Remarks on the Uses of some of the Bazaar Medicines and Common Medical Plants of India / With a full index of diseases, indicating their treatment by these and other agents procurable throughout India; to which are added directions for treatment in cases of drowning, snake-bites &c.

by Edward John Waring

COOKERY FOR THE SICK.

419.

Mutton Broth and Beef Tea.

Take a pound of meat, free from fat; chop it up fine, and let it stand for one hour in a pint of cold water. Then add half a dozen Okra (1) cut transversely, and boil at a gentle heat to half a pint; strain and flavour with salt and pepper to taste. It should be freshly prepared daily.

420.

Chicken Broth.

This is prepared in the same manner as the preceding, a full-grown fowl being substituted for the pound of meat. The two essential points to be attended to being that the flesh is cut small or well bruised, and that it stands for an hour in cold water previous to being put on the fire. Half-grown fowls will answer for children. Like the preceding, it should be prepared fresh daily.

421.

Raw Meat Juice.

The juice of raw meat is an invaluable remedy in sickness, more especially in the many diseases of the intestinal canal from which Europeans suffer in Indian, whether during infancy or in adult life. For obtaining this juice any meat will do, but beef is to be preferred. From a piece, say, a pound in weight, remove all the fat; then mince the meat; after which cover the mince with as much water as it will absorb in four or five minutes; then reduce the soft mass into a pulp in a mortar by means of a pestle. Pass this pulp through a cloth forcibly: the fluid which passes through the cloth is meat juice. Children will take this readily without any addition being made to it. Adults, however, frequently cannot do so, owing to its peculiar raw odour. In such cases it can be made palatable by the addition of a little salt, sometimes sherry, Worcester sauce, or even a little acid jelly; but whatever is done to this juice to make it palatable, on no account add mineral acids, or cook it, as in both cases the albumen of the juice becomes coagulated, making it less digestible. Where ice is procurable, meat in this form can be conveniently kept fresh for more than forty-eight hours. Where ice cannot be obtained, and the climate is at summer heat, the juice should be extracted from the meat fresh each time it is to be given. (Dr. Aitchison.)

422.

Rice Milk.

Boil one table-spoonful of ground Rice with a pint and a half of Milk, or equal parts of milk and water; stir it smooth, and boil for two minutes; flavour with sugar and nutmeg. A very nourishing food for children.

423.

Arrowroot.

Take a table-spoonful of the best Arrowroot, and make it into a thin paste with a little water; then add gradually half a pint of boiling water, stirring it the whole time. Put it on the fire for two or three minutes, still continuing to stir it till the whole is uniformly mixed; then remove it from the fire and add grated nutmeg, sugar, &c., to taste. If made with milk instead of water, it is more nourishing, but when the stomach is weak it sometimes disagrees, and then water is preferable. It should be prepared fresh when required.

424.

Sago.

Add a table-spoonful of the best Sago to a pint of Water, and let it stand for two hours, then boil for a quarter of an hour, stirring the whole time, till it forms a clear uniform jelly. Remove from the fire, and flavour with sugar, nutmeg, &c.

425.

Pish-Pash.

(Puss-Pass).

This is a regular Indian dish for invalids, and consists of fresh meat cooked amongst rice. Usually a chicken is cut up into small pieces, put into the bottom of a small pan, to which are added three table-spoonfuls of rice, well cleaned, and over the whole is poured two breakfast-cupfuls of cold water. This is now allowed to cook over a slow fire for three or four hours. Spices and salt, of course, can be added during the cooking process. If the patient is extremely ill the rice part alone is used, which has absorbed nearly the whole of the strength of the meat. Besides being given to invalids, this is a common diet amongst European children in India (Dr. Aitchison).

426.

Brandy Mixture.

Take of Brandy and of Water each four table-spoonfuls, the yolks of two eggs, and half an ounce of powdered white sugar. Beat the yolks and sugar well together, then add the spirit and water, and flavour with grated cinnamon or nutmeg.

This is a valuable stimulant and restorative in the low forms and advanced stages of Fever, Smallpox, Measles, Exhausting Hæmorrhages, Cholera, and other cases where the vital powers are greatly depressed. The dose for adults is from one to three table-spoonfuls repeated according to circumstances; for children from a teaspoonful to a table-spoonful according to age or the urgency of the symptoms.

427. In Delirium Tremens this is one of the best forms of stimulant, combining as it does nutritive with stimulant properties; indeed, when other food is rejected, the proportion of eggs may be doubled or trebled. In the young and vigorous, and in first attacks, all alcoholic drinks may be safely and strictly withheld, but should there be a great craving for drink, Omum water (320) may be tried, as it is said to relieve this condition. In the old debilitated confirmed drinker, however, stimulants become a necessity, and Brandy Mixture in doses of one to two ounces may be given at stated intervals as required, but the patient should not be allowed to sip it, or take it occasionally as he thinks fit.

428.

White Wine Whey.

Take one pint of fresh Milk, add Mace, Nutmeg and Cinnamon, with Sugar to taste. Put it on a clear slow fire, stirring until the milk is on the point of boiling over. Then take it off, and throw in one or two wineglassfuls of Sherry or Madeira. Put it on the fire again, stirring it gently one way until it curdles; then remove, and strain through cloth or muslin. This taken at bedtime, the patient being well covered with clothes, so as to produce copious perspiration, has often an excellent effect in arresting incipient attacks of Catarrh, Influenza, &c.

429.

Egg Wine.

Beat up one Egg (both yolk and white) with a table-spoonful of cold Water. On this pour a mixture of a glass of Sherry and half a glass of water previously heated together (not boiling), stirring all the time. Then sweeten with white sugar, and add a little grated nutmeg, to taste. Taken in this form it is more digestible, but its flavour is improved by heating the ingredients in a clean saucepan over a gentle fire (not to boiling), stirring them one way till they thicken. This, with a small piece of toast or biscuit, may be advantageously taken by invalids twice daily, or as occasion requires.

430.

Strengthening Jelly.

Steep two ounces of Isinglass or Prepared Gelatine, one ounce of Gum Arabic, five ounces of Sugar Candy, and a grated Nutmeg in a bottle of Port wine all night. In the morning, simmer over a slow fire till quite dissolved; then strain and set aside in a cool place till it forms a firm jelly. A piece the size of a nutmeg may be taken five or six times a day. This jelly is admirably suited for cases of debility when the stomach is unable to bear animal food.

PART II.
SYNOPSIS OR INDEX OF DISEASES.

The numbers have reference to the paragraphs; the asterisk (*) denotes those most deserving of attention.

Abdomen, Flatulent Distension of.

See Flatulence.

Abortion.

Use Vinegar externally and internally (379); if great restlessness or pain is present, give Opium (289); if the hæmorrhage continue unabated, apparently from want of power in the uterus to contract, try Borax and Cinnamon (58), or administer a Turpentine enema (364). In cases where there is much hæmorrhage, which does not abate under the above means, the Acetate of Lead and Opium Pills advised for Hæmorrhage, Internal, may be given with signal advantage. With these exceptions, let nature complete her work by herself; more harm than good may result from meddlesome interference. Perfect rest of mind and body, a strictly recumbent posture in a cool, well-ventilated apartment, and careful avoidance of all stimulant articles of diet and mental excitement, are essentials to successful treatment. Threatened Abortion from a fall, over-exertion, &c., may sometimes be averted by a dose of Opium (289), and strict attention to the above hygienic rules. See also Hæmorrhage, Internal.

Abscess.

In the early stage apply Hot Water Fomentations (393); if there be much inflammation and pain, apply Leeches (212), and keep constantly to the part a solution of Sal Ammoniac (325), or Evaporating Lotion (380). If matter forms, apply Rice Poultices (322); when it comes so near the surface that it can be felt fluctuating under the finger the abscess should be opened with a lancet at the most prominent point; and after the matter has been evacuated by gentle pressure, the Rice Poultices should be continued, and changed twice or thrice daily. Should the pain be so great as to prevent sleep, a dose of Opium (283) or Tincture of Datura (128) at bedtime is advisable. Should the discharge be profuse and the patient weak, support the strength with a liberal diet and tonics, as Chiretta (98, 99), or Country Sarsaparilla (163), or Ním Bark (260). N.B.—Abscesses in the neck should be opened only by a doctor, or by one who is conversant with the anatomy of the part.

