Primitive culture, vol. 2 (of 2)

by Edward B. Tylor

INDEX.

• Abacus, i. 270.
• Accent, i. 173.
• Acephali, i. 390.
• Achilles:—vulnerable spot, i. 358; dream, i. 444;
  • in Hades, ii. [81].
• Acosta, on American archetypal deities, ii. [244].
• Adam, ii. [312], [315].
• Ælian, i. 372, ii. [423];
  • on Kynokephali, i. 389.
• Æolus, i. 361, ii. [269].
• Æsculapius:—incubation in temple, ii. [121];
  • serpents of, ii. [241].
• Affirmative and negative particles, i. 192.
• Afghans, race-genealogy of, i. 403.
• Agni, ii. [281], [386].
• Agreement in custom and opinion no proof of soundness, i. 13.
• Agriculture, god of, ii. [305].
• Ahriman, ii. [328].
• Ahura-Mazda, ii. [283], [328], [355].
• Alexander the Great, i. 395, ii. [138].
• Alfonso di Liguori, St., bilocation of, i. 447.
• Alger, W. R., i. 471, 484, ii. [83].
• Algonquin languages, animate and inanimate genders, i. 302.
• Ali as Thunder-god, ii. [264].
• All Souls’, feast of dead, ii. [37].
• Allegory, i. 277, 408.
• Aloysius Gonzaga, St., letters to, ii. [122].
• Alphabet, i. 171;
  • by raps, i. 145;
  • as numeral series, i. 258.
• Amatongo, i. 443, ii. [115], [131], [313], [367], [387].
• Amenti, Egyptian dead-land, ii. [67], [81], [96], [295], [311].
• Amphidromia, ii. [439].
• Analogy, myth product of, i. 297.
• Ancestors, eponymic myths of, i. 398, ii. [234];
  • worship of divine, ii. [113], [311];
  • see [Manes-worship], Totem-worship.
• Ancestral names indicate re-birth of souls, ii. [5].
• Ancestral tablet, Chinese, ii. [118], [152].
• Andaman Islanders, mythic origin of, i. 369, 389.
• Angang, omen from meeting animal, i., 120.
• Angel, see [Spirit];
  • of death, i. 295, ii. [196], [322].
• Angelo, St., legend of, i. 295.
• Anima, animus, i. 433, 470.
• Animals:—omens from, i. 120;
  • calls to and cries of, 177;
  • imitative names from cries, &c., 206;
  • treated as human, i. 467, ii. [230];
  • souls of, i. 469;
  • future life and funeral sacrifice of, i. 469, ii. [75], &c.;
  • entry and transmigration of souls into and possession by spirits, ii. [7], [152], [161], [175], [231], [241], [378], &c.;
  • diseases transferred to, ii. [147];
  • see spirits invisible to men, ii. [196].
• Animals, sacred, incarnations or representatives of deities, ii. [231];
  • receive and consume sacrifices, [378].
• Animal-worship, i. 467, ii. [229], [378].
• Animism:—defined, i. 23, 425;
  • is the philosophy of religion, i. 426, ii. [356];
  • is a primitive scientific system of man and nature based on the conception of the human soul, i. 428, 499, ii. [108], [184], [356];
  • its stages of development, survival, and decline, i. 499, ii. [181], [356].
  • See [Soul], [Spirit], &c., &c.
• Anra-Mainyu, ii. [328].
• Antar, tumulus of, ii. [29].
• Anthropomorphic conceptions of spirit and deity, ii. [110], [184], [247], [335].
• Antipodes, i. 392.
• Ape-men, i. 379;
  • apes degenerate men, 376;
  • can but will not talk, 379.
• Apollo, ii. [294].
• Apophis-serpent, ii. [241].
• Apotheosis, ii. [120].
• Apparitional soul, i. 428;
  • its likeness to body, 450.
• Apparitions, i. 143, 440, 445, 478, ii. [24], [187], [410], &c.
• Archetypal deities and ideas, ii. [243].
• Ares, ii. [308].
• Argos Panoptes, i. 320.
• Argyll, Duke of, on primæval man, i. 60.
• Arithmetic, see [Counting].
• Arriero, i. 191.
• Arrows, magic, i. 345.
• Artemidorus, on dream-omens, i. 122.
• Artemis, ii. [302].
• Aryan race:—no savage tribe among, i. 49;
  • antiquity of culture, i. 54.
• Ascendant in horoscope, i. 129.
• Ashera, worship of, ii. [166], [226].
• Ashes strewn for spirit-footprints, i. 455. ii. [197].
• Asmodeus, ii. [254].
• Association of ideas, foundation of magic, i. 116.
• Astrology, i. 128, 291.
• Atahentsic, ii. [299], [309], [323].
• Atahocan, ii. [323], [340].
• Atavism, explained by transmigration, ii. [3].
• Atheist, use of word, i. 420.
• Augury, &c., i. 119. See ii. [179], [232].
• Augustine, St., i. 199, 441, ii. [54], [427];
  • on dreams, i. 441;
  • on incubi, ii. [190].
• Augustus, genius of, ii. [202].
• Avatars, ii. [239].
• Avernus, Lake, ii. [45].
• Ayenbite of Inwyt, i. 456.
• Baal-Shemesh, ii. [295].
• Bacon, Lord, on allegory, i. 277.
• Bætyls, animated stones, ii. [166].
• Baku, burning wells of, ii. [281].
• Baldr, i. 464.
• Bale, Bishop, i. 384;
  • on witchcraft, i. 142.
• Bands, clerical, i. 18.
• Baptism, ii. [440];
  • orientation in, [427].
• Baring-Gould, S., on werewolves, i. 314.
• Bastian, Adolf, Mensch in der Geschichte, i. vi.; ii. [209], [222], [242], [280], &c.
• Baudet, etymology of, i. 413.
• Beal, ii. [252], [408].
• Bear, Great, i. 359.
• Beast-fables, i. 381, 409.
• Bees, telling, i. 287.
• Bel, ii. [293], [380], [384].
• Berkeley, Bishop, on ideas, i. 499;
  • on force and matter, ii. [160].
• Bewitching by objects, i. 116.
• Bible and key, ordeal by, i. 128.
• Bilocation, i. 447.
• Bird, of thunder, i. 362;
  • bird conveys spirit, ii. [161], [175].
• Blackstone’s Commentaries, i. 20.
• Blemmyæ, headless men, i. 390.
• Blood:—related to soul, i. 431;
  • revives ghosts, ii. [48];
  • offered to deities, [381];
  • substitute for life, [402].
• Blood-red stain, myths to account for, i. 406.
• Bloodsuckers, ii. [191].
• Blow-tube, i. 67.
• Bo tree, ii. [218].
• Boar’s head, ii. [408].
• Boats without iron, myth on, i. 374.
• Bochica, i. 353, ii. [290].
• Boehme, Jacob, on man’s primitive knowledge, ii. [185].
• Bolotu, ii. [22], [62], [310].
• Boni Homines, i. 77.
• Book of Dead, Egyptian, ii. [13], [96].
• Boomerang, i. 67.
• Boreas, i. 362, ii. [268].
• Bosjesman, etymology of word, i. 381.
• Bow and Arrow, i. 7, 15, 64, 73.
• Brahma, ii. [354], [425].
• Brahmanism:—funeral rites, i. 465, &c.;
  • transmigration, ii. [9], [19], [97];
  • manes-worship, [119];
  • stone-worship, [164];
  • idolatry, [178];
  • animal-worship, [238];
  • sun-worship, [292];
  • orientation, [425];
  • lustration, [437].
• Breath, its relation to soul, i. 432.
• Bride-capture, game of, i. 72.
• Bridge, first crossing, i. 106;
  • of dead, i. 495, ii. [50], [94], [100], &c.
• Brinton, D. G., i. 53, 361, ii. [90], [340];
  • on dualistic myths, ii. [320].
• Britain, eponymic kings of, i. 400;
  • voyage of souls to, ii. [64].
• Brosses, C. de, on degeneration and development, i. 36;
  • origin of language, 161;
  • fetishism, ii. [144];
  • species-deities, [246].
• Browne, Sir Thos., on magnetic mountain, i. 375.
• Brutus, evil genius of, ii. [203].
• Brynhild, i. 465.
• Buck, buck, game of, i. 74.
• Buddha, transmigrations of, i. 414, ii. [11].
• Buddhism:—culture-tradition, i. 41;
  • saints rise in air, i. 149;
  • transmigration, ii. [11], [20], [97];
  • nirvana, ii. [79];
  • tree-worship, i. 476, ii. [217];
  • serpent-worship, [240];
  • religious formulas, [372].
• Buildings, victim immured in foundation, i. 104, &c.;
  • mythic founders of, i. 394.
• Bull, Bishop, on guardian angels, ii. [203].
• Bura Pennu, ii. [327], [350], [368], [404].
• Burial, ghost wanders till, ii. [27];
  • corpse laid east and west, [423].
• Burning oats from straw, i. 44.
• Burton, R. F., continuance-theory of future life, ii. [75];
  • disease-spirits, [150].
• Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, incubi, &c., ii. [191].
• Buschmann, on nature-sound, i. 223.
• Butler, Bishop, on natural religion, ii. [356].
• Cacodæmon, ii. [138], [202].
• Cæsar, on German deities, ii. [294].
• Cagots, i. 115, 384.
• Calls to animals, i. 177.
• Calmet, on souls, i. 457;
  • on spirits, ii. [188], &c.
• Calumet, i. 210.
• Candles against demons, ii. [194].
• Cant, myth on word, i. 397.
• Cardinal numbers, i. 257.
• Cards, Playing, i. 82, 126.
• Cassava, i. 63.
• Castrén, ii. [80], [155], [177], [245], [351], &c.
• Cave-men, condition of, i. 59.
• Ceremonies, religious, ii. [362], &c.
• Ceres, ii. [306].
• Chances, games of, their relation to arts of divination, i. 78.
• Chanticleer, i. 413.
• Charivari at eclipse, i. 329.
• Charms:—objects, i. 118, ii. [148];
  • formulas, their relation to prayers, ii. [373].
• Charon, i. 490, ii. [93].
• Chesterfield, Lord, on customs, i. 95;
  • on omens, i. 118.
• Chic, myth on word, i. 397.
• Child-birth-goddess, ii. [305].
• Children, numerical series of names for, i. 254;
  • suckled by wild beasts, i. 281;
  • receive ancestors’ souls and names, ii. [4];
  • sacrifice of, ii. [398], [403].
• Children’s language, i. 223.
• China, religion of:—funeral rites, i. 464, 493;
  • manes-worship, ii. [118];
  • cultus of heaven and earth, [257], [272], [352];
  • divine hierarchy, [352];
  • prayer, [370];
  • sacrifices, [385], [405].
• Chinese culture-tradition, i. 40;
  • remains in Borneo, i. 57.
• Chiromancy or palmistry, i. 125.
• Chirp or twitter of ghosts, &c., i. 453.
• Christmas, origin of, ii. [297].
• Chronology, limits of ancient, i. 54.
• Cicero, on dreams, i. 444;
  • sun-gods, ii. [294].
• Civilization, see [Culture].
• Civilization-myths, i. 39, 353.
• Civilized men adopt savage life, i. 45.
• Clairvoyance, by objects, i. 116.
• Clashing rocks, myth of, i. 347.
• Clicks, i. 171, 192.
• Cocoa-nut, divination by, i. 80.
• Coin placed with dead, i. 490, 494.
• Columba, St., legend of, i. 104.
• Columbus, his quest of Earthly Paradise, ii. [61].
• Common, right of, i. 20.
• Comparative theology, ii. [251].
• Comte, Auguste, i. 19;
  • fetishism, i. 477, ii. [144], [354];
  • species-deities, [242].
• Confucius, i. 157;
  • funeral sacrifice, i. 464, ii. [42];
  • spirits, [206];
  • name of supreme deity, [352].
• Consonants, i. 169.
• Constellations, myths of, i. 290, 356.
• Continuance-theory of future life, ii. [75].
• Convulsions:—by demoniacal possession, ii. [130];
  • artificially produced, [416].
• Convulsionnaires, ii. [420].
• Copal incense, ii. [384].
• Cord, magical connexion by, i. 117.
• Corpse taken out by special opening in house, ii. [26];
  • soul remains near, ii. [29], [150].
• Cortes, i. 319.
• Costume, i. 18.
• Counting, art of i. 22, 240, &c.;
  • on fingers and toes, 244;
  • by letters of alphabet, &c., 258;
  • derivation of numeral words, 247;
  • evidence of independent development of low tribes, 271.
• Counting games, i. 75, 87.
• Couvade, in South India, i. 84.
• Cow, name of, i. 208;
  • purification by nirang, &c., ii. [438].
• Cox, G. W., i. 341, 346, 362.
• Creator, doctrine of, ii. [249], [312], [321], &c.
• Credibility of tradition, i. 275, 370.
• Crete, earth of, fatal to serpents, i. 372.
• Cromlechs and menhirs objects of worship, ii. [164].
• Culture:—
  • definition of, i. 1;
  • scale of, i. 26;
  • primitive, represented by modern savages, i. 21, 68, ii. [443], &c.;
  • development of, i. 21, &c., 62, &c., 237, 270, 417, &c., ii. [356], [445];
  • evidence of independent progress from low stages, i. 56, &c.;
  • survival in culture, 70, &c.;
  • evidence of early culture from language, 236;
  • art of counting, 270;
  • myth, 284;
  • religion, i. 500, ii. [102], [184], [356], &c.;
  • practical import of study of culture, [443].
• Curtius, Marcus, leap of, ii. [378].
• Curupa, cohoba, narcotic used in W. Ind. and S. Amer., ii. [416].
• Customs, permanence of, i. 70, 156;
  • rational origin of, 94.
• Customs of Dahome, i. 462.
• Cyclops, i. 391.
• Cyrus, i. 281, 286.
• Dancing for religious excitement, ii. [133], [420].
• Danse Macabre, myth on name, i. 397.
• Dante, Divina Commedia, ii. [55], [220].
• Daphne, ii. [220].
• Dark, evil spirits in, ii. [194].
• Darwin, Charles, i. vii., ii. [152], [223].
• Dasent, G. W., i. 19.
• Davenport Brothers, i. 152, 311.
• Dawn, i. 338, &c.
• Day, sun as eye of, i. 350.
• Day and Night, myths of, i. 322, 337, &c., ii. [48], [323].
• Dead, use objects sacrificed for them, i. 485;
  • feasts of, ii. [29];
  • region of future life of, ii. [59], [74], [244];
  • god and judge of, ii. [75], &c., [308].
• Deaf and Dumb, counting, i. 244, 262;
  • their mythic ideas, i. 298, 413.
• Death:—
  • ascribed to sorcery, i. 138;
  • omens of, i. 145, 449;
  • angel of, i. 295, ii. [196], [332];
  • personification and myths of, i. 295, 349, 355, ii. [46], &c., [309];
  • death and sunset, myths of, i. 335, ii. [48];
  • exit of soul at death, i. 448, ii. [1], &c.;
  • death of soul, ii. [22].
• Death-watch, i. 146.
• Decimal notation, i. 261.
• Degeneration in culture, i. 35, &c.;
  • is a secondary action, i. 38, 69;
  • examples of, in Africa, North America, &c., i. 47.
• Delphi, oracle of, i. 94, ii. [138].
• Demeter, i. 328, ii. [273], [306].
• Democritus, theory of ideas, i. 497.
• Demons:—souls become, ii. [27], [111], &c.;
  • iron, charm against, i. 140;
  • pervade world, ii. [111], [137], [185], &c.;
  • disease-demons, [126], &c., [177], [192], [215];
  • water-demons, i. 109, ii. [209];
  • tree and forest demons, ii. [215], [222];
  • possession and obsession by demons, i. 98, 152, 309, ii. [111], [123], &c., [179], [404];
  • expulsion of, i. 103, ii. [125], [199], [438];
  • answer in own name through patient or medium, ii. [124], &c., [182], [404].
• Dendid, creation-poem of, ii. [21].
• Deodand, origin of, i. 20, 287.
• Destruction of objects sacrificed to dead, i. 483;
  • to deities, ii. [376], &c.
• Development of culture, see [Culture].
• Development myths, men from apes, &c., i. 376.
• Devil:—as satyr, i. 307;
  • devils’ tree, ii. [148];
  • devil-dancers, ii. [133];
  • devil-worshippers, ii. [329].
• Dice, for divination and gambling, i. 82.
• Dies Natalis, ii. [202], [297].
• Differential words, phonetic expression of distance and sex, i. 220.
• Dirge, Lyke-wake, i. 495; of Ho, ii. [32].
• Disease:—personification and myths of, i. 295;
  • caused by exit of soul, i. 436;
  • by demoniacal possession, &c., i. 127, ii. [114], [123], [404];
  • disease-spirits, ii. [125], &c., [178], [215], [408];
  • embodied in objects or animals, [146], [178], &c., see [Demons], [Vampires].
• Distance expressed by phonetic modification, i. 220.
• Divination:—lots, i. 78;
  • symbolic processes, 81, 117;
  • augury, &c., 119;
  • dreams, 121;
  • haruspication, 124;
  • swinging ring, &c., 126;
  • astrology, 128;
  • possessed objects, i. 125, ii. [155].
• Divining rod and pendulum, i. 127.
• Doctrines borrowed by low from high races:—on future life, ii. [91];
  • dualism, [316];
  • supremacy, [333].
• Dodona, oak of, ii. [219].
• Dog-headed men, i. 389.
• Dolmens, &c., myths suggested by, i. 387.
• Domina Abundia, ii. [389].
• Dook, ghost, i. 433.
• D’Orbigny, on religion of low tribes, i. 419;
  • on sun-worship, ii. [286].
• Dravidian languages, high and low gender, i. 302.
• Dreams:—
  • omens by, i. 121;
  • by contraries, 122;
  • caused by exit of soul, i. 440;
  • by spiritual visit to soul, i. 442, 478;
  • evidence of future life, ii. [24], [49], [75];
  • oracular fasting for, [410];
  • narcotizing for, [416].
• Drift, stone implements from, i. 58.
• Drivers’ and Drovers’ words, i. 180.
• Drowning, superstition against rescuing from, i. 107;
  • caused by spirits, 109, ii. [209].
• Drugs used to produce morbid excitement, dreams, visions, &c., ii. [416].
• Dual and plural numbers in primitive culture, i. 265.
• Dualism:—good and evil spirits, ii. [186];
  • good and evil genius, [202];
  • good and evil deity, [316].
• Dusii, ii. [190].
• Dwarfs, myths of, i. 385.
• Dyu, ii. [258].
• Earth, myths of, i. 322, &c., 364, ii. [270], [320].
• Earth-bearer, i. 364.
• Earth-goddess and earth-worship, i. 322, &c., ii. [270], [306], [345].
• Earth-mother, i. 326, &c., 365.
• Earthquake, myths of, i. 364.
• Earthly Paradise, ii. [57], &c.
• Earthly resurrection, ii. [5].
• East and West, burial of dead, turning to in worship, adjusting temples toward, ii. [383], [422].
• Easter fires and festivals, ii. [297].
• Eclipse, myths of, i. 288, 329, 356;
  • driving off eclipse monster, i. 328.
• Ecstasy, swoon, &c.:—
  • by exit of soul, i. 439:
  • by demoniacal possession, ii. [130];
  • induced by fasting, drugs, excitement, ii. [410], &c.
• Edda, i. 84, ii. [77], &c.
• Egypt, antiquity of culture, i. 54;
  • religion of, future life, ii. [13], [96];
  • animal worship, [238];
  • sun-worship, [295], [311];
  • dualism, [327];
  • polytheism and supremacy, [355].
• El, ii. [355].
• Elagabal, Elagabalus, Heliogabalus, ii. [295], [398].
• Elements, worship of the four, ii. [303].
• Elf-furrows, myth of, i. 393.
• Elijah as thunder-god, ii. [264].
• Elysium, ii. [97].
• Embodiment of souls and spirits, ii. [3], [123], &c.
• Emotional tone, i. 166, &c.
• Emphasis, i. 173.
• Endor, witch of, i. 446.
• Energumens or demoniacs, ii. [139].
• Englishman, Peruvian myth of, i. 354.
• Enigmas, Greek, i. 93.
• Enoch, Book of, i. 408.
• Enthusiasm, changed signification of, ii. [183].
• Epicurean theory of development of culture, i. 37, 60;
  • of soul, 456;
  • of ideas, 497.
• Epileptic fits by demoniacal possession, ii. [130], [137];
  • induced, [419].
• Eponymic ancestors, &c., myths of, i. 387, 398, &c., ii. [235].
• Essence of food consumed by souls, ii. [39];
  • by deities, [381].
• Ethereal substance of soul, i. 454;
  • of spirit, ii. [198].
• Ethnological evidence from myths of monstrous tribes, i. 379, &c.;
  • from eponymic race-genealogies, 401.
• Etiquette, significance of, i. 95.
• Etymological myths:—
  • names of places, i. 395;
  • of persons, 396;
  • nations, cities, &c., traced to eponymic ancestors or founders, 398, &c.
• Euhemerism, i. 279.
• Evans, Sir John, on stone implements, i. 65;
  • Sebastian, i. 106, 453.
• Evil deity, ii. [316], &c.;
  • worshipped only, [320].
• Excitement of convulsions, &c., for religious purposes, ii. [133], [419].
• Exeter, myth on name of, i. 396.
• Exorcism and expulsion of souls and spirits, i. 102, 454, ii. [26], [40], [125], &c., [146], [179], [199], [438].
• Expression of feature causes corresponding tone, i. 165, 183.
• Expressive sound modifies words, i. 215.
• Ex-voto offering, ii. [406], [409].
• Eye of day, of Odin, of Graiæ, i. 350.
• Fables of animals, i. 381, 409.
• Familiar spirits, ii. [199].
• Fancy, in mythology, i. 315, 405.
• Fasting for dreams and visions, i. 306, 445, ii. [410].
• Fauns and satyrs, ii. [227].
• Feasts of the dead, ii. [30];
  • sacrificial banquets, [395].
• Feralia, ii. [42].
• Fergusson, Jas., on tree-worship, ii. [218];
  • serpent-worship, [240].
• Fetch or wraith, i. 448, 452.
• Fetish, etymology of, ii. [143].
• Fetishism:—defined, ii. [143];
  • doctrine of, i. 477, ii. [157], &c., [175], [205], [215], [270], &c.;
  • survival of, ii. [160];
  • its relation to philosophical theory of force, [160];
  • to nature-worship, [205]; to animal-worship, [231];
  • transition to polytheism, [243];
  • to supremacy, [335];
  • to pantheism, [354].
• Fiji and S. Africa, moon-myth common to, i. 355.
• Finger-joints cut off as sacrifice, ii. [400].
• Fingers and toes, counting on, i. 242.
• Finns, as sorcerers, i. 84, 115.
• Fire, passing through or over, i. 85, ii. [281], [429], &c.;
  • lighted on grave, i. 484;
  • drives off spirits, ii. [194];
  • new fire, ii. [278], [290], [297], [432];
  • perpetual fire, [278];
  • sacrifice by fire, [383], &c.
• Fire-drill, i. 15, 50;
  • ceremonial and sportive survival of, 75, ii. [281].
• Fire-god and fire-worship, ii. [277], [376], &c., [403].
• Firmament, belief in existence of, i. 299, ii. [70].
• First Cause, doctrine of, ii. [335].
• Food offered to dead, i. 485, ii. [30], &c.;
  • to deities, ii. [397];
  • how consumed, ii. [39], [376].
• Footprints of souls and spirits, ii. [197].
• Forest-spirits, ii. [215], &c.
• Formalism, ii. [363], [371].
• Formulas:—prayers, ii. [371];
  • charms, [373].
• Fortunate Isles, ii. [63].
• Four winds, cardinal points, i. 361.
• Frances, St., her guardian angels, ii. [203].
• French numeral series in English, i. 268.
• Fumigation, see [Lustration].
• Funeral procession:—
  • horse led in, i. 463, 474;
  • kill persons meeting, 464.
• Funeral sacrifice:—
  • attendants and wives killed for service of dead, i. 458;
  • animals, 472;
  • objects deposited or destroyed, 481;
  • motives of, 458, 472, 483;
  • survival of, 463, 474, 492;
  • see [Feast of Dead].
• Future Life, i. 419, 469, 480, ii. [1], &c., [100];
  • transmigration of soul, ii. [2];
  • remaining on earth or departure to spirit-world, ii. [22];
  • whether races without belief in, [20];
  • connexion with evidence of senses in dreams and visions, [24], [49];
  • locality of region of departed souls, [44], [74];
  • visionary visits to, [46];
  • connexion of solar ideas with, [48], [74], [311], [422];
  • character of future life, [74];
  • continuance-theory, [75];
  • retribution-theory, [83];
  • introduction of moral element, [10], [83];
  • stages or doctrine of future life, [100];
  • its practical effect on mankind, [104];
  • god of the dead, [308].
• Gambling numerals, i. 268.
• Games:—
  • children’s games related to serious occupations, i. 72;
  • counting-games, 74;
  • games of chance related to arts of divination, 78.
• Gataker, on lots, i. 79.
• Gates of Hades, Night, Death, i. 347.
• Gayatri, daily sun-prayer of Brahmans, ii. [292].
• Genders, distinguished as male and female, animate and inanimate, &c., i. 301.
• Genghis-Khan, worshipped, ii. [117].
• Genius, patron or natal, ii. [199], [216];
  • good and evil, [203];
  • changed signification of word, [181].
• German and Scandinavian mythology and religion:—
  • funeral sacrifice, i. 464, 491;
  • Walhalla, ii. [79], [88];
  • Hel, i. 347, ii. [88];
  • Odin, Woden, i. 351, 362, ii. [269];
  • Loki, i. 83, 365;
  • Thor, Thunder, ii. [266];
  • Sun and Moon, i. 289, ii. [294].
• Gesture-language, and gesture accompanying language, i. 163;
  • effect of gesture on vocal tone, 165;
  • gesture-counting original method, i. 246.
• Ghebers or Gours, fire-worshippers, ii. [282].
• Gheel, treatment of lunatics at, ii. [143].
• Ghost:—ghost-soul, i. 142, 428, 433, 445, 488;
  • seen in dreams and visions, 440, &c.;
  • voice of, 452;
  • substance and weight of, 453;
  • of men, animals, and objects, 429, 469, 479;
  • popular theory inconsistent and broken down from primitive, 479;
  • ghost as harmful and vengeful demons, ii. [27];
  • ghosts of unburied wander, ii. [28];
  • ghosts remain near corpse or dwelling, ii. [29], &c.;
  • laying ghosts, ii. [153], [194].
• Giants, myths of, i. 386.
• Gibbon, on development of culture, i. 33.
• Glanvil, Saducismus Triumphatus, ii. [140].
• Glass-mountain, Anafielas, i. 492.
• Godless month, ii. [350].
• Gods:—seen in vision, i. 306;
  • of waters, ii. [209];
  • of trees, groves, and forests, [215];
  • embodied in or represented by animals, [231];
  • gods of species, [242];
  • higher gods of polytheism, [247], &c.;
  • of dualism, [316];
  • gods of different religions compared, [250];
  • classified by common attributes, [254].
• Gog and Magog, i. 386, &c.
• Goguet, on degeneration and development, i. 32.
• Gold, worshipped, ii. [154].
• Good and evil, rudimentary distinction of, ii. [89], [318];
  • good and evil spirits and dualistic deities, [317].
• Goodman’s croft, ii. [408].
• Graiæ, eye of, i. 352.
• Great Spirit, ii. [256], [324], [339], [343], [354], [365], [395].
• Great-eared tribes, i. 388.
• Greek mythology and religion:—nature-myths, i. 320, 328, 349;
  • funeral rites, 464, 490;
  • future life, ii. [53], [63], &c.;
  • nature-spirits and polytheism, [206], &c.;
  • Zeus, [258], &c., [355];
  • Demeter, [273], [306];
  • Nereus, Poseidon, [277];
  • Hephaistos, Hestia, [284];
  • Apollo, [294];
  • Hekate, Artemis, [302];
  • stone-worship, [165];
  • sacrifice, [386], [396];
  • orientation, [426];
  • lustration, [439].
• Grey, Sir George, i. 322.
• Grote, George, on mythology, i. 276, 400.
• Grove-spirits, ii. [215].
• Guarani, name of, i. 401.
• Guardian spirits and angels, ii. [199].
• Gulf of dead, ii. [62].
• Gunthram, dream of i. 442.
• Gypsies, i. 49, 115.
• Hades, under-world of departed souls, i. 335, 340, ii. [65], &c., [81], [97], [309];
  • descent into, i. 340, 345, ii. [45], [54], [83];
  • personification of, i. 340, ii. [55], [309], [311].
• Haetsh, Kamchadal, ii. [46], [313].
• Hagiology, ii. [120], [261];
  • rising in air, i. 151;
  • miracles, i. 157, 371;
  • second-sight, i. 449;
  • hagiolatry, ii. [120].
• Hair, lock of, as offering, ii. [401].
• Half-men, tribes of, i. 391.
• Haliburton, on sneezing-rite, i. 103.
• Hamadryad, ii. [215].
• Hand-numerals, from counting on fingers, &c., i. 246.
• Hanuman, monkey-god, i. 378.
• Harakari, i. 463.
• Harmosios and Aristogeiton, ii. [63].
• Harpies, ii. [269].
• Harpocrates, ii. [295].
• Haruspication, i. 123, ii. [179].
• Harvest-deity, ii. [305], [364], [368].
• Hashish, ii. [379].
• Head-hunting, Dayak, i. 459.
• Headless tribes, myths of, i. 390.
• Healths, drinking, i. 96.
• Heart, related to soul, i. 431, ii. [152].
• Heaven, region of departed souls, ii. [70].
• Heaven and earth, universal father and mother, i. 322, ii. [272], [345].
• Heaven-god, and heaven-worship, i. 306, 322, ii. [255], &c., [337], &c., [367], [395].
• Hebrides, low culture in, i. 45.
• Hekate, i. 150, ii. [302], [418].
• Hel, death-goddess, i. 301, 347, ii. [88], [311].
• Hell, ii. [56], [68], [97];
  • related to Hades, ii. [74], &c.;
  • as place of torment, not conception of savage religion, [103].
• Hellenic race-genealogy, i. 402.
• Hellshoon, i. 491.
• Hephaistos, ii. [212], [280].
• Hera, ii. [305].
• Herakles, ii. [294];
  • and Hesione, i. 339.
• Hermes Trismegistus, ii. [178].
• Hermotimos, i. 439, ii. [13].
• Hero-children suckled by beasts, i. 281.
• Hesiod, Isles of Blest, ii. [63].
• Hestia, ii. [284].
• Hiawatha, poem of, i. 345, 361.
• Hide-boiling, i. 44.
• Hierarchy, polytheistic, ii. [248], [337], [349], &c.
• Hissing, for silence, contempt, respect, i. 197.
• History, relation of myth to, i. 278, 416, ii. [447];
  • criticism of, i. 280;
  • similarity of nature-myth to, 320.
• Hole to let out soul, i. 453.
• Holocaust, ii. [385], [396].
• Holyoake, Holywood, &c., ii. [229].
• Holy Sepulchre, Easter fire at, ii. [297].
• Holy water, ii. [188], [439].
• Holy wells, ii. [214].
• Horne Tooke on interjections, i. 175.
• Horse, sacrificed or led at funeral, i. 463, 473.
• Horseshoes, against witches and demons, i. 140.
• House abandoned to ghost, ii. [25].
• Hucklesbones, i. 82.
• Huitzilopochtli, ii. [254], [307].
• Human sacrifice:—funerals, i. 458;
  • to deities, ii. [271], [385], [389], [398], [403].
• Humbolt, W. v., on continuity, i. 19;
  • on language, 236;
  • on numerals, 253.
• Hume, Natural History of religion, i. 477.
• Huns, as giants, i. 386.
• Hunting-calls, i. 181.
• Hurricane, i. 363.
• Hyades, i. 358.
• Hysteria, &c., by possession, ii. [131], &c.;
  • induced, [419].
• Iamblichus, i. 150, ii. [187].
• Ideas:—Epicurean related to object-souls, i. 497;
  • Platonic related to species-deities, ii. [244].
• Idiots, inspired, ii. [128].
• Idol, see [Image].
• Idolatry as related to fetishism, ii. [168].
• Images:—fallen from heaven, i. 157;
  • as substitutes in sacrifice, i. 463, ii. [405];
  • fed and treated as alive, ii. [170];
  • moving, weeping, sweating, &c., [171];
  • animated by spirits or deities, [172].
• Imagination, based on experience, i. 273, 298, 304.
• Imitative words, i. 200;
  • verbs, &c., of blowing, swelling, mumbling, spitting, sneezing, eating, &c., 203, &c.;
  • names of animals, 206;
  • names of musical instruments, 208;
  • verbs, &c., of striking, cracking, clapping, falling, &c., 211;
  • prevalence of imitative words in savage language, 212;
  • imitative adaptation of words, 214.
• Immateriality of soul, not conception of lower culture, i. 456, ii. [198].
• Immortality of soul, not conception of lower culture, ii. [22].
• Implements, inventions of, i. 64, &c.
• Incas, myth of ancestry and civilization, i. 288, 354, ii. [290], [301].
• Incense, ii. [383].
• Incubi and succubi, ii. [189].
• Indigenes of low culture, i. 50, &c.;
  • considered as sorcerers, 113;
  • myths of, as monsters, 376, &c.
• Indo-Chinese languages, musical pitch of vowels, i. 169.
• Indra, i. 320, ii. [265].
• Infant, lustration of, ii. [430], &c.
• Infernus, ii. [81].
• Innocent VIII., bull against witchcraft, i. 139, ii. [190].
• Inspiration, ii. [124], &c.
• Inspired idiot, ii. [128].
• Interjectional words:—verbs, &c. of wailing, laughing, insulting, complaining, fearing, driving, &c., i. 187;
  • hushing, hissing, loathing, hating, &c., 197.
• Interjections, i. 175;
  • sense-words used as, 176;
  • directly expressive sounds, 183.
• Intoxicating liquor, absence of, i. 63.
• Intoxication as a rite, ii. [417].
• Inventions, development of, i. 14, 62;
  • myths of, 39, 392.
• Iosco, Ioskeha and Tawiscara, myth of, i. 288, 348, ii. [323].
• Ireland, low culture in, i. 44.
• Iron, charm against witches, elves, &c., i. 140.
• Islands, earth of, fatal to serpents, i. 372;
  • of Blest, ii. [57].
• Italian numeral series in English, i. 268.
• Jameson, Mrs., on parables, i. 414.
• Januarius, St., blood of, i. 157.
• Jerome, St., ii. [428].
• Jew’s harp, vowels sounded with, i. 168.
• John, St., Midsummer festival of, ii. [298].
• Johnson, Dr., i. 6, ii. [24].
• Jonah, i. 329.
• Jones, Sir W., on nature deities, ii. [253], [286].
• Joss-sticks, ii. [384].
• Journey to spirit-world, region of dead, i. 481, ii. [44], &c.
• Judge of dead, ii. [92], [314].
• Julius Cæsar, i. 320.
• Jupiter, i. 350, ii. [258], &c.
• Kaaba, black stone of, ii. [166].
• Kalewala, Finnish epic, ii. [46], [80], [93], [261].
• Kali, ii. [425].
• Kami-religion of Japan, ii. [117], [301], [350].
• Kang-hi on magnetic needle, i. 375.
• Kathenotheism, ii. [354].
• Keltic counting by scores continued in French and English, i. 263.
• Kepler on world-soul, ii. [354].
• Kimmerian darkness, ii. [48].
• Kissing, i. 63.
• Kitchi Manitu and Matchi Manitu, Great and Evil Spirit, ii. [324].
• Klemm, Gustav, on development of implements, i. 64.
• Kobong, ii. [235].
• Koran, i. 407, ii. [77], [296].
• Kottabos, game of, i. 82.
• Kronos swallowing children, i. 341.
• Kynokephali, i. 389.
• Lake-dwellers, i. 61.
• Language:—i. 17, 236, ii. [445];
  • directly expressive element in, i. 160;
  • correspondence of this in different languages, 163;
  • interjectional forms, 175;
  • imitative forms, 200;
  • differential forms, 220;
  • children’s language, 223;
  • origin and development of language, 229;
  • relation of language to mythology, 299;
  • gender, 301;
  • language attributed to birds, &c., 19, 469;
  • place of language in development of culture, ii. [445].
• Langue d’oc, &c., i. 193.
• Last breath, inhaling, i. 433.
• Laying ghosts, ii. [25], [153].
• Legge, J., on Confucius, ii. [352].
• Leibnitz, i. 2.
• Lewes, G. H., i. 497.
• Liebrecht, Felix, i. vii., 108, 177, 348-9, ii. [24], [164], [195], &c.
