The micro-organisms of the soil

by Edward J. Russell; Rothamsted Experimental Station

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY.

* Papers giving extensive bibliographies.

I. General.

[1] Bristol, B. M., “On the Retention of Vitality by Algæ from Old Stored Soils,” New Phyt., 1919, xviii., Nos. 3 and 4.

[2] Bristol, B. M., “On the Alga-Flora of some Desiccated English Soils: an Important Factor in Soil Biology,” Annals of Botany, 1920, vol. xxxiv., No. 133.

[3] Brizi, U., “Ricerche sulla Malattia del Riso detta ‘Brusone,’ Sect. IV. Influenza che le alghe verdi esercitano in risaia,” Annuario dell Instituzione Agraria Dott. A. Ponti, Milan, 1905, vol. vi., pp. 84-89.

[4] Esmarch, F., “Beitrag zur Cyanophyceen-Flora unserer Kolonien,” Jahrb. der Hamburgischen wissensch. Anstalten, 1910, xxviii., 3. Beiheft, S. 62-82.

[5] Esmarch, F., “Untersuchungen über die Verbreitung der Cyanophyceen auf und in verschiedenen Boden,” Hedwigia, 1914, Band lv., Heft 4-5.

[6] Fritsch, F. E., “The Rôle of Algal Growth in the Colonisation of New Ground and in the Determination of Scenery,” Geog. Journal, 1907.

[7] Harrison, W. H., and Aiyer, P. A. Subramania, “The Gases of Swamp Rice Soils,” Mem. Dept. Agr. in India, Chem. Ser. (I.) “Their Composition and Relationship to the Crop,” 1913, vol. iii., No. 3; (II.) “Their Utilisation for the Aeration of the Roots of the Crop,” 1914, vol. iv., No. 1; (IV.) “The Source of the Gaseous Soil Nitrogen,” 1916, vol. v., No. 1.

[8a] Hensen, V., “Ueber die Bestimmung des Planktons oder des im Meere treibenden Materials am Pflanzen und Thieren.” Fünfter Ber. Komm. wiss. Unters. deutschen Meere, 1887.

[8] Moore, G. T., and Karrer, J. L., “A Subterranean Alga Flora,” Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard., 1919, vi., pp. 281-307.

[9] Nadson, G., “Die perforierenden (kalkbohrende) Algen und ihre Bedeutung in der Natur,” Scripta bot. hort. Univ. Imp. Petrop., 1901, Bd. 17.

[10] Petersen, J. B., “Danske Aërofile Alger,” D. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, 7 Raekke, Naturv. og mathem., 1915, Bd. xii., 7, Copenhagen.

[11] Robbins, W. W., “Algæ in some Colorado Soils,” Agric. Exp. Sta., Colorado, 1912, Bulletin 184.

[12] Treub, “Notice sur la nouvelle Flora de Krakatau,” Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 1888, vol. vii., pp. 221-223.

II. Relation of Algæ to Light and Carbon.

[13] Artari, A., “Zur Ernährungsphysiologie der grünen Algen,” Ber. der D. bot. Ges., 1901, Bd. xix., S. 7.

[14] Artari, A., “Zur Physiologie der Chlamydomonaden (Chlam. Ehrenbergii);” (I.) Jahrb. f. Wiss. Bot., 1913, Bd. lii., S. 410; (II.) Ibid., 1914, Bd. liii., S. 527.

[15] Adjarof, M., “Recherches expérimentales sur la Physiologie de quelques Algues vertes,” Université de Genève—Institut Botanique, Prof. R. Chodat—1905, 6 serie, vii. fascicule, Genève.

[16] Beijerinck, M. W., “Berichte über meine Kulturen niederer Algen auf Nährgelatine,” Centr. f. Bakt. u. Paras., 1893, Abt. I., Bd. xiii., S. 368, Jena.

[17] Boresch, K., “Die Färbung von Cyanophyceen und Chlorophyceen in ihrer Abhängigkeit vom Stickstoffgehalt des Substrates,” Jahrbücher für Wiss. Botanik., 1913, lii., pp. 145-85.

[18] Chodat, R., “Étude critique et expérimentale sur le polymorphisme des Algues,” Genève, 1909.

[19] Chodat, R., “La crésol-tyrosinase, réactif des peptides et des polypeptides, des protéides et de la protéolyse,” Archiv. des Sciences physiques et naturelles, 1912.