Acidity of the Stomach.

See Stomach, Acidity of.

Acids, Poisoning with.

Give copious draughts of Lime Water (228) and milk, or, if this be not at hand, soap and water, or chalk, or the plaster of the apartment beaten up with water. Rice Conjee (322) and other mucilaginous drinks, white of eggs, or draughts containing any bland oil, should be given freely. Much of the success in these cases depends upon the promptitude with which the remedies are applied.

Ague.

See Fever, Intermittent.

Ague Cake.

See Spleen, Enlargement of.

Albuminuria.

Try Alum (27).

Amenorrhœa.

See Menstrual Discharge, Suspended.

Anus, Prolapsus of.

See Bowel, Descent of.

Aphthæ, or Aphthous Ulceration.

See Mouth, Ulceration of.

Apoplexy.

If the patient is young and vigorous, pour cold water from a height on the head and spine as directed in 386. Keep Evaporating Lotion (380) to the head; give a Croton Pill (120), or if the patient is unable to swallow, place a drop or two of Croton Oil (121) at the back of the tongue. Apply Turpentine Stupes (363) or Mustard Poultices to the feet and calves. Should the insensibility continue, give a Turpentine enema (364). For the old and debilitated, and for natives generally, a little Brandy Mixture (426), or other stimulant judiciously given, offers a better prospect of success than bloodletting, which should never be had recourse to except under medical supervision.

Appetite, Loss of.

First try Chiretta (98, 99*); should this fail, give one of the following: Sweet Flag Root (12), Country Sarsaparilla (163), Ním Bark (260), or Gulancha (352). Stomachics, as Capsicum (79), Cinnamon (102), or Cloves (105), may be advantageously combined with them, care being taken at the same time to regulate the bowels.

Arsenic, Poisoning with.

As speedily as possible empty the stomach by an emetic of Sulphate of Copper (117) or Mustard (246), and then give copious draughts of white of eggs beaten up in milk, or a mixture of equal parts of Lime Water and Sesamum, Cocoa-nut, or other bland oil. Powdered Sugar has been advised in these cases, but if of any service, it can only act like the preceding mixtures, mechanically, by enveloping the particles of the poison; this remark applies also to Powdered Charcoal, which has also been well spoken of. When the vomiting has abated, give a full dose of Castor Oil (83) to carry off any of the poison which may have passed into the intestines, and this may be repeated every day for two or three days. Should there be great exhaustion, a little stimulant, as Brandy Mixture (426), may be given, and a dose of Opium may be advisable, to subdue any subsequent great pain and restlessness.

Asthma.

To relieve the severity of a paroxysm, try one or more of the following: Turpentine Stupes (362*), or Hot Water Fomentations to the chest (393), Camphor (70*), or Asafœtida (37) internally, and the inhalation of the fumes of Nitre Paper (268*) or of Datura (129*). A cup of hot, strong, milkless, sugarless Coffee café noir, drunk as hot as can be borne, sometimes gives great relief. Daily sponging the chest with Vinegar is thought to act in a measure as a preventive (378). A better preventive is the careful regulation of diet. Many a fit of asthma can be clearly traced to a hot supper, or some other error of diet.

Atrophy, or Wasting of the Body.

Try Fish Liver Oil (142), with tonics, as Chiretta (98, 99), and change of air.

Bed Sores.

To prevent these, bathe the parts daily with a solution of Camphor in spirit (75), or with Brandy or Eau de Cologne, or apply Alum and White of Egg (31*), and relieve the local pressure as much as possible by change of position, &c. A small circular pillow with a hollow centre (just like the pads worn by the coolies on their heads in carrying weights, only thinner) is most useful for this purpose. Should a sore form notwithstanding, it should be treated as an ordinary ulcer. See Ulcer.

Beri-beri.

Petroleum (410).

Bish (Aconite Root), Poisoning with.

Strong stimulants, as Brandy and Ammonia; Cold Water Affusion (386), and persistent friction of the limbs and spine, appear to offer the best chance of success. Decoction of Galls (152) has been advised as an antidote. Strong hot Coffee, café noir, is worth a trial, if the patient can swallow.

Bites, Venomous, and Stings, e.g., of Centipedes, Scorpions, Wasps.

All that is required in ordinary or mild cases, after immediate suction of the bite, is application of Vinegar (380), or Alum (32), or a strong solution of salt and water. Inunction of warm oil has been highly recommended. If Ipecacuanha is at hand, a small portion of it made into a thick paste with a few drops of water, and locally applied, is said in many instances to afford great and immediate relief. Brown Sugar is said to be specially useful in Wasp Stings. Soda is also said speedily to relieve the pain in these cases. Should the symptoms be severe, as is sometimes the case, Liquor Ammoniæ and stimulants, as advised for Snake Bites (Appendix B), should be given.

Bladder, Painful Affections and Irritable States of.

Are best relieved by Opium (286*), the free use of demulcents, as the Decoctions of Abelmoschus (2), Ispaghúl seeds (305), or Rice Conjee (322), and the use of the Hip Bath (392). The Extract of Gulancha (353) seems well worthy of a trial, especially in Chronic Inflammation of the Bladder.

Bleeding.

See Hæmorrhage.

Blows.

See Sprains.

Boils.

Are to be treated much in the same way as Abscesses, by Hot Water Fomentations (393), Sal Ammoniac Lotion (332), and Rice Poultices (322). Leeches (212) are rarely necessary, unless there should be much pain and inflammation. Decoction of Country Sarsaparilla (163) may be given internally if there is any constitutional disturbance. A popular and useful "drawing plaster" is a compound of equal weights of Brown Sugar and English Yellow Soap; a still better one is the ointment described in paragraph 399; a portion of either of these spread on rag should be applied over each boil. Rajah Boil. See Carbuncle.

Bones, Scrofulous Affections of.

Give Fish Liver Oil (138).

Bowel, Lower, Descent of.

The protruded part having been carefully washed, should be replaced by gentle pressure with the hand: should there be any difficulty in doing this, the forefinger well oiled should be pushed up into the anus; and it will, unless the parts be greatly swollen, carry the protruded part in with it. The patient should then remain quiet for some hours in a recumbent posture, and apply cloths saturated with Decoction of Galls (147), or Babúl Bark (9), holding Alum (25*) in solution. Subsequently enemas of the above solutions, or others containing Sulphate of Iron (179), act usefully in constringing the parts and preventing a return of the accident. In weak, debilitated subjects, Confection of Pepper (300) proves very serviceable. The bowels should be kept open by mild aperients, of which Sulphur and Cream of Tartar (344) is by far the best. All straining at stool should be carefully avoided. A person subject to this accident should wear a pad to keep the parts up.

Chronic Descent of the Bowel in Children.

May be frequently cured by making the child, when at stool, sit on a seat sufficiently high, so that its feet cannot touch the ground or have other support. (Dr. Aitchison.)

Bowels, Spasmodic, and other Painful Affections of.

Mild cases generally yield to Omum Water (318*), Lemon Grass Oil (216), or the Infusions of Ginger (155), Dill Seeds (134), or Cloves (105), with or without a single dose of Opium (284). Severe cases require the repetition of the Opium (284) in Omum Water, &c., together with either Hot Water Fomentations (393), Mustard Poultices (251), or Turpentine Stupes (362) externally to the abdomen; followed in protracted cases by an enema of Turpentine (364), or Asafœtida (36). In all cases a dose of Castor Oil is advisable when the pain has abated. In Children. See Colic. For Irregularity of the Bowels, try Bael Sherbet (45); in that of Children, Decoction of Kariyát Leaves (193). Constipation of. See Constipation. Bleeding from. See Hæmorrhage.

Breast, Abscess of, in Women.

See Milk Abscess.

Breathing, Difficulty of, occurring without evident cause or in connection with a cold.

Sometimes yields to Camphor and Asafœtida Pills (70), and Turpentine Stupes (362), or Mustard Poultices (247) to the chest. Great relief, especially in the case of children, is often derived from external application of Betal Leaves (48), or bags of hot salt. See also Cough.

Bronchitis, Chronic.

