]
1093–1103 – Reign of Magnus Barefoot in Norway; his surnames[133]
He professes friendship for England; his treasure at Lincoln[133–134]
Harold son of Harold in his fleet[134–136]
Designs of Magnus on Ireland; Irish marriage of his son Sigurd; his voyage among the islands[136]
1075–1095 – Reign of Godred Crouan in Man and the Sudereys[136–137]
1078–1094 – His Irish dominion[136–137]
His sons Lagman and Harold[137]
Rulers of Man sent from Ireland and Norway; civil war in Man[137–138]
Legend of Magnus and Saint Olaf[138–140]
Magnus seizes the Orkney earls and gives the earldom to his son Sigurd[140]
Further voyage of Magnus; he occupies Man; his designs[140–142]
He approaches Anglesey; preparations of the earls; he fleet off Aberlleiniog[142–143]
Death of Hugh of Shrewsbury; different versions[143–144]
Peace between Magnus and Hugh of Chester[145]
Anglesey and North Wales subdued by Hugh[145–146]
Sigurd’s kingdom in the islands; dealings of Magnus with Scotland[145–146]
§ 6. The Establishment of Robert of Bellême in England.
1098.
1098 – Effects of the death of Hugh of Shrewsbury; Robert of Bellême buys his earldom and his other possessions; doubtful policy of the grant[147–149]
Unique position of Robert in England; effects of his coming; his cruelty and spoliations[149–151]
His skill in castle-building; his defences in Shropshire; early history of the Shropshire fortresses[151–152]
896–912 – First works at the Bridge[152–153]
Quatford; Earl Roger’s house and chapel[153–154]
Robert of Bellême removes to Bridgenorth and Oldbury[155–158]
The group of fortresses[158]
Robert builds the castle of Careghova[158]
Roger of Bully; his Yorkshire and Nottingham estates[159–160]
The castle of Tickhill; use of the names Tickhill and Blyth[160–162]
1088 – The priory of Blyth founded by Roger of Bully[161]
Death of Roger of Bully; his lands granted to Robert of Bellême[162–164]
CHAPTER VI.
THE LAST WARS OF WILLIAM RUFUS. 1097–1099.
1097–1100 – Character of the last years of William Rufus; his designs on France[165–167]
1097–1098 – Beginning of the wars between France and Maine[167]
Nov. 1097 – William crosses the sea[167]
Comparison of France and Maine; Philip and Helias; advantage of the kingly dignity[168–170]
Lewis son of Philip[170]
Jan. 1098 – Beginning of the war of Maine[170]
§ 1. The Beginning of the French War.
1097–1098.
1092 – King Philip; his adulterous marriage with Bertrada of Montfort[171–172]
Opposition of Ivo and Hugh of Lyons; excommunication of Philip and Bertrada[173–174]
Sons of Philip and Bertrada; she schemes against Lewis[174]
Philip invests Lewis with the Vexin[175]
1097 – William’s grounds of offence; he demands the cession of the Vexin; his demand is refused[175–176]
November 11–30 – William crosses to Normandy; excesses of his followers in England[176–177]
William and Lewis; difficulties of Lewis; fate of the captives on each side[178–179]
French traitors; Guy of the Rock; description of Roche Guyon[179–182]
Policy of Robert of Meulan; he receives William’s troops; importance and description of Meulan[182–184]
Prospects of William; failure of his plans[184–185]
The castle of Chaumont-en-Vexin[185–186]
1096 – The castle of Gisors; its first defences strengthened by Robert of Bellême[186–188]
Castles of Trye and Boury[188–189]
National feeling in the French Vexin[189–190]
Prisoners on both sides; Gilbert of Laigle; Simon of Montfort[190]
§ 2. The First War of Maine.
1098.