• Life caused by soul, i. 436.
• Light and darkness, analogy of good and evil, ii. [324].
• Likeness of relatives accounted for by re-birth of soul, ii. [3].
• Limbus Patrum, ii. [83].
• Linnæus, name of, ii. [229].
• Little Red Riding-hood, i. 341.
• Loki, 83, 365.
• Lots, divination and gambling by, i. 78.
• Lubbock, Sir J.:—
  • evidence of metallurgy and pottery, against degeneration-theory, i. 57;
  • on low tribes described as without religious ideas, i. 421;
  • on water-worship, ii. [210];
  • on totemism, ii. [237].
• Lucian, i. 149, ii. [13], [52], [67], [302], [426].
• Lucina, ii. [302].
• Lucretius, i. 40, 60, 498.
• Lunatics, demoniacal possession of, ii. [124], &c.
• Lustration, by water and fire, ii. [429], &c.;
  • of new-born children, [430];
  • of women, [432];
  • of those polluted by blood or corpse, [433];
  • general, [434], &c.
• Luther, on witches, i. 137;
  • on guardian angels, ii. [203].
• Lyell, Sir C., on degeneration-theory, i. 57.
• Lying in state, of King of France, ii. [35].
• Lyke-wake dirge, i. 495.
• McLennan, J. F., theory of totemism, ii. [236].
• Macrocosm, i. 350, ii. [354].
• Madness and idiocy by possession, ii. [128], &c., [179].
• Magic:—
  • origin and development, i. 112, 132;
  • belongs to low level of culture, 112;
  • attributed to low tribes, 113;
  • based on association of ideas, 116;
  • processes of divination, 78, 118;
  • relation to Stone Age, 127;
  • see [Fetishism].
• Magnetic Mountain, philosophical myth of, i. 374.
• Maistre, Count de, on degeneration in culture, i. 35;
  • astrology, 128;
  • animation of stars, 291.
• Makrokephali, i. 391.
• Malleus Maleficarum, ii. [140], [191].
• Man, primitive condition of, i. 21, ii. [443];
  • see [Savage].
• Man of the woods, bushman, orang-utan, i. 381.
• Man swallowed by monster, nature-myth of, i. 335, &c.
• Manco Capac, i. 354.
• Manes and manes-worship, i. 98, 143, 434, ii. [8], [111], &c., [129], [162], [307], [364];
  • theory of, ii. [113], &c.;
  • divine ancestor or first man as great deity, [311], [347].
• Manichæism, ii. [14], [330].
• Manitu, ii. [249], [324], [339].
• Manoa, golden city of, ii. [249].
• Manu, laws of:—ordeal by water, i. 141;
  • pitris, ii. [119].
• Marcus Curtius, leap of, ii. [378].
• Margaret, St., i. 340.
• Markham, C. R., i. vii., ii. [337], [366], [392], &c.
• Marriages in May, i. 70.
• Mars, ii. [308].
• Martius, Dr. V., on dualism, ii. [325].
• Maruts, Vedic, i. 362, ii. [268].
• Mass, ii. [410].
• Master of life or breath, ii. [339], [343], [365].
• Materiality of soul, i. 453;
  • of spirit, ii. [198].
• Maui, i. 335, 343, 360, ii. [253], [267], [279].
• Maundevile, Sir John, i. 375, ii. [45].
• Medicine, of N. A. Indians, ii. [154], [200], [233], [372], &c., [411].
• Meiners, History of Religions, ii. [27], [48], &c.
• Melissa, i. 491.
• Men descended from apes, myths of, i. 376;
  • men with tails, 383.
• Menander, guardian genius, ii. [201].
• Merit and demerit, Buddhist, ii. [12], [98].
• Messalians, i. 103.
• Metaphor, i. 234, 297;
  • myths from, 405.
• Metaphysics, relation of animism to, i. 497, ii. [242], [311].
• Metempsychosis, i. 379, 409, 469, 476, ii. [2];
  • origin of, ii. [16].
• Micare digitis, i. 75.
• Middleton, Conyers, i. 157, ii. [121].
• Midgard-snake, ii. [241].
• Midsummer festival, ii. [298].
• Milk and blood, sacrifices of, ii. [48];
  • see [Blood].
• Milky Way, myths of, i. 359, ii. [72].
• Mill, J. S., on ideas of number, i. 240.
• Milton, on eponymic kings of Britain, i. 400.
• Minne, drinking, i. 96.
• Minucius Felix, on spirits, &c., ii. [179].
• Miracles, i. 276, 371, ii. [121].
• Mithra, i. 351, ii. [293], [297].
• Moa, legend of, ii. [50].
• Mohammed, legend of, i. 407.
• Moloch, ii. [403].
• Money borrowed to be repaid in next life, i. 491.
• Monkeys, preserved as dwarfs, i. 388;
  • see [Apes].
• Monotheism, ii. [331].
• Monster, driven off at eclipse, i. 328;
  • hero or maiden devoured by, 335.
• Monstrous mythic human tribes, ape-like, tailed, gigantic and dwarfish, noseless, great-eared, dog-headed, &c., i. 376, &c.;
  • their ethnological significance, 379, &c.
• Month’s mind, i. 83.
• Moon:—
  • omens and influence by changes, i. 130;
  • myths of, 288, 354;
  • inconstant, 354;
  • changes typical of death and new life, i. 354, ii. [300];
  • moon-myths common to S. Africa and Fiji, i. 354, and to Bengal and Malay Peninsula, 356;
  • moon abode of departed souls, ii. [70].
• Moon-god and moon-worship, i. 289, ii. [299], &c., [323].
• Moral and social condition of low tribes, i. 29, &c.
• Moral element in culture, i. 28;
  • absent or scanty in lower religions, i. 247, ii. [361];
  • divides lower from higher religions, ii. [361];
  • introduced in funeral sacrifice, i. 495;
  • in transmigration, ii. [12];
  • in future life, [85], &c.;
  • in dualism, [316], &c.;
  • in prayer, [373];
  • in sacrifice, [386], &c.;
  • in lustration, [429].
• Morals and law, ii. [448].
• Morbid imagination related to myth, i. 305.
• Morbid excitement for religious purposes, ii. [416], &c.
• Morning and evening stars, myths of, i. 344, 350.
• Morra, game of, in Europe and China, i. 75.
• Morzine, demoniacal possessions at, i. 152, ii. [141].
• Mound-builders, i. 56.
• Mountain, abode of departed souls on, ii. [60];
  • ascending for rain, [260].
• Mouth of Night and Death, myths of, i. 347.
• Müller, J. G., on future life, ii. [90], &c.
• Müller, Max:—on language and myth, i. 299;
  • funeral rites of Brahmans, 466;
  • heaven-god, ii. [258], [353];
  • sun-myth of Yama, [314];
  • Chinese Religion, [352];
  • kathenotheism, [354].
• Mummies, ii. [19], [34], [151].
• Musical instruments named from sound, i. 208.
• Musical tone used in language, i. 168, 174.
• Mutilation of soul with body, i. 451.
• Mythology:—i. 23, 273, &c.;
  • formation and laws of, 273, &c.;
  • allegorical interpretation, 277;
  • mixture with history, 278;
  • rationalization, euhemerism, &c., 278;
  • classification and interpretation, 281, 317, &c.;
  • nature-myths, 284, 316, &c.;
  • personification and animation of nature, 285;
  • grammatical gender as related to, 301;
  • personal names of objects as related to, 303;
  • morbid delusion, 305;
  • similarity of nature-myths to real history, 319;
  • historical import of mythology, i. 416, ii. [446];
  • its place in culture, ii. [446];
  • philosophical myths, i. 366;
  • explanatory legends, 392;
  • etymological myths, 395;
  • eponymic myths, 399;
  • legends from fancy and metaphor, 405;
  • realized or pragmatic legends, 407;
  • allegory and parables, 408.
• Myths:—myth-riddles, i. 93;
  • origin of sneezing-rite, 101;
  • foundation-sacrifice, 104;
  • heroes suckled by beasts, 281;
  • sun, moon, and stars, 288, &c.;
  • eclipse, 288;
  • waterspout, 292;
  • sand-pillar, 293;
  • rainbow, 293, 297;
  • waterfalls, rocks, &c., 295;
  • disease, death, pestilence, 295;
  • phenomena of nature, 297, 320;
  • heaven and earth, i. 322, ii. [345];
  • sunrise and sunset, day and night, death and life, i. 335, ii. [48], [62], [322];
  • moon, inconstant, typical of death, i. 353;
  • civilization-legends, 39, 353;
  • winds, i. 361, ii. [266];
  • thunder, i. 362, ii. [264];
  • men and apes, development and degeneration, i. 378;
  • ape-men, 379;
  • men with tails, 382;
  • giants and dwarfs, 385;
  • monstrous men, 389;
  • personal names introduced, 394;
  • race-genealogies of nations, 402;
  • beast-fables, 409;
  • visits to spirit-world, ii. [46], &c.;
  • giant with soul in egg, [153];
  • transformation into trees, [219];
  • dualistic myth of two brothers, [320].
• Nagas, serpent-worshippers, ii. [218], [240].
• Names:—
  • of children in numerical series, i. 254;
  • of objects as related to myth, 303;
  • of personal heroes introduced into myths, 394;
  • of places, tribes, countries, &c., myths formed from, 396;
  • ancestral names given to children, ii. [4];
  • name-giving ceremonials, ii. [429].
• Natural religion, i. 427, ii. [103], [356].
• Nature, conceived of as personal and animated, i. 285, 478, ii. [184].
• Nature-deities, polytheistic, ii. [255], [376].
• Nature-myths, i. 284, 316, &c., 326.
• Nature-spirits, elves, nymphs, &c., ii. [184], [204], &c.
• Necromancy, i. 143, 312, 446;
  • see [Manes].
• Negative and affirmative particles, i. 192.
• Negroes re-born as whites, ii. [5].
• Neo or Hawaneu, ii. [333].
• Neptune, ii. [276].
• Nereus, ii. [274], [277].
• Neuri, i. 313.
• New birth of soul, ii. [3].
• Newton, Sir Isaac, on sensible species, i. 498.
• Nicene Council, spirit-writing at, i. 148.
• Nicodemus, Gospel of, ii. [54].
• Niebuhr, on origin of culture, i. 41.
• Night, myths of, i. 334, ii. [48], [61].
• Nightmare-demon, ii. [189], [193].
• Nilsson, Sven, on development of culture, i. 61, 64.
• Nirvana, ii. [12], [79].
• Nix, water-demon, i. 110, ii. [213].
• Norns or Fates, i. 352.
• Noseless tribes, i. 388.
• Notation, arithmetical, quinary, decimal, vigesimal, i. 261.
• Numerals:—low tribes only to 3 or 5, i. 242;
  • derivation of numerals from counting fingers and toes, 246;
  • from other significant objects, 251;
  • series of number-names of children, 254;
  • new formation of numerals, 255;
  • etymology of, 259, 270;
  • numerals borrowed from foreign languages, 266;
  • initials of numerals, used as figures, 269;
  • see [Notation].
• Nympholepsy, ii. [137].
• Nymphs:—water-nymphs, ii. [212];
  • tree-nymphs, [219], [227].
• Objectivity of dreams and visions, i. 442, 479;
  • abandoned, 500.
• Objects treated as personal, i. 286, 477, ii. [205];
  • souls or phantoms of objects, i. 478, 497, ii. [9];
  • dispatched to dead by funeral sacrifice, i. 481.
• Occult sciences, see [Magic].
• Odin, or Woden, as heaven-god, i. 351, 362, ii. [269];
  • one-eyed, i. 351.
• Odysseus, unbinding of, i. 153;
  • descent to Hades, i. 346, ii. [48], [65].
• Ohio, Ontario, i. 190.
• Ojibwa, myth of, i. 345, ii. [46].
• Oki, demon, ii. [208], [255], [342].
• Old man of sea, ii. [277].
• Omens, i. 97, 118, &c., 145, 449.
• Omophore, Manichæan, i. 365.
• One-eyed tribes, i. 391.
• Oneiromancy, i. 121.
• Opening to let out soul, i. 453.
• Ophiolatry, see [Serpent-worship].
• Ophites, ii. [242].
• Oracles, i. 94, ii. [411];
  • by inspiration or possession, ii. [124], &c., [179].
• Orang-utan, i. 381.
• Orcus, ii. [67], [80].
• Ordeal by fire, i. 85;
  • by sieve and shears, 128;
  • by water, 140;
  • by bear’s head, ii. [231].
• Ordinal numbers, i. 257.
• Oregon, Orejones, i. 389.
• Orientation, solar rite or symbolism, ii. [422].
• Origin of language, i. 231;
  • numerals, 247.
• Orion, i. 358, ii. [81].
• Ormuzd, ii. [283], [328].
• Orpheus and Eurydike, i. 346, ii. [48].
• Osiris, ii. [67], [295];
  • and Isis, i. 289.
• Otiose supreme deity, ii. [320], [336], &c.
• Outcasts, distinct from savages, i. 43, 49.
• Owain, Sir, visit to Purgatory, ii. [56].
• Pachacamac, ii. [337], [366].
• Pandora, myth of, i. 408.
• Panotii, i. 389.
• Pantheism, ii. [332], [341], [354].
• Papa, mamma, &c., i. 223.
• Paper figures substitutes in sacrifice, i. 464, 493, ii. [405].
• Parables, i. 411.
• Pars pro toto in sacrifice, ii. [399].
• Parthenogenesis, ii. [190], [307].
• Particles, affirmative and negative, i. 192;
  • of distance, 220.
• Passage de l’Enfer, ii. [65].
• Patrick, St., i. 372;
  • his Purgatory, i. 45, 55.
• Patroklos, i. 444, 464.
• Patron saints, ii. [120];
  • patron spirits, [199].
• Pattern and matter, ii. [246].
• Pennycomequick, i. 396.
• Periander, i. 491.
• Perkun, Perun, ii. [266].
• Persephone, myth of, i. 321.
• Perseus and Andromeda, i. 339.
• Persian race-genealogy, i. 403.
• Personal names, in mythology, i. 303, 394, 396.
• Personification:—natural phenomena, i. 28, &c., 320, 477, ii. [205], [254];
  • disease, death, &c., i. 295;
  • ideas, 300;
  • tribes, cities, countries, &c., 339;
  • Hades, i. 339, ii. [55].
• Pestilence, personification and myths of, i. 295.
• Peter and Paul, Acts of, i. 372.
• Petit bonhomme, game of, i. 77.
• Petronius Arbiter, i. 75, ii. [261].
• Philology, Generative, i. 198, 230.
• Philosophical myths, i. 368.
• Phrase-melody, i. 174.
• Pillars of Hercules, i. 395.
• Pipe, i. 208.
• Pithecusæ, i. 377.
• Places, myths from names of, i. 395.
• Planchette, i. 147.
• Plants, souls of, i. 474.
• Plath, on Chinese religion, ii. [352], &c.
• Plato, on transmigration, ii. [13];
  • Platonic ideas, [244].
• Pleiades, i. 291, 358.
• Pliny on magic, i. 133;
  • on eclipses, 334.
• Plurality of souls, i. 433.
• Plutarch, visits to spirit-world, ii. [53].
• Pneuma, psyche, i. 433, &c.
• Pointer-facts, i. 62.
• Polytheism, ii. [247], &c.;
  • based on analogy of human society, ii. [248], [337], [349], [352];
  • classification of deities by attributes, [255];
  • heaven-god, [255], [334], &c.;
  • rain-god, [259];
  • thunder-god, [262];
  • wind-god, [266];
  • earth-god, [270];
  • water-god, [274];
  • sea-god, [275];
  • fire-god, [277];
  • sun-god, [286], [335], &c.;
  • moon-god, [299];
  • gods of childbirth, agriculture, war, &c., [304];
  • god and judge of dead, [308];
  • first man, divine ancestor, [311];
  • evil deity, [316];
  • supreme deity, [332];
  • relation of polytheism to monotheism, [331].
• Popular rhymes, &c., i. 86;
  • sayings, i. 19, 83, 122, 313, ii. [268], [353].
• Poseidon, i. 365, ii. [277], [378].
• Possession and obsession, see [Demons], [Embodiment].
• Pott, A. F., on reduplication, i. 219;
  • on numerals, 261.
• Pottery, evidence from remains, i. 56;
  • absence of potter’s wheel, 45, 63.
• Pozzuoli, myth of subsidence of, i. 372.
• Pragmatic or realized myths, i. 407.
• Prayer:—
  • doctrine of, ii. [364], &c.;
  • relation to nationality, [371];
  • introduction of moral element, [373];
  • prayers, i. 98, ii. [136], [208], [261], [280], [292], [329], [338], [364], &c., [435];
  • rosary, ii. [372];
  • prayer-mill and prayer-wheel, [372].
• Prehistoric archæology, i. 55, &c.; ii. [443].
• Priests consume sacrifices, ii. [379].
• Prithivi, i. 327, ii. [258], [272].
• Procopius, voyage of souls to Britain, ii. [64].
• Progression in culture, i. 14, 32;
  • inventions, 62, &c.;
  • language, 236;
  • arithmetic, 270;
  • philosophy of religion, see [Animism].
• Prometheus, i. 365, ii. [400].
• Proverbs, i. 84, &c.;
  • see [Popular Sayings].
• Psychology, i. 428.
• Pupil of eye, related to soul, i. 431.
• Purgatory, ii. [68], [92];
  • St. Patrick’s, [55].
• Purification, see [Lustration].
• Puss, i. 178.
• Pygmies, myths of, i. 385;
  • connected with dolmens, 387;
  • monkeys as, 388.
• Pythagoras, metempsychosis, ii. [13].
• Quaternary period, i. 58.
• Quetelet, on social laws, i. 11.
• Quinary numeration and notation, i. 261;
  • in Roman numeral letters, 263.
• Races:—
  • distribution of culture among, i. 49;
  • culture of mixed races, Gauchos, &c., 46, 52;
  • ethnology in eponymic genealogies, 401;
  • moral condition of low races, 26;
  • considered as magicians, 113;
  • as monsters, 380.
• Rahu and Ketu, eclipse-monsters, i. 379.
• Rain-god, ii. [254], [259].
• Rainbow, myths of, i. vii. 293, ii. [239].
• Ralston, W. R., i. 342, ii. [245], &c.
• Rangi and Papa, i. 322, ii. [345].
• Rapping, omens and communications by, i. 144, ii. [221].
• Rationalization of myths, i. 278.
• Red Swan, myth of, i. 345.
• Reduplication, i. 219.
• Reid, Dr., on ideas, i. 499.
• Relics, ii. [150].
• Religion, i. 22, ii. [357], [449];
  • whether any tribes without, i. 417;
  • accounts misleading among low tribes, 419;
  • rudimentary definition of, 424;
  • adoption from foreign religions, future life, ii. [91];
  • ideas and names of deities, [254], [309], [331], [344];
  • dualism, [316], [322];
  • supreme deity, [333];
  • natural religion, i. 427, ii. [103], [356].
• Resurrection, ii. [5], [18].
• Retribution-theory of future life, ii. [83];
  • not conception of lower culture, [83].
• Return and restoration of soul, i. 436.
• Revival, in culture, i. 136, 141.
• Revivals, morbid symptoms in religious, ii. [421].
• Reynard the Fox, i. 412.
• Riddles, i. 90.
• Ring, divination by swinging, i. 126.
• Rising in air, supernatural, i. 149, ii. [415].
• Rites, religious, ii. [362], &c.
• River of death, i. 473, 480, ii. [23], [29], [51], [94].
• River-gods and river-worship, ii. [209].
• River-spirits, i. 109, ii. [209], [407].
• Rock, spirit of, ii. [207].
• Roman mythology and religion:—funeral rites, ii. [42];
  • future life, [45], [67], [81];
  • nature-spirits, [220], [227];
  • polytheism, [251];
  • Jupiter, [258], [265];
  • Neptune, [277];
  • Vesta, [285];
  • Lucina, [302], &c.
• Roman numeral letters, i. 263.
• Romulus, patron deity of children, ii. [121];
  • and Remus, i. 281.
• Rosary, ii. [372].
• Sabæism, ii. [296].
• Sacred springs, streams, &c., ii. [209];
  • trees and groves, [222];
  • animals, [234], [378].
• Sacrifice:—origin and theory of, ii. [375], &c., [207], [269];
  • manner of consumption or reception by deity, [216], [376], &c., see [39];
  • motive of sacrificer, [393], &c.;
  • substitution, [399];
  • survival, i. 76, ii. [214], [228], [406].
• Saint-Foix, i. 474, ii. [35].
• Saints, worship of, ii. [120].
• Samson’s riddle, i. 93.
• Sanchoniathon, ii. [221].
• Sand-pillar, myths of, i. 293.
• Sanskrit roots, i. 197, 224.
• Savage, man of woods, i. 382.
• Savage culture as representative of primitive culture:—i. 21, ii. [443];
  • magic, witchcraft, and spiritualism, i. 112, &c.;
  • language, i. 236, ii. [445];
  • numerals, i. 242;
  • myth, 284, 324;
  • doctrine of souls, 499;
  • future life, ii. [102];
  • animistic theory of nature, i. 285, ii. [180], [356];
  • polytheism, [248];
  • dualism, [317];
  • supremacy, [334];
  • rites and ceremonies, [363], [375], [411], [421], [429].
• Savitar, ii. [292].
• Scalp, i. 460.
• Scores, counting by, i. 263.
• Sea, myths of, ii. [275].
• Sea-god and sea-worship, ii. [275], [377].
• Second death, ii. [22].
• Second sight, i. 143, 447.
• Semitic race, no savage tribe among, i. 49;
  • antiquity of culture, 54;
  • race-genealogy, 404.
• Sennaar, i. 395.
• Serpent emblem of immortality and eternity, ii. [241].
• Serpent-worship, ii. [8], [239], [310], [347].
• Sex distinguished by phonetic modification, i. 222.
• Shadow related to soul, i. 430, 435;
  • shadowless men, 85, 430.
• Shell-mounds, i. 61.
• Sheol, ii. [68], [81];
  • gates of, i. 347.
• Shingles, disease, i. 307.
• Shoulder-blade, divination by, i. 124.
• Sieve and shears, oracle by, i. 128.
• Silver at new moon, ii. [302].
• Sing-bonga, ii. [291], [350].
• Skylla and Charybdis, ii. [208].
• Slaves sacrificed to serve dead, i. 458.
• Sling, i. 73.
• Snakes, destroyed in Ireland, &c., i. 372.
• Sneezing, salutation on, i. 97;
  • connected with spiritual influence, 97.
• Social rank retained in future life, ii. [22], [84].
• Sokrates, ii. [137], [294];
  • demon of [202];
  • prayer of, [373].
• Soma, Haoma, ii. [418].
• Soul, doctrine of, definition and general course in history, i. 428, 499;
  • cause of life, 428;
  • qualities as conceived by lower races, 428;
  • conception of, related to dreams and visions, i. 429, ii. [24], [410];
  • related to shadow, heart, blood, pupil of eye, breath, i. 430;
  • plurality or division of, 434;
  • exit of, i. 309, 438, &c., 448, ii. [50];
  • restoration of, i. 436, 475;
  • trance, ecstasy, 439;
  • dreams, 440;
  • visions, 445;
  • soul not visible to all, 446;
  • likeness to body, i. 450;
  • mutilated with body, 451;
  • voice, a whisper, chirp, &c., 452;
  • material substance of soul, i. 453, ii. [198];
  • ethereality not immateriality of, in lower culture, i. 456;
  • human souls transmitted by funeral sacrifice to future life, i. 458, ii. [31];
  • souls of animals, i. 467, ii. [41];
  • their future life and transmission by funeral sacrifice, i. 469;
  • souls of plants, trees, &c., i. 474, ii. [10];
  • souls of objects, i. 476, ii. [9], [75], [153], &c.;
  • transmission by funeral sacrifice, i. 481;
  • conveyed or consumed in sacrifice to deities, ii. [216], [389];
  • object-souls related to ideas, i. 497;
  • existence of soul after death of body, i. 428, &c., ii. [1], &c.;
  • transmigration or metempsychosis, ii. [2];
  • new birth in human body, [3];
  • in animal body, plant, inert object, [9], &c.;
  • souls remain on earth among survivors, near dwelling, corpse, or tomb, i. 148, 447, ii. [25], &c., [150];
  • souls called up by necromancer or medium, i. 143, 312, 446, ii. [136], &c.;
  • food set out for, ii. [30], &c.;
  • region of departed souls, ii. [59], &c., [73], [244];
  • future life of, i. 458, &c., ii. [74], &c.;
  • relation of soul to spirit in general, ii. [109];
  • souls pass into demons, patron-spirits, deities, [111], [124], [192], [200], [364], [375];
  • manes-worship, [112], &c.;
  • souls embodied in men, animals, plants, objects, [147], [153], [192], [232];
  • mystic meaning of word soul, [359].
• Soul of world, ii. [335], &c., [354].
• Soul-mass cake, ii. [43].
• Sound-words, i. 231.
• Speaking machine, i. 170.
• Spear-thrower, i. 66.
• Species-deities, ii. [242].
• Spencer and Gillen, ii. [236].
• Sphinx, i. 90.
• Spirit:—course of meaning of word, i. 433, ii. [181], [206], [359];
  • animism, doctrine of spirits, i. 424, ii. [108], [356];
  • doctrine of spirit founded on that of soul, ii. [109];
  • spirits connected and confounded with souls, ii. [109], [363];
  • spirits seen in dreams and visions, i. 306, 440, ii. [154], [189], [194], [411];
  • action of spirits, i. 125, ii. [111], &c.;
  • embodiment of spirits, ii. [123];
  • disease by attack of, [126];
  • oracular inspiration by, [130];
  • whistling, &c., voice of, i. 453, ii. [135];
  • act through fetishes, ii. [143], &c.;
  • through idols, [167];
  • spirits causes of nature, [185], [204], &c., [250];
  • good and evil spirits, [186], [319];
  • spirits swarm in dark, fire drives off, [194];
  • seen by animals, [196];
  • footprints of, i. 455, ii. [197];
  • ethereal-material substance of, ii. [198];
  • exclusion, expulsion, exorcism of, [125], [199];
  • patron, guardian, and familiar spirits, [199];
  • nature-spirits of volcanoes, whirlpools, rocks, &c., [207];
  • water-spirits and deities, [209], [407];
  • tree-spirits and deities, [215];
  • spirits subordinate to great polytheistic deities, [248], &c.;
  • spirits receive prayer, [363];
  • sacrifice, [75];
  • see [Animism], &c.
• Spirit, Great, ii. [256], [324], [339], &c., [354], [365], [395].
• Spirit-footprints, i. 455, ii. [197].
• Spiritualism, modern:—
  • its origin in savage culture, i. 141, 155, 426, ii. [25], [39];
  • spirit-rapping, i. 144, ii. [193], [221], [407];
  • spirit-writing, [147];
  • rising in air, [149];
  • supernatural unbinding, [153];
  • moving objects, &c., i. 439, ii. [156], [319], [441];
  • mediums, i. 146, 312, ii. [132], [410];
  • oracular possession, i. 148, ii. [135], [141].
• Spirit-world, journey or visit to, by soul, i. 439, 481, ii. [44], &c.
• Spitting, i. 103;
  • lustration with spittle, ii. [439], [441].
• Standing-stones, objects of worship, ii. [164].
• Stanley, A. P., ii. [387].
• Stars, myths of, i. 288, 356;
  • souls of, i. 291.
• Staunton, William, his visit to Purgatory, ii. [58].
• Stock-and-stone-worship, ii. [161], &c., [254], [388].
• Stone, myths of men turned to, i. 353;
  • stone-worship, ii. [160], &c., [254], [388].
• Stone Age, i. 56, &c.;
  • magic as belonging to, 140;
  • myths of giants and dwarfs as belonging to, 385.
• Storm, myths of, i. 322;
  • storm-god, i. 323, ii. [266].
• Strut, i. 62.
• Substitutes in sacrifice, i. 106, 463, ii. [399], &c.
• Succubi, see Incubi.
• Sucking cure, ii. [146].
• Suicide, body of, staked down, ii. [29], [193].
• Sun, myths of, i. 288, 319, 335, &c., ii. [48], [66], [323];
  • sunset, myths of, connected with death and future life, i. 335, 345, ii. [48], &c., [311];
  • sun abode of departed souls, ii. [69].
• Sun-god and sun-worship, i. 99, 288, 353, ii. [263], [285], [323], &c., [376], &c., [408], [422], &c.;
  • sun and moon as good and evil deity, ii. [324], &c.
• Superlative, triple, i. 265.
• Superstition, case of survival, i. 16, 72, &c.
• Supreme deity, ii. [332], [367];
  • heaven-god, &c., as, [255], [337], &c.;
  • sun-god as, [290], [337], &c.;
  • conception of, in manes-worship, [334];
  • as chief of divine hierarchy, [335], &c.;
  • first cause, [335].
• Survival in culture, i. 16, &c., 70, &c., ii. [403];
  • children’s games, i. 72;
  • games of chance, &c., 78;
  • proverbs, 89;
  • riddles, 91;
  • sneezing-salutation, 98;
  • foundation-sacrifice, 104;
  • not save drowning, 108;
  • magic, witchcraft, &c., 112;
  • spiritualism, 141;
  • numeration, 262, 271;
  • deodand, 287;
  • were-wolves, 313;
  • eclipse-monster, 330;
  • animism, i. 500, ii. [356];
  • funeral sacrifice, i. 463, 474, 492;
  • feasts of dead, ii. [35], [41];
  • possession, [140];
  • fetishism, [159];
  • stone-worship, [168];
  • water-worship, [213];
  • fire-worship, [285];
  • sun-worship, [297];
  • moon-worship, [302];
  • heaven-worship, [353];
  • sacrifice, [406], &c.
• Susurrus necromanticus, i. 453, ii. [135].
• Suttee, i. 465.
• Swedenborg, spiritualism of, i. 144, 450, ii. [18], [204].
• Symbolic connexion in magic, &c., i. 116, &c., ii. [144];
  • symbolism in religious ceremony, ii. [362], &c.
• Symplegades, i. 350.
• Tabor, i. 209.
• Tacitus, i. 333, ii. [228], [273].
• Tailed men, i. 383.
• Tangaroa, Taaroa, ii. [345].
• Tari Pennu, ii. [271], [349], [368], [404].
• Taronhiawagon, ii. [256], [309].
• Tarots, i. 82.
• Tartarus, ii. [97].
• Tatar race, culture of, i. 51;
  • race-genealogy of, 404.
• Tattooing, mythic origin of, i. 393.
• Taylor, Jeremy, on lots, i. 79.
• Teeth-defacing, mythic origin of, i. 393.
• Temple, Jewish, ii. [426].
• Tertullian, i. 456, ii. [188], [427].
• Tezcatlipoca, ii. [197], [344], [391].
• Theodorus, St., church of, ii. [121].
• Theophrastus, ii. [165].
• Theresa, St., her visions, ii. [415].
• Thor, ii. [266].
• Thought, conveyance of, by vocal tone, i. 166;
  • Epicurean theory of, 497;
  • savage conception of, ii. [311].
• Thousand and One Nights:
  • —water-spout and sand-pillar, i. 292;
  • Magnetic Mountain, 374;
  • Abdallah of Sea and Abdallah of Land, ii. [106].
• Thunder-bird, myths of, i. 363, ii. [262];
  • thunder-bolt, ii. [262].
• Thunder-god, ii. [262], [305], [312], [337], &c.
• Tien and Tu, ii. [257], [272], [352].
• Tlaloc, Tlalocan, ii. [61], [274], [309].
• Tobacco smoked as sacrifice or incense, ii. [287], [343], [383];
  • to cause morbid vision, &c., [417].
• Torngarsuk, ii. [340].
• Tortoise, World, i. 364.
• Totem-ancestors, i. 402, ii. [235];
  • totemism, ii. [235].
• Traditions, credibility of, i. 275, 280, 370;
  • of early culture, i. 39, 52.
• Transformation-myths, i. 308, 377, ii. [10], [220].
• Transmigration of souls, i. 379, 409, 469, 476, ii. [2], &c.;
  • theory of, ii. [16].
• Trapezus, i. 396.
• Trees, objects suspended to, ii. [150], [223].
• Tree-souls, i. 475, ii. [10], [215];
  • tree-spirits, i. 476, ii. [148], [215].
• Tribe-names, mythic ancestors, i. 398;
  • tribe-deities, ii. [234].
• Tribes without religion, i. 417.
• Tuckett, F. F., i. 373.
• Tumuli, remains of funeral sacrifice in, i. 486.
• Tupan, ii. [263], [305], [333].
• Turks, race-genealogy of, i. 403.
• Turnskins, i. 308, &c.
• Twin brethren, N. A. dualistic myth, ii. [320], &c.
• Two paths, allegory of, i. 409.
• Uiracocha, ii. [338], [366].
• Ukko, ii. [257], [261], [265].
• Ulster, mythic etymology of, ii. [65].
• Unbinding, supernatural, i. 153.
• Under-world, sun and souls of dead descend to, ii. [66];
  • see [Hades].
• Unkulunkulu, ii. [116], [313], [347].
• Vampires, ii. [191].
• Vapour-bath, narcotic, of Scyths and N. A. Indians, ii. [417].
• Vasilissa the Beautiful, i. 342.
• Vatnsdæla Saga, i. 439.
• Veda, i. 54, 351, 362, 465, ii. [72], [265], [281], [354], [371], [386].
• Vegetal, sensitive, and rational souls, i. 435.
• Ventriloquism, i. 453, ii. [132], [182].
• Vergil, Polydore, ii. [409].
• Versipelles, i. 308, &c.
• Vesta, ii. [285].
• Vigesimal notation, i. 261;
  • survival in French and English, 263.
• Visions:—
  • mythic fancy in, i. 305;
  • are apparitions of spirits, 143, 445, 478, ii. [194], [410];
  • as evidence of future life, [24], [49];
  • fasting for, [410];
  • use of drugs to cause, [416].
• Visits to spirit-world, i. 436, 481, ii. [46], &c.
• Vitruvius, on orientation, ii. [427].
• Vocal tone, i. 166, &c.
• Voice of ghosts and other spirits, whisper, twitter, murmur, i. 452, ii. [134].
• Volcano, mouth of underworld, i. 344, 364, ii. [69];
  • caused by spirits, [207].
• Vowels, i. 168.
• Vulcan, ii. [280], [284].
• Wainamoinen, ii. [46], [93].
• Waitz, Theodor, Anthropologie der Naturvölker, i. vi.;
  • fetishism, ii. [157], [176].
• Walhalla, i. 491, ii. [77], [88].
• War-god, ii. [306].
• Warriors, fate of souls of, ii. [87].
• Wassail, i. 97, 101.
• Water, spirits not cross, i. 442.
• Waterfalls and waterspouts, myths, of, i. 292, 294.
• Water-gods and water-worship, ii. [209], [274], [376], [407].
• Water-spirits and water-monsters, i. 109, ii. [208], &c.
• Watling Street, Milky Way, i. 360.
• Weapons, i. 64, &c.;
  • personal names given to, 303.
• Wedgwood, Hensleigh, on imitative language, i. 161.
• Weight of soul, i. 455;
  • of spirit, ii. [198].
• Well-worship, ii. [209], &c.
• Werewolves, &c., doctrine of, i. 113, 308, &c., 435, ii. [193].
• West, mythic conceptions of, as region of night and death, i. 337, 343, ii. [48], [61], [66], [311], &c., [422], &c.;
  • see [East and West].
• Whately, Archbishop, on origin of culture, i. 38, 41.
• Wheatstone, Sir C., i. 170.
• Wheel-lock, i. 15.
• Whirlpool, spirit of, ii. [207].
• Widow-sacrifice, i. 458.
• Wild Hunt, i. 362, ii. [269].
• Wilson, Daniel, on dual and plural, i. 265.
• Wind gods, ii. [266].
• Winds, myths of, i. 360.
• Witchcraft, i. 116, &c.;
  • origin in savage culture, 138;
  • mediæval revival, 138;
  • iron charm against, 140;
  • ordeal by water, 140;
  • rising in air, 152;
  • doctrine of werewolves, 312;
  • incubi and succubi, ii. [190];
  • witch ointment, [418].
• Woden, see [Odin].
• Wolf of Night, i. 341.
• Wong, ii. [176], [205], [348].
• World pervaded by spirits, ii. [137], [180], [185], [205], [250].
• Worship as related to belief, i. 427, ii. [362].
• Wraith or fetch, i. 448, 451.
• Wright, Thomas, ii. [56], [65].
• Wuttke, Adolf, i. 456, &c.
• Xerxes, i. 286, ii. [378].
• Yama, ii. [54], [314].
• Yawning, possession, i. 102.
• Yezidism, ii. [329].
• Zend-Avesta, i. 116, 351, ii. [98], [293], [328], [438].
• Zeus, i. 328, 350, ii. [258], &c., [353].
• Zingani, myth of name, i. 400.
• Zoroastrism, ii. [20], [98], [282], [319], [328], [354], [374], [400], [438].