Decoction of Sweet Flag (13), Country Ipecacuanha (370), Asafœtida (37), and Fish Liver Oil (140) internally, with Rice Poultices (322), Croton Liniment (122), and Turpentine Stupes (362) externally, may be used with advantage. The inhalation of the vapour of hot Decoction of Abelmoschus (2) is also serviceable. The temperature of the apartment should be kept as uniform as possible. For the relief of a paroxysm of cough, the fumes of burning Nitre Paper (268) are worthy of a trial in all cases. A blister to the chest often affords great relief.

Bronchocele.

See Goitre.

Bruises.

See Sprains.

Buboes.

Often subside under a non-stimulant diet, perfect rest in the recumbent posture, and the continued application of Sal Ammoniac Lotion (332), the bowels being at the same time carefully regulated. Should matter form, treat as Abscess (which see). Should ulceration result, apply Borax Lotion (59), Resin Ointment (372), &c., as advised for ulcers. "Buboes, especially of the groin, when not in an inflamed condition, are often immensely benefited by having a smooth stone of two pounds weight or thereabout, laid over them; this rapidly causes absorption." (Dr. Aitchison.)

Burning of the Feet in Natives.

Apply Henna or Mhíndí Poultice (197) locally, and try Bromide of Potassium, 5 to 10 grains dissolved in water, twice or thrice daily.

Burns and Scalds.

As soon after the accident as possible, apply freely to the whole of the burnt surface Lime Liniment (229), or in its absence Jinjili Oil (337), or any other bland oil, dusting thickly over with Rice Flour; or even with simple Rice Flour without any oil as directed in paragraph 322. The object in each case is to prevent, as far as possible, the access of air to the burnt surface. These first dressings should remain undisturbed for at least twenty-four hours, and should then be repeated in the same, or in a modified form. Subsequent ulcerations should be treated with Ceromel (167) or Resin Ointment (372). Carbolised Oil or Liniment is advocated by Dr. Aitchison. Dr. A.'s directions are as follows: "Employ a Liniment of Carbolic Acid, one part Acid to 15 of a sweet Oil, carefully mixed; apply this freely over the burnt or scalded surface, cover the whole with a thick piece of cotton wool, and apply a bandage over all. On no account change the cotton dressing unless there is any disagreeable odour. If the dressing is becoming dry and thus causing irritation, take off the bandage and moisten cotton wadding thoroughly with the same Liniment without moving it. On no account allow water to come in contact with the injured part." The treatment of very extensive burns of the lower limbs with carbolic acid is considered to be prejudicial, but not so of the upper extremities. Should the injured surface be extensive, the constitution should be supported by liberal diet, tonics, and stimulants, as Brandy Mixture (426) at stated intervals. Any great restlessness or excessive pain may require a dose of Opium at bedtime (283). N.B.—Whenever the burn is in the neighbourhood of the joint, or in the neck, it is important that the parts should be kept in a straight or stretched position, otherwise contraction is apt to result during the healing process.

Cancer.

To relieve the pain and restlessness, give Opium (283) or Tincture of Datura (128). To correct the fœtor of the discharge, apply relays of Charcoal Poultices (91), cleansing the ulcer each time the poultice is changed with Borax Lotion (59). N.B.—On the smallest suspicion of a cancer forming, no time should be lost in placing the case under regular medical care.

Carbuncle "Rajah Boil" of the Natives.

The treatment of the early stages is similar to that for Abscess (ante); only if leeches are deemed necessary, they should be placed round the edge and not on the hardened surface. When ulceration sets in, the Toddy Poultice (355) is useful in stimulating to healthy action; and the removal of the slough is greatly accelerated by the daily practice of Irrigation (395). Turpentine Ointment (367) or Petroleum (412) also prove useful in this stage. Should there be much fœtor, apply Charcoal Poultices (91) and the Borax Lotion (59) as advised in Cancer. Opium (283) may be necessary to relieve pain and give rest. When the slough has come away, the ointments advised in paragraphs 367 and 372, or Ceromel (167), may be used as dressing. A generous animal diet, with a daily portion of stimulants, should be allowed, and tonics as Chiretta (98, 99), or Country Sarsaparilla (163) administered. Whenever practicable, the case should be placed under proper surgical care, as incisions are often necessary for the removal of the slough.

Cassava Root, Poisoning by.

Give Lime Juice (234).

Castor Oil Seeds, Poisoning by.

Give Lime Juice (234).

Cataract.

Datura (128).

Catarrhs or Colds.

May often be cut short at the outset by a draught of hot Infusion of Ginger (156) or White Wine Whey (428) at bedtime, and covering the body well, so as to produce copious perspiration. A Vapour Bath (396) will answer the same purpose. To relieve feverishness give Solution of Nitre (264), Decoction of Abelmoschus (2), and Country Ipecacuanha (370). Inhalation of the fumes of burning Turmeric (359) manifestly relieves troublesome congestion or fulness of the head, nose, &c. See also Cough.

Caterpillar's Hairs, to Extract.

Some Indian Caterpillars are armed with a thick hairy covering, and if these come in contact with the skin the hairs are apt to pierce the cuticle, and by their presence create great pain, irritation, &c. To extract them the following ingenious plan, devised by Dr. Alexander Grant, late Bengal Medical Service, is said to be very effectual. Take a lock of human hair, tie firmly with thread about one-eighth of an inch from the cut end, so as to form a short, firm, even brush, not however to be used as such, but as forceps. This held between the thumb and forefinger, is allowed to descend perpendicularly and uncompressed among the caterpillar hairs. When the two sets of hairs are commingled, the brush is compressed as forceps are, and drawn straight up, bringing the hairs with it, and so on until all the hairs are pulled out.

Centipedes, Bites of.

See Bites, Venomous.

Chest, Pains in, during Fevers.

See Fevers.

Childbirth.

See Labours.

Children, Debility of.

To relieve pallor and wasting, give Country Sarsaparilla (163), and Fish Liver Oil (139), with generous diet, and gentle outdoor exercise. A change of air will often do more good than medicine. Constipation of, see Constipation, Convulsion of, see Convulsions. Colic of, see Colic. Coughs of, see Coughs. Diarrhœa of, see Diarrhœa. Difficulty of Breathing, see Breathing, Difficulty of.

Cholera.

To check the premonitory diarrhœa or purging, give the Alum Powders (26), or Alum with Infusion of Sweet Flag (12), or Omum Water (319); should these not succeed in checking it, try a few of the Compound Pepper Pills (299), but it is unadvisable to continue them long on account of the large proportion of Opium which they contain (285). One of the most useful forms of Cholera Pills, which should be commenced at the earlier stages when the purging sets in, is composed of 24 grains of Acetate of Lead, and two grains of Opium, made into a mass with a few drops of Honey, and divided into eight pills. Of these one may be given every hour or half-hour, according to the urgency of the symptoms, till the whole eight have been taken; but this number should not be exceeded, in consequence of the quantity of Opium they contain. Each pill may be taken in a wineglassful of Omum Water. Should the disease progress, Dr. Ayre's plan of treatment (285*), if the ingredients are at hand, should be pursued, together with the persevering use of Lemon Grass Oil (216) and Omum Water (318), for the purpose of checking the vomiting and stimulating the system. For the latter purpose also give an ounce (two table-spoonfuls) of the Brandy Mixture (426) every half-hour or oftener, unless Champagne or other sparkling wine is available, this being decidedly the best form of stimulant in these cases—only it must be given in moderation at stated periods; more harm than good is done by over-stimulation. The patient should be encouraged to drink plentifully of cold water, iced if possible; though the first draught or two may be rejected, it will soon be retained if persevered in. Chicken Broth, or Lime Water and Milk, may also be given plentifully as a drink. The other accessories to the above are Mustard Poultices (251) or Turpentine Stupes (363) over the heart (left side of the chest), bags of hot sand or salt to the spine, feet, and legs, and diligent friction with the hand or hot towels. At the same time the patient should not be moved about more than can be possibly helped.—N.B. During an epidemic of Cholera impress upon everybody the necessity of applying for medicines directly they feel unwell or have the slightest purging; those who come thus early for treatment stand a much better chance of recovery than those who delay even a few hours. Here time is of the most vital importance.

Chorea, St. Vitus's Dance.