November, 1097–1098 – Dates of the French war[191]
Jan.–Aug. 1098 – War of Maine[191]
1089 – Robert suspects the loyalty of Maine; he asks help of Fulk of Anjou; marriage of Fulk and Bertrada[191–194]
1090 – Movements in Maine; Hugh son of Azo sent for[194–195]
Character of Helias of La Flèche; his descent; his castles; he accepts the succession of Hugh[195–197]
1090 – Revolt of Maine; Hugh received at Le Mans[197–200]
Bishop Howel imprisoned by Helias[197–199]
Release of Howel; his dealings with Robert[199–200]
Disputes between Hugh and Howel; disputes of Howel with his chapter; he goes to England[201]
June 28, 1090 – Return of Howel; unpopularity of Hugh[202]
February, 1091 – Helias buys the county of Hugh[202–203]
1091–1098 – First reign of Helias; peace of the land[203–204]
October 17, 1093 – Translation of Saint Julian[204]
November, 1095 – Visit of Pope Urban to Le Mans[205]
1095–1097 – Sickness of Howel[205]
1095–1096 – Helias takes the cross; estimate of his conduct[205–207]
Aug. 1096 – William in Normandy; danger to Maine; negotiations of Helias with Robert[207]
Interview of William and Helias; mutual challenge and defiance[208–210]
1096–1097 – William delays his attack[210]
July 29, 1097 – Death of Howel; disputed election to the bishopric[210–211]
1097–1126 – Hildebert Bishop of Le Mans[211–212]
Claims of the Norman dukes over the bishopric; anger of Rufus at the election of Hildebert[211–213]
Nov. 1097 – William in Normandy; his designs on Maine[213]
Robert of Bellême attacks Maine; Helias strengthens Dangeul; geographical character of the war[213–214]
Jan. 1098 – Robert of Bellême invites the King; guerrilla warfare of Helias[214–215]
William leaves Maine; Robert of Bellême continues the war; castles held by him[216–219]
Nature of the country and of the war; comparison of Maine and England[219–221]
Helias defeats Robert at Saônes; cruelty of Robert[221–223]
April 28, 1098 – Second victory of Helias; he is taken prisoner near Danguel[223–224]
Helias surrendered to the king; contrast between William Rufus and Robert of Bellême[224–225]
Hildebert and the council at Le Mans[225–226]
William at Rouen; a great levy ordered; numbers of the army[226–228]
June, 1098 – The army meets at Alençon; invasion of Maine; truce with Ralph of Fresnay[228–230]
Dealings with the nobles of Maine[230–231]
May 5 – Fulk of Anjou at Le Mans; he leaves Geoffrey in command[231–232]
March of William Rufus; he approaches Le Mans by Coulaines; he ravages Coulaines[232–234]
Sally from the city; Rufus goes away; the siege of Le Mans raised[234–236]
Ballon betrayed to Rufus; occupied by Robert of Bellême, and besieged by Fulk[235–236]
July 20 – William relieves Ballon; his treatment of the captive knights[236–237]
August – Fulk goes back to Le Mans; convention between William and Fulk; Le Mans to be surrendered and Helias set free[237–238]
Submission of Le Mans; William’s entry[238–241]
William leaves Le Mans; general submission of Maine[241]
Meeting of William and Helias at Rouen; the offers of Helias rejected; his defiance[242–243]
Helias set free; illustration of the King’s character[244–245]
§ 3. The End of the French War.
September-December, 1098.
1097–1099 – William on the Continent; extent of his conquest in Maine; he begins, but does not finish[245]
September 27, 1098 – He sets forth against France; the sign in the sky[246]
He marches to Pontoise; position of the town and castle; Pontoise his furthest point[247–248]
Siege of Chaumont; castle not taken[248–249]
Alliance between Normandy and Aquitaine; coming of Duke William of Poitiers[249–250]
Campaign to the west of Paris; valley of the Maudre; the two Williams march against the Montfort castles[250–252]
The castles resist singly; Peter of Maule[252–253]
The two Simons of Montfort; the castle of Montfort; successful defence of the younger Simon[253–255]
Christmas, 1098–1099 – William keeps Christmas in Normandy; truce with France[255]
Ill-success of the French war; illustrations of William’s character[256]
§ 4. The Gemót of 1099.