[20] Chodat, R., “Monographie d’Algues en Culture pure: Matériaux pour la Flore Cryptogamique Suisse,” 1913, vol. iv., fasc. 2, Berne.

[21] Dangeard, P. A., “Observations sur une Algue cultivée à l’obscurité depuis huit ans,” Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 1921, vol. clxxii., No. 5, pp. 254-60.

[22] Étard et Bouilhac, “Sur la présence de la chlorophyll dans un Nostoc cultivé à l’abri de la lumière,” Compt. Rend., t. cxxvii, 1898.

[23] Grintzesco, J., “Recherches expérimentales sur la morphologie et la physiologie expérimentale de Scenedesmus acutus,” Meyen. Bull. herb. Boiss., 1902, Bd. ii., pp. 219-64 and 406-29.

[24] Grintzesco, J., “Contribution à l’étude des Protococcoidées: Chlorella vulgaris Beyerinck,” Revue générale de Botanique, 1903, xv., pp. 5-19, 67-82.

[25] * Kufferath, H., “Contribution à la physiologie d’une protococcacée nouvelle, Chlorella luteo-viridis Chod. n. sp. var., lutescens Chod. n. var.,” Recueil de l’institut bot. Léo Errera, 1913, t. ix, p. 113.

[26] Kufferath, H., “Recherches physiologiques sur les algues vertes cultivées en culture pure,” Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique, 1921, liv., pp. 49-77.

[27] Magnus, W., and Schindler, B., “Ueber den Einflusz der Nährsalze auf die Färbung der Oscillarien,” Ber. der D. Bot. Gesellschaft, 1912-13, xxx., p. 314.

[28] * Nakano, H., “Untersuchungen über die Entwicklungs- und Ernährungsphysiologie einiger Chlorophyceen,” Journ. College of Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1917, vol. xl., Art. 2.

[29] Pringsheim, E., “Kulturversuche mit chlorophyll-führenden Mikroorganismen,” Cohns Beiträge Z. Biol. d. Pflanzen. (I.) Die Kultur von Algen in Agar, 1912, Bd. xi., S. 249; (II.) Zur Physiologie der Euglena gracilis, 1913, Bd. xii., S. 1.; (III.) Zur Physiologie der Schizophyceen, 1913, Bd. xii., S. 99.

[30] Radais, “Sur la culture pure d’une algue verte; formation de chlorophylle à l’obscurité,” Comptes Rendus, 1900, cxxx., p. 793.

[31] Richter, O., “Zur Physiologie der Diatomeen.” (I.) Sitzber. d. kais. Akad. d. W. in Wien, math, naturw. Kl., 1906, Bd. cxv., Abt. I., S. 27; (II.) Denkschrift d. math. naturw. Kl. d. kais. Akad. d. W. in Wien, 1909, Bd. lxxxiv., S. 666; (III.) Sitzber. d. Kais. Akad., etc., 1909, Bd. cxviii., Abt. I., S. 1337.

[32] Richter, O., “Ernährung der Algen,” 1911.

[33] Robbins, W. J., “Direct Assimilation of Organic Carbon by Ceratodon purpureus,” Bot. Gaz., 1918, lxv., pp. 543-51.

[34] Schindler, B., “Ueber den Farbenwechsel der Oscillarien,” Zeitsch. f. Bot., 1913, v., pp. 497-575.

[35] Ternetz, Charlotte, “Beiträge zur Morphologie und Physiologie der Euglena gracilis,” Jahrb. f. Wiss. Bot., 1912, Bd. 51, S. 435.

III. Relation of Algæ to Nitrogen.

[36] Berthelot, “Recherches nouvelles sur les microorganismes fixateurs de l’azote,” Comptes Rend., 1893, cxvi., pp. 842-49.

[37] Bouilhac, R., “Sur la fixation de l’azote atmosphérique par l’association des algues et des bactéries,” Comptes Rend., 1896, cxxiii., pp. 828-30.

[38] Bouilhac and Giustiniani, “Sur une culture de sarrasin en présence d’un mélange d’algues et de bactéries,” Comptes Rendus, 1903, cxxxvii., pp. 1274-76.

[39] Charpentier, P. G., “Alimentation azotée d’une algue: Le Cystococcus humicola,” Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1903, 17, pp. 321-34.

[40] Fischer, Hugo, “Über Symbiose von Azotobacter mit Oscillarien,” Centr. f. Bakt., 1904, xii.