Fish Liver Oil (141), Infusion of Jatamansi (184), and Sulphate of Iron (177), alone or in combination, according to circumstances, are worthy of a trial. N.B.—This, as well as other nervous affections, is often due to intestinal worms: attention should therefore be paid to this point. (See Convulsions.)

Cocculus Indicus, Poisoning by.

Having emptied the stomach by an emetic of Sulphate of Copper (117) or Mustard (246), give copious draughts of Decoction of Galls (152), followed by a full dose of Castor Oil to carry off any of the poison which may have passed into the intestines. Brandy or other stimulants are required should there be great depression or exhaustion.

Colds

See Catarrhs.

Colic in Adults.

To be treated in a manner described in Spasmodic Affections of the Bowels. The Colic of Children, usually connected with flatulence, generally yields to Omum Water (318*), Infusion of Dill (134), with or without Asafœtida (36), and a Hot Bath (387), followed by a dose of Castor Oil.

Constipation.

For the immediate relief of this, aperients are required. Castor Oil (83) and Senna (336) are best adapted for children and delicate females; Aloes (18, 19) for women suffering from irregularity or suspension of the menstrual discharge; Myrobalans (256) and Kaladana (187) for otherwise healthy adults; and Croton Pills (120) or Croton Oil (121) when strong and speedy purgation is indicated. The Constipation of Hysterical Females is best treated by Aloes and Asafœtida Pills (19); Habitual Constipation, by Aloes, as directed in Paragraph 20, or by Sulphur (344); that of Children by Fish Liver Oil (139), together with the use of oatmeal as an article of diet. A remedy for habitual constipation in children, as well as in adults, is to be sought for in tonics rather than in purgatives; the repeated use of the latter lays the foundation of great subsequent mischief. N.B.—The practice of native ayahs (female servants) of inserting a piece of tobacco stem into the anus of young children to relieve constipation, cannot be too strongly reprobated.

Consumption, Pulmonary (Phthisis).

The persevering use of Fish Liver Oil (138) is chiefly to be relied upon, with or without Lime Water and Milk (226), as an ordinary drink. As a preventive sponge the chest daily with diluted Vinegar (378). Mustard Poultices (247) or Croton Liniment (122) to the chest sometimes gives relief to the Cough and Difficulty of Breathing, as does the inhalation of the vapour of Hot Water (390) or Decoction of Abelmoschus (3). For the Diarrhœa, try the Alum Powders (26) or Sulphate of Copper (110). For the excessive Perspirations, sponge the chest with Vinegar (378). For the Sore Mouth or Fissures of the Tongue, apply Borax (55), or Alum (29). For Bleeding from the Lungs try some of the means mentioned in Hæmorrhage, Internal.

Convulsions in Adults, arising without evident cause.

Best treated by cold Affusion (386), Mustard Poultices (248), or Turpentine Stupes (363) to the feet and legs, and a strong purgative, as Croton Pills (120), Croton Oil (121), or Kaladana (187). If the patient be unable to swallow, a Turpentine enema (364) may be used. When the Convulsions are due to poisons, &c., taken into the stomach, an emetic of Mustard (246) or Sulphate of Copper (117) should precede all other measures. In the Convulsions of Labour, Turpentine Stupes (363) or Mustard Poultices (248) should be applied to the extremities, and Evaporating Lotion (380) to the head, whilst Camphor and Calomel Pills (73), or Borax and Cinnamon (58), are given internally. A Turpentine enema (364) may also prove useful. The Convulsions of Children are best treated with a Hot Bath (387), and a full dose of Castor Oil (83), preceded by one or two grains of Calomel when at hand, or a dose or two of Asafœtida Mixture (36). In the Convulsions of Infancy and Childhood, especially when the cause is obscure, unconnected with teething, &c., Bromide of Potassium is often more serviceable than any other remedy, in doses of a quarter of a grain for a child under six weeks of age, half a grain under three months, one grain above that age to nine months, and one grain additional for every year up to three or four years of age. And these doses may be safely repeated every two, three, or four hours until the convulsions subside. The smaller doses may be obtained with exactitude by dissolving, say, one grain of the Bromide in four teaspoonfuls of water, and giving one, two, or three spoonfuls, or the whole quantity, as one quarter, one half, one third, or one grain respectively is required. It is worthy of a fair trial in all cases which resist ordinary means, but should not be used to the exclusion of the hot bath and careful regulation of the bowels. When the child is very much exhausted, a few drops of Brandy, three to six, or more, according to age, are often most useful. Convulsions of early childhood are frequently connected with teething, hence lancing the gums is often of essential benefit.

N.B.—Convulsions and nervous affections occurring in Natives and Anglo-Indians are very frequently due to the presence of worms in the intestines; their existence may perhaps be unsuspected, or even denied; hence in all cases which resist ordinary treatment, it is advisable to give a trial to one or more of the remedies recommended for Worms, especially those for the Lumbricus or Round Worm, which is so extensively prevalent in India.

Corns.

Best treated by immersion in hot soap and water, paring off the hardened cuticle and wearing a piece of thick plaster, with or without a hole in the centre, to ward off the pressure and friction. For Corns between the Toes nothing is more effectual than a piece of thick blotting-paper worn so as to protect the opposing surface: it should be renewed daily. If only ordinary thin blotting-paper be available, two folds are advisable.

Corrosive Sublimate, Poisoning by.

See Mercurial Salts, Poisoning by.

Coughs.

Try Sal Ammoniac (329) and Country Ipecacuanha (370); with Rice Poultices (322) or Mustard Poultices (247), Turpentine Liniment (366), or Camphorated Opium Liniment (291) externally, and the inhalation of the vapour of Hot Water (390) or Decoction of Abelmoschus (2). If severe, a blister (349, 350) to the chest may be necessary. In Chronic cases, especially when attended with much expectoration and debility, give Fish Liver Oil (140). In Spasmodic Coughs, violent paroxysms may be relieved by inhaling the fumes of Nitre Paper (268), or by smoking Datura (129). For the Cough of Old Age, Cubebs (126) is worth a trial. For the Cough of Childhood, Syrup of Country Liquorice (6), Asafœtida (37), Honey and Vinegar (166), and Fish Liver Oil, may be resorted to according to circumstances. Camphor Liniment (70), Mustard Poultices (247), or bags filled with hot salt, or better still, Betel Leaves (48), applied externally, tend to relieve difficulty of breathing in these cases. Sponging the chest with Vinegar is thought to lessen the liability to attack (378).

Coup de Soleil.

See Sunstroke.

Croton Oil Seeds, Poisoning by.

See Par. 234.

Croup.

Sulphate of Copper (111) as an emetic, and Hot Water Stupes (390) externally, are valuable accessories in the treatment of this disease.

"The best and readiest emetic," writes Dr. Aitchison, "is a pinch of Ipecacuanha Powder placed dry at the back of the child's tongue. This usually acts instantaneously, so be prepared for the emergency. Sponges dipped in extremely hot water, then rinsed out, and continuously applied over the throat, will often check a coming attack. Poultices are useful, but are apt to do much harm if allowed to become cold. Mustard poultices should not be applied, as without due care they are apt to make the skin tender, and thus prevent the use of hot fomentations."

Datura, Poisoning by swallowing the seeds of, &c.

To be treated in the manner directed for Opium poisoning. Where Insensibility arises from the Inhalation of the Fumes, Cold Water Affusion (386) in the open air often succeeds in removing it at once. The patient should be aroused by any or all of the means enumerated in poisoning by Opium. The nervous symptoms may continue for two or three days, and yet recovery follow.

Debility, Constitutional.

Requires the use of the following tonics, either alone or combined: Chiretta (98, 99*), Sweet Flag Root (12), Country Sarsaparilla (163), Kariyát (191), Ním Bark (260), or Gulancha (352). When attended with Anæmia or great pallor of the surface, especially of the inner surface of the eyelids and tongue, Sulphate of Iron (174) is indicated. The efficacy of all these remedies is increased by a liberal animal diet, and gentle exercise in the open air. Debility after Fevers. See Fevers.

Delhi Sores.

The Borax Ointment (59) is strongly recommended. See also Ulcers.

Delirium.

Generally is best treated by Evaporating Lotion (380) to the head, the Mustard Foot Bath (248), or Turpentine Stupes (363) to the extremities and a strong purgative; for that occurring in Fevers, see Fevers.