April 10, 1099 – Easter assembly[256]
May 19 – Whitsun assembly in the new hall at Westminster[257]
Buildings of William Rufus; they are reckoned among the national grievances; probable abuses of the law[257–260]
Various grievances and natural phænomena[258]
The wall round the tower, the bridge, and the hall; growth of the greatness of London; relations of London and Winchester[259–261]
Westminster Hall; its two founders; its history[262–263]
Object of the hall; personal pride of Rufus; the Whitsun feast; the sword borne by the King of Scots[263–264]
Deaths of bishops and abbots; character and acts of Walkelin of Winchester[265–266]
April 8, 1093 – The monks take possession of the new church of Winchester[266]
1097–1098 – Walkelin joint regent with Flambard; the King’s demand for money[266–267]
Jan. 3, 1098 – Death of Walkelin[267]
Death of Turold of Peterborough and Robert of New Minster[267]
Abbot Baldwin of Saint Eadmund’s; rebuilding of the church; the King forbids the dedication[267–269]
April 30, 1095 – Various details of Abbot Baldwin; translation of Saint Eadmund[268–270]
Dec. 29, 1097 – Death of Abbot Baldwin[270]
The bishopric of Durham granted to Randolf Flambard[271]
June 5, 1099 – Consecration of Flambard[271]
1099–1128 – Character of the appointment; Flambard’s episcopate[271–274]
His works at Durham and Norham[272]
Later events of the year 1099[274]
§ 5. The Second War of Maine.
April–September, 1099.
Aug. 1098-April, 1099 – Helias withdraws to La Flèche; he strengthens the castles on the Loir[274–276]
April, 1099 – He attacks the castle held by the King[277]
June – He marches against Le Mans; battle at Pontlieue; he recovers Le Mans[277–278]
The castles still held for the King; the Normans set fire to the city; comparison of Le Mans and York[279–281]
Vain operations against the castles; use of the church towers; Robert of Bêlleme strengthens Ballon[281–282]
The news brought to William in the New Forest; his ride to the coast[282–284]
He crosses to Touques and rides to Bonneville; the castle of Bonneville[284–287]
His levy; he marches to Le Mans; Helias flees to Château-du-Loir[287]
William passes through Le Mans; he harries southern Maine; Helias burns the castles[288–289]
William besieges Mayet; observance of the Truce of God; details of the siege; the siege raised[289–294]
The land ravaged, but the campaign left unfinished[294–295]
William at Le Mans; his good treatment of the city; he drives out the canons[295–296]
Sept. 1099 – He goes back to England[296]
Hildebert reconciled to the King; the King bids him pull down the towers of Saint Julian’s; question whether the order was carried out[297–300]
1099 – Revolt in Anglesey; return of Cadwgan and Gruffydd; recovery of Anglesey and Ceredigion by the Welsh[300–301]
Nov. 3, 1099 – The great tide in the Thames[302]
December 3 – Death of Bishop Osmund of Salisbury[302]
CHAPTER VII.
THE LAST DAYS OF WILLIAM RUFUS AND THE ACCESSION OF HENRY.1100–1102.
1000–1100 – End of the eleventh century; changes in Britain and in the world[303–307]
Change from Æthelred to William Rufus; contradiction in William’s position; his defeats not counted defeats[307–308]
The year 1100; lack of events in its earlier months; comparison with the year 1000; vague expectations, portents, and prophecies[308–310]
§ 1. The Last days of William Rufus.
January–August, 1100.