THE END.

Footnotes

[1]. Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jés. dans la Nouvelle France,’ 1636, p. 130; Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. vi. p. 75. See Brinton, p. 253.

[2]. Waitz, vol. iii. p. 195, see p. 213. Morse, ‘Report on Indian Affairs,’ p. 345.

[3]. Mayne, ‘British Columbia,’ p. 181.

[4]. Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ pp. 248, 258, see p. 212. See also Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 353; Meiners, vol. ii. p. 793.

[5]. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 28.

[6]. Bastian, ‘Zur vergl. Psychologie,’ in Lazarus and Steinthal’s ‘Zeitschrift,’ vol. v. p. 160, &c., also Papuas and other races.

[7]. Burton, ‘W. & W. fr. W. Afr.’ p. 376.

[8]. Krapf, ‘E. Afr.’ p. 201.

[9]. J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ p. 210; see also R. Clarke, ‘Sierra Leone,’ p. 159.

[10]. Bastian, l. c.

[11]. Macpherson, p. 72; also Tickell in ‘Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. ix. pp. 793, &c.; Dalton in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vi. p. 22 (similar rite of Mundas and Oraons).

[12]. Klemm, ‘C. G.’ vol. iii. p. 77; K. Leems, ‘Lapper,’ c. xiv.

[13]. R. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 284; see Shortland, ‘Traditions,’ p. 145; Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 353; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 279; see also p. 276 (Samoyeds). Compare Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. v. p. 426; Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 353; Kracheninnikow, ii. 117. See Plath, ‘Rel. der alten Chinesen,’ ii. p. 98.

[14]. Grey, ‘Australia,’ vol. i. p. 301, vol. ii. p. 363 (native’s accusation against some foreign sailors who had assaulted him, ‘djanga Taal-wurt kyle-gut bomb-gur,’—‘one of the dead struck Taal-wurt under the ear,’ &c. The word djanga = the dead, the spirits of deceased persons (see Grey, ‘Vocab. of S. W. Australia’), had come to be the usual term for a European). Lang, ‘Queensland,’ pp. 34, 336; Bonwick, ‘Tasmanians,’ p. 183; Scherzer, ‘Voy. of Novara,’ vol. iii. p. 34; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 222, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. pp. 362-3, and in Lazarus and Steinthal’s ‘Zeitschrift,’ l. c.; Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 424.

[15]. Römer, ‘Guinea,’ p. 85; Brun-Rollet, ‘Nil Blanc,’ &c. p. 234.

[16]. Sproat, ‘Savage Life,’ ch. xviii., xix., xxi. Souls of the dead appear in dreams, either in human or animal forms, p. 174. See also Brinton, p. 145.

[17]. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iii. p. 113.

[18]. Hayes, ‘Arctic Boat Journey,’ p. 198.

[19]. Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 102.

[20]. Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1636, p. 104.

[21]. Morgan, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 174.

[22]. Clavigero, ‘Messico,’ vol. ii. p. 5.

[23]. Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 602; Markham in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 195.

[24]. Dobrizhoffer, ‘Abipones,’ vol. ii. pp. 74, 270.

[25]. Coreal in Brinton, l. c. See also J. G. Müller, pp. 139 (Natchez), 223 (Caribs), 402 (Peru).

[26]. Chomé in ‘Lettres Edif.’ vol. viii.; see also Martius, vol. i. p. 446.

[27]. Waitz, vol. ii. p. 419 (Maravi).

[28]. Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ p. 196, &c.; Arbousset and Daumas, p. 237.

[29]. J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ pp. 210, 218. See also Brun-Rollet, pp. 200, 234; Meiners, vol. i. p. 211.

[30]. Steinhauser in ‘Mag. der Evang. Miss.’ Basel, 1856, No. 2, p. 135.

[31]. Manu, xi. xii. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. i. p. 164, vol. ii. pp. 215, 347-52.

[32]. St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 181; Perelaer, ‘Ethnog. Beschr. der Dajaks,’ p. 17.

[33]. Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ p. 210. See also Shaw in ‘As. Res.’ vol. iv. p. 46 (Rajmahal tribes).

[34]. Abraham Roger, ‘La Porte Ouverte,’ Amst. 1670, p. 107.

[35]. Manu, xii. 9: ‘çarîrajaih karmmadoshaih yâti sthâvaratâm narah’—‘for crimes done in the body, the man goes to the inert (motionless) state;’ xii. 42, ‘sthâvarâh krimakîtâçcha matsyâh sarpâh sakachhapâh paçavaçcha mrigaschaiva jaghanyâ tâmasî gatih’—‘inert (motionless) things, worms and insects, fish, serpents, tortoises and beasts and deer also are the last dark form.’

[36]. Köppen, ‘Religion des Buddha,’ vol. i. pp. 35, 289, &c., 318; Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Le Bouddha et sa Religion,’ p. 122; Hardy, ‘Manual of Budhism,’ pp. 98, &c., 180, 318, 445, &c.

[37]. Herod. ii. 123, see Rawlinson’s Tr.; Plutarch. De Iside 31, 72; Wilkinson, ‘Ancient Eg.’ vol. ii. ch. xvi.

[38]. Plat. Phædo, Timæus, Phædrus, Repub.; Diog. Laert. Empedokles xii.; Pindar. Olymp. ii. antistr. 4; Ovid. Metam. xv. 160; Lucian. Somn. 17, &c. Philostr. Vit. Apollon. Tyan. See also Meyer’s Conversations-Lexicon, art. ‘Seelenwanderung.’ For re-birth in old Scandinavia, see Helgakvidha, iii., in ‘Edda.’

[39]. Eisenmenger, part ii. p. 23, &c.

[40]. Beausobre, ‘Hist. de Manichée,’ &c., vol. i. pp. 245-6, vol. ii. pp. 496-9; G. Flügel, ‘Mani.’ See Augustin. Contra Faust.; De Hæres.; De Quantitate Animæ.

[41]. Gul. de Rubruquis in ‘Rec. des Voy. Soc. de Géographie de Paris,’ vol. iv. p. 356. Benjamin of Tudela, ed. and tr. by Asher, Hebrew 22, Eng. p. 62. Niebuhr, ‘Reisebeschr. nach Arabien,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 438-443; Meiners, vol. ii. p. 796.

[42]. St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 57. Compare the tenets of the Russian sect of Dukhobortzi, in Haxthausen, ‘Russian Empire,’ vol. i. p. 288, &c.

[43]. Since the first publication of the above remark, M. Louis Figuier has supplied a perfect modern instance by his book, entitled ‘Le Lendemain de la Mort,’ translated into English as ‘The Day after Death: Our Future Life according to Science.’ His attempt to revive the ancient belief, and to connect it with the evolution-theory of modern naturalists, is carried out with more than Buddhist elaborateness. Body is the habitat of soul, which goes out when a man dies, as one forsakes a burning house. In the course of development, a soul may migrate through bodies stage after stage, zoophyte and oyster, grasshopper and eagle, crocodile and dog, till it arrives at man, thence ascending to become one of the superhuman beings or angels who dwell in the planetary ether, and thence to a still higher state, the secret of whose nature M. Figuier does not endeavour to penetrate, ‘because our means of investigation fail at this point.’ The ultimate destiny of the more glorified being is the Sun; the pure spirits who form its mass of burning gases, pour out germs and life to start the course of planetary existence. (Note to 2nd edition.)

[44]. Swedenborg, ‘The True Christian Religion,’ 13. Compare the notion attributed to the followers of Basilides the Gnostic, of men whose souls are affected by spirits or dispositions as of wolf, ape, lion, or bear, wherefore their souls bear the properties of these, and imitate their deeds (Clem. Alex. Stromat. ii. c. 20).