Delirium Tremens.

To relieve sleeplessness and anxiety, give Opium and Camphor (283), or better still, Bromide of Potassium, as advised in Sleeplessness in Head Affections. See that article. Try also the Mustard Foot Bath (248, 249), or the Wet Sheet (397b). To support the strength, give Brandy Mixture (427*) and a nourishing diet.

Diabetes.

Vapour Baths (396) in the early stages, Alum Whey (27) and Lime Water (226) internally, with Opium (288), at bedtime, prove occasionally useful as palliatives. Their operation is assisted by a full animal diet, with a diminished quantity of rice and other farinaceous food, and by warm clothing. Use Lemonade as a drink (232).

Diarrhœa.

In the early stages, especially if attended with heat of skin, &c., give Country Ipecacuanha (369) and Ispaghúl seeds (304), with a mild aperient, as Castor Oil, if there is reason to think that the attack arises from crude, undigested food in the intestines. The Acetate of Lead and Opium Pills advised for Cholera are often very successful in these cases. One may be given every two or three hours, or oftener, according to the urgency of the symptoms; they are especially useful in Epidemic Diarrhœa. In the advanced stages or in Chronic Diarrhœa try Sulphate of Copper (110), Catechu (88), Alum (26), or one of the following: Decoction of Babúl Bark (9), Infusion of Sweet Flag (12), Bael (44), Butea Gum (62), Galls (146), Decoction of Pomegranate (312), and Omum Water (317), with or without the addition, in each case, of a small portion of Opium (289). Turpentine Stupes (363) to the abdomen are useful if much pain is present. When the disease is apparently of malarious origin or connected with periodic Fevers of any kind, Quinine (three to five grains twice or thrice daily) should be associated with whatever other remedies are being employed. Try also Warm Water Enemas (393). When connected with Acidity of the Stomach, give Lime Water (222). When caused by Over-eating or by Indigestible Food, follow up an emetic of Mustard (246) or Country Ipecacuanha (368), to unload the stomach, by Omum Water (318), and subsequently by a dose of Castor Oil. Capsicum (79) is thought to be specially useful in Diarrhœa arising from the use of putrid food, e.g., fish. The Diarrhœa of Children often yields to a dose of Castor Oil, if given early; if not, one of the following may be tried: Acorus or Sweet Flag (13*), Bael (44), Catechu (88), Sulphate of Copper (110), Sulphate of Iron (181*), Saccharated Solution of Lime (220), or Ispaghúl Seeds (304). Omum Water (318) may be advantageously combined with any of the above. The Diarrhœa which precedes Cholera. See Cholera. N.B.—In all cases of diarrhœa the food should be mild and unirritating, thick Arrowroot (423) being the best suited for the purpose, and, in every obstinate or chronic case, a flannel bandage should always be worn round the abdomen.

Dropsy.

Occurring in the young and vigorous is best treated at the outset by strong purgatives, as Croton Pills (120) or Croton Oil (121), or Kaladana (187), followed by medicines which increase the flow of urine, as Decoction of Asteracantha (39), Infusion of Moringa (237), Mustard Whey (250), or Infusion of Pedalium (297), with which Nitre (269) or Sal Ammoniac (331) may be combined, as circumstances require. The Vapour Bath (396) twice a week proves useful in recent cases, where the patient is strong enough to bear it. Where the patient is very debilitated and anæmic, Sulphate of Iron (174, 178) should be tried.

Drunkenness.

After a debauch, a Mustard emetic (246) proves most useful in unloading the stomach of any spirit remaining in it. A few drops, six to twelve, of Liquor Ammoniæ in water subsequently given, are often of signal success. Strong Coffee, café noir, is also most useful. To allay the subsequent cravings for drink try Omum Water (320).

Dysentery.

In the early stages give Country Ipecacuanha (369) and Ispaghúl Seeds (304), or Sesamum leaves (338a), with or without Opium (289*, 289a), and apply Hot Fomentations to the abdomen and Leeches to the verge of the anus (211); the latter tend much to relieve the pain and straining, as do also Opiate enemas (289a). The treatment of Acute Dysentery by large doses of Ipecacuanha, reintroduced into practice in 1858 by Dr. Docker, is acknowledged by the most experienced authorities to be far more effectual than any other. It consists, in the main, of administering, as early in the disease as possible, 25 to 30 grains of Ipecacuanha, in as small a quantity of fluid as possible, premising half an hour previously 25 to 30 drops of Laudanum. The patient should keep perfectly still in bed, and abstain from fluids for at least three hours. If thirsty, he may suck a little ice, or may have a teaspoonful of cold water. It is seldom, under this management, that nausea is excessive, and vomiting is rarely troublesome, seldom setting in for two hours after the medicine has been taken. Mustard Poultices (247) or Turpentine Stupes (362) should be applied to the abdomen. In from eight to ten hours, according to the urgency of the symptoms and the effect produced by the first dose, Ipecacuanha in a reduced dose should be repeated, with the same precautions as before. The effects of this treatment are soon manifest and surprising; the griping and straining subside, the motions quickly become feculent, blood and slime disappear; and often, after profuse action of the skin, the patient falls into a tranquil sleep and awakes refreshed. The treatment may require to be continued for some days, the medicine being given in diminished doses, care being taken to allow a sufficient interval to admit of the patient taking some mild nourishment suited to the stage of the disease. As the disease abates, the dose should be reduced. It is well, however, to administer 10 or 12 grains at bedtime for a night or two, after the stools are, to all appearance, healthy. Fomentations or Turpentine Stupes to the abdomen lessen griping and diminish suffering. If a little diarrhœa without the dysenteric odour remain, it may be checked with a little astringent mixture, with or without Opium. Astringents in any shape during the acute stage are not only useless, but dangerous. (Dr. Maclean.) To sum up, it appears—1. That acute dysentery is more successfully and speedily treated by large doses of Ipecacuanha than by other means. 2. That it is more effectual in the acute than in the chronic forms. 3. That large doses, such as are mentioned above, may be given with perfect safety, without fear of ill effects; and 4. That it is less successful with the natives of India than with Europeans. In the acute dysentery of natives, small doses, e.g., from six to eight grains thrice daily, so as to keep up a slight degree of nausea, short of actual vomiting, seem to answer better than the large doses mentioned above. It may be advantageously combined with Opium, from a quarter to half a grain with each dose.

When of malarious origin or when occurring in the course of periodical Fevers, Quinine (three to five grains twice or thrice daily) should form part of whatever other treatment is being followed. In the advanced stages, or when it passes into Chronic Dysentery, apply Turpentine Stupes (362) to the abdomen, and give Sulphate of Copper (110), Bael (44), Infusion of Kariyát (191), Decoction of Pomegranate Rind (312), or Sal Ammoniac (331). When an aperient is required, give Sulphur and Cream of Tartar (344) or Castor Oil, with the addition of a small portion of Opium. For the Dysentery of Natives, Decoction of Sweet Flag (13), Galls (146), Mudar (243), Opium (289a), and Decoction of Pomegranate Rind (312) seem best suited. For the Chronic Dysentery of Children the Saccharated Solution of Lime (220), Bael (44), Sulphate of Copper (110), or Sulphate of Iron (181) are indicated. See also Diarrhœa of Children. N.B.—In all cases of dysentery the food should be mild and unirritating, and a flannel bandage worn round the abdomen. Soups containing mucilage of Abelmoschus (2) prove useful.

Dysmenorrhœa.

See Menstruation, Painful.

Dyspepsia.

See Indigestion.

Ear, Discharges from, in Scrofulous Subjects.

Syringe the ear daily with Lime Water (225), or tepid water, or milk and water, and give Fish Liver Oil internally (138). Buzzing or Noises in the Ear often depend upon an accumulation of wax in the outer passage; to remove this and effect a cure all that is necessary in many cases is to insert a drop or two of sweet oil for an hour or two, and then to syringe the ear well out with tepid water or soap and water, and repeat the same twice or thrice daily. This also sometimes relieves Ear-Ache: if not, use Opium as directed in Paragraph 292.

Elephantiasis.