The three assemblies of 1099–1100; no record of these assemblies; continental schemes of Rufus[310–311]
Return of Robert from the crusade; his marriage with Sibyl of Conversana[311–313]
William of Aquitaine; his crusade; he proposes to pledge his duchy to Rufus; preparations for the occupation of Aquitaine[313–314]
Alleged designs of Rufus on the Empire[314]
May, 1100 – Portents; death of Richard son of Robert[315–316]
June, July – Warlike preparations[317]
July 15 – Consecration of Gloucester abbey[317]
August 1 – Visions and prophecies; Abbot Fulchered’s sermon at Gloucester[317–321]
August 1 – William at Brockenhurst; his companions; Walter Tirel; his history; his gab with the King; illustrative value of the story[321–325]
August 2 – Last day of William Rufus; various versions of his death; estimate of the received tale[325–327]
Versions of Orderic and William of Malmesbury[327–331]
Versions which assert a repentance for Rufus[331–332]
Version charging Ralph of Aix[333–335]
Impression made at the time by the death of Rufus; its abiding memory; local traditions; end and character of Rufus[335–337]
Accounts of William’s burial; the genuine story; his popular excommunication; he is buried in the Old Minster without religious rites[338–341]
July 31 – Portents at William’s death; dream of Abbot Hugh of Clugny[341]
August 1 – Vision of Anselm’s doorkeeper[341]
August 2 – News brought to Anselm’s clerk; vision of Count William of Mortain[341–343]
§ 2. The First Days of Henry.
August 2-November 11, 1100.
Vacancy of the throne; claims of Robert by the treaty of 1091; choice between Robert and Henry; claims of Henry; his speedy election[343–345]
August 2 – Story of Henry on the day of the King’s death; he hastens to Winchester[345–346]
He demands the treasure and is resisted by William of Breteuil; popular feeling for Henry[346–347]
August 3 – Meeting for the election; division in the assembly; influence of Henry Earl of Warwick; Henry chosen King[347–348]
Henry grants the bishopric of Winchester to William Giffard[349]
August 5 – Henry crowned at Westminster; form of his oath; joy at his accession[349–351]
He puts forth his charter; its provisions[352–357]
Privilege of the knights and its effects[355–356]
Renewal of the Law of Eadward[357]
Witnesses to the charter[358]
August 5 – Appointments to abbeys; Robert of Saint Eadmund’s and Richard of Ely; their later history[359–360]
1100–1120 – Herlwin Abbot of Glastonbury[360]
1100–1117 – Faricius Abbot of Abingdon[360]
Imprisonment of Flambard[361–362]
The King’s inner council[362–363]
The news of the King’s death brought to Anselm; his grief[363]
Letters to him from his monks and from the King; popular language of Henry’s letter[363–366]
Intrigues of the Norman nobles with Robert; renewed anarchy in Normandy[366–367]
Sept. 1100 – Return of Robert to Normandy; his renewed no-government[367–368]
Henry keeps his own fief; war between Henry and Robert[368]
Sept. 23. – Return of Anselm[368]
Helias returns to Le Mans; the King’s garrison holds out in the royal tower[370]
Helias calls in Fulk; siege of the tower[370]
Courtesies between Helias and the garrison; messages sent to Robert and Henry; surrender of the castle[370–373]
1100–1110 – Just reign of Helias; his friendship for Henry[373]
1109 – His second marriage; later history of Maine; descent of the later English kings from Helias[374]
Meeting of Anselm and Henry; comparison of the dispute between Anselm and William Rufus and that between Anselm and Henry[374–375]
Henry calls on Anselm to do homage; Anselm refuses; hange in his views[375–377]
Truce till Easter; the Pope to be asked to allow the homage; the spiritual power strengthened through Rufus’ abuse of the temporal power[375–378]
The temporalities of the archbishopric provisionally restored[378]
Reformation of the court; personal character of Henry; his mistresses and children; story of Ansfrida and her son Richard[379–382]
Henry is exhorted to marry; he seeks for Eadgyth daughter of Malcolm; policy of the marriage[382–383]
Objections to the marriage; Eadgyth said to have taken the veil[384]
Anselm holds an assembly to settle the question; adgyth declared free to marry; other versions of the story[384–387]
November 11, 1100 – Marriage of Henry and Eadgyth; she changes her name to Matilda[387–388]
Anselm’s speech at the wedding; objections not wholly silenced[388]
1100–1118 – Matilda as Queen; her children and character;“Godric and Godgifu”[388–391]
Guy of Vienne comes as Legate; his claims not acknowledged[391]
Nov. 18 – Death of Thomas Archbishop of York[391]
1100–1108 – Gerard of Hereford Archbishop of York[392]
§ 3. Invasion of Robert.