[45]. See J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ p. 208 (Caribs); but compare Rochefort, p. 429. Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 269, Castrén, ‘Finnische Mythologie,’ p. 119.

[46]. For Egyptian evidence see the funeral papyri and translations of the ‘Book of the Dead.’ Compare Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 254, &c.

[47]. Aryan evidence in ‘Rig-Veda,’ x. 14, 8; xi. 1, 8; Manu, xii. 16-22; Max Müller, ‘Todtenbestattung,’ pp. xii. xiv.; ‘Chips,’ vol. i. p. 47; Muir in ‘Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. i. 1865, p. 306; Spiegel, ‘Avesta’; Haug, ‘Essays on the Parsis.’

[48]. Origen, De Princip. ii. 3, 2: ‘materiæ corporalis, cujus materiæ anima usum semper habet, in qualibet qualitate positæ, nunc quidem carnali, postmodum vero subtiliori et puriori, quæ spiritalis appellatur.’

[49]. Burton, ‘Central Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 345.

[50]. Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ p. 84.

[51]. Kaufmann, ‘Schilderungen aus Centralafrika,’ p. 124; G. Lejean in ‘Rev. des Deux Mondes,’ Apr. 1, 1860, p. 760; see Brun-Rollet, ‘Nil Blanc,’ pp. 100, 234. A dialogue by the missionary Beltrame (1859-60), in Mitterutzner, ‘Dinka-Sprache,’ p. 57, ascribes to the Dinkas ideas of heaven and hell, which, however, show Christian influence.

[52]. Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 136; John Smith, ‘Descr. of Virginia,’ 33; Oviedo, ‘Nicaragua,’ p. 50. The reference to the Laos in Meiners, vol. ii. p. 760, is worthless.

[53]. Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 259.

[54]. Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 244. See ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. iii. p. 113 (Dayaks). Compare wasting and death of souls in depths of Hades, Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 232.

[55]. Bosman, ‘Guinea’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 401. See also Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 191 (W. Afr.); Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ p. 355.

[56]. Cavazzi, ‘Congo, Matamba, et Angola,’ lib. i. p. 270. See also Liebrecht in ‘Zeitschr. für Ethnologie,’ vol. v. p. 96 (Tartary, Scandinavia, Greece).

[57]. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. p. 310; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ pp. 111, 193; Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. p. 235.

[58]. Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 323.

[59]. Kolben, p. 579.

[60]. Billings, p. 125.

[61]. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien.’ vol. i. p. 145; Cross, l.c., p. 311. For other cases of desertion of dwellings after a death, possibly for the same motive, see Bourien, ‘Tribes of Malay Pen.’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 82; Polack, ‘M. of New Zealanders,’ vol. i. pp. 204, 216; Steiler, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 271. But the Todas say that the buffaloes slaughtered and the hut burnt at the funeral are transferred to the spirit of the deceased in the next world; Shortt in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vii. p. 247. See Waitz, vol. iii. p. 199.

[62]. Egede, ‘Greenland,’ p. 152; Cranz, p. 300.

[63]. Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 323; see pp. 329, 363.

[64]. Bowring, ‘Siam,’ vol. i. p. 122; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien.’ vol. iii. p. 258.

[65]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 120.

[66]. Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ pp. 213-17. Other cases of taking out the dead by a gap made on purpose: Arbousset and Daumas, p. 502 (Bushmen); Magyar, p. 351 (Kimbunda); Moffat, p. 307 (Bechuanas); Waitz, vol. iii. p. 199 (Ojibwas);—their motive is probably that the ghost may not find its way back by the door.

[67]. Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. pp. 228, 236, 245.

[68]. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 221; Schirren, p. 91; see Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 233.

[69]. Morgan, ‘League of Iroquois,’ p. 174.

[70]. J. G. Müller, p. 286.

[71]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 126.

[72]. Cross in ‘Journ. Amer. Or. Soc.’ vol. iv. p. 309; Mason in ‘Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,’ 1865, part ii. p. 203. See also J. Anderson, ‘Exp. to W. Yunnan,’ pp. 126, 131 (Shans).

[73]. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ pp. 51, 99-101.

[74]. Lucian. De Luctu. See Pauly, ‘Real. Encyclop.’ and Smith, ‘Dic. of Gr. and Rom. Ant.’ s.v. ‘inferi.’

[75]. Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 277.

[76]. Calmet, vol. ii. ch. xxxvi.; Brand, vol. iii. p. 67.

[77]. Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. vi. p. 75; Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. pp. 39, 83; part iv. p. 65; Tanner’s ‘Narr.’ p. 293.

[78]. Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1636, p. 104.

[79]. Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. pp. 253, 364. See Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 220.

[80]. Krapf, ‘E. Afr.’ p. 150.

[81]. T. J. Hutchinson, p. 206.

[82]. Cavazzi, ‘Congo, &c.’ lib. i. p. 264. So in ancient Greece, Lucian. Charon, 22.

[83]. Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’ p. 180.

[84]. ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. ii. p. 235.

[85]. Tickell in ‘Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. ix. p. 795; Dalton, ibid. 1866, part ii. p. 153, &c.; and in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vi. p. 1, &c.; Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. ii. p. 415, &c.

[86]. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 62; Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 121.

[87]. Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. p. 173, &c.; vol. ii. p. 91, &c.; Meiners, vol. i. p. 306.

[88]. Wilkinson, ‘Ancient Eg.’ vol. ii. p. 362; Lucian. De Luctu, 21.

[89]. Manu, iii.; Colebrooke, ‘Essays,’ vol. i. p. 161, &c.; Pictet, ‘Origines Indo-Europ.’ part ii. p. 600; Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. p. 332.

[90]. Pauly, ‘Real-Encyclop.’ s.v. ‘funus.’; Smith’s ‘Dic.’ s.v. ‘funus.’ See Meiners, vol. i. pp. 305-19.

[91]. Augustin. contra Faustum, xx. 4; De Civ. Dei, viii. 27; conf. vi. 2. See Beausobre, vol. ii. pp. 633, 685; Bingham, xx. c. 7.

[92]. Saint-Foix, ‘Essais Historiques sur Paris,’ in ‘Œuvres,’ vol. iv. p. 147, &c.

[93]. Lady Herbert, ‘Impressions of Spain,’ p. 8.

[94]. H. C. Romanoff, ‘Rites and Customs of Greco-Russian Church,’ p. 249; Ralston, ‘Songs of the Russian People,’ pp. 135, 320; St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 77; Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. i. p. 115.

[95]. Beside the accounts of annual festivals of the dead cited here, see the following:—Santos, ‘Ethiopia,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 685 (Sept.); Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. pp. 23, 522, 528 (Aug., Oct., Nov.); Rivero and Tschudi, ‘Peru,’ p. 134 (Peruvian feast dated as Nov. 2 in coincidence with All Souls’, but this reckoning is vitiated by confusion of seasons of N. and S. hemisphere, see J. G. Müller, p. 389; moreover, the Peruvian feast may have been originally held at a different date, and transferred, as happened elsewhere, to the ‘Spanish All Souls’); Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. ii. pp. 44, 62 (esp. Apr.); Caron, ‘Japan,’ in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 629 (Aug.).

[96]. Mason, ‘Karens,’ l. c. p. 238.

[97]. Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’ p. 147.

[98]. Munzinger, ‘Ostafr. Stud.’ p. 473.

[99]. Waitz, vol. ii. p. 194.

[100]. G. D’Alaux in ‘Rev. des Deux Mondes,’ May 15, 1852, p. 76.

[101]. Ovid. Fast. ii. 533; v. 420.

[102]. Spiegel, ‘Avesta,’ vol. ii. p. ci.; Alger, p. 137.

[103]. Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ pp. 374, 408; St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 77; Romanoff, ‘Greco-Roman Church,’ p. 255.

[104]. Petrus Damianus, ‘Vita S. Odilonis,’ in the Bollandist ‘Acta Sanctorum,’ Jan. 1, has the quaint legend attached to the new ordinance. An island hermit dwelt near a volcano, where souls of the wicked were tormented in the flames. The holy man heard the officiating demons lament that their daily task of new torture was interfered with by the prayers and alms of devout persons leagued against them to save souls, and especially they complained of the Monks of Cluny. Thereupon the hermit sent a message to Abbot Odilo, who carried out the work to the efficacy of which he had received such perfect spiritual testimony, by decreeing that November 2, the day after All Saints’, should be set apart for services for the departed.

[105]. Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 336. Meiners, vol. i. p. 316; vol. ii. p. 290. Wuttke, ‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’ p. 216. Cortet, ‘Fêtes Religieuses,’ p. 233; ‘Westminster Rev.’ Jan. 1860; Hersart de la Villemarqué, ‘Chants de la Bretagne,’ vol. ii. p. 307.

[106]. Le Jeune in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1634, p. 16; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 195.

[107]. Cavazzi, ‘Congo,’ &c., book i. 265.

[108]. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 865, but not so in the account of the Feast of the Dead in Boecler, ‘Ehsten Abergl. Gebr.’ (ed. Kreutzwald), p. 89. Compare Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 345 (Gês). The following passage from a spiritualist journal, ‘The Medium,’ Feb. 9, 1872, shows this primitive notion curiously surviving in modern England. ‘Every time we sat at dinner, we had not only spirit-voices calling to us, but spirit-hands touching us; and last evening, as it was his farewell, they gave us a special manifestation, unasked for and unlooked for. He sitting at the right hand of me, a vacant chair opposite to him began moving, and, in answer to whether it would have some dinner, said “Yes.” I then asked it to select what it would take, when it chose croquets des pommes de terre (a French way of dressing potatoes, about three inches long and two wide. I will send you one that you may see it). I was desired to put this on the chair, either in a tablespoon or on a plate. I placed it in a tablespoon, thinking that probably the plate might be broken. In a few seconds I was told that it was eaten, and looking, found the half of it gone, with the marks showing the teeth.’ (Note to 2nd ed.)

[109]. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 220, see 104.

[110]. Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. p. 24.

[111]. Colebrooke, ‘Essays,’ vol. i. p. 163, &c.; Manu. iii.

[112]. Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 408; Hartknoch, ‘Preussen,’ part i. p. 187.

[113]. Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. ii. pp. 33, 48; Meiners, vol. i. p. 318.

[114]. Borri, ‘Relatione della Nuova Missione della Comp. di Giesu,’ Rome, 1631, p. 208; and in Pinkerton, vol. ix. p. 822, &c.

[115]. Grout, ‘Zulu Land,’ p. 140; see Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ p. 11.

[116]. Caron, ‘Japan,’ vol. vii. p. 629; see Turpin, ‘Siam,’ ibid. vol. ix. p. 590.

[117]. Ovid. Fast. ii. 533.

[118]. Legge, ‘Confucius,’ pp. 101-2, 130; Bunsen, ‘God in History,’ p. 271.

[119]. Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. i. p. 392, vol. ii. p. 289.

[120]. Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 239; Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 398.

[121]. Arbousset and Daumas, p. 347; Casalis, p. 247.

[122]. Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. p. 20, &c.

[123]. See ‘The Buke of John Mandeuill,’ 31, edited by Geo. F. Warner, published by the Roxburghe Club, 1889; Yule, ‘Cathay,’ Hakluyt Soc. (Note to 3rd ed.)

[124]. Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ p. 215. Other cases in Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. pp. 58, 369, &c.

[125]. Schoolcraft, ‘Algic Res.’ vol. ii. pp. 32, 64, and see ante, vol. i. p. 312.

[126]. Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 271; Klemm, ‘C. G.’ vol. ii. p. 312.

[127]. Kalewala, Rune xvi.; see Schiefner’s German Translation, and Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ pp. 128, 134. A Slavonic myth in Hanusch, p. 412.

[128]. Homer. Odyss. xi. On the vivification of ghosts by sacrifice of blood, and on libations of milk and blood, see Meiners, vol. i. p. 315, vol. ii. p. 89; J. G. Müller, p. 85; Rochholz, ‘Deutscher Glaube und Brauch,’ vol. i. p. 1, &c.

[129]. See for example, various details in Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. pp. 369-75, &c.

[130]. See vol. i. p. 481; also below, p. [52], note. Tanner’s ‘Narr.’ p. 290; Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iii. p. 233; Keating, vol. ii. p. 154; Loskiel, part i. p. 35; Smith, ‘Virginia,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xiii. p. 14. See Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 269.

[131]. Callaway, ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. pp. 316-20.

[132]. Shortland, ‘Traditions of New Zealand,’ p. 150; R. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 423. The idea, of which the classic representative belongs to the myth of Persephone, that the living who tastes the food of the dead may not return, and which is so clearly stated in this Maori story, appears again among the Sioux of North America. Ahak-tah (‘Male Elk’) seems to die, but after two days comes down from the funeral-scaffold where his body had been laid, and tells his tale. His soul had travelled by the path of braves through the beautiful land of great trees and gay loud-singing birds, till he reached the river, and saw the homes of the spirits of his forefathers on the shore beyond. Swimming across, he entered the nearest house, where he found his uncle sitting in a corner. Very hungry, he noticed some wild rice in a bark dish. ‘I asked my uncle for some rice to eat, but he did not give it to me. Had I eaten of the food for spirits, I never should have returned to earth.’ Eastman, ‘Dacotah,’ p. 177.

[133]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 139, &c.

[134]. Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ Letter 19, in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 501; Burton, ‘Dahome,’ vol. ii. p. 158. For modern visits to hell and heaven by Christianized negro visionaries in America, see Macrae, ‘Americans at Home,’ vol. ii. p. 91.

[135]. Lucian. Philopseudes, c. 17-28.

[136]. Plutarch. De Sera Numinis Vindicta, xxii.; and in Euseb. Præp. Evang. xi. 36.

[137]. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. p. 63.

[138]. Gregor. Dial. iv. 36. See Calmet, vol. ii. ch. 49.

[139]. Augustin. Epist. clxiv. 2.

[140]. See Pearson, ‘Exposition of the Creed;’ Bingham, ‘Ant. Ch. Ch.’ book x. ch. iii. Art. iii. of the Church of England was reduced to its present state by Archbp. Parker’s revision.

[141]. Codex Apocr. N. T. Evang. Nicod. ed. Giles. ‘Apocryphal Gospels,’ &c. tr. by A. Walker; ‘Gospel of Nicodemus.’ The Greek and Latin texts differ much.

[142]. The following details mostly from T. Wright, ‘St. Patrick’s Purgatory’ (an elaborate critical dissertation on the mediæval legends of visits to the other world).

[143]. St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 278. Rigg. in ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. iv. p. 119. See also Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 397; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. p. 83; Irving, ‘Astoria,’ p. 142.

[144]. Molina, ‘Chili,’ vol. ii. p. 89.

[145]. Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. p. 496; Sahagun, iii. App. c. 2, x. c. 29; Clavigero, vol. ii. p. 5.

[146]. See Wright, l.c. &c.; Alger, p. 391; &c.

[147]. ‘History of Colon,’ ch. 61; Pet. Martyr. Dec. i. lib. ix.; Irving, ‘Life of Columbus,’ vol. ii. p. 121.

[148]. Stanbridge in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. p. 299; G. F. Moore, ‘Vocab. W. Austr.’ p. 83; Bonwick, ‘Tasmanians,’ p. 181.

[149]. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. p. 321; see part iii. p. 229.

[150]. Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 107. See also Burton, ‘W. and W. fr. W. Africa,’ p. 154 (Gold Coast).

[151]. Hesiod. Opera et Dies, Pindar, Olymp. ii. antistr. 4. Callistrat. Hymn. in Ilgen, Scolia Græca, 10. Strabo, iii. 2, 13; Plin. iv. 36.

[152]. Loc. cit.

[153]. Procop. De Bello Goth. iv. 20; Plut. Fragm. Comm. in Hesiod. 2; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 793; Hersart de Villemarqué, vol. i. p. 136; Souvestre, ‘Derniers Bretons,’ p. 37; Jas. Macpherson, ‘Introd. to Hist. of Great Britain and Ireland,’ 2nd ed. London, 1772, p. 180; Wright, ‘St. Patrick’s Purgatory,’ pp. 64, 129.

[154]. Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 269.

[155]. Harmon, ‘Journal,’ p. 299; see Lewis and Clarke, p. 139 (Mandans).

[156]. J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrelig.’ pp. 140, 287; see Humboldt and Bonpland, ‘Voy.’ vol. iii. p. 132; Falkner, ‘Patagonia,’ p. 114.

[157]. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 232; Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 235.

[158]. Callaway, ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. p. 317, &c.; Arbousset and Daumas, p. 474. See also Burton, ‘Dahome,’ vol. ii. p. 157.

[159]. Mason, ‘Karens,’ l.c. p. 195; Cross, l.c. p. 313. Turanian examples in Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 119.

[160]. See below, pp. [79], [85].

[161]. Festus, s.v. ‘manalis,’ &c.

[162]. Sophocl. Œdip. Tyrann. 178; Lucian. De Luctu, 2. See classic details in Pauly, ‘Real-Encyclop.’ art. ‘inferi.’

[163]. Birch in Bunsen’s ‘Egypt,’ vol. v.; Wilkinson, ‘Ancient Eg.’ vol. ii. p. 368; Alger, p. 101.

[164]. Smith, ‘History of Virginia,’ in ‘Works’ ed. by Arber; Pinkerton, vol. xiii. pp. 14, 41; vol. xii. p. 604; see below, p. [95].

[165]. Thorpe, ‘Analecta Anglo-Saxonica,’ p. 115.

[166]. Schirren, p. 151. See Taylor, ‘N. Z.’ p. 525.

[167]. Meiners, vol. ii. p. 781; Maury, ‘Magie,’ &c. p. 170.

[168]. Oviedo, ‘Nicaragua,’ p. 160; Brinton, p. 288.

[169]. J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ p. 138, see also 220 (Caribs), 402 (Peru), 505, 660 (Mexico); Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 233; Taylor, ‘Physical Theory,’ ch. xvi.; Alger, ‘Future Life,’ p. 590; see also above, p. [16], note.

[170]. Humboldt and Bonpland, ‘Voy.’ vol. v. p. 90; Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 233; Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 531; Plutarch. De Facie in Orbe Lunæ; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ pp. 80, 89 (souls in stars).

[171]. See Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. pp. 269, 311; Smith, ‘Virginia,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xiii. p. 54; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 223; Squier, ‘Abor. Mon. of N. Y.’ p. 156; Catlin, ‘N. A. Ind.’ vol. i. p. 180.

[172]. Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 134; Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 103; Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ pp. 101, 114, 256.

[173]. Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ p. 393; Burton, ‘W. and W. fr. W. Afr.’ p. 454; Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 295.

[174]. Herodot. iv. 158, see 185, and Rawlinson’s note. See Smith’s ‘Dic. of the Bible,’ s.v. ‘firmament.’ Eisenmenger, part i. p. 408.

[175]. Eyre, ‘Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 367.

[176]. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iv. p. 240 (but compare part v. p. 403); Morgan, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 176; Sproat, ‘Savage Life,’ p. 209.

[177]. D’Orbigny, ‘L’Homme Américain,’ vol. ii. pp. 319, 328; see Martius, vol. i. p. 485 (Jumanas).

[178]. J. G. Müller, p. 403; Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. p. 496; Kingsborough, ‘Mexico,’ Cod. Letellier, fol. 20.

[179]. Max Müller, ‘Chips,’ vol. i. p. 46; Roth in ‘Zeitschr. d. Deutsch. Morgenl. Ges.’ vol. iv. p. 427.

[180]. Cross, ‘Karens,’ l.c. pp. 309, 313; Le Jeune in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1634, p. 16; Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 272; Callaway, ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. p. 316; Klemm, ‘Cultur-Gesch.’ vol. ii. pp. 310, 315; J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ pp. 139, 286.

[181]. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 224; Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part ii. p. 135.

[182]. D’Orbigny, ‘L’Homme Américain,’ vol. i. p. 364; Spix and Martius, ‘Brasilien,’ vol. i. p. 383; De Laet, Novus Orbis, xv. 2.

[183]. Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 258.

[184]. Magyar, ‘Süd-Afrika,’ p. 336.

[185]. Edda: ‘Gylfaginning.’

[186]. ‘Koran,’ ch. lv. lvi.

[187]. Eisenmenger, ‘Entdecktes Judenthum,’ part i. p. 7.

[188]. Hardy, ‘Manual of Budhism,’ pp. 5, 24; Köppen, ‘Rel. des Buddha,’ vol. i. p. 235, &c.

[189]. Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1636, p. 105.

[190]. Sahagun, ‘Hist. de Nueva España,’ book iii. appendix ch. i., in Kingsborough, vol. vii.; Brasseur, vol. iii. p. 571.

[191]. Casalis, ‘Basutos,’ pp. 247, 254.

[192]. Burton, ‘Dahome,’ vol. ii. p. 156; ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 403; ‘Wit and Wisdom from W. Afr.’ pp. 280, 449; see J. G. Müller, p. 140.

[193]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 126, &c.; Kalewala, Rune xv. xvi. xlv. &c.; Meiners, vol. ii. p. 780.

[194]. Homer. Il. ix. 405; Odyss. xi. 218, 475; Virg. Æn. vi. 243, &c., &c.

[195]. Gen. xxxv. 29; xxv. 8; xxxvii. 35; Job xi. 8; Amos ix. 2; Psalm lxxxix. 48; Ezek. xxxi., xxxii.; Isaiah xiv. 9, xxxviii. 10-18; 1 Sam., xxviii. 15; Eccles. ix. 10. ‘Records of the Past,’ vol. i. pp. 141-9; Sayce ‘Lectures on Hist. of Rel.’ part ii.; Alger, ‘Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life,’ ch. viii.

[196]. The doctrine of reversal, as in Kamchatka, where rich and poor will change places in the other world (Steller, pp. 269-72), is too exceptional in the lower culture to be generalized. See Steinhauser, ‘Rel. des Negers,’ l. c., p. 135. A Wolof proverb is ‘The more powerful one is in this world, the more servile one will be in the next.’ (Burton, ‘Wit and Wisdom,’ p. 28.)

[197]. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. pp. 245, 397; see also Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 237 (Samoans); Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 105.

[198]. Sproat, ‘Savage Life,’ p. 209.

[199]. ‘Rec. des Voy. au Nord,’ vol. v. p. 23 (Natchez); Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Commentarios Reales,’ lib. i. c. 23, tr. by C. R. Markham; Prescott, ‘Peru,’ vol. i. pp. 29, 83; J. G. Müller, p. 402, &c.

[200]. Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 259.

[201]. Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. vi. p. 77; Lescarbot, ‘Hist. de la Nouvelle France,’ Paris, 1619, p. 679.

[202]. Lery, ‘Hist. d’un Voy. en Brésil,’ p. 234; Coreal, ‘Voi. aux Indes Occ.’ i. p. 224.

[203]. Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ p. 430.

[204]. ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. p. 325.

[205]. Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1636, p. 104; see also Meiners, vol. ii. p. 769; J. G. Müller, pp. 89, 139.

[206]. Chateaubriand, ‘Voy. en Amérique’ (Religion).

[207]. Oviedo, ‘Nicaragua,’ p. 22; Torquemada, ‘Monarquia Indiana,’ book xiii. c. 48; Sahagun, book iii. app. ch. i.-iii. in Kingsborough, vol. vii. Compare Anderson, ‘Exp. to W. Yunnan,’ p. 125. (Shans, good men and mothers dying in child-birth to heaven, bad men and those killed by the sword to hell.)

[208]. Alger, ‘Future Life,’ p. 93.

[209]. Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 300.

[210]. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 397; see also Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 243.

[211]. Brinton, p. 242, &c.

[212]. J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ pp. 87, 224. See also the opinions of Meiners, ‘Gesch. der Religion,’ vol. ii. p. 768; Wuttke. ‘Gesch. des Heidenthums,’ vol. i. p. 115.

[213]. Ellis, l. c.; Moerenhout, ‘Voyage,’ vol. i. p. 433.

[214]. Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ p. 378.

[215]. Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ letter x.; in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 401.

[216]. St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 181; see Mundy, ‘Narrative,’ vol. i. p. 332.

[217]. Macpherson, p. 92. Compare Moerenhout, l. c. (Tahiti).

[218]. Mason, l. c. p. 195. See also De Brosses, ‘Nav. aux Terres Australes,’ vol. ii. p. 482 (Caroline Is.).

[219]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ pp. 136, 144. See Georgi, ‘Reise im Russ. Reich,’ vol. i. p. 278. Compare accounts of Purgatory among the North American Indians, apparently derived from missionaries, in Morgan, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 169; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 345.

[220]. See T. Wright, ‘St. Patrick’s Purgatory.’

[221]. Waitz, vol. ii. pp. 171, 191; Bowen, ‘Yoruba Lang.’ p. xvi. See J. L. Wilson, p. 210.

[222]. Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1635, p. 35; 1636, p. 105. Catlin, ‘N. A. Ind.’ vol. ii. p. 127; Long’s ‘Exp.’ vol. i. p. 180. See Brinton, p. 247; Waitz, vol. ii. p. 191, vol. iii. p. 197; and the collection of myths of the Heaven-Bridge and Heaven-Gulf in ‘Early History of Mankind,’ chap. xii.

[223]. Smith, ‘New England,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xiii. p. 244.

[224]. Wilson in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 303.

[225]. Birch, Introduction to and translation of the ‘Book of the Dead,’ in Bunsen, vol. v.; Wilkinson, ‘Ancient Eg.’ vol. v.

[226]. For references to Rig Veda see Muir, ‘Sanskrit Texts,’ sec. xviii.; Max Müller, Lecture on Vedas in ‘Essays,’ vol. ii.

[227]. ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ new ser. vol. ii. p. 210. See Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. iii. p. 387.

[228]. Spiegel, ‘Avesta,’ ed. Bleek, vol. iii. pp. 136, 163; see vol. i. pp. xviii. 90, 141; vol. ii. p. 68.

[229]. See Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 134; J. G. Müller, ‘Amerikanische Urreligionen,’ p. 171.

[230]. Philo Jud. de Gigantibus, iv.

[231]. Rituale Romanum: De Exorcizandis Obsessis a Dæmonio.

[232]. Oldfield, ‘Abor. of Australia’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 236. See Bonwick, ‘Tasmanians,’ p. 181.

[233]. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 104.

[234]. Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ p. 429.

[235]. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part ii. p. 195; M. Eastman, ‘Dahcotah,’ p. 72.

[236]. Burton, ‘Central Afr.’ vol. ii. p. 344; Schlegel, ‘Ewe-Sprache,’ p. xxv.

[237]. Falkner, ‘Patagonia,’ p. 116; but cf. Musters, p. 180.

[238]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 122.

[239]. Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. p. 206.

[240]. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. ii. pp. 129, 416; vol. iii. pp. 29, 257, 278; ‘Psychologie,’ pp. 77, 99; Cross, ‘Karens,’ l. c. p. 316; Elliot in ‘Journ. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. p. 115; Buchanan, ‘Mysore, &c.,’ in Pinkerton, vol. viii. p. 677.

[241]. Shortt, ‘Tribes of India,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vii. p. 192; Tinling, ‘Tour round India,’ p. 19.

[242]. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 101.

[243]. Sir J. Shore in ‘Asiatic Res.’ vol. iv. p. 331.

[244]. For some collections of details of manes-worship, see Meiners, ‘Geschichte der Religionen,’ vol. i. book 3; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. pp. 402-11; ‘Psychologie,’ pp. 72-114.