The paroxysms of fever which accompany this disease are to be treated in the manner directed for Intermittent Fever (infra). The only means of arresting the progress of the disease is to remove permanently from a locality in which it is endemic or prevalent to another situated at least ten miles distant from the sea-coast; the higher and drier the site the better.

Epilepsy.

Sometimes improves under Fish Liver Oil (141); its use may be combined with Sulphate of Copper, in doses of a quarter of a grain twice or thrice daily. For this purpose, dissolve two grains in one ounce of Omum Water; of this, the dose is a teaspoonful. Far superior to all other remedies for Epilepsy is Bromide of Potassium in doses of 10 to 15 grains, in a wineglassful of water, thrice daily. Should the disease not yield to these doses, they may be gradually increased to double or even treble these quantities. The earlier in the disease this remedy is resorted to, the greater are its chances of success; and as a general rule it proves more useful when the fits are severe and frequent, and occur mainly in the daytime, than in the milder attacks, which come only at night. In all cases it is worthy of a fair trial. See also remarks at the end of Convulsions in this Index.

Exhaustion from Hæmorrhage after Fevers or other causes.

Give Brandy Mixture (426).

Eyes, Affections of.

Datura (128β). For "Country Sore Eye," apply Alum, as directed in Paragraph 23, and Decoction of Turmeric (360) to relieve the burning sensation. Try also Solution of Sugar (406). For other forms of Ophthalmia, attended with copious discharge, try Sulphate of Copper (113). To relieve great pain and intolerance of light, use Opium locally (292). Blows on the Eye: Alum Poultice (24), followed by Sal Ammoniac Lotion (332), to remove discoloration. Particles of Lime in the Eye may be dissolved and removed by dilute Vinegar (382). Particles of Dirt, &c., may often be speedily dislodged and removed by drawing the upper eyelid well over the under one as far as possible for a few seconds. This simple plan is often successful when others fail. If this fail, try Solution of Sugar (406). Fresh Plantain Leaf (307) forms an excellent shade for the eyes in all affections of those organs.

Face-Ache, Neuralgic or Rheumatic.

Sal Ammoniac (326), Sulphate of Iron (177), or Fish Liver Oil (141) internally; and Datura (130), and Mustard (253), or Ginger (157) Poultices locally, are measures which, used conjointly, often prove successful. When periodical, Cinchona Febrifuge (402*).

Fainting.

Generally yields to dashing cold water over the face and neck (386), and applying strong smelling salts to the nostrils; when partially recovered, Omum Water (318) or Asafœtida (35) may be given, or should there be much exhaustion, a dose of Brandy Mixture (426).

Fevers, Ardent or Continued.

In most cases it is advisable to commence with a purgative of Kaladana (187), Castor Oil (83), or Myrobalans (256), or if the patient be a strong adult, a Croton Pill (120); after its operation the Solution of Nitre (264) may be given, and Decoction of Abelmoschus (2), Lemonade (232), or Tamarind Infusion (346), to allay the thirst and cool the system. A very useful and refreshing drink in all fevers, especially if there is irritability of the stomach, is a mixture of equal parts of Milk and Soda Water, with the addition of a piece of ice if procurable. Sucking small pieces of ice also allays thirst and cools the system; for this latter purpose, also, sponging the surface with Water (385) or diluted Vinegar (376) may be employed. The diet should consist chiefly of Rice Conjee (322) and other farinaceous articles, and the apartment should be kept cool and well ventilated. To relieve Headache or great fulness of the head, apply constantly Evaporating Lotion (380) or Nitre Lotion (265), or, if these fail to afford relief, Hot Water Fomentations (393). Leeches to the temples or nape of the neck (209) and Mustard Poultices to the feet (248) may also be necessary in severe cases. For any severe or acute pain arising in the chest or abdomen, Leeches (209) over the seat of pain should be applied, but if these fail try a Blister (349). For Vomiting and Irritability of Stomach give Lime Water (223), or else give Hot Water as a drink (385), and apply Mustard Poultices (251); for Bilious Diarrhœa accompanying use Warm Water Enemas (393). For Sore Throat or Fissures of the Tongue, apply Borax (55) or Alum (29); for Dryness of the Mouth and Fauces sucking sliced limes, or, better still, pineapples, generally suffices. In the advanced stages, when great exhaustion, delirium, &c., are present, give Camphor (74) and Brandy Mixture (426) internally, and apply Turpentine Stupes (363) to the extremities; Turpentine Enemas (364) are also valuable in this condition. For subsequent Debility and during Convalescence give one of the following tonics: Chiretta (98), Atís (42), Bonduc (52), Kariyát (191), Ním Bark (260), Gulancha (352-3), or Cinchona Febrifuge (402). A combination of Chiretta and Sweet Flag Root (12) or Chiretta Wine (99) is perhaps best suited for this purpose. A liberal animal diet should be allowed. N.B.—Throughout the attack it is essential to keep the bowels properly regulated.

Fever, Intermittent or Ague, and Remittent or Jungle Fever.

Commence with an aperient, as in Fever (ante), and should the stomach be foul give an emetic of Country Ipecacuanha (368). In the cold stage, cover the body well up with blankets, give Infusion of Ginger (156), and place bags containing hot sand or hot salt along the spine. In the hot stage, give plentifully of Lemonade (232), Solution of Nitre (264), and adopt generally the other measures advised above in Fever. In the sweating stage, do nothing but protect the surface from cold draughts of air or cold wind. In the intermission or periods between the paroxysms give one of the following: Atís (42), Bonduc Nut (52), Chiretta (98), Sulphate of Iron (175), Ním Bark (260), or Gulancha (352). When one fails another may succeed; when each fails, given singly, they will sometimes prove effectual given in combination. They are all greatly inferior in efficacy to Quinine and Cinchona Febrifuge (401, 403). For these Fevers in Natives, Galls, with Chiretta and Sweet Flag Root (12), have been favourably spoken of. Swelling of left side after Ague, see Spleen, Enlargement of.

In mild, ordinary, uncomplicated cases of Intermittent Fever, all that is required, due attention being paid to the state of the bowels and secretions, is to administer Quinine in doses of from three to five grains, so that 10 or 12 grains be taken in the intermissions between the paroxysms. It is best given in solution, in water or coffee. In the severer forms, or even in ordinary cases, Professor Maclean, of the Netley Hospital, has proposed a treatment which appears very judicious, and which in his hands has for years proved very successful. It consists in administering 30 grains in three equal doses during the period of intermission; the first dose, in solution, should be given towards the close of the sweating stage, and the last about as far as can be calculated, an hour before the next anticipated paroxysm. Should there be much irritability of the stomach, it should be given in enema in doses of 15 grains in place of 10 grains. After the paroxysm has by this means been arrested, a moderate degree of cinchonism, i.e., giddiness, buzzing in the ears, flashing before the eyes, &c., should be maintained for some days, by giving three or four grains in solution every four hours. In cases where the fever returns at the first lunar period, as it is apt to do, the patient a day or two previously should be brought under the influence of Quinine, which should be maintained until the time is past. Should it fail to influence the fever, attention should be directed to the state of the liver and bowels. When from any cause it cannot be given internally, trial may be made with it applied endermically; the experiments of Dr. Guastamacchia and others tending to prove that it becomes absorbed into the system through the skin, and operates as an antiperiodic almost as certainly as when given internally. He dissolved eight grains in half an ounce of spirit, and rubbed first one half, and after the interval of a quarter of an hour, the second half along the spine. When this was done at the commencement of the cold fit, it very often prevented even a single recurrence. Dr. Daunt also bears testimony to this method in the fevers of South America.

In Remittent and Jungle Fever, Quinine is a remedy of the highest value, but its exhibition requires more caution and discrimination than in simple intermittents. Dr. Maclean's treatment appears to be worthy of every attention. After premising, in most cases, a cathartic, immediately on the first signs of remission, he administers a full dose of Quinine, 10 grains, often 15, sometimes 20 grains, never exceeding that dose, and not deterred by the presence of headache or a foul tongue, nor because the remission is slight or imperfectly marked; and this dose he repeats every second hour until 30 or 35 grains have been taken before the hour of the expected exacerbation. Should the stomach be too irritable to bear it, it should be given in enema in large doses (20 grains). As soon as the second remission appears, it must be given as before until full cinchonism or distinct abatement of the disease occurs. During the remission the patient should have mild farinaceous diet, milk, chicken-broth, &c.; as soon as gastric irritability subsides, beef tea should be given, and on the first sign of exhaustion, nourishment and stimulants should be resorted to at short intervals. With regard to the administration of Quinine during exacerbations, Dr. Maclean is of opinion that in the adynamic forms of fever, as met with in some parts of India, and in neglected or mismanaged cases, where depletion has been carried too far, and the fever assumes more of a low continued type, it may be given at any period irrespective of remission. Here it requires to be conjoined with the assiduous use of support and stimulants at short intervals.