[41] Frank, B., “Uber den experimentellen Nachweis der Assimilation freien Stickstoffs durch Erdbewohnende Algen,” Ber. der D. Bot. Gesellsch., 1889, vol. vii., pp. 34-42.

[42] Frank, B., “Ueber den gegenwärtigen Stand unserer Kenntnisse der Assimilation elementaren Stickstoffs durch die Pflanze,” Ber. der. D. Bot. Ges., 1889, vii., 234-47.

[43] Frank, B., and Otto, R., “Untersuchungen über Stickstoff Assimilation in der Pflanze,” Ber. der D. Bot. Ges., 1890, viii., 331-342.

[44] Gautier and Drouin, “Recherches sur la fixation de l’azote par le sol et les végétaux,” Compt. Rend., 1888, cvi., pp. 1174-76; General Conclusions, p. 1232.

[45] Kossowitsch, P., “Untersuchungen über die Frage, ob die Algen freien Stickstoff fixiren,” Bot. Zeit., 1894, Heft 5, S. 98-116.

[46] Krüger, W., und Schneidewind, “Sind niedere chlorophyllgrüne Algen imstande, den freien Stickstoff der Atmosphäre zu assimilieren und Boden an Stickstoff zu bereichern?” Landwirtschaftliche Jahrb., 1900, Bd. 29, S. 771-804.

[47] Moore, Benjamin, and T. Arthur Webster, “Studies of the photosynthesis in f.w.a.” (I.) “The fixation of both C and N from atmosphere to form organic tissue by green plant cell”; (II.) “Nutrition and growth produced by high gaseous dilutions of simple organic compounds, such as formaldehyde and methylic alcohol”; (III.) “Nutrition and growth by means of high dilution of CO₂ and oxides of N without access to atmosphere,” Proc. Roy. Soc., London, 1920, B. xci., pp. 201-15.

[47a] Moore, B., Whiteley, Webster, T. A., Proc. Roy. Soc., London, B., 1921; xcii., pp. 51-60.

[48] Reinke, J., “Symbiose von Volvox und Azotobacter,” Ber. der d. Bot. Ges., 1903, Bd. xxi., S. 481.

[49] Russell, E. J., and Richards, E. H., “The washing out of Nitrates by Drainage Water from Uncropped and Unmanured Land,” Journ. Agric. Sci., 1920, vol. x., Part I.

[50] Schloesing, fils, and Laurent, E., “Recherches sur la fixation de l’azote libre par les plantes,” Ann. de l’Institut Pasteur, 1892, vi., pp. 65-115.

[51] Schramm, J. R., “The Relation of Certain Grass Green Algæ to Elementary Nitrogen,” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1914, i., No. 2.

[52] Wann, F. B., “The Fixation of Nitrogen by Green Plants,” Amer. Journ. Bot., 1921, viii., pp. 1-29.

CHAPTER VII.
THE OCCURRENCE OF FUNGI IN THE SOIL.

Note.—I am indebted to my late colleague Miss Sibyl S. Jewson, M.Sc., for permission to include unpublished data from our investigations on the soil fungi.

In 1886 Adametz,[1] investigating the biochemical changes occurring in soils, isolated several species of fungi. It was, however, only with the work of Oudemans and Koning,[17] in 1902 when forty-five species were isolated and described, the majority as new to science, that the real study of the fungus flora of the soil commenced. There is now no doubt that fungi form a large and very important section of the permanent soil population, and certain forms are found only in the soil. Indeed, Takahashi[22] has reversed the earlier ideas by suggesting that fungus spores in the air are derived from soil forms. The majority of investigations on this subject fall, perhaps, into one or more of three classes: (a) purely systematic studies such as those of Oudemans and Koning,[17] Dale,[5] Jensen,[9] Waksman,[25a] Hagem,[8c] Lendner,[12] and others, which consist in the isolation and identification of species from various soils: (b) physiological researches, such as those of Hagem[8c] on the Mucorineæ of Norway, or the many investigations on the biochemical changes in soils produced by fungi, such as those of Muntz and Coudon,[15] McLean and Wilson,[15] Kopeloff,[11] Goddard,[7] McBeth and Scales,[14] and others: (c) quantitative studies, such as those of Remy,[20] Fischer,[6] Ramann,[18] Waksman,[25c] and Takahashi,[22] which involve numerical estimates of the fungus flora in soils.