[245]. J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ pp. 73, 173, 209, 261; Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. p. 39, part iii. p. 237; Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. iii. pp. 191, 204.

[246]. Backhouse, ‘Australia,’ p. 105; Bonwick, ‘Tasmanians,’ p. 182.

[247]. Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 88.

[248]. Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 104; S. S. Farmer, p. 126; Shortland, ‘Trads. of N. Z.’ p. 81; Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 108.

[249]. J. R. Forster, ‘Observations,’ p. 604; Marsden, ‘Sumatra,’ p. 258; ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. ii. p. 234.

[250]. Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. pp. 123, 423. As to the connexion of the Vazimbas with the Mazimba of East Africa, see Waitz, vol. ii. pp. 360, 426.

[251]. Callaway, ‘Religious System of Amazulu,’ part ii.; see also Arbousset and Daumas, p. 469; Casalis, ‘Basutos,’ pp. 248-54; Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. pp. 411, 419; Magyar, ‘Reisen in Süd-Afrika,’ pp. 21, 335 (Congo); Cavazzi, ‘Congo,’ lib. i.

[252]. J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ pp. 217, 388-93. See Waitz, vol. ii. pp. 181, 194.

[253]. Bailey in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. ii. p. 301. Compare Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 153.

[254]. Buchanan, ‘Mysore,’ in Pinkerton, vol. viii. pp. 674-7. See Macpherson, ‘India,’ p. 95 (Khonds); Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ p. 183 (Santals).

[255]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 122; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 90. See Palgrave, ‘Arabia,’ vol. i. p. 373.

[256]. Siebold, ‘Nippon,’ vol. i. p. 3, vol. ii. p. 51; Kempfer, ‘Japan,’ in Pinkerton, vol. vii. pp. 672, 680, 723, 755.

[257]. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. iii. p. 250.

[258]. Plath, ‘Religion der alten Chinesen,’ part i. p. 65, part ii. p. 89; Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. pp. vi. viii.; vol. ii. p. 373; ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ New Ser. vol. ii. p. 363; Legge, ‘Confucius,’ p. 92.

[259]. Manu, book iii.

[260]. Details in Pauly, ‘Real-Encyclop.’ s.v. ‘inferi’; Smith’s ‘Dic. of Gr. and Rom. Biog. and Myth.’; Meiners, Hartung, &c.

[261]. Middleton, ‘Letter from Rome’; Murray’s ‘Handbook of Rome.’

[262]. L. F. Alfred Maury, ‘Magie, &c.,’ p. 249; ‘Acta Sanctorum,’ 27 Sep.; Gregor. Turon. De Gloria Martyr, i. 98.

[263]. J. R. Beste, ‘Nowadays at Home and Abroad,’ London, 1870, vol. ii. p. 44; ‘A New Miracle at Rome; being an Account of a Miraculous Cure, &c., &c.,’ London (Washbourne), 1870.

[264]. Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 235; see Grey, ‘Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 337. Bonwick, ‘Tasmanians,’ pp. 183, 195.

[265]. ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. p. 307.

[266]. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 204; ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 73, see p. 125 (Battas); Macpherson, ‘India,’ p. 370. See also Mason, ‘Karens,’ l. c. p. 201.

[267]. ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. iii. p. 110, vol. iv. p. 194; St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. pp. 71, 87; Beeckman in Pinkerton, vol. ix. p. 133; Meiners, vol. i. p. 278. See also Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. p. 159.

[268]. Shortland, ‘Trads. of N. Z.’ pp. 97, 114, 125; Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ pp. 48, 137.

[269]. Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 236.

[270]. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. pp. 363, 395, &c., vol. ii. pp. 193, 274; Cook, ‘3rd Voy.’ vol. iii. p. 131. Details of the superhuman character ascribed to weak or deranged persons among other races, in Schoolcraft, part iv. p. 49; Martius, vol. i. p. 633; Meiners, vol. i. p. 323; Waitz, vol. ii. p. 181.

[271]. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. p. 250, part ii. pp. 179, 199, part iii. p. 498; M. Eastman, ‘Dahcotah,’ pp. xxiii. 34, 41, 72. See also Gregg, ‘Commerce of Prairies,’ vol. ii. p. 297 (Comanches); Morgan, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 163; Sproat, p. 174 (Ahts); Egede, ‘Greenland,’ p. 186; Cranz, p. 269.

[272]. Roman Pane, xix. in ‘Life of Colon’; in Pinkerton, vol. xii. p. 87.

[273]. D’Orbigny, ‘L’Homme Américain,’ vol. ii. pp. 73, 168; Musters, ‘Patagonians,’ p. 180. See also J. G. Müller, pp. 207, 231 (Caribs); Spix and Martius, ‘Brasilien,’ vol. i. p. 70; Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 646 (Marcusis).

[274]. Casalis, ‘Basutos,’ p. 247; Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ p. 147, &c.; Magyar, ‘Süd-Afrika,’ p. 21, &c.; Burton, ‘Central Afr.’ vol. ii. pp. 320, 354; Steere in ‘Journ. Anthrop. Inst.’ vol. i. 1871, p. cxlvii.

[275]. Steinhauser, ‘Religion des Negers,’ in ‘Magaz. der Evang. Missions und Bibel-Gesellschaften,’ Basel, 1856, No. 2, p. 139.

[276]. J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ pp. 217, 388.

[277]. Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’ pp. 163, 170.

[278]. Backhouse, ‘Australia,’ p. 103.

[279]. Mason, ‘Burmah,’ p. 107, &c. Cross, l.c. p. 305.

[280]. Callaway, ‘Religion of Amazulu,’ pp. 183, &c., 259, &c.

[281]. Falkner, ‘Patagonia,’ p. 116. See also Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ p. 418 (Caribs).

[282]. Georgi, ‘Reise im Russ. Reich,’ vol. i. p. 280; Meiners, vol. ii. p. 488.

[283]. Falkner, l.c.

[284]. Caldwell, ‘Dravidian Languages,’ App.; Latham, vol. ii. p. 469.

[285]. Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’ p. 172.

[286]. Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 278.

[287]. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. ii. p. 328, see vol. iii. p. 201, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 139. See also Römer, ‘Guinea,’ p. 59.

[288]. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. pp. 352, 373; Moerenhout, ‘Voyage,’ vol. i. p. 479; Mariner, ‘Tonga Islands,’ vol. i. p. 105; Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 373.

[289]. Dos Santos, ‘Ethiopia,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 686.

[290]. Römer, ‘Guinea,’ p. 57. See also Steinhauser, l.c. pp. 132, 139; J. B. Schlegel, ‘Ewe-Sprache,’ p. xvi.

[291]. Details from Tatar races in Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ pp. 164, 173, &c.; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 90; from Abyssinia in Parkyns, ‘Life in A.,’ ch. xxxiii.

[292]. Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. p. 143, vol. ii. pp. 110, 320.

[293]. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. ii. pp. 103, 152, 381, 418, vol. iii. p. 247, &c. See also Bowring, ‘Siam,’ vol. i. p. 139; ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. iv. p. 507, vol. vi. p. 614; Turpin, in Pinkerton, vol. ix. p. 761; Kempfer, ‘Japan,’ ibid. vol. vii. pp. 701, 730, &c.

[294]. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. i. p. 155, vol. ii. p. 183; Roberts, ‘Oriental Illustrations of the Scriptures,’ p. 529; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ pp. 164, 184-7. Sanskrit paiçâcha-graha = demon-seizure, possession. Ancient evidence in Pictet, ‘Origines Indo-Europ.’ part ii. ch. v.

[295]. Homer. Odyss. v. 396, x. 64; Plat. Phædr. Tim. &c.; Pausan. iv. 27, 2; Xen. Mem. I. i. 9; Plutarch. Vit. Alex.; De Orac. Def.; Lucian. Philopseudes; Petron. Arbiter, Sat.; &c., &c.

[296]. Joseph. Ant. Jud. viii. 2, 5. Eisenmenger, ‘Entdecktes Judenthum,’ part ii. p. 454. See Maury, p. 290.

[297]. Matth. ix. 32, xi. 18, xii. 22, xvii. 15; Mark, i. 23, ix. 17; Luke, iv. 33, 39, vii. 33, viii. 27, ix. 39, xiii. 11; John, x. 20; Acts, xvi. 16, xix. 13; &c.

[298]. For general evidence see Bingham, ‘Antiquities of Christian Church,’ book iii. ch. iv.; Calmet, ‘Dissertation sur les Esprits’; Maury, ‘Magie,’ &c.; Lecky, ‘Hist. of Rationalism.’ Among particular passages are Tertull. Apolog. 23; De Spectaculis, 26; Chrysostom. Homil. xxviii. in Matth. iv.; Cyril. Hierosol. Catech. xvi. 16; Minuc. Fel. Octavius. xxi.; Concil. Carthag. iv.; &c., &c.

[299]. Details in Cockayne, ‘Leechdoms, &c., of Early England,’ vol. i. p. 365, vol. ii. p. 137, 355; Sprenger, ‘Malleus Maleficarum,’ part ii.; Calmet, ‘Dissertation,’ vol. i. ch. xxiv.; Horst, ‘Zauber-Bibliothek’; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 557, &c.; ‘Psychologie,’ p. 115, &c.; Voltaire, ‘Questions sur l’Encyclopédie,’ art., ‘Superstition’; ‘Encyclopædia Britannica,’ 5th ed. art. ‘Possession.’

[300]. See Maury, ‘Magie,’ &c., part ii. ch. ii.

[301]. A. Constans, ‘Rel. sur une Epidémie d’Hystéro-Démonopathie, en 1861.’ 2nd ed. Paris, 1863. For descriptions of such outbreaks, among the North American Indians, see Le Jeune in ‘Rel. des Jés. dans la Nouvelle France,’ 1639; Brinton, p. 275; and in Guinea, see J. L. Wilson, ‘Western Africa,’ p. 217.

[302]. Gaume, ‘L’Eau Bénite au Dix-Neuvième Siècle,’ 3rd ed. Paris, 1866, p. 353.

[303]. West, in ‘Spiritual Telegraph,’ cited by Bastian.

[304]. (C. de Brosses.) ‘Du culte des dieux fétiches ou Parallèle de l’ancienne Religion de l’Egypte avec la religion actuelle de Nigritie.’ 1760. (De Brosses supposed the word fétiche connected with chose fée, fatum.)

[305]. Grey, ‘Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 337; Eyre, ‘Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 362; Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 235, &c.; G. F. Moore, ‘Vocab. of S. W. Austr.’ pp. 18, 98, 103. See Bonwick, ‘Tasmanians,’ p. 195.

[306]. Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ pp. 419, 508; J. G. Müller, pp. 173, 207, 217.

[307]. Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. pp. 221, 232, 422.

[308]. St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 211, see 72.

[309]. Callaway, ‘Religion of Amazulu,’ p. 314.

[310]. Steinhauser, l.c. p. 141. See also Steere, ‘East Afr. Tribes,’ in ‘Journ. Anthrop. Soc.’ vol. i. p. cxlviii.

[311]. Burton, ‘Central Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 352. See ‘Sindh,’ p. 177.

[312]. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. iii. p. 275.

[313]. ‘Early Hist. of Mankind,’ ch. x. See Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 116, &c.

[314]. Plin. xxx. 14, 20. Cardan, ‘De Var. Rerum,’ cap. xliii.

[315]. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. i. p. 134, vol. ii. p. 247.

[316]. Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. p. 122.

[317]. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 1118-23; Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ pp. 155-70; Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. ii. p. 375, vol. iii. p. 286; Halliwell, ‘Pop. Rhymes,’ p. 208; R. Hunt, ‘Pop. Romances,’ 2nd Series, p. 211; Hylten-Cavallius, ‘Wärend och Wirdarne,’ vol. i. p. 173. It is said, however, that rags fastened on trees by Gypsies, which passers-by avoid with horror as having diseases thus banned into them, are only signs left for the information of fellow vagrants; Liebich, ‘Die Zigeuner,’ p. 96.

[318]. Catlin, ‘N. A. Indians,’ vol. i. p. 90.

[319]. J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Africa,’ p. 394.

[320]. Meiners, ‘Gesch. der Rel.’ vol. i. p. 305; J. G. Müller, p. 209.

[321]. Mason, Karens, l.c. p. 231.

[322]. Meiners, vol. ii. pp. 721-3.

[323]. Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ p. 418. See Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 485 (Yumanas swallow ashes of deceased with liquor, that he may live again in them).

[324]. Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ p. 210. See Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 73; J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ pp. 209, 262, 289, 401, 419.

[325]. Darwin, ‘Journal,’ p. 458.

[326]. Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 320.

[327]. ‘Report of Jubbulpore Ethnological Committee,’ Nagpore, 1868, part i. p. 5.

[328]. Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. pp. 151, 207, 214, vol. ii. p. 401; see Plath, ‘Religion der alten Chinesen,’ part i. p. 59, part ii. p. 101.

[329]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 187; Dasent, ‘Norse Tales,’ p. 69; Lane, ‘Thousand and One Nights,’ vol. iii. p. 316; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 1033. See also Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 213. Eisenmenger, ‘Judenthum,’ part ii. p. 39.

[330]. Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. iii. p. 72.

[331]. Herrera, ‘Hist. de las Indias Occidentales,’ Dec. i. ix. 3.

[332]. Lery, Brésil, p. 249; J. G. Müller, pp. 210, 262.

[333]. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes’; Waitz, vol. iii.; Catlin, ‘N. A. Ind.’ vol. i. p. 36; Keating, ‘Narrative,’ vol. i. p. 421; J. G. Müller, p. 74, &c. See Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 274.

[334]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ pp. 162, 221, 230; Meiners, vol. i. p. 170.

[335]. Bell, in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 357.

[336]. H. Rowley, ‘Universities’ Mission to Central Africa,’ p. 217.

[337]. Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 174; Römer, ‘Guinea,’ p. 56, &c.; J. L. Wilson, ‘West Africa,’ pp. 135, 211-6, 275, 338; Burton, ‘Wit and Wisdom from W. Afr.’ pp. 174, 455; Steinhauser, l.c. p. 134; Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 397; Meiners, ‘Gesch. der Relig.’ vol. i. p. 173. See also Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 396; Flacourt, ‘Madag.’ p. 191.

[338]. Brand, ‘Popular Antiquities,’ vol. iii. p. 255, &c. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 171. Wuttke, ‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’ pp. 75-95, 225, &c. St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 46.

[339]. Berkeley, ‘Concerning Motion,’ in ‘Works,’ vol. ii. p. 86.

[340]. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part ii. p. 196, part iii. p. 229.

[341]. Herrera, ‘Indias Occidentales,’ dec. i. iii. 3.

[342]. De Laet, Novus Orbis, xv. 2.

[343]. Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Commentarios Reales,’ i. 9; J. G. Müller, pp. 263, 311, 371, 387; Waitz, vol. iv. p. 454; see below, p. [175].

[344]. Hahn, ‘Gramm. des Hereró,’ s.v. ‘omu-makisina.’

[345]. Kaufmann, ‘Central-Afrika,’ (White Nile), p. 131.

[346]. Waitz, vol. ii. pp. 518, 523.

[347]. Zollinger in ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. ii. p. 692.

[348]. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 337. See also Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 399.

[349]. Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ pp. 347, 526.

[350]. Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 220; Seemann, ‘Viti,’ pp. 66, 89.

[351]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 193, &c., 204, &c.; ‘Voyages au Nord,’ vol. viii. pp. 103, 410; Klemm, ‘C. G.’ vol. iii. p. 120. See also Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ pp. 265, 276.

[352]. Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’ p. 174. See also Macrae in ‘As. Res.’ vol. vii. p. 196; Dalton, ‘Kols,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vi. p. 33.

[353]. Macpherson, ‘India,’ pp. 103, 358.

[354]. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 177. See also Shortt, ‘Tribes of Neilgherries,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vii. p. 281.

[355]. Elliot in ‘Journ. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. 1869, p. 115.

[356]. Buchanan, ‘Mysore,’ in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 739.

[357]. Elliot in ‘Journ. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. pp. 96, 115, 125. Lubbock, ‘Origin of Civilization,’ p. 222. Forbes Leslie, ‘Early Races of Scotland,’ vol. ii. p. 462, &c. Prof. Liebrecht, in ‘Ztschr. für Ethnologie,’ vol. v. p. 100, compares the field-protecting Priapos-hermes of ancient Italy, daubed with minium.

[358]. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. pp. 142, 182, &c., see 221. See also Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. ii. p. 239. (Siah-push, stone offered to the representative of deity.)

[359]. Grote, ‘Hist. of Greece,’ vol. iv. p. 132; Welcker, ‘Griechische Götterlehre,’ vol. i. p. 220. Meiners, vol. i. p. 150, &c. Details esp. in Pausanias; Theophrast. Charact. xvi.; Tacit. Hist. ii. 3; Arnobius, Adv. Gent.; Tertullianus; Clemens Alexandr.

[360]. Is. lvii. 6. The first line, ‘behhalkey-nahhal hhêlkech,’ turns on the pun on hhlk = smooth (stone), and also lot or portion; a double sense probably connected with the use of smooth pebbles for casting lots.

[361]. Sprenger, ‘Mohammad,’ vol. ii. p. 7, &c. Burton, ‘El Medinah,’ &c., vol. ii. p. 157.

[362]. Euseb. Præp. Evang. i. 10. Deut. xii. 3; Micah v. 13, &c. Movers, ‘Phönizier,’ vol. i. pp. 105, 569, and see index, ‘Säule,’ &c. See De Brosses, ‘Dieux Fétiches,’ p. 135 (considers bætyl = beth-el, &c.).

[363]. For references see Ducange s.v. ‘petra’; Leslie, ‘Early Races of Scotland,’ vol. i. p. 256.

[364]. Nilsson, ‘Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia,’ p. 241. See also Meiners, vol. ii. p. 671 (speaking stones in Norway, &c.).

[365]. Earl of Roden, ‘Progress of Reformation in Ireland,’ London, 1851, p. 51. Sir J. E. Tennent in ‘Notes and Queries,’ Feb. 7, 1852. See Borlase, ‘Antiquities of Cornwall,’ Oxford, 1754, book iii. ch. 2.

[366]. ‘Early Hist. of Mankind,’ chap. vi.

[367]. For general collections of evidence, see especially Meiners, ‘Geschichte der Religionen,’ vol. i. books i. and v.; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii.; Waitz, ‘Anthropologie;’ De Brosses, ‘Dieux Fétiches,’ &c. Particular details in J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ p. 393; Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 395; Castrén, ‘Finnische Mythologie,’ p. 193, &c.; Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii.; Köppen, ‘Rel. des Buddha,’ vol. i. p. 493, &c.; Grote, ‘Hist, of Greece.’

[368]. J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrelig.’ p. 263; Meiners, vol. i. p. 163.

[369]. Loskiel, ‘Ind. of N. A.’ vol. i. p. 39; Smith, ‘Virginia,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xiii. p. 14; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 203; J. G. Müller, pp. 95-8, 128.

[370]. Fernando Colombo, ‘Vita del Amm. Cristoforo Colombo,’ Venice, 1571, p. 127, &c.; and ‘Life of Colon,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xii. p. 84. Herrera, dec. i. iii. 3. Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ pp. 421-4. Waitz, vol. iii. p. 384; J. G. Müller, pp. 171-6, 182, 210, 232.

[371]. Prescott, ‘Peru,’ vol. i. pp. 71, 89; Waitz, vol. iv. p. 458; J. G. Müller, pp. 322, 371.

[372]. Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. p. 486; Waitz, vol. iv. p. 148; J. G. Müller, p. 642.

[373]. Shortland, ‘Trads. of N. Z.’ &c., p. 83; Taylor, pp. 171, 183, 212.

[374]. J. R. Forster, ‘Obs. during Voyage,’ London, 1778, p. 534, &c.; Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 281, &c., 323, &c. See also Earl, ‘Papuans,’ p. 84; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 78 (Nias).

[375]. St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 198.

[376]. Hutchinson in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. p. 336; see Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 172.

[377]. Steinhauser, in ‘Magaz. der Evang. Missionen,’ Basel, 1856, No. 2, p. 131.

[378]. Schlegel, ‘Ewe-Sprache,’ p. xvi.

[379]. Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 183; Denham, ‘Travels,’ vol. i. p. 113; Römer, ‘Guinea’; Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. See also Livingstone, ‘S. Afr.’ p. 282 (Balonda).

[380]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 193, &c.; Bastian, ‘Psych.’ p. 34, 208, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. iii. pp. 293, 486. See ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. ii. p. 350 (Chinese).

[381]. Max Müller, ‘Chips,’ vol. i. p. xvii.; Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. i. p. 198, vol. ii. pp. xxxv, 164, 234, 292, 485.

[382]. Arnobius, Adversus Gentes, vi. 17-19.

[383]. Augustinus ‘De Civ. Dei,’ viii. 23: ‘at ille visibilia et contrectabilia simulacra, velut corpora deorum esse asserit; inesse autem his quosdam spiritus invitatos, &c.... Hos ergo spiritus invisibiles per artem quandam visibilibus rebus corporalis materiæ copulare, ut sint quasi animata corpora, illis spiritibus dicata et subdita simulacra, &c.’ See also Tertullianus De Spectaculis, xii.: ‘In mortuorum autem idolis dæmonia consistunt, &c.’

[384]. Marcus Minucius Felix, Octavius, cap. xxvii.: ‘Isti igitur impuri spiritus, dæmones, ut ostensum a magis, a philosophis, et a Platone sub statuis et imaginibus consecrati delitescunt, &c.’

[385]. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. ii. p. 455. See Spiegel, ‘Avesta,’ vol. ii. p. 54.

[386]. Porphyr. de Vita Pythagoræ. Oken, ‘Lehrbuch der Naturphilosophie,’ 2753.

[387]. Suidas, s.v. ἐγγαστρίμυθος; Isidor. Gloss. s.v. ‘præcantatores’; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 578. Maury, ‘Magie,’ &c. p. 269. Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. ii. p. 115.

[388]. F. R. Nixon, ‘Cruise of the Beacon’; Bonwick, p. 182.

[389]. Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 228.

[390]. Schoolcraft, ‘Algic Res.’ vol. i. p. 41. ‘Indian Tribes,’ vol. iii. p. 327. Waitz, vol. iii. p. 191. See also J. G. Müller, p. 175. (Antilles Islanders); Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. p. 482.

[391]. Macpherson, ‘India,’ p. 90. See also Cross, ‘Karens,’ in ‘Journ. Amer. Or. Soc.’ vol. iv. p. 315; Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 239.

[392]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 114, 182, &c.

[393]. J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ p. 218, 388; Waitz, vol. ii. p. 171.

[394]. Philo, De Gigant. I. iv.

[395]. Iamblichus, ii.

[396]. Collected passages in Calmet, ‘Diss. sur les Esprits’; Horst, ‘Zauber-Bibliothek,’ vol. ii. p. 263, &c.; vol. vi. p. 49, &c.; see Migne’s Dictionaries.

[397]. Calmet, ‘Dissertation sur les Esprits,’ vol. i. ch. xlviii.

[398]. Gaume, ‘L’Eau Bénite au XIXme Siècle,’ pp. 295, 341.

[399]. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 331.

[400]. Backhouse, ‘Australia,’ p. 555; Grey, ‘Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 337.

[401]. Mason, ‘Karens,’ l.c. p. 211.

[402]. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iii. p. 226.

[403]. Rochefort, ‘Antilles,’ p. 419.

[404]. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 1193; Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 332; St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 59; Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ p. 122; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 103; Brand, vol. iii. p. 279. The mare in nightmare means spirit, elf, or nymph; compare Anglo-Sax. wudumære (wood-mare) = echo.

[405]. ‘Vita del Amm. Christoforo Colombo,’ ch. xiii.; and ‘Life of Colon,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xii. p. 84.

[406]. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ pp. 149, 389. Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 119.

[407]. Högström, ‘Lapmark,’ ch. xi.

[408]. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. p. 151. See also Borri, ‘Cochin-China,’ in Pinkerton, vol. ix. p. 823.

[409]. Augustin. ‘De Civ. Dei,’ xv. 23: ‘Et quoniam creberrima fama est, multique se expertos, vel ab eis qui experti essent, de quorum fide dubitandum non esset, audisse confirmant, Silvanos et Faunos, quos vulgo incubos vocant, improbos sæpe extitisse mulieribus, et earum appetisse ac peregisse concubitum; et quosdam dæmones, quos Dusios Galli nuncupant, hanc assidue immunditiam et tentare et efficere; plures talesque asseverant, ut hoc negare impudentiæ videatur; non hinc aliquid audeo definire, utrum aliqui spiritus ... possint etiam hanc pati libidinem; ut ... sentientibus feminibus misceantur.’ See also Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 449, 479; Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 332; Cockayne, ‘Leechdoms of Early England,’ vol. i. p. xxxviii., vol. ii. p. 345.

[410]. The ‘Malleus Maleficarum’ was published about 1489. See on the general subject, Horst, ‘Zauber-Bibliothek,’ vol. vi.; Ennemoser, ‘Magic,’ vol. ii.; Maury, ‘Magie,’ &c. p. 256; Lecky, ‘Hist, of Rationalism,’ vol. i.

[411]. Burton, ‘Anatomy of Melancholy,’ iii. 2. ‘Unum dixero, non opinari me ullo retro ævo tantam copiam Satyrorum, et salacium istorum Geniorum se ostendisse, quantum nunc quotidianæ narrationes, et judiciales sententiæ proferunt.’

[412]. J. R. Forster, ‘Observations during Voyage round World,’ p. 543.

[413]. Cross, ‘Karens,’ l.c. p. 312.

[414]. ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. p. 307.

[415]. J. V. Grohmann, ‘Aberglauben aus Böhmen,’ &c., p. 24; Calmet, ‘Diss. sur les Esprits,’ vol. ii.; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 1048, &c.; St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 49; see Ralston, ‘Songs of Russian People,’ p. 409.

[416]. Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 268. Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ p. 246, &c.

[417]. Grey, ‘Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 302. See also Bonwick, ‘Tasmanians,’ p. 180.

[418]. Southey, ‘Brazil,’ part i. p. 238. See also Rochefort, p. 418; J. G. Müller, p. 273 (Caribs); Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 301; Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iii. p. 140.

[419]. ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. pp. 270, 298; vol. ii. ‘N. S.’ p. 117.

[420]. Roberts, ‘Oriental Illustrations,’ p. 531; Colebrook in ‘As. Res.’ vol. vii. p. 274.

[421]. Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. p. 77.

[422]. Hylten-Cavallius, ‘Wärend och Wirdarne,’ vol. i. p. 191; Atkinson, ‘Glossary of Cleveland Dial.’ p. 597. (Prof. Liebrecht, in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. v. 1873, p. 99, adds comparison of the still usual German custom of keeping a light burning in the lying-in room till the child is baptized (Wuttke, 2nd ed. No. 583), and the similar ancient Roman practice whence the goddess Candelifera had her name (note to 2nd. ed.).)

[423]. Martin, ‘Western Islands,’ in Pinkerton, vol. iii. p. 612.

[424]. St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 44.

[425]. Rituale Romanum; Benedictio Candelarum. Brand, ‘Popular Antiquities,’ vol. i. p. 46.

[426]. Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 267, see 296.

[427]. Macpherson, ‘India,’ p. 100.

[428]. Homer, Odyss, xvi. 160.

[429]. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 632.