As a preventive of Malarious Fever, the power and value of Quinine have been proved beyond a doubt. Every person engaged in forests, swamps, or low, malarious sites, should be provided with a stock of it, and four grains of it in a cup of hot coffee should be taken the first thing in the morning or in a glassful of wine later in the day. Even if it should fail, which it rarely does, no harm can result from its use, and it is essential that it should be continued for at least fourteen days after quitting a malarious locality.

Fits.

See Convulsions, and Hysterical Affections.

Flatulence, and Flatulent Colic.

Give Omum Water (318*), Lemon Grass Oil (216), infusion of Ginger (155), or of Jatamansi (184); with Mustard Poultices (251) and Turpentine Stupes (362) externally; in severe cases an enema of Asafœtida (36) will generally afford relief. See also Bowels, Spasmodic Affections of. Of Children, see Colic.

Gall Stones.

To allay the severe pain attendant on passing, give Opium (284) and a Hip Bath (392).

Genital Organs, Great Irritation of.

Try Camphor (72) internally (in these cases Bromide of Potassium, in doses of eight to ten grains dissolved in water, twice or thrice daily, is well worthy of a trial, especially in females) and use Borax (57) and Lime Water (224) locally. Sitting over the steam of hot water, or a tepid hip-bath, often affords great relief. When the irritation arises, as it often does, from worms in the intestines, give some of the remedies for Worms. Crab-lice, which are very difficult to distinguish on a dark skin, are also a frequent cause; if present, use Kerosene Oil (413), or other remedy named in Art. Lice.

Glands, Enlarged.

Apply externally, in the early stages, Sal Ammoniac Lotion (332), Betel Leaves (48), Camphor Liniment (68), or Opium Liniment (291). If matter forms, treat as abscess, and give Fish Liver Oil internally.

Gleet.

May be treated with Cubebs (125), Galls (149), Gurjun Balsam (160), or Sandal Wood Oil (334) internally, and Alum Injections (30); these last named, however, require great caution, and should not generally be used except under medical supervision.

Goitre.

Give Sal Ammoniac (324), in ten-grain doses, thrice daily, persevering in its use for weeks or months if necessary. Dr. Stevens (London Med. Record, June 15, 1880) obtained signal benefits from it in six cases. Biniodide of Mercury, in the form of Ointment (16 grains of the Biniodide to one ounce of Simple Ointment), is the best local application we possess. Its effects are best produced by exposing the surface on which it has been rubbed to the direct rays of the sun. If this cannot be done, then to the heat of a fire; this, however, is not nearly so efficacious as the solar heat. (Dr. Aitchison.)

Gonorrhœa.

After a purgative of Kaladana (187), Myrobalans (256), or Castor Oil (83), give Nitre (269) with Decoction of Abelmoschus (2), Ispaghúl (305), or Rice Conjee (322), for the purpose of allaying the pain and heat in passing urine. Pedalium (297) is said to be very effectual for this purpose, and should be tried if procurable. Injections of a solution of Sugar (407) are recommended by Dr. Aitchison. When the inflammatory symptoms begin to abate, one of the following should be given: Cubebs (125*), Gurjun Balsam (160), Sandal Wood Oil (334), or Galls (149), Alum (30*), locally, is of great use in certain cases. To relieve Chordee (painful erection at night), Camphor (72) is one of our best remedies. Bromide of Potassium, in doses of 20 to 30 grains, in a wineglassful of water at bedtime, is highly spoken of, as preventing the occurrence of this symptom.

Guinea Worm.

On the head of the worm appearing, it should be gently drawn down so as to secure it by rolling it round a small piece of twisted rag, or a thin piece of quill (let a native practitioner perform this operation); and Water Dressing (394) applied, or should there be much pain, a Datura Poultice (132). Every day gentle traction should be made, and if this can be done whilst the limb or part is immersed in a running stream or in a chattie of cold water, the extraction is rendered additionally easy. Great gentleness and skill are requisite to prevent the worm breaking, as this accident is followed by inflammation and the formation of abscesses, which are difficult of healing. See Abscess.

Gums, Ulceration and Sponginess of.

May be treated with one of the following:—Decoction of Babúl Bark (9), Alum (29*), Catechu (89*), or Lime Juice (231).

Hæmorrhage from Cuts, Wounds, &c.

When the blood is of a bright red colour, and comes out in jets, indicating that an artery is wounded, apply first a stream of cold water, iced if possible, from a large sponge, which will not only wash away all clots, dirt, &c., but promote contraction of the vessel, and perhaps arrest the bleeding at once. If not, try the fresh juice of the Physic Nut Plant (302*), or Alum (25). If these fail, or are not at hand, at once apply pressure with the finger or fingers upon the exact point from which the blood is found to issue, and there retain for some time, pressing against the bone or hard substance. If the mouth of the bleeding vessel be clearly visible, and the hæmorrhage still continues, it may be pinched up firmly between the finger and thumb, or it may be seized with a pair of pincers or forceps, drawn forward, and a ligature, silk if procurable, passed round it and firmly tied. Not more of the surrounding flesh should be included in the ligature than can be possibly avoided. If none of these plans succeed or are applicable, or if the wound be large and bleeds much, apply pressure to the limb by means of the STICK TOURNIQUET figured below.[2]

In order to apply this properly, "tie tightly, at some little distance above the wound, a pocket-handkerchief or cravat once or twice passed round the limb; then, obtaining a piece of tough stick, push it under the handkerchief, and, by turning the stick, twist the handkerchief more and more tightly until the bleeding ceases. As soon as this result has been attained, fasten the stick by another handkerchief round the stick and limb together. This rude tourniquet may save life not unfrequently, by enabling the injured person to be transported even for some distance without fear of further bleeding." Position is a very important consideration in wounds, the bleeding sometimes being at once arrested by raising the injured limb above the level of the body.

[2] The above woodcut, and the mode of applying it, is reprinted by permission from First Help in Accidents, by Dr. C. H. Schaibe, published by R. Hardwicke, 192 Piccadilly, London. A very useful little book.

Hæmorrhage from the Lungs, Stomach, Bowels, Kidneys, Uterus, or other Internal Organs.

If attended by feverishness and heat of skin, a solution of Nitre (267) or Sal Ammoniac (330) may be given, with the plentiful use of Lemonade (233), Tamarind drink (346), Vinegar (379), and other refrigerants. In the absence of fever, Alum (25) may be given with safety and advantage. A far more effectual remedy in these cases is the Acetate of Lead in doses of three or four grains, made into a pill with half a grain of Opium, and followed immediately by a draught containing a little vinegar. These pills and draughts may be repeated every three or four hours till the bleeding begins to abate, when the interval between the doses may be lengthened, and the quantities decreased. In all these cases a perfect rest in a recumbent posture, in a cool, well-ventilated apartment, and the avoidance of all excitement and stimulants, are essential to the success of the above, or any other remedies. In these cases Ice externally applied in bags exercises a marked influence in checking internal hæmorrhage, especially from the lungs. It should not be kept on sufficiently long to produce a chill. Sucking small pieces of ice is also a useful practice. Exhaustion from excessive Hæmorrhage requires Brandy Mixture (426) and other stimulants. Hæmorrhage after Labour, see Labours. From Piles, see Piles.

Hæmorrhage from the Nose.

May generally be checked by one of the following simple means: 1. the application of a cold body, as a key or a piece of ice to the nape of the neck. 2. By compressing the opposite nostril. 3. By standing in the upright position and holding both arms in the air for a few minutes. If these measures fail, recourse may be had to Alum (25*), Sulphate of Copper (116), or Vinegar (379). Should feverishness be present, treat as directed in preceding article.