January–August, 1101.
Likeness of the years 1088 and 1101; plots to give the crown to Robert; a party in Normandy to give the crown to Henry[392–393]
Character of Robert and Eadgar; Robert as crusader; is relapse on his return to Normandy[394]
Parties in England and Normandy; Henry’s strict rule distasteful to the nobles[394–395]
Plots of Robert of Bellême and others; Duke Robert’s grants to Robert of Bellême[395–396]
Christmas 1100–1101 – Assembly at Westminster[396]
Flambard escapes to Normandy; his influence with Robert[396–398]
April 21 – Easter assembly at Winchester; the questions between Henry and Anselm adjourned; growth of the conspiracy[399]
June 9 – Whitsun assembly; its popular character; mediation of Anselm; renewed promise of good laws[399–400]
The Church and the people for Henry; England united against invasion[401]
Importance of the campaign of 1101; last opposition of Normans and English; their fusion under Henry[401–402]
July, 1101 – Robert and his fleet at Tréport[401–403]
Henry’s levée; Anselm and his contingent; the English at Pevensey[403–404]
The English fleet sent out; some of the crews desert to Robert[404]
July 20 – Robert lands at Portchester; comparison with former invasions[405–406]
Robert marches on Winchester; Matilda in child-bed in the city; he declines to attack Winchester[406]
Estimate of his conduct; personal character of the chivalrous feeling[406–408]
Robert marches towards London; the armies meet near Maldon[408–409]
Desertion of Robert of Bellême and William of Warren[408–409]
July 26 – Death of Earl Hugh[410]
Anselm’s energy on the King’s side; zeal of the English; exhortations of the King[410–411]
Negotiations between Henry and Robert; their personal meeting; they agree on terms[412–413]
Treaty of 1101; Robert resigns his claim to England; enry gives up his Norman possessions, but keeps Domfront; other stipulations[413–414]
Michaelmas, 1101 – Robert goes back; mischief done by his army[415]
§ 4. Revolt of Robert of Bellême.
1102.
Continued disloyalty of the Norman nobles; Henry’s plans for breaking their power[415]
Flambard in Normandy; his dealings with the see of Lisieux[415–416]
Banishment and restoration of Earl William of Warren[416]
Other banishments; trial of Ivo of Grantmesnil; his bargain with Robert of Meulan[417–418]
1102–1118 – Robert of Meulan Earl of Leicester; his death; his ecclesiastical foundations[418–421]
Christmas, 1101–1102 – Assembly at Westminster; danger from Robert of Bellême; the King watches him[420–421]
April 6, 1102 – Easter assembly at Winchester; Robert of Bellême summoned, but does not come[421–422]
Second summons to Robert; the war begins[422]
Robert and his brothers Arnulf and Roger; his acquisition of Ponthieu; his dealings with Wales, reland, and Norway[423–424]
Condition of Wales; return of Gruffydd and Cadwgan[424]
Alliance of Robert of Bellême with the Welsh[425]
Arnulf’s dealings with Murtagh; the Irish king’s daughter promised to him[425–426]
Henry’s negotiations with Duke Robert; the Duke attacks Robert of Bellême’s fortress of Vignats[426]
Treason of Robert of Montfort; defeat of the besiegers; eneral ravages[427–428]
Robert of Bellême strengthens his castles; his works at Bridgenorth[428]
The King besieges Arundel; truce with the besieged[428–429]
Robert and Arnulf harry Staffordshire[429]
Surrender of Arundel[430]
Surrender of Tickhill; its later history[431–432]
Autumn, 1102 – Henry’s Shropshire campaign; Robert of Bellême at Shrewsbury; the three captains at Bridgenorth[432–433]