[430]. Eisenmenger, ‘Judenthum,’ part i. p. 872. Lane, ‘Thousand and One Nights,’ vol. ii. p. 56.

[431]. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 162. Other localities in ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. iv. p. 333.

[432]. Tickell in ‘Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. ix. p. 795. The dirge is given above, p. [32].

[433]. De Brosses, ‘Dieux Fétiches,’ p. 46.

[434]. Clavigero, ‘Messico,’ vol. ii. p. 79.

[435]. Tractat. Berachoth.

[436]. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 420, 1117; St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 54. See also Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 325; Tschudi, ‘Peru,’ vol. ii. p. 355.

[437]. Brand, ‘Popular Antiquities,’ vol. i. p. 193. See Boecler, ‘Ehsten Abergl.’ p. 73.

[438]. Tertullian, De Carne Christi, vi.; Adv. Marcion, ii.; Origen, De Princip. i. 7. See Horst, l.c. Calmet, ‘Dissertation,’ vol. i. ch. xlvi.

[439]. J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ p. 217. See Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 402.

[440]. Pallas, ‘Reisen,’ vol. i. p. 360.

[441]. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 1212; Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ p. 119; see Hyltén-Cavallius, part i. p. 178 (Sweden).

[442]. Oldfield, ‘Abor. of Australia,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 240.

[443]. Bonwick, ‘Tasmanians,’ p. 182.

[444]. Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 268; Egede, p. 187.

[445]. Molina, ‘Chili,’ vol. ii. p. 86.

[446]. Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ pp. 416, 429; J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ pp. 171, 217.

[447]. Waitz, vol. ii. p. 182; J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ p. 387; Steinhauser, l.c. p. 134. Compare Callaway, p. 327, &c.

[448]. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 77.

[449]. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. iii. p. 275.

[450]. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 829; Rochholz, ‘Deutscher Glaube,’ part i. p. 92; Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 247.

[451]. Menander, 205, in Clement. Stromat.; Xenophon, Memor. Socr.; Plato, Apol. Socr. &c. See Plotin. Ennead. iii. 4; Porphyr. Plotin.

[452]. Paulus Diaconus: ‘Genium appellant Deum, qui vim obtineret rerum omnium generandarum.’ Censorin. de Die Natali, 3: ‘Eundem esse genium et larem, multi veteres memoriæ prodiderunt.’ Tibull. Eleg. i. 2, 7; Ovid. Trist. iii. 13, 18, v. 5, 10; Horat. Epist. ii. 1, 140, Od. iv. 11, 7. Appian. de Bellis Parth. p. 156. Tertullian, Apol. xxiii.

[453]. Serv. in Virg. Æn. vi. 743: ‘Cum nascimur, duos genios sortimur: unus hortatur ad bona, alter depravat ad mala, quibus assistentibus post mortem aut asserimur in meliorem vitam, aut condemnamur in deteriorem.’ Horat. Epist. ii. 187; Valer. Max. i. 7; Plutarch, Brutus. See Pauly, ‘Real-Encyclop.;’ Smith’s ‘Dic. of Biog. & Myth.’ s.v. ‘genius.’

[454]. Acta Sanctorum Bolland.: S. Francisca Romana ix. Mart. Calmet, ‘Dissertation,’ ch. iv. xxx.; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. pp. 140, 347, vol. iii. p. 10; Wright, ‘St. Patrick’s Purgatory,’ p. 33.

[455]. Rochholz, p. 93.

[456]. Bull, ‘Sermons,’ 2nd ed. London, 1714, vol. ii. p. 506.

[457]. Swedenborg, ‘True Christian Religion,’ p. 380. See also A. J. Davis, ‘Philosophy of Spiritual Intercourse,’ p. 38.

[458]. D. Monnier, ‘Traditions Populaires,’ p. 7.

[459]. L. H. Morgan, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 64. Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1636, p. 107. See Schoolcraft, ‘Tribes,’ vol. iii. p. 337.

[460]. Steinhauser, ‘Religion des Negers,’ in ‘Magazin der Evang. Missionen,’ Basel, 1856; No. 2, p. 127, &c.

[461]. Plath, ‘Religion der alten Chinesen,’ part i. p. 44.

[462]. Oldfield, ‘Abor. of Austr.’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 232.

[463]. Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ pp. 47, 265.

[464]. Oviedo, ‘Nicaragua,’ in Ternaux-Compans, part xiv. pp. 132, 160. Compare Catlin, ‘N. A. Ind.’ vol. ii. p. 169.

[465]. Creswick, ‘Veys,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vi. p. 359. See Du Chaillu, ‘Ashango-land,’ p. 106.

[466]. Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1636, p. 108. Long’s Exp. vol. i. p. 46. See Loskiel, ‘Indians of N. A.’ part i. p. 45.

[467]. For details of the belief in water-spirits as the cause of drowning, see ante, vol. i. p. 109.

[468]. Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 328; Eyre, vol. ii. p. 362; Grey, vol. ii. p. 339; Bastian, ‘Vorstellungen von Wasser und Feuer,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. i. (contains a general collection of details as to water-worship).

[469]. Compare John Morgan, ‘Life of William Buckley’; Bonwick, p. 203; Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 48, with Forbes Leslie, Brand, &c.

[470]. Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 267.

[471]. Tanner, ‘Narr.’ p. 341; Carver, ‘Travels,’ p. 383; Franklin, ‘Journey to Polar Sea,’ vol. ii. p. 245; Lubbock, ‘Origin of Civilization,’ pp. 213-20 (contains details as to water-worship); see Brinton, p. 124.

[472]. Rivero and Tschudi, ‘Peruvian Ant.’ p. 161; Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Comm. Real.’ i. 10. See also J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrelig.’ pp. 258, 260, 282.

[473]. Krapf, ‘E. Afr.’ p. 198; Steinhauser, l.c. p. 131; Villault in Astley, vol. i. p. 668; Backhouse, ‘Afr.’ p. 230; Callaway, ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. p. 90; Bastian, l.c.

[474]. Castrén, ‘Vorlesungen über die Altaischen Völker,’ p. 114. ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 70. Atkinson, ‘Siberia,’ p. 444. Boecler, ‘Ehsten Abergläub. Gebräuche,’ ed. Kreutzwald, p. 6.

[475]. Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’ p. 164; Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal.’ p. 184. See also Lubbock, l.c.; Forbes Leslie, ‘Early Races of Scotland,’ vol. i. p. 163, vol. ii. p. 497.

[476]. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. p. 206, &c.

[477]. Homer, Il. xx. xxi. See Gladstone, ‘Juventus Mundi,’ pp. 190, 345, &c., &c.

[478]. Cosmas, book iii. p. 197, ‘superstitiosas institutiones, quas villani adhuc semipagani in Pentecosten tertia sive quarta feria observabant offerentes libamina super fontes mactabant victimas et dæmonibus immolabant.’

[479]. Poenitentiale Ecgberti, ii. 22, ‘gif hwilc man his ælmessan gehâte oththe bringe to hwilcon wylle;’ iv. 19, ‘gif hwâ his wæccan æt ænigum wylle hæbbe.’ Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 549, &c. See Hyltén-Cavallius, ‘Wärend och Wirdarne,’ part i. pp. 131, 171 (Sweden).

[480]. Grohmann, ‘Aberglauben aus Böhmen und Mähren,’ p. 43, &c. Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 291, &c. Ralston, ‘Songs of Russian People,’ p. 139, &c.

[481]. St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 46. Similar ideas in Grohmann, p. 44. Eisenmenger, ‘Entd. Judenthum,’ part i. p. 426.

[482]. Maury, ‘Magie,’ &c., p. 158. Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. ii. p. 366, &c. Hunt, ‘Pop. Rom. 2nd Series,’ p. 40, &c. Forbes Leslie, ‘Early Races of Scotland,’ vol. i. p. 156, &c.

[483]. ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. p. 307.

[484]. Beeker, ‘Dyaks,’ in ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. iii. p. 111.

[485]. Marsden, ‘Sumatra,’ p. 301.

[486]. S. S. Farmer, ‘Tonga,’ p. 127.

[487]. Bastian, ‘Der Baum in vergleichender Ethnologie,’ in Lazarus and Steinthal’s ‘Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie,’ &c., vol. v. 1868.

[488]. Chr. Colombo, ch. xix.; and in Pinkerton, vol. xii. p. 87.

[489]. Burton, ‘W. & W. fr. W. Afr.’ pp. 205, 243.

[490]. Waitz, vol. ii. p. 188.

[491]. Bosman, letter 19, and in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 500.

[492]. Krapf, ‘E. Afr.’ p. 77; Prichard, ‘N. H. of Man,’ p. 290; Waitz, vol. ii. p. 518. See also Merolla, ‘Congo,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 236.

[493]. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. ii. pp. 457, 461, vol. iii. pp. 187, 251, 289, 497. For details of tree-worship from other Asiatic districts, see Ainsworth, ‘Yezidis,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. p. 23; Jno. Wilson, ‘Parsi Religion,’ p. 262.

[494]. Hardy, ‘Manual of Budhism,’ pp. 100, 443.

[495]. Fergusson, ‘Tree and Serpent Worship,’ pl. xxiv. xxvi. &c.

[496]. Tabary in Bastian, l.c. p. 295.

[497]. Hartknoch, ‘Alt. und Neues Preussen,’ part i. ch. v.

[498]. See Pauly, ‘Real-Encyclopedie.’ Homer. Odyss. xiv. 327, xix. 296.

[499]. Hymn. Homer. Aphrod. 257.

[500]. Ausonii Idyll. De Histor. 7.

[501]. Apollon. Rhod. Argonautica, ii. 476. See Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterl.’ vol. iii. p. 57.

[502]. Ovid. Metamm. i. 452, ii. 345, xi. 67.

[503]. Dante, ‘Divina Commedia,’ ‘Inferno,’ canto xiii.

[504]. Ariosto, ‘Orlando Furioso,’ canto vi.

[505]. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 615, &c. Bastian, ‘Der Baum,’ l.c. p. 297; Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 313.

[506]. Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ p. 57, see 183.

[507]. Euseb. ‘Præp. Evang.’ i. 10.

[508]. Further details as to tree-worship in Bastian, ‘Der Baum,’ &c., here cited; Lubbock, ‘Origin of Civilization,’ p. 206, &c.; Fergusson, ‘Tree and Serpent Worship,’ &c.

[509]. Bastian, ‘Der Baum,’ l.c. &c.

[510]. Irving, ‘Astoria,’ vol. ii. ch. viii.

[511]. Darwin, ‘Journal,’ p. 68.

[512]. Polack, ‘New Z.’ vol. ii. p. 6; Taylor, p. 171, see 99.

[513]. St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 89.

[514]. Wallace, ‘Eastern Archipelago,’ vol. i. p. 338.

[515]. Prichard, ‘Nat. Hist. of Man,’ p. 531.

[516]. Merolla in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 236.

[517]. Lubbock, p. 193; Bastian, l.c.; Park, ‘Travels,’ vol. i. pp. 64, 106.

[518]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 86, &c., 191, &c.; Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. i. p. 363; Simpson, ‘Journey,’ vol. ii. p. 261.

[519]. Boecler, ‘Ehsten Abergläubische Gebräuche,’ &c., ed. Kreutzwald, pp. 2, 112, 146.

[520]. Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’ pp. 165, 173.

[521]. Macpherson, p. 61.

[522]. Dalton, ‘Kols,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vi. p. 34. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien.’ vol. i. p. 134, vol. iii. p. 252.

[523]. Deut. xii. 3; xvi. 21. Judges vi. 25. 1 Kings xiv. 23; xv. 13; xviii. 19. 2 Kings xvii. 10; xxiii. 4. Is. lvii. 5. Jerem. xvii. 2. Ezek. vi. 13; xx. 28. Hos. iv. 13, &c., &c.

[524]. Sil. Ital. Punica, iii. 675, 690. Harduin, Acta Conciliorum, vol. i. For further evidence as to Semitic tree-and-grove worship, see Movers, ‘Phönizier,’ vol. i. p. 560, &c.

[525]. Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ pp. 131, 194.

[526]. Boehtlingk and Roth, s.v. ‘chaityataru.’ Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. p. 204.

[527]. Ovid. Metamm. viii. 741.

[528]. Cato de Re Rustica, 139; Plin. xvii. 47.

[529]. Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ pp. 98, 229. Hartknoch, part i. ch. v. vii.; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 67.

[530]. Maxim. Tyr. viii.; Plin. xvi. 95.

[531]. Tacit. Germania, 9, 39, &c.; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 66.

[532]. Hyltén-Cavallius, ‘Wärend och Wirdarne,’ part i. p. 142.

[533]. Ralston, ‘Songs of Russian People,’ p. 153, see 238.

[534]. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 62, &c.

[535]. Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 276.

[536]. Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Comentarios Reales,’ i. ch. ix. &c.

[537]. Marsden, ‘Sumatra,’ p. 303.

[538]. Petron. Arb. Fragm.; Statius, iii. Theb. 661.

[539]. See ante, ch. xi.

[540]. Mouhot, ‘Indo-China,’ vol. i. p. 252.

[541]. Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. v. p. 443.

[542]. W. M. Wood in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iv. p. 36.

[543]. Simpson, ‘Journey,’ vol. ii. p. 269; Erman, ‘Siberia,’ vol. i. p. 492; Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. i. p. 456; ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. iv. p. 590.

[544]. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 336.

[545]. Farmer, ‘Tonga,’ p. 126; Mariner, vol. ii. p. 106.

[546]. Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 217, &c.

[547]. Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 238.

[548]. Shortland, ‘Trads. of N. Z.’ ch. iv.

[549]. Marsden, ‘Sumatra,’ p. 292.

[550]. Loskiel, ‘Ind. of N. A.’ part i. p. 40; Catlin, ‘N. A. Ind.’ vol. i. p. 36; Schoolcraft, ‘Tribes,’ part i. p. 34, part v. p. 652; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 190.

[551]. See ante, p. [8]; Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ p. 196.

[552]. Steinhauser, ‘Religion des Negers,’ l.c. p. 133. J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ pp. 210, 218. Schlegel, ‘Ewe-Sprache,’ p. xv.

[553]. Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ letter 19; in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 499. See Burton, ‘Dahome,’ ch. iv., xvii. An account of the Vaudoux serpent-worship still carried on among the negroes of Hayti, in ‘Lippincott’s Magazine,’ Philadelphia, March, 1870.

[554]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 196, see 228.

[555]. J. F. McLennan in ‘Fortnightly Review,’ 1869-70; reprinted in ‘Studies in Ancient History,’ 2nd Series, pp. 117, 491.

[556]. John Long, ‘Voyages and Travels of an Indian Interpreter,’ London, 1791, p. 86. See pp. [233], [411] of present volume.

[557]. Grey, ‘Journals of Expeditions in N. W. & W. Australia,’ vol. ii. pp. 225-9; ‘Archæologia Americana,’ vol. ii. p. 109.

[558]. J. G. Frazer, ‘Totemism,’ p. 53; ‘Golden Bough,’ 2nd ed. vol. iii. pp. 419, 423.

[559]. Codrington, ‘Melanesians,’ pp. 32-3, 170.

[560]. Spencer and Gillen, ‘Native Tribes of Central Australia,’ 1899, pp. 73, 121.

[561]. General references in J. F. McLennan, ‘Studies in Ancient History;’ J. G. Frazer, ‘Totemism.’

[562]. Herod. ii.; Plutarch, De Iside & Osiride; Strabo, xvii. 1; Wilkinson, ‘Ancient Eg.,’ edited by Birch, vol. iii.; Bunsen, 2nd Edition, with notes by Birch, vol. i.

[563]. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. p. 195, &c.

[564]. Schoolcraft, part iii. p. 231; Brinton, p. 108, &c.

[565]. Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Comentarios Reales,’ i. 9.

[566]. Herodot. viii. 41.

[567]. Servius ad Æn. v. 95.

[568]. Hartknoch, ‘Preussen,’ part i. pp. 143, 162.

[569]. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 648.

[570]. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 650. Rochholz, ‘Deutscher Glaube,’ &c., vol. i. p. 146. Monnier, ‘Traditions Populaires,’ p. 644. Grohmann, ‘Aberglauben aus Böhmen,’ &c., p. 78. Ralston, ‘Songs of Russian People,’ p. 175.

[571]. Fergusson ‘Tree and Serpent Worship,’ p. 55, &c., pl. xxiv. McLennan l.c. p. 563, &c.

[572]. Strabo, xiii. 1, 14.

[573]. J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ pp. 62, 585.

[574]. J. B. Schlegel, ‘Ewe-Sprache,’ p. xiv.

[575]. Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 217.

[576]. Pausan. ii. 28; Ælian, xvi. 39. See Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterl.’ vol. ii. p. 734.

[577]. Macrob. Saturnal. i. 9. Movers, ‘Phönizier,’ vol. i. p. 500.

[578]. Details such as in Schoolcraft, ‘Ind. Tribes,’ part i. pp. 38, 414, may be ascribed to Christian intercourse. See Brinton, p. 121.

[579]. Lepsius, ‘Todtenbuch,’ and Birch’s transl. in Bunsen’s ‘Egypt,’ vol. v.

[580]. Spiegel, ‘Avesta,’ vol. i. p. 66, vol. iii. p. lix.

[581]. Epiphan. Adv. Hæres. xxxvii. Tertullian. De Præscript. contra Hæreticos, 47.

[582]. Further collections of evidence relating to Zoolatry in general may be found in Bastian, ‘Das Thier in seiner mythologischen Bedeutung,’ in Bastian and Hartmann’s ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. i., Meiners, ‘Geschichte der Religionen,’ vol. i.

[583]. Comte, ‘Philosophie Positive,’ vol. v. p. 101.

[584]. Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 242.

[585]. Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 105.

[586]. Acosta, ‘Historia de las Indias,’ book v. c. iv.; Rivero & Tschudi, pp. 161, 179; J. G. Müller, p. 365.

[587]. Le Jeune in ‘Rel. des Jés. dans la Nouvelle France,’ 1634, p. 13. Lafitau, ‘Mœurs des Sauvages,’ vol. i. p. 370. See also Waitz, vol. iii. p. 194; Schoolcraft, part iii. p. 327.

[588]. Ralston, ‘Songs of the Russian People,’ p. 375. The Slavonic myth of Buyán with its dripping oak and the snake Garafena lying beneath, is obviously connected with the Scandinavian myth of the dripping ash, Yggdrasill, the snake Nidhögg below, and the two Swans of the Urdharfount, parents of all swans.

[589]. Morgan, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 162.

[590]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ pp. 106, 160, 189, &c.

[591]. Eisenmenger, ‘Judenthum,’ part ii. p. 376; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. p. 194.

[592]. De Brosses, ‘Dieux Fétiches,’ p. 58.

[593]. Eyre, ‘Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 362; Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 228; Lang, ‘Queensland,’ p. 444.

[594]. Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 583.

[595]. Loskiel, ‘Ind. of N. America,’ part i. p. 43.

[596]. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 1322.

[597]. St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 180.

[598]. J. B. Schlegel, ‘Schlüssel zur Ewe Sprache,’ p. xii.; compare Bowen, ‘Yoruba Lang.’ in ‘Smithsonian Contrib.’ vol. i. p. xvi.

[599]. Samoiedia, in Pinkerton, vol. i. p. 531.

[600]. Macpherson, p. 84, &c.

[601]. Clavigero, ‘Messico,’ vol. ii. ch. i.

[602]. Gladstone, ‘Juventus Mundi,’ ch. vii. &c.

[603]. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii.

[604]. ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. pp. 33, 255, 275, 338, vol. ii. p. 692.

[605]. Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jés.,’ 1636, p. 107; Lafitau, ‘Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquains,’ vol. i. p. 132. Schoolcraft, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 36, &c. 237. Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ pp. 48, 172. J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrelig.’ p. 119.

[606]. Callaway, ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. p. 203.

[607]. Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 168, &c.; Burton, ‘W. & W. fr. W. Afr.’ p. 76.

[608]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 7, &c.

[609]. Plath, ‘Religion und Cultus der alten Chinesen,’ part i. p. 18, &c.; part ii. p. 32; Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. ii. p. 396. See Max Müller, ‘Lectures,’ 2nd S. p. 437; Legge, ‘Confucius,’ p. 100. For further evidence as to savage and barbaric worship of the Heaven as Supreme Deity, see [chap. xvii].

[610]. Max Müller, ‘Lectures,’ 2nd Series, p. 425; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ ch. ix.; Cicero, De Natura Deorum, iii. 4. Connexion of the Sanskrit Dyu with the Scandinavian Tyr and the Anglo Saxon Tiw is perhaps rather of etymology than definition.

[611]. Duff Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 60 (E. Centr. Afr.). Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 169 (W. Afr.) p. 416 (Damaras).

[612]. Markham, ‘Quichua Gr. and Dic.’ p. 9; J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ pp. 318, 368.

[613]. Ibid. pp. 496-9; Oviedo, ‘Nicaragua,’ pp. 40, 72.

[614]. Macpherson, ‘India,’ pp. 89, 355.

[615]. Dalton, ‘Kols,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vi. p. 34. Compare 1 Kings xviii.

[616]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 36; Kalewala, Rune ii. 317.

[617]. Marc. Antonin. v. 7. ‘Ἐὐχὴ Ἀθηναίων, ὖσον, ὖσον, ὦ φίλε Ζεῦ, κατὰ τῆς ἀρούρας τῶν Ἀθηναίων καὶ τῶν πεδίων.’

[618]. Petron. Arbiter. Sat. xliv. ‘Antea stolatæ ibant nudis pedibus in clivum, passis capillis, mentibus puris, et Jovem aquam exorabant. Itaque statim urceatim pluebat: aut tunc aut nunquam; et omnes redibant udi tanquam mures.’ See Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 160.

[619]. Pr. Max v. Wied, ‘N. Amer.’ vol. ii. pp. 152, 223; J. G. Müller, p. 120; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 179.

[620]. Keating, ‘Narr.’ vol. i. p. 407; Eastman, ‘Dahcotah,’ p. 71; Brinton, p. 150, &c.; see M’Coy, ‘Baptist Indian Missions,’ p. 363.

[621]. De la Borde, ‘Caraïbes,’ p. 530; Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ p. 431.

[622]. De Laet, ‘Novus Orbis,’ xv. 2. Waitz, vol. iii. p. 417; J. G. Müller, p. 270; also 421 (thunderstorms by anger of Sun, in Cumana, &c.).

[623]. Brinton, p. 153; Herrera, ‘Indias Occidentales,’ Dec., v. 4. J. G. Müller p. 327. ‘Rites and Laws of the Yncas,’ tr. & ed. by C. R. Markham, p. 16, see 81; Prescott, ‘Peru,’ vol. i. p. 86.

[624]. Bowen, ‘Yoruba Lang.’ p. xvi. in ‘Smithsonian Contr.’ vol. i. See Burton, ‘Dahome,’ vol. ii. p. 142. Details as to thunder-axes, &c., in ‘Early Hist. of Mankind,’ ch. viii.

[625]. Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 266.

[626]. Klemm, ‘C. G.’ vol. iv. p. 85. (Ossetes, &c.) See Welcker, vol. i. p. 170; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 158. Bastian, ‘Mensch.’ vol. ii. p. 423 (Ali-sect.).

[627]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 39, &c.

[628]. ‘Rig-Veda,’ i. 32. 1, 55. 5, 130. 8, 165; iii. 34. 9; vi. 20; x. 44. 9, 89. 9. Max Müller, ‘Lectures,’ 2nd S. p. 427; ‘Chips,’ vol. i. p. 42, vol. ii. p. 323. See Muir, ‘Sanskrit Texts.’

[629]. Homer. Il. viii. 170, xvii. 595. Ovid. Fast. ii. 69. See Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterl.’ vol. ii. p. 194.

[630]. Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 257.

[631]. Grimm, ‘Deutsche Myth.’ ch. viii. Edda; Gylfaginning, 21, 44.

[632]. Schoolcraft, ‘Algic Res.’ vol. i. p. 139, vol. ii. p. 214; Loskiel, part i. p. 43; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 190. Morgan, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 157; J. G. Müller, p. 56. Further American evidence in Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ pp. 50, 74; Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 267 (Sillagiksartok, Weather-spirit); De la Borde, ‘Caraïbes,’ p. 530 (Carib Star Curumon, makes the billows and upsets canoes).

[633]. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 329 (compare with the Maori Tempest-god Tawhirimatea, Grey, ‘Polyn. Myth.’ p. 5); Schirren, ‘Wandersage der Neuseeländer,’ &c. p. 85; Yate, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 144. See also Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 115.

[634]. Steller, ‘Kamschatka,’ p. 266.

[635]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ pp. 37, 68.

[636]. Boecler, pp. 106, 147.

[637]. See also Klemm, ‘Cultur-Gesch.’ vol. iv. p. 85 (Circassian Water-god and Wind-god).

[638]. Muir, ‘Sanskrit Texts,’ vol. v. p. 150.

[639]. Homer. Il. xxiii. 192, Odyss. xx. 66, 77; Apollon. Rhod. Argonautica; Apollodor. i. 9. 21; Virg. Æn. i. 56; Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterl.’ vol. i. p. 707, vol. iii. p. 67.

[640]. Grimm, ‘Deutsche Myth.’ pp. 121, 871.

[641]. Wuttke, ‘Deutsche Volksabergl.’ p. 86.

[642]. Tanner’s ‘Narrative,’ p. 193; Loskiel, l.c. See also Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ p. 414; J. G. Müller, p. 178 (Antilles).

[643]. Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Commentarios Reales,’ i. 10; Rivero & Tschudi, p. 161; J. G. Müller, p. 369.

[644]. Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 170.

[645]. ‘Report of Ethnological Committee, Jubbulpore Exhibition,’ 1866-7. Nagpore, 1868, part ii. p. 54.

[646]. Macpherson, ‘India,’ chap. vi.

[647]. Georgi, ‘Reise im Russ. Reich,’ vol. i. pp. 275, 317. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth,’ p. 86, &c.

[648]. Plath, ‘Religion der alten Chinesen,’ part i. pp. 36, 73, part ii. p. 32. Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. pp. 86, 354, 413, vol. ii. pp. 67, 380, 455.

[649]. ‘Rig-Veda,’ i. 89. 4, &c., &c.

[650]. Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterl.’ vol. i. p. 385, &c.

[651]. Varro de Ling. Lat. iv.

[652]. Tacit. Germania, 40. Grimm, ‘Deutsche Myth.’ p. 229, &c.

[653]. Wuttke, ‘Deutsche Volksabergl.’ p. 87.

[654]. Liebich, ‘Die Zigeuner,’ pp. 30, 84.

[655]. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iii. p. 485; Eastman, ‘Dahcotah,’ pp. i. 118, 161.

[656]. Clavigero, vol. ii. p. 14.

[657]. Marsden, ‘Sumatra,’ p. 301; see also 303 (Tagals).

[658]. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 328.

[659]. Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ letter xix.; in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 494. Burton, ‘Dahome,’ vol. ii. p. 141. See also below, [chap. xviii]. (sacrifice).

[660]. Schlegel, ‘Ewe Sprache,’ p. xiv.

[661]. Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Commentarios Reales,’ i. 10, vi. 17; Rivero & Tschudi, ‘Peru,’ p. 161.

[662]. Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 265.

[663]. Siebold, ‘Nippon,’ part v. p. 9.

[664]. Herod. vi. 76.

[665]. Cicero, De Natura Deorum, iii. 20.

[666]. Homer, Il. i. 538, xiii. 18, xx. 13. Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterl.’ vol. i. p. 616 (Nereus), p. 622 (Poseidon). Cox, ‘Mythology of Aryan Nations,’ vol. ii. ch. vi.

[667]. Loskiel, ‘Ind. of N. A.’ part i. pp. 41, 45. See also J. G. Müller, p. 55.

[668]. Irving, ‘Astoria,’ vol. ii. ch. xxii.

[669]. Torquemada, ‘Monarquia Indiana,’ vi. c. 28, x. c. 22, 30; Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. pp. 492, 522, 536.

[670]. Schirren, ‘Wandersage der Neuseeländer,’ &c., p. 32; Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ pp. 252, 527.

[671]. Burton, ‘Dahome,’ vol. ii. p. 148; Schlegel, ‘Ewe Sprache,’ p. xv.

[672]. Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 276.

[673]. Batchelor in ‘Tr. As. Soc. Japan,’ vols. x. xvi.

[674]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 57; Billings, ‘N. Russia,’ p. 123 (Yakuts); Bastian, ‘Vorstellungen von Wasser und Feuer,’ in ‘Zeitschr. für Ethnologie,’ vol. i. p. 383 (Mongols).

[675]. Klemm, ‘Cultur-Gesch.’ vol. vi. p. 85 (Circassia). Welcker, vol. i. p. 663.

[676]. See ‘Records of the Past,’ vol. iii. p. 137, vol. ix. p. 143; Sayce, ‘Lectures on Rel. of Ancient Babylonians,’ p. 170. For accounts of Semitic fire-worship, see Movers, ‘Phönizier,’ vol. i. p. 327, &c., 337, &c., 401.

[677]. ‘Rig-Veda,’ i. 1. 1, 19. 2, iii. 1. 18, &c.; Max Müller, vol. i. p. 39; Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. p. 53. Haug, ‘Essays on Parsis,’ iv.; ‘Early Hist. of Mankind,’ p. 255.

[678]. Hanway, ‘Journal of Travels,’ London, 1753, vol. i. ch. lvii.

[679]. Diog. Lært. Proœm. ii. 6. Sextus Empiricus adv. Physicos, ix.; Strabo, xv. 3, 13.

[680]. John Wilson, ‘The Parsi Religion,’ ch. iv.; ‘Avesta,’ tr. by Spiegel, Yacna, i. lxi.

[681]. Max Müller, ‘Chips,’ vol. i. p. 169. Haug, ‘Essays on Parsis,’ p. 281.

[682]. Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ pp. 88, 98.

[683]. Homer. Hymn. Aphrod. 29, Hestia 1. Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterl.’ vol. ii. pp. 686, 691.

[684]. Ovid. Fast. vi. 295.

[685]. Boecler, ‘Ehsten Abergl.’ p. 29, &c.

[686]. Wuttke, ‘Volksabergl.’ p. 86. Grohmann, ‘Aberglauben aus Böhmen,’ p. 41.

[687]. D’Orbigny, ‘L’Homme Américain,’ vol. i. p. 242.

[688]. Herod, i. 216, iv. 184. Baker, ‘Albert Nyanza,’ vol. i. p. 144.

[689]. Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. iii. p. 181 (Hudson’s B., Pottawatomies), 205 (Virginians). J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ p. 117 (Delawares, Sioux, Mingos, &c.). Sproat, ‘Ind. of Vancouver’s I.’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. v. p. 253. Loskiel, ‘Ind. of N. A.’ part i. p. 43 (Delawares). Hennepin, ‘Voyage dans l’Amérique,’ p. 302 (Sioux), &c. Bartram, ‘Creek and Cherokee Ind.’ in ‘Tr. Amer. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. part i. pp. 20, 26; see also Schoolcraft, ‘Ind. Tribes,’ part ii. p. 127 (Comanches, &c.); Morgan, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 164; Gregg, vol. ii. p. 238 (Shawnees); but compare the remarks of Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 141.

[690]. Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 327 (Botocudos). Waitz, vol. iii. p. 518 (Araucanians). Dobrizhoffer, vol. ii. p. 89 (Puelches). Charlevoix, ‘Hist. du Paraguay,’ vol. i. p. 331 (Diaguitas). J. G. Müller, p. 255 (Botocudos, Aucas, Diaguitas).

[691]. Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. vi. p. 172; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 217.

[692]. Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ book ii. ch. viii.

[693]. Torquemada, ‘Monarquia Indiana,’ ix. c. 34; Sahagun, ‘Hist. de Nueva España,’ ii. App. in Kingsborough, ‘Antiquities of Mexico;’ Waitz, vol. iv. p. 138; J. G. Müller, p. 474, &c.; Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. p. 487; Tylor, ‘Mexico,’ p. 141.

[694]. Piedrahita, ‘Hist. Gen. de las Conquistas del Nuevo Reyno de Granada,’ Antwerp, 1688: part i. book i. c. iii. iv.; Humboldt, ‘Vues des Cordillères;’ Waitz, vol. iv. p. 352, &c.; J. G. Müller, p. 432, &c.

[695]. Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Commentarios Reales,’ lib. i. c. 15, &c., iii. c. 20; v. c. 2, 6; ‘Rites and Laws of the Yncas,’ tr. & ed. by C. R. Markham, (Hakluyt Soc., 1873) p. 84; Prescott, ‘Peru,’ book i. ch. iii.; Waitz, vol. iv. p. 447, &c.; J. G. Müller, p. 362, &c.

[696]. Meiners, ‘Gesch. der Rel.’ vol. i. p. 383. Burton, ‘Central Afr.’ vol. ii. p. 346; ‘Dahome,’ vol. ii. p. 147.

[697]. Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’ pp. 167, 175 (Bodos, &c.).

[698]. Dalton, ‘Kols,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vi. p. 33 (Oraons, &c.); Hunter, ‘Annals of Rural Bengal,’ p. 184 (Santals).

[699]. Macpherson, ‘India,’ p. 84, &c. (Khonds).

[700]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ pp. 16, 51, &c. Meiners, l.c. Georgi, ‘Reise im Russ. Reich.’ vol. i. pp. 275, 317. Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 87. Sun-Worship in Japan, Siebold, ‘Nippon,’ part v. p. 9. For further evidence as to savage and barbaric worship of the Sun as Supreme Deity, see [chap. xvii.]

[701]. ‘Rig-Veda,’ i. 35, 50; iii. 62, 10. Max Müller, ‘Lectures,’ 2nd Ser. pp. 378, 411; ‘Chips,’ vol. i. p. 19. Colebrooke, ‘Essays,’ vol. i. pp. 30, 133. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. p. 42.

[702]. ‘Khordah-Avesta,’ xxvi. in Avesta tr. by Spiegel, vol. iii.; M. Haug, ‘Essays on Parsis.’ Strabo, xv. 3, 13. Nonnus, xl. 400. Movers, ‘Phönizier,’ vol. i. p. 180: ‘Ἡλίῳ Μίθρᾳ ἀνικήτῳ’; ‘Διὸς ἀνικήτον Ἡλίου.’

[703]. Plat. Sympos. xxxvi. See Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterlehre,’ vol. i. pp. 400, 412.

[704]. Cæsar de Bello Gallico, vi. 21: ‘Deorum numero eos solos ducunt, quos cernunt et quorum aperte opibus juvantur, Solem et Vulcanum et Lunam, reliquos ne fama quidem acceperunt.’

[705]. Cicero de Natura Deorum, iii. 21.

[706]. See Wilkinson, ‘Ancient Egyptians’; Renouf, ‘Religion of Ancient Egypt.’

[707]. Deut. iv. 19, xvii. 3; 2 Kings xxiii. 11.

[708]. Movers, ‘Phönizier,’ vol. i. pp. 162, 180, &c. Lamprid. Heliogabal. i.

[709]. Euseb. Præparat. Evang. i. 6.

[710]. Neander, ‘Church History,’ vol. vi. p. 341. Carsten Niebuhr, ‘Reisebeschr.’ vol. ii. p. 396.

[711]. Palgrave, ‘Arabia,’ vol. i. p. 9; vol. ii. p. 258. See Koran, xli. 37.

[712]. Tertullian. Apolog. adv. Gentes, xvi. See Lucian. de Saltat. xvii.; compare Job. xxxi. 26.

[713]. Leo. I. Serm. viii. in Natal. Dom.

[714]. Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ p. 150.

[715]. Grimm, ‘Deutsche Myth.’ p. 581, &c. Wuttke, pp. 17, 93. Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. i. p. 157, &c. ‘Early Hist. of Mankind,’ p. 260. Murray’s ‘Handbook for Syria and Palestine,’ 1868, p. 162.

[716]. See Pauly, ‘Real-Encyclop.’ s.v. ‘Sol;’ Petavius, ‘Juliani Imp. Opera,’ 290-2, 277. Bingham, ‘Antiquities of Christian Church,’ book xx. ch. iv.; Neander, ‘Church Hist.’ vol. iii. p. 437; Beausobre, ‘Hist. de Manichée,’ vol. ii. p. 691; Gibbon, ch. xxii.; Creuzer, ‘Symbolik,’ vol. i. p. 761, &c.

[717]. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 593, 1223. Brand, ‘Popular Antiquities,’ vol. i. p. 467. Monnier, ‘Traditions Populaires,’ p. 188.

[718]. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 583; Brand, vol. i. p. 298; Wuttke, pp. 14, 140. Beausobre, l.c.

[719]. Spix and Martius, ‘Reise in Brasilien,’ vol. i. pp. 377, 381; Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 327; Pr. Max. v. Wied, vol. ii. p. 58; J. G. Müller, pp. 218, 254; also Musters, ‘Patagonians,’ pp. 58, 179.

[720]. De la Borde, ‘Caraibes,’ p. 525.

[721]. Sproat, ‘Savage Life,’ p. 206; ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. v. p. 253.

[722]. Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1635, p. 34.

[723]. Livingstone, ‘S. Afr.’ p. 235; Waitz, vol. ii. pp. 175, 342.

[724]. Römer, ‘Guinea,’ p. 84; Du Chaillu, ‘Ashango-land,’ p. 428; see Purchas, vol. v. p. 766. Müller, ‘Fetu,’ p. 47.

[725]. Merolla, ‘Congo,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 273.

[726]. Kolbe, ‘Beschryving van de Kaap de Goede Hoop,’ part i. xxix. See ante, vol. i. p. 355.

[727]. Loskiel, ‘Ind. of N. A.’ part i. p. 43.

[728]. Bickmore, ‘Ainos,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vii. p. 20.

[729]. Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’ p. 167.

[730]. Georgi, ‘Reise im Russ. R.’ vol. i. p. 275.

[731]. Clavigero, ‘Messico,’ vol. ii. pp. 9, 35; Tylor, ‘Mexico,’ l.c.

[732]. Waitz, vol. iv. p. 362.

[733]. Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Commentarios Reales,’ iii. 21.

[734]. Siebold, ‘Nippon,’ part v. p. 9.

[735]. Deuteron. xvii. 3; Polyb. vii. 9; see Movers, ‘Phönizier,’ pp. 159, 536, 605.

[736]. Lucian. de Syria Dea, iv. 34.

[737]. Wilkinson, ‘Ancient Egyptians,’ ed. by Birch, vol. iii. p. 174. See Plutarch. Is. et Osir.

[738]. Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterl.’ vol. i. p. 550, &c.

[739]. Cic. de Nat. Deor. ii. 27.

[740]. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ ch. xxii.

[741]. Akerblad, ‘Lettre à Italinsky.’ Burton, ‘Central Afr.’ vol. ii. p. 346. Mungo Park, ‘Travels,’ in ‘Pinkerton,’ vol. xvi. p. 875.

[742]. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 29, 667; Brand, vol. iii. p. 146; Forbes Leslie, ‘Early Races of Scotland,’ vol. i. p. 136.

[743]. Herrera, ‘Indias Occidentales,’ Dec. i. 3, 3; J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ pp. 175, 221.

[744]. Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 174.

[745]. Rivero and Tschudi, ‘Peru,’ p. 160.

[746]. Kingsborough, ‘Mexico,’ vol. v. p. 179.

[747]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 89.

[748]. Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterl.’ vol. i. p. 371.

[749]. Ovid. Fast. ii. 449.

[750]. Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. p. 264.

[751]. Morgan, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 158.

[752]. De Laet, ‘Novus Orbis,’ xv. 2; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 417; Brinson, pp. 152, 185; J. G. Müller, p. 271, &c.

[753]. D’Orbigny, ‘L’Homme Américain,’ vol. ii. p. 319.

[754]. Clavigero, ‘Messico,’ vol. ii. pp. 16, 68, 75.

[755]. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 333. Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 115.

[756]. Cross, in ‘Journ. Amer. Oriental Soc.’ vol. iv. p. 316; Mason, p. 215.

[757]. Macpherson, ‘India,’ pp. 91, 355.

[758]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 89.

[759]. Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterl.’ vol. ii. p. 467. Cox, ‘Mythology of Aryan Nations,’ vol. ii. p. 308.

[760]. J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ pp. 141, 271, 274, 591, &c.

[761]. Dobrizhoffer, ‘Abipones,’ vol. ii. p. 90.

[762]. Clavigero, ‘Messico,’ vol. ii. pp. 17, 81.

[763]. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 326; vol. iv. p. 158. See also Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 112; Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 218.

[764]. Macpherson, ‘India,’ pp. 90, 360.

[765]. Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. p. 267.

[766]. Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterl.’ vol. i. p. 413. Cox, ‘Myth. of Aryan N.,’ vol. ii. pp. 254, 311.

[767]. J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ pp. 137, &c., 272, 286, &c., 500, &c. See Sproat, p. 213 (Ahts), cited ante, p. [85]. Chay-her signifies not only the world below, but Death personified as a boneless greybeard who wanders at night stealing men’s souls away.

[768]. Lery, ‘Bresil,’ p. 234.

[769]. Clavigero, vol. ii. pp. 14, 17; Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. p. 495.

[770]. ‘Rites and Laws of Yncas,’ tr. and ed. by C. R. Markham, pp. 32, 48 (prayer from MS. communication by C. R. M.); Garcilaso de la Vega, lib. ii. c. 2, 7; Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 251.

[771]. Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 237; Farmer, ‘Tonga,’ p. 126. Yate, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 140; J. Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprise,’ p. 145. See Schirren, ‘Wandersagen der Neuseeländer,’ p. 89; Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 246.

[772]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ pp. 128, 147, 155; Waitz, vol. ii. p. 171 (Africa).

[773]. Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterl.’ vol. i. p. 395; Roscher, s.v. ‘Hades.’ Grimm, ‘Deutsch. Myth.’ p. 288.

[774]. Brugsch, ‘Religion der alten Aegypter’; ‘Book of Dead.’

[775]. Pr. Max. v. Wied, ‘N. Amerika,’ vol. ii. p. 157.

[776]. J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ pp. 133, &c., 228, 255. Catlin, ‘N. A. Ind.’ vol. i. pp. 159, 177; Pr. Max v. Wied, vol. ii. pp. 149, &c. Compare Sproat, ‘Savage Life,’ p. 179 (Quawteaht the Great Spirit is also First Man).

[777]. D’Orbigny, ‘L’Homme Américain,’ vol. ii. p. 319.

[778]. Schirren, ‘Wandersagen der Neuseeländer,’ p. 64, &c., 88, &c. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 111, vol. iv. pp. 145, 366.

[779]. Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 271.

[780]. Callaway, ‘Religion of Amazulu,’ pp. 1-104.

[781]. ‘Rig-Veda,’ x. ‘Atharva-Veda,’ xviii. Max Müller, ‘Lectures,’ 2nd Ser. p. 514. Muir, ‘Yama,’ &c., in ‘Journ. As. Soc. N. S.’ vol. i. 1865. Roth in ‘Ztschr. Deutsch. Morgenl. G.’ vol. iv. p. 426. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. p. 60. Avesta: ‘Vendidad,’ ii. Pictet, ‘Origines Indo-Europ.’ part ii. p. 621.

[782]. Eisenmenger, part i. p. 365.

[783]. Koran, ii. 28, vii. 10, &c.

[784]. Neander, ‘Hist. of Chr.’ vol. ii. pp. 81, 109, 174.

[785]. Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 228. See also Eyre, vol. ii. p. 356; Lang, ‘Queensland,’ p. 444.

[786]. Loskiel, ‘Gesch. der Mission unter den Ind. in Nord-Amer.’ part i. ch. 3.

[787]. Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ p. 348.

[788]. Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ p. 416. See J. G. Müller, p. 207.

[789]. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part v. p. 632; see part i. p. 316, part vi. p. 166; ‘Iroquois,’ p. 36, see 237; Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 63.

[790]. Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jésuites dans la Nouvelle France,’ 1635, p. 34, 1636, p. 100. Sagard, ‘Histoire du Canada,’ Paris, 1636, p. 490. L. H. Morgan, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 156. See ante, vol. i. pp. 288, 349.

[791]. Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. iii. pp. 182, 330, 335, 345; Le Jeune in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1637, p. 49; La Potherie, ‘Hist. de l’Amér. Septentrionale,’ Paris, 1722, vol. i. p. 121; J. G. Müller, p. 149, &c. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. p. 35, &c., 320, 412; Catlin, vol. i. p. 156; Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 263.

[792]. Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. pp. 327, 485, 583, 645, see 247, 393, 427, 696. See also J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrelig.’ pp. 259, &c., 403, 423; D’Orbigny, ‘L’Homme Américain,’ vol. i. p. 405, vol. ii. p. 257; Falkner, ‘Patagonia,’ p. 114; Musters, ‘Patagonians,’ p. 179; Fitzroy, ‘Voy. of Adventure and Beagle,’ vol. i. pp. 180, 190.

[793]. Piedrahita, ‘Hist. de Neuv. Granada,’ part i. book i. ch. 3.

[794]. Molina, ‘Hist. of Chili,’ vol. ii. p. 84; Febres, ‘Diccionario Chileño,’ s.v.

[795]. Proyart, ‘Loango,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 504. Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 109. See Kolbe, ‘Kaap de Goede Hoop,’ part i. xxix.: Waitz, vol. ii. p. 342 (Hottentots).

[796]. J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ pp. 217, 387. Waitz, vol. ii. p. 173.

[797]. Birch, in Bunsen, vol. v. p. 136. Wilkinson, ‘Ancient Eg.’ &c.

[798]. Macpherson, ‘India,’ p. 84.

[799]. Avesta, tr. by Spiegel. Vendidad, i.; ‘Khorda-Avesta.’ xlv. xlvi. Max Müller, ‘Lectures,’ 1st Ser. p. 208.

[800]. Layard, ‘Nineveh,’ vol. i. p. 297; Ainsworth, ‘Izedis,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. p. 11.

[801]. Beausobre, ‘Hist. de Manichée,’ &c. Neander, ‘Hist. of Christian Religion,’ vol. ii. p. 157, &c.

[802]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 155.

[803]. Klemm, ‘Cultur-Gesch.’ vol. vi. p. 85.

[804]. ‘Études Philologiques sur quelques Langues Sauvages de l’Amérique,’ par N. O. (J. A. Cuoq.) Montreal, 1866, p. 14. Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 53. Schoolcraft, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 33.

[805]. De la Borde, ‘Caraibes,’ p. 524. J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ p. 228.

[806]. Dobrizhoffer, ‘Abipones,’ vol. ii. p. 89.

[807]. Hutchinson, ‘Chaco Ind.’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 327.

[808]. D’Orbigny, ‘L’Homme Américain,’ vol. ii. p. 319.

[809]. Molina, ‘Hist. of Chili,’ vol. ii. p. 84, &c. Compare Febres, ‘Diccionario Chileño.’

[810]. Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ p. 415. Musters, ‘Patagonians,’ p. 179.

[811]. ‘Narratives of the Rites and Laws of the Yncas,’ trans. from the original Spanish MSS., and ed. by C. R. Markham, Hakluyt Soc. 1873, p. ix. 5, 16, 30, 76, 84, 154, &c. The above remarks are based on the early evidence here printed for the first time, and on private suggestions for which I am also indebted to Mr. Markham. The title Pachacamac has been also considered to mean Animator or Soul of the World, camani = I create, camac = creator, cama = soul (note to 2nd ed.). Garcilaso de la Vega, lib. i., ii. c. 2, iii. c. 20; Herrera, dec. v. 4; Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 177, see 142; Rivero and Tschudi, ‘Peruvian Antiquities,’ ch. vii.; Waitz, vol. iv. p. 447; J. G. Müller, p. 317, &c.

[812]. Sagard, ‘Hist. du Canada,’ p. 490. Hennepin, ‘Voy. dans l’Amérique,’ p. 302. Gregg, ‘Commerce of Prairies,’ vol. ii. p. 237.

[813]. Le Jeune, ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1637, p. 49; Brinton, p. 52; Lafitau, ‘Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquains,’ vol. i. pp. 126, 145 (note to 3rd ed.).

[814]. Egede, ‘Descr. of Greenland,’ ch. xviii.; Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 263; Rink, ‘Eskimoiske Eventyr,’ &c., p. 28.

[815]. Le Jeune, 1633, p. 16; 1634, p. 13.

[816]. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. p. 15.

[817]. Cartier, ‘Relation;’ Hakluyt, vol. iii. p. 212; Lescarbot, ‘Nouvelle France,’ p. 613. Thevet, ‘Singularitez de la France Antarctique,’ Paris, 1558, ch. 77. See also J. G. Müller, p. 102. Andouagni is perhaps a miscopied form of Cudouagni. Other forms, Cudruagni, &c., occur.

[818]. Smith, ‘Hist. of Virginia,’ London, 1632, in Pinkerton, ‘Voyages,’ vol. xiii. pp. 13, 18, 244 (New Eng.); see Arber’s edition. Priority has been claimed for E. Strachey (see Lang, ‘Making of Religion,’ p. 254), but this copyist seems only to have copied Capt. Smith’s ‘Map of Virginia’ (1608). Brinton, p. 58; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 177, &c. J. G. Müller, pp. 99, &c.; Loskiel, part i. pp. 33, 43.

[819]. Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1636, p. 107; see above, p. [255]. Sagard, p. 494; Cuoq, p. 176; J. G. Müller, p. 103. For other mention of a Supreme Deity among North American tribes see Joutel, ‘Journal du Voyage,’ &c., Paris, 1713, p. 224 (Louisiana); Sproat in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. v. p. 253 (Vancouver’s I.).

[820]. Lafitau, ‘Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquains,’ 1724, vol. i. pp. 124-6.

[821]. Bartram in ‘Tr. Amer. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. pp. 20, 26.

[822]. Schoolcraft, ‘Ind. Tribes,’ part ii. p. 127.

[823]. Prescott, ‘Mexico,’ book i. ch. vi. Sahagun, ‘Hist. de Nueva España,’ lib. vi. in Kingsborough, vol. v.; Torquemada, ‘Monarq. Ind.’ lib. x. c. 14. Waitz, vol. iv. p. 136; J. G. Müller, p. 621, &c.

[824]. Moerenhout, ‘Voy. aux Iles du Grand Océan,’ vol. i. pp. 419, 437. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 321, &c. J. R. Forster, ‘Voyage round the World,’ pp. 540, 567. Grey, ‘Polyn. Myth.’ p. 6. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 118; see above, vol. i. p. 322. Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 244. Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. pp. 116, 121. Schirren, ‘Wandersagen der Neuseeländer,’ pp. 68, 89.

[825]. Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 217.

[826]. Callaway, ‘Religion of Amazulu,’ part i. See ante, pp. [116], [313].

[827]. See especially Waitz, vol. ii. p. 167, &c.; J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ pp. 209, 387; Bosman, Mungo Park, &c. Comp. Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 390.

[828]. Steinhauser, ‘Religion des Negers,’ in ‘Mag. der Miss.’ Basel, 1856. No. 2, p. 128. J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ pp. 92, 209; Römer, ‘Guinea,’ p. 42. See also Waitz, vol. ii. pp. 171, 419.

[829]. Magyar, ‘Reisen in Süd-Afrika,’ pp. 125, 335.

[830]. Bowen, ‘Gr. and Dic. of Yoruba,’ p. xvi. in ‘Smithsonian Contr.’ vol. i.

[831]. Macpherson, ‘India,’ p. 84, &c.

[832]. Dalton, ‘Kols,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vi. p. 32. Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ p. 184.

[833]. Siebold, ‘Nippon.’ Kaempfer, ‘Hist. of Japan,’ 1727, book I. ch. I, IV. For accurate modern information, see papers of Chamberlain and Satow in ‘Tr. As. Soc. Japan,’ and Murray’s Handbook (note to 3rd ed.).

[834]. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 1, &c. Klemm, ‘Cultur-Gesch.’ vol. iii. p. 101. ‘Samoiedia,’ in Pinkerton, vol. i. p. 531. ‘Georgi, Reise im Russ. Reich.’ vol. i. p. 275.

[835]. Plath, ‘Rel. der Alten Chinesen,’ part i. p. 18, &c. See Max Müller, ‘Lectures on Science of Religion,’ No. III. in ‘Fraser’s Mag.’ 1870. Legge, ‘Confucius,’ p. 100.

[836]. See Colebrooke, ‘Essays,’ vol. ii. Wuttke, ‘Heidenthum,’ part i. p. 254. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. i. p. xxi. vol. ii. p. 1.

[837]. Comte, ‘Philosophie Positive.’ Cf. Bp. Berkeley’s ‘Siris’; and for a modern dissertation on the universal æther as the divine soul of the world, see Phil. Spiller, ‘Gott im Lichte der Naturwissenschaften,’ Berlin, 1873 (note to 2nd ed.).

[838]. ‘Rig-Veda,’ i. 164, 46. Max Müller, ‘Chips,’ vol. i. pp. 27, 241.

[839]. See Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterlehre,’ pp. 143, 175.

[840]. Avesta; trans. by Spiegel, ‘Ormazd-Yasht.’ 12.

[841]. Wilkinson, ‘Ancient Eg.’ vol. iv. ch. xii.; Bunsen, ‘Egypt,’ vol. iv. p. 325.

[842]. Movers, ‘Phönizier,’ vol. i. p. 169, &c.

[843]. ‘Of the Principles and Duties of Natural Religion,’ London, 1678, book i. ch. vi. Johnson’s Dictionary, s.v. The term ‘natural religion’ is used in various and even incompatible senses. Thus Butler in his ‘Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature,’ signifies by ‘natural religion’ a primæval system which he expressly argues to have been not reasoned out, but taught first by revelation. This system, of which the main tenets are the belief in one God, the Creator and Moral Governor of the World, and in a future state of moral retribution, differs in the extreme from the actual religions of the lower races.

[844]. Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 88; see p. 427.

[845]. Ibid. p. 200; see p. 174. See also Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 343. Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 235.

[846]. Schoolcraft, ‘Ind. Tribes,’ part iii. p. 237.

[847]. M’Coy, ‘Baptist Indian Missions,’ p. 359.

[848]. Tanner, ‘Narrative,’ p. 46.

[849]. Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 297.

[850]. Heckewelder, ‘Ind. Völkerschaften,’ p. 354.

[851]. ‘Narratives of Rites and Laws of Yncas,’ tr. and ed. by C. R. Markham, pp. 31, 33. See also Brinton, p. 298.

[852]. Callaway, ‘Religion of Amazulu,’ pp. 141, 174, 182. ‘Remarks on Zulu Lang.’ Pietermaritzburg, 1870, p. 22.