Story of William Pantulf; he joins the King; his services[434–435]
Siege of Bridgenorth; division between the nobles and the mass of the army[435–437]
Gathering of the mass of the army; they stand by the King[437–438]
William Pantulf wins over Jorwerth to the King[439–440]
The captains at Bridgenorth agree to surrender[440–441]
Arnulf goes to Ireland; Robert asks help of Magnus in vain[442–443]
The mercenaries at Bridgenorth refuse to surrender; hey are overpowered by the captains and the townsmen[443–444]
Surrender of Bridgenorth; the mercenaries march out with the honours of war[444–445]
Robert still holds Shrewsbury; his despair[445–446]
The King’s march to Shrewsbury; zeal of the English; learing of the road[446–447]
The King refuses terms to Robert; he submits at discretion, and is banished from England[448–449]
Joy at Robert’s overthrow; banishment of his brothers; later history of Robert of Bellême[449–450]
1103 – Death of Magnus[451]
1103 – Later history of Jorwerth; his trial at Shrewsbury and imprisonment[451–453]
Assemblies held in various places under Henry[452]
1104–1106 – Establishment of Henry’s power; banishment of William of Mortain; his imprisonment and alleged blinding[453]
1102–1135 – Peace of Henry’s reign; its character; Henry the refounder of the English nation[454–455]
1107 – The compromise with Anselm[455]
1106 – Battle of Tinchebrai[456]
General character and results of the reigns of William Rufus and Henry[456–457]
APPENDIX.
Note A.The Accession of William Rufus[459]
B.The Beginning of the Rebellion of 1088[465]
C.The Share of Bishop William of Saint-Calais in the Rebellion of 1088[469]
D.The Deliverance of Worcester in 1088[475]
E.The Attempted Landing of the Normans at Pevensey[481]
F.The Bishopric of Somerset and the Abbey of Bath[483]
G.The Character of William Rufus[490]
H.The Ecclesiastical Benefactions of William Rufus[504]
I.Chivalry[508]
K.The Purchase of the Côtentin by the Ætheling Henry[510]
L.The Death of Conan[516]
M.The Siege of Courcy[519]
N.The Treaty of 1091[522]
O.The Siege of Saint Michael’s Mount[528]
P.The Adventures of Henry after the Surrender of Saint Michael’s Mount[535]
Q.The Homage of Malcolm in 1091[540]
R.The Earldom of Carlisle[545]
S.The Early Life of Randolf Flambard[551]
T.The Official Position of Randolf Flambard[557]
U.The alleged Domesday of Randolf Flambard[562]
W.The Dealings of William Rufus with vacant Bishoprics and Abbeys[564]
X.The Appointment of Herbert Losinga to the See of Thetford[568]
Y.The Letters of Anselm[570]
Z.Robert Bloet[584]
AA.The Mission of Abbot Geronto[588]
BB.The Embassies between William Rufus and Malcolm in 1093[590]
CC.The Death of Malcolm[592]
DD.The Burial of Margaret[596]
EE.Eadgyth-Matilda[598]
FF.Tynemouth and Bamburgh[603]
GG.The Conquest of Glamorgan[613]
HH.Godwine of Winchester and his son Robert[615]
II.The Expedition of Magnus[618]
KK.The Relations between Hildebert and Helias[624]
LL.The Surrender of Le Mans to William Rufus[628]
MM.The Fortresses of Le Mans[631]
NN.The Dates of the Building of Le Mans Cathedral[632]
OO.The Interview between William Rufus and Helias[640]
PP.The Voyage of William Rufus to Touques[645]
QQ.The Siege of Mayet[652]
RR.William Rufus and the Towers of Le Mans Cathedral[654]
SS.The Death of William Rufus[657]
TT.The Burial of William Rufus[676]
UU.The Election of Henry the First[680]
WW.The Objections to the Marriage of Henry and Matilda[682]
XX.The Treaty of 1101[688]