[853]. Waitz, vol. ii. p. 169. Steinhauser, l.c. p. 129.

[854]. Rowley, ‘Universities’ Mission to Central Africa,’ p. 226.

[855]. Mason, ‘Karens,’ l.c. p. 215.

[856]. Macpherson, ‘India,’ pp. 110, 128. See also Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ p. 182 (Santals).

[857]. Plath, ‘Religion der Chinesen,’ part ii. p. 2; Doolittle, vol. ii. p. 116.

[858]. ‘Sama-Veda,’ i. 4, 2. Wuttke, ‘Gesch. des Heidenthums,’ part ii. p. 342.

[859]. Lane, ‘Modern Egyptians,’ vol. i. p. 128.

[860]. ‘Rig-Veda,’ i. 51, 8, x. 105, 8. Muir, ‘Sanskrit Texts,’ part ii. ch. iii.

[861]. Lane, ‘Modern Egyptians,’ vol. ii. p. 383.

[862]. See Köppen, ‘Religion des Buddha,’ vol. i. pp. 345, 556; vol. ii. pp. 303, 319. Compare Fergusson, ‘Tree and Serpent Worship,’ pl. xlii.

[863]. Xenoph. Memorabilia Socrat. i. 3, 2.

[864]. Sahagun, ‘Retorica, &c., de la Gente Mexicana,’ lib. vi. c. 4, in Kingsborough, ‘Antiquities of Mexico,’ vol. v.

[865]. ‘Rig-Veda,’ vii. 89, 3. Max Müller, ‘Chips,’ vol. i. p. 39.

[866]. ‘Avesta,’ tr. by Spiegel; ‘Khorda-Avesta,’ Patet Qod.

[867]. Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Commentarios Reales,’ v. 19. Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i., p. 421.

[868]. Charlevoix, ‘Nouv. Fr.’ vol. i. p. 394. See also Smith, ‘Virginia,’ in ‘Pinkerton,’ vol. xiii. p. 41.

[869]. Phillips in Astley’s ‘Voyages,’ vol. ii. p. 411; Lubbock, ‘Origin of Civilization,’ p. 216. Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 500. Bastian in ‘Ztschr. für Ethnologie,’ 1869, p. 315.

[870]. Schoolcraft, ‘Algic Res.’ vol. ii. p. 75. See also Tanner, ‘Narr.’ p. 193, and above, p. [270].

[871]. Macpherson, ‘India,’ p. 129.

[872]. Billings, ‘Exp. to Northern Russia,’ p. 125. Chinese sacrifices buried for earth spirits, see ante, vol. i. p. 107; Plath, part ii. p. 50.

[873]. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 182.

[874]. Römer, ‘Guinea,’ p. 67.

[875]. Herod. vii. 35, 54. Liv. vii. 6. Grote, ‘Hist. of Greece,’ vol. x. p. 589, see p. 715.

[876]. Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ p. 367.

[877]. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. pp. 336, 358. Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 220.

[878]. Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 494; J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ p. 218; Burton, ‘W. & W. fr. W. Afr.’ p. 331.

[879]. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. p. 195, &c.

[880]. Clavigero, ‘Messico,’ vol. ii. p. 69. J. G. Müller, p. 631.

[881]. Ward, vol. ii. p. 194; ‘Mem. Anthrop. Soc.’ vol. i. p. 332.

[882]. Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 226.

[883]. J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ p. 218.

[884]. Manu, iii. 212. See also ‘Avesta,’ tr. by Spiegel, vol. ii. p. lxxvii. (sacrificial cakes eaten by priest).

[885]. Ysbrants Ides, ‘Reize naar China,’ p. 38. Meiners, vol. i. p. 162.

[886]. Clavigero, vol. ii. p. 46. J. G. Müller, p. 631.

[887]. Bel and the Dragon.

[888]. Römer, ‘Guinea,’ p. 47.

[889]. Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ part ii. p. 210.

[890]. Homer, Odyss. xi. xii.

[891]. ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. p. 270.

[892]. Smith, ‘Virginia,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xiii. p. 41; see J. G. Müller, p. 143; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 207. Comp. Meiners, vol. ii. p. 89. See also Bollaert in ‘Mem. Anthrop. Soc.’ vol. ii. p. 96.

[893]. ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. iii. p. 145. See also St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 160.

[894]. Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’ p. 147; Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ p. 181; Forbes Leslie, ‘Early Races of Scotland,’ vol. ii. p. 458.

[895]. Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ letter xxi. in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 531. See also Waitz, vol. ii. p. 192.

[896]. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 96.

[897]. Levit. i. &c.; Deuteron. xii. 23; Psalm xvi. 4.

[898]. Waitz, vol. iii. p. 181. Hennepin, ‘Voyage,’ p. 302. Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. v. p. 311, vi. p. 178. Schoolcraft, ‘Ind. Tribes,’ part i. p. 49, part ii. p. 127. Catlin, vol. i. pp. 181, 229. Morgan, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 164. J. G. Müller, p. 58.

[899]. Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ pp. 418, 507. Lery, ‘Voy. en Brésil,’ p. 268. See also Musters in ‘Journ. Anthrop. Inst.’ vol. i. p. 202 (Patagonians).

[900]. Callaway, ‘Religion of Amazulu,’ pp. 11, 141, 177. See also Casalis, ‘Basutos,’ p. 258.

[901]. Clavigero, ‘Messico,’ vol. ii. p. 39. See also Piedrahita, part i. lib. i. c. 3 (Muyscas).

[902]. Plath, ‘Religion der alten Chinesen,’ part ii. p. 31. Doolittle, ‘Chinese.’

[903]. Porphyr. de Abstinentia, ii. 5. Arnob. contra Gentes. vii. 26. Meiners, vol. ii. p. 14.

[904]. Wilkinson, ‘Ancient Egyptians,’ vol. v. pp. 315, 338. Plutarch, de Is. et Osir.

[905]. Herodot. i. 183.

[906]. Exod. xxx., xxxvii. Lev. x. 1, xvi. 12, &c.

[907]. Smith, ‘Virginia,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xiii. p. 41. Le Jeune in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1634, p. 16. Catlin, ‘N. A. Ind.’ vol. i. p. 189.

[908]. ‘Rites and Laws of Incas,’ p. 16, &c., 79; see ‘Ollanta, an ancient Ynca Drama,’ tr. by C. R. Markham, p. 81. Garcilaso de la Vega, lib. i. ii. vi.

[909]. Klemm, ‘Cultur-Gesch.’ vol. iii. pp. 106, 114.

[910]. Plath, part ii. p. 65.

[911]. Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. i. p. 191.

[912]. ‘Rig-Veda,’ i. 1, 4.

[913]. Homer, Il. i. 317.

[914]. Porphyr. De Abstinentia, ii. 42; see 58.

[915]. Stanley, ‘Jewish Church,’ 2d Ser. pp. 410, 424. See Kalisch on Leviticus; Barry in Smith’s ‘Dictionary of the Bible,’ art. ‘sacrifice.’

[916]. Callaway, ‘Religion of Amazulu,’ p. 11 (amadhlozi or amatongo = ancestral spirits).

[917]. Roman Pane, ch. xvi. in ‘Life of Colon,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xii. p. 86. Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ p. 418; see Meiners, vol. ii., p. 516; J. G. Müller, p. 212.

[918]. ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. iv. p. 194.

[919]. Eliot in ‘As. Res.’ vol. iii. p. 30.

[920]. Macpherson, ‘India,’ pp. 88, 100.

[921]. Klemm, ‘Cultur-Gesch.’ vol. iii. p. 114.

[922]. Grimm, ‘Deutsche Myth.’ p. 264.

[923]. ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. p. 27.

[924]. Mason, ‘Karens,’ l.c. p. 208.

[925]. Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 407. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 358. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ pp. 104, 220.

[926]. Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 231.

[927]. Schoolcraft, ‘Algic Researches,’ vol. ii. p. 140; see p. 190.

[928]. Tanner’s ‘Narrative,’ pp. 286, 318. See also Waitz, vol. iii. p. 207.

[929]. J. G. Müller, p. 142; see p. 282.

[930]. Sahagun, lib. vi. in Kingsborough, vol. v.

[931]. ‘Rites and Laws of Yncas,’ tr. and ed. by C. R. Markham, pp. 55, 58, 166. See ante, p. [385] (possible connexion of smoke with soul).

[932]. Waitz, vol. ii. pp. 188, 196. Steinhauser, l.c. p. 136. See also Schlegel, ‘Ewe-Sprache,’ p. xv.; Magyar, ‘Süd-Afrika,’ p. 273.

[933]. A. Campbell in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vii. p. 153.

[934]. O’Riley, in ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. iv. p. 592. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. ii. p. 12.

[935]. R. Clarke, ‘Sierra Leone,’ p. 43.

[936]. Smith, ‘Virginia,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xiii. p. 41. Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterlehre,’ vol. ii. p. 693. Legge, ‘Confucius,’ p. 179. Grohmann, ‘Aberglauben aus Böhmen,’ p. 41, &c.

[937]. J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ p. 218; Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 400.

[938]. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. ii. p. 387.

[939]. Roberts, ‘Oriental Illustrations,’ p. 545.

[940]. M’Coy, ‘Baptist Indian Missions,’ p. 305.

[941]. Callaway, ‘Religion of Amazulu,’ p. 59. See Casalis, p. 252.

[942]. Earl in ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. iv. p. 174.

[943]. Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’ p. 170, see p. 146; Hooker, ‘Himalayan Journals,’ vol. ii. p. 276.

[944]. Prescott, ‘Mexico,’ book i. ch. iii.

[945]. ‘Rites and Laws of Yncas,’ p. 33, &c.

[946]. Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterlehre,’ vol. ii. p. 50; Pauly, ‘Real-Encyclopedie,’ s.v. ‘Sacrificia.’

[947]. Tanner’s ‘Nar.’ p. 154; see also Waitz, vol. iii. p. 167.

[948]. Symes, ‘Ava,’ in Pinkerton, vol. ix. p. 440; Caron, ‘Japan,’ ib. vol. vii. p. 629.

[949]. Burton, ‘Medinah,’ &c., vol. iii. p. 302; Lane, ‘Mod. Eg.’ vol. i. p. 132.

[950]. Hardy, ‘Manual of Budhism,’ p. 59.

[951]. 2 Kings iii. 27. Euseb. Præp. Evang. i. 10, iv. 156; Laud. Constant. xiii. Porphyr. De Abstin. ii. 56, &c. Lamprid. Heliogabal. vii. Movers, ‘Phönizier,’ vol. i. p. 300, &c.

[952]. Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 419.

[953]. Römer, ‘Guinea,’ p. 59. Bosman in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 399.

[954]. Klemm, ‘Cultur-Gesch.’ vol. iii. p. 106; Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 232.

[955]. Hesiod. Theog. 537. Welcker, vol. i. p. 764; vol. ii. p. 51.

[956]. Haug, ‘Parsis,’ Bombay, 1862, p. 238.

[957]. Hamilton in ‘As. Res.’ vol. ii. p. 342.

[958]. Mariner’s ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. i. p. 454; vol. ii. p. 222. Cook’s ‘3rd Voy.’ vol. i. p. 403. Details from S. Africa in Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. pp. 4, 24; Scherzer, ‘Voy. of Novara,’ vol. i. p. 212.

[959]. Catlin, ‘N. A. Ind.’ vol. i. p. 172; Klemm, ‘Cultur-Gesch.’ vol. ii. p. 170. See also Venegas, ‘Noticia de la California,’ vol. i. p. 117; Garcilaso de la Vega, lib. ii. c. 8 (Peru).

[960]. Buchanan, ‘Mysore,’ &c., in Pinkerton, vol. viii. p. 661; Meiners, vol. ii. p. 472; Bastian, l.c. See also Dubois, ‘India,’ vol. i. p. 5.

[961]. Polack, ‘New Zealand,’ vol. i. p. 264.

[962]. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 184.

[963]. Theodoret. in Levit. xix.; Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ Details in Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 229, &c.

[964]. Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. p. 113 (see other details).

[965]. Pausan. viii. 23; ix. 8.

[966]. ‘Encyc. Brit.’ art. ‘Brahma.’ See ‘Asiat. Res.’ vol. ix. p. 387.

[967]. Boecler, ‘Ehsten Aberglaübische Gebraüche,’ &c., p. 4.

[968]. Rivero and Tschudi, p. 196. See ‘Rites of Yncas,’ p. 79.

[969]. Bastian, p. 112, &c.; Smith’s ‘Dic. of Gr. and Rom. Ant.’ art. ‘Sacrificium.’

[970]. Grimm, ‘Deutsche Myth.’ p. 40.

[971]. Diodor. Sic. xx. 14.

[972]. Callaway, ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. p. 88; Magyar, ‘Süd-Afrika,’ p. 256.

[973]. Macpherson, ‘India,’ pp. 108, 187.

[974]. De Silva in Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 181.

[975]. Details in Pauly, ‘Real-Encyclop.’ s.v. ‘Sacrificia’; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. p. 114; Movers, ‘Phönizier,’ vol. i. p. 300.

[976]. Clavigero, ‘Messico,’ vol. ii. p. 82; Torquemada, ‘Monarquia Indiana,’ x. c. 29; J. G. Müller, pp. 502, 640. See also ibid. p. 379 (Peru); ‘Rites and Laws of Yncas,’ pp. 46, 54.

[977]. Grote, vol. v. p. 366. Schmidt in Smith’s ‘Dic. of Gr. and Rom. Ant.’ art. ‘Sacrificium.’ Bastian, l.c.

[978]. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. iii. p. 501.

[979]. Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. p. 152.

[980]. Lane, ‘Modern Eg.’ vol. ii. p. 262. Meiners, vol. ii. p. 85.

[981]. Wilkinson, ‘Ancient Eg.’ vol. iii. p. 395; and in Rawlinson’s Herodotus, vol. ii. p. 137. See 1 Sam. vi. 4.

[982]. Grimm, ‘Deutsche Myth.’ p. 1131.

[983]. Ibid.

[984]. Bastian, vol. iii. p. 116.

[985]. St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 43. Compare modern Circassian sacrifice of animal before cross, as substitute for child, in Bell, ‘Circassia,’ vol. ii.

[986]. Ralston, ‘Songs of Russian People,’ pp. 123, 153, &c.

[987]. Wuttke, ‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’ p. 86. See also Grimm, ‘Deutsche Myth.’ pp. 417, 602.

[988]. Hyltén-Cavallius, ‘Wärend och Wirdarne,’ part i. pp. 131, 146, 157, &c.

[989]. Monnier, ‘Traditions Populaires,’ pp. 187, 666.

[990]. R. Hunt, ‘Pop. Rom. of W. of England,’ 1st Ser. p. 237. Pennant, ‘Tour in Scotland,’ in Pinkerton, vol. iii. p. 49. J. Y. Simpson, Address to Soc. Antiq. Scotland, 1861, p. 33; Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. iii. pp. 74, 317.

[991]. Brand, vol. i. p. 484. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 45, 194, 1188, see p. 250; ‘Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer,’ p. 900; Hyltén-Cavallius, part i. p. 175.

[992]. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 962.

[993]. Beausobre, vol. ii. p. 667. Polydorus Vergilius, De Inventoribus Rerum (Basel, 1521), lib. v. 1.

[994]. Tanner’s ‘Narrative,’ p. 288. Loskiel, ‘N. A. Ind.’ part i. p. 76. Schoolcraft, ‘Ind. Tribes,’ part i. pp. 34, 113, 360, 391; part iii. p. 227. Catlin, ‘N. A. Ind.’ vol. i. p. 36. Charlevoix, ‘Nouv. Fr.’ vol. ii. p. 170; vol. vi. p. 67. Klemm, ‘Cultur-Gesch.’ vol. ii. p. 170. Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. iii. pp. 206, 217.

[995]. Colombo, ‘Vita,’ ch. xxv. Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ p. 501. See also Meiners, vol. ii. p. 143 (Guyana).

[996]. Dobrizhoffer, ‘Abipones,’ vol. ii. p. 68.

[997]. St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 144.

[998]. Döhne, ‘Zulu Dic.’ s.v. ‘nyanga;’ Grout, ‘Zulu-land,’ p. 158; Callaway, ‘Religion of Amazulu,’ p. 387.

[999]. Somadeva Bhatta, tr. Brockhaus, vol. ii. p. 81. Meiners, vol. ii. p. 147.

[1000]. Maury, ‘Magic,’ &c., p. 237; Pausan. i. 34; Philostrat. Apollon. Tyan. i.; Galen. Comment. in Hippocrat. i.

[1001]. Baptist. Mantuan. Fast. ix. 350.

[1002]. ‘Acta Sanctorum Bolland.’ S. Theresa.

[1003]. Colombo, ‘Vita,’ ch. lxii.; Roman Pane, ibid. ch. xv.; and in Pinkerton, vol. xii. Condamine, ‘Travels,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xiv. p. 226; Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. pp. 441, 631 (details of snuff-powders among Omaguas, Otomacs, &c.; native names curupá, paricá, niopo, nupa; made from seeds of Mimosa acacioides, Acacia niopo).

[1004]. Maury, ‘Magie,’ &c., p. 425.

[1005]. Seemann, ‘Voy. of Herald,’ vol. i. p. 256. Rivero and Tschudi, ‘Peruvian Antiquities,’ p. 184. J. G. Müller, p. 397.

[1006]. Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. p. 558; Clavigero, vol. ii. p. 40; J. G. Müller, p. 656.

[1007]. J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrelig.’ p. 277; Hernandez, ‘Historia Mexicana,’ lib. v. c. 51; Purchas, vol. iv. p. 1292.

[1008]. D. Wilson, ‘Prehistoric Man,’ vol. i. p. 487.

[1009]. Loskiel, ‘Ind. of N. A.’ part i. p. 42.

[1010]. Herodot. iv. 73-5.

[1011]. Maury, ‘Magie,’ &c., l.c.; Plin. xxiv. 102; Hesych. s.v. ‘ὠπήτειρα.’ See also Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 152, &c.; Baring-Gould, ‘Were-wolves,’ p. 149.

[1012]. Polak, ‘Persien,’ vol. ii. p. 245; Vambéry in ‘Mem. Anthrop. Soc.’ vol. ii. p. 20; Meiners, vol. ii. p. 216.

[1013]. Meiners, vol. ii. p. 162.

[1014]. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iii. p. 286.

[1015]. Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 145. Compare ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. ii. p. 247 (Aracan).

[1016]. D. H. Tuke in ‘Journal of Mental Science,’ Oct. 1870, p. 368.

[1017]. Grey, ‘Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 327.

[1018]. Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 230. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 151.

[1019]. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iv. p. 54.

[1020]. Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 485.

[1021]. D’Orbigny, ‘L’Homme Américain,’ vol. ii. pp. 319, 330.

[1022]. Rivero and Tschudi, ‘Peruvian Antiquities,’ p. 202. See also Arbousset and Daumas, ‘Voyage,’ p. 277 (Kafirs).

[1023]. Bickmore, in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vii. p. 20. Georgi, ‘Reise,’ vol. i. p. 266. Gul. de Rubruquis in Hakluyt vol. i. p. 78. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. iii. p. 228.

[1024]. Ælian. Var. Hist. v. 14, vii. 19; Plutarch. Solon, x.; Diog. Laert. Solon; Welcker, vol. i. p. 404.

[1025]. Beda in Die S. Paschæ. Durand, Rationale Divinorum Officiorum, lib. vii. c. 35-9. Brand, ‘Popular Antiquities,’ vol. ii. pp. 295, 318.

[1026]. Gregg, ‘Commerce of Prairies,’ vol. i. pp. 270, 273; vol. ii. p. 318.

[1027]. Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. vi. p. 178.

[1028]. Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ p. 365.

[1029]. Clavigero, ‘Messico,’ vol. ii. p. 24; J. G. Müller, p. 641. See Oviedo, ‘Nicaragua,’ p. 29.

[1030]. J. G. Müller, p. 363; Prescott, ‘Peru,’ book i. ch. 3. Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Commentarios Reales,’ lib. iii. c. 20, says it was at the east end; cf. lib. vi. c. 21 (llama sacrificed with head to east).

[1031]. Colebrooke, ‘Essays,’ vol. i., iv. and v.

[1032]. ‘Illustrations of the History and Practices of the Thugs,’ London, 1837, p. 46.

[1033]. Ezek. viii. 16; Mishna, ‘Sukkoth,’ v. See Fergusson in Smith’s ‘Dictionary of the Bible,’ s.v. ‘Temple.’

[1034]. Hyde, ‘Veterum Persarum Religionis Historia,’ ch. iv. Niebuhr, ‘Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien,’ vol. i. p. 396. Layard, ‘Nineveh,’ vol. i. ch. ix.

[1035]. Lucian. De Domo, vi. Vitruv. de Architectura, iv. 5. See Welcker, vol. i. p. 403.

[1036]. Augustin. de Serm. Dom. in Monte, ii. 5. Tertullian. Contra Valentin. iii.; Apolog. xvi. Constitutiones Apostolicæ, ii. 57. Cyril. Catech. Mystag. i. 2. Hieronym. in Amos. vi. 14; Bingham, ‘Antiquities of Chr. Church,’ book viii. ch. 3, book xi. ch. 7, book xiii. ch. 8. J. M. Neale, ‘Eastern Church,’ part i. p. 956; Romanoff, ‘Greco-Russian Church,’ p. 67.

[1037]. Billings, ‘N. Russia,’ p. 175.

[1038]. Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 485.

[1039]. ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. ii. p. 264.

[1040]. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 184; Yate, p. 82; Polack, vol. i. p. 51; A. S. Thomson, vol. i. p. 118; Klemm, ‘Cultur-Gesch.’ vol. iv. p. 304. See Schirren, ‘Wandersagen der Neuseeländer,’ pp. 58, 183; Shortland, p. 145.

[1041]. Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 152.

[1042]. Munzinger, ‘Ost-Afrika,’ p. 387.

[1043]. Park, ‘Travels,’ ch. vi.

[1044]. J. L. Wilson, ‘Western Africa,’ p. 399. See also Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 279 (Watje); ‘Anthropological Review,’ Nov. 1864, p. 243 (Mpongwe); Barker-Webb and Berthelot, vol. ii. p. 163 (Tenerife).

[1045]. See pp. 5, 437.

[1046]. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. p. 261; part iii. p. 243, &c. Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. v. p. 425. Wilson in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iv. p. 294.

[1047]. Casalis, ‘Basutos,’ p. 267.

[1048]. Kolben, vol. i. pp. 273, 283.

[1049]. Bosman, in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. pp. 423, 527; Meiners, vol. ii. pp. 107, 463.

[1050]. Pallas, ‘Mongolische Völkerschaften,’ vol. i. p. 166, &c.; Strahlenberg, ‘Siberia,’ p. 97.

[1051]. Bourien in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 81.

[1052]. Dalton in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vi. p. 22; Shortt, ibid. vol. iii. p. 375.

[1053]. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. p. 255.

[1054]. Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 127.

[1055]. Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 241; see pp. 407, 419.

[1056]. Casalis, ‘Basutos,’ p. 258.

[1057]. Grout, ‘Zulu-land,’ p. 147; Backhouse, ‘Mauritius and S. Africa,’ pp. 213, 225.

[1058]. Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. p. 75; Rubruquis, in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 82; Plano Carpini in Hakluyt, vol. i. p. 37.

[1059]. Rivero and Tschudi, ‘Peruvian Antiquities,’ p. 180; J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrelig.’ p. 389; Acosta, ‘Ind. Occ.’ v. c. 25; Brinton, p. 126. See account of the rite of driving out sicknesses and evils into the rivers, ‘Rites and Laws of Incas,’ tr. and ed. by C. R. Markham, p. 22.

[1060]. Sahagun, ‘Nueva España,’ lib. vi.; Torquemada, ‘Monarquia Indiana,’ lib. xii.; Clavigero, vol. ii. pp. 39, 86, &c.; Humboldt, ‘Vues des Cordillères,’ Mendoza Cod.; J. G. Müller, p. 652.

[1061]. Siebold, ‘Nippon,’ v. p. 22; Kempfer, ‘Japan,’ ch. xiii. in Pinkerton, vol. vii.

[1062]. Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. p. 120, vol. ii. p. 273. Davis, vol. i. p. 269.

[1063]. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. ii. p. 247; Meiners, vol. ii. p. 106; Symes in Pinkerton, vol. ix. p. 435.

[1064]. Köppen, ‘Religion des Buddha,’ vol. ii. p. 320; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ pp. 151, 211; ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 499.

[1065]. Leems, ‘Finnmarkens Lapper.’ Copenhagen, c. xiv., xxii., and Jessen, c. xiv.; Pinkerton, vol. i. p. 483; Klemm, ‘Cultur-Gesch.’ vol. iii. p. 77.

[1066]. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. pp. 96, 246, 337; Colebrooke, ‘Essays,’ vol. ii. Wuttke, ‘Gesch. des Heidenthums,’ vol. ii. p. 378. ‘Rig-Veda,’ i. 22, 23.

[1067]. Avesta, Vendidad, v.-xii.; Lord, in Pinkerton, vol. viii. p. 570; Naoroji, ‘Parsee Religion’; Polak, ‘Persien,’ vol i. p. 355, &c., vol. ii. p. 271. Meiners, vol. ii. p. 125.

[1068]. Details in Smith’s ‘Dic. of Gr. and Rom. Ant.’ and Pauly, ‘Real-Encyclopedie,’ s.v. ‘amphidromia,’ ‘lustratio,’ ‘sacrificium,’ ‘funus’; Meiners, ‘Gesch. der Religionen,’ book vii.; Lomeyer, ‘De Veterum Gentilium Lustrationibus’; Montfaucon, ‘L’Antiquité Expliquée,’ &c. Special passages; Homer, Il. vi. 266; Eurip. Ion. 96; Theocrit. xxiv. 95; Virg. Æn. ii. 719; Plaut. Aulular. iii. 6; Pers. Sat. ii. 31; Ovid. Fast. i. 669, ii. 45, iv. 727; Festus, s.v. ‘aqua et ignis,’ &c. The obscure subject of lustration in the mysteries is here left untouched.

[1069]. Ex. xxix. 4, xxx. 18, xl. 12; Lev. viii. 6, xiv. 8, xv. 5, xxii. 6; Numb. xix. &c.; Lightfoot in ‘Works,’ vol. xi.; Browne in Smith’s ‘Dic. of the Bible,’ s.v. ‘baptism;’ Calmet, ‘Dic.’ &c.

[1070]. Reland, ‘De Religione Mohammedanica;’ Lane, ‘Modern Eg.’ vol. i. p. 98, &c.

[1071]. Bingham, ‘Antiquities of Christian Church,’ book xi. ch. 2. Grimm, ‘Deutsche Mythologie,’ p. 592; Leslie, ‘Early Races of Scotland,’ vol. i. p. 113; Pennant, in Pinkerton, vol. iii. p. 383.

[1072]. Rituale Romanum; Gaume, ‘L’Eau Bénite;’ Middleton, ‘Letter from Rome,’ &c.

[1073]. Rituale Romanum. Bingham, book x. ch. 2, book xv. ch. 3. See Mark vii. 34, viii. 23; John ix. 6.

• Transcriber’s Notes:
  • Footnotes have been collected at the end of the text, and are linked for ease of reference.