Hæmorrhage from Leech Bites.

See Paragraph 205.

Head, Affections of, where there is determination of blood to the head, with sleeplessness, restlessness, and anxiety.

Mustard Bath (249*).

Headaches.

Generally must be treated with reference to their cause. If from Constipation, Castor Oil (83), Kaladana (187), Myrobalans (256), or other purgatives. Of Fever, hot water stupes to the nape of the neck (393). From Bilious derangement, the same purgatives preceded by a dose of Calomel (three grains) if at hand, and followed by Sal Ammoniac (328*). Nervous, Hysterical, and Rheumatic Headaches often yield to Sal Ammoniac (328), persevered in for a few days, and the local use of Camphor Lotion (71*). From suppression of the Menstrual Discharge, Leeches to the inner surface of the thighs (210). From stoppage of bleeding from Piles, Leeches to the verge of the anus (210); in both these last cases Aloes (19) should be given internally. The other measures occasionally useful are Ginger Plaster (157), Hot Water Fomentations (393), and Mustard Poultices or Mustard Foot-baths (248) to the extremities.

Heart, Palpitations of.

See Palpitations.

Heartburn.

Often yields to Lime Water (221) given with milk or with Omum Water (317); or with Chiretta (98), if associated with indigestion.

Hepatitis.

See Liver, Inflammation of.

Hoarseness.

May be treated by inhalations of the vapour of Hot Vinegar (377*), or Decoction of Abelmoschus (3), by gargles containing Capsicum (78*), Black Pepper (300), or Moringa root (238); by chewing Ginger (158), or allowing a piece of Catechu (89) to dissolve in the mouth.

Hooping Cough.

In the early stages regulate the bowels with Castor Oil (83), and give Country Ipecacuanha (370) and Sal Ammoniac (329). As soon as the feverish symptoms have subsided give Alum (28*); should this fail, try Sulphate of Iron (180), with or without Asafœtida (37). If weakness and emaciation exist, or in very obstinate cases, give Fish Liver Oil (140); Mustard Poultices (252) and friction with Opium Liniment (291) to the spine seem useful in the chronic stage.

Hydrocephalus (Water on the Brain).

Occurring in weak, emaciated children of a scrofulous habit occasionally improves under Fish Liver Oil (139).

Hysterical Affections.

Amongst the means useful in controlling these are Asafœtida (35*), Aloes and Asafœtida Pills (19), Jatamansi (184), Omum Water (318), Turpentine Enemas (364), and Cold Water Affusion (386).

Indigestion, or Dyspepsia.

Tonics, as Chiretta (98, 99*), Sweet Flag Root (12), Country Sarsaparilla (163), and Guluncha (352), combined with stomachics, as Cloves (105), or Cinnamon (102), Capsicum (79), and Omum Water (318*), offer the best prospect of success. With great increased Secretion, Butea Gum (62). With acidity of the Stomach, Lime Water (221). With torpidity of the Bowels, Tincture of Kariyát (192), Without strict attention to diet, and careful regulation of the bowels and other secretions, medicines will have comparatively little effect.

Inflammations, Local or External.

Require, according to circumstances, Leeches (212), Hot Water Fomentations (393), Water Dressings (394), Evaporating Lotion (380), Sal Ammoniac Lotion (332), and Rice-Flour or Rice Poultices (322) as external applications. A solution of Acetate of Lead (30 grains in a pint of water) forms an excellent soothing lotion, and one which may always be resorted to with safety. The inflamed parts should be kept constantly wet with it by means of moistened cloths.

Influenza.

Give plentifully of Solution of Nitre (264), and treat otherwise as described in Catarrh.

Insanity.

A free action on the bowels by Croton Pill or Croton Oil (120, 121), and the employment of a Mustard Bath (249), are of service in the early stages. No time should be lost in placing the patient under proper medical care.

Insensibility.

From whatever cause arising, may be treated in the first instance by the cautious use of Cold Water Affusion (386). A Turpentine enema (364) may also be of service.

Irritation of the Genital Organs.

See Genital Organs.

Itch.

Use Sulphur Ointment (341), or Kerosene Oil (416).

Jaundice.

Mild cases often yield to Sal Ammoniac (331), and the free use of purgatives, as Kaladana (187), or Myrobalans (256).

Joints, Injuries or Enlargement of.

In the early stages apply lotions of Alum (32), and Sal Ammoniac (332), and subsequently liniments of Camphor (68), and Turpentine (366). In Chronic Enlargements, Croton Liniment (122). Scrofulous affections of the Joints improve under the use of Fish Liver Oil (138).

Kidneys, Irritable state, and painful affections of.

Give plentifully of diluents, as Decoction of Abelmoschus (2), Ispaghúl Seeds (305), or Rice Conjee (322). These, with Opium (286), and the use of the Hip Bath (392), are calculated to afford great relief.

Bleeding from.

See Hæmorrhage.

Labours.

Don't interfere unnecessarily; Nature, if left to her own unaided efforts, will accomplish her work in natural, uncomplicated labours. Many a woman has lost her life through meddlesome interference on the part of ignorant midwives. Should the labour be very prolonged, apparently for want of action or power in the womb, a few doses of Borax and Cinnamon (58) may be given. For Flooding (hæmorrhage during or after labour) lose no time in resorting to Cold Water Affusion (388), and subsequently use Vinegar locally (379). To promote the Lochial Discharge, if scanty or arrested, use Hot Water Fomentations (393). For After-pains give a dose of Opium (289). Convulsions, attendant on, see Convulsions.

Leech Bites, to arrest bleeding from.

See Paragraph 205.

Leeches, to dislodge from nose and other passages.

See Paragraph 206.

Leprosy.

Chaulmúgra (94), Gurgun Balsam (161*), Hydrocotyle (169*), or Mudar (242); with these may be advantageously conjoined a prolonged course of Fish Liver Oil (142), or the latter may be tried alone. For the ulcerations, poultices of Hydrocotyle (169) or Ním Leaves (261) may be applied with advantage. Opium (283) is often necessary to relieve pain and procure sleep. Whatever other treatment may be adopted, diligent oily frictions over the whole body should form an essential part of it (161-338). Carbolic Acid promises to prove a most valuable agent in this disease. The treatment of Leprosy by Carbolic Acid Vapour Baths, introduced by Surgeon-General W. Johnston, M.D. (Times, June 3, 1882), promises good results, and seems well worthy of further trials. All that is required is an ordinary vapour bath apparatus (397), in which the patient sits, and outside a chattie or vessel of sufficient size to contain about a quart of liquid, and made with a lengthened curved spout, to fit accurately on an elastic tube of sufficient length as to pass within the vapour-proof envelope. The calibre of this elastic tube should be such as would admit of a continuous and abundant supply of the vapour as it comes from the vessel, resting on a spirit-lamp having a flame sufficient to keep the fluid in the vessel boiling briskly. Prior to the use of this bath, sponging the body with tepid water, holding a piece of washing soda in solution, seems to aid the absorption of the vapour. The Carbolic Acid should be Calvert's Disinfecting Fluid, of which a mixture of three or four parts to six or seven of water may be employed. In this vapour bath the patient should remain from 30 to 60 minutes (care being taken that a continuous supply of vapour is kept up from outside), and it may be repeated every second or third day according to circumstances. Dr. Johnston informs me that he has never seen any ill effects result from the use of this carbolised aqueous vapour, even in cases presenting extensive ulcerated surfaces. Some care is requisite in arranging the fold or frill round the aperture through which the head protrudes. "Were the patient to breathe a little of it," Dr. J. remarks, "little injury would result, possibly good, but still, for obvious reasons, he should not be allowed to breathe too much." Dr. Aitchison directs leprous ulcerations to be treated with a solution of Carbolic Acid (one to seven or ten of Sweet Oil, according to circumstances), and that at the same time the whole body should be rubbed with a weaker solution (1 to 20). This treatment, he remarks, at once removes the horrid odour usually attendant upon these cases, and the patients will readily adopt it, when they distinctly refuse to wash or clean themselves. With a change in diet, under this treatment, these cases, he adds, improve remarkably.

Leucorrhœa ("Whites").

Cubebs (125), Nitre (269), Gurjun Balsam (160), or Sulphate of Iron (174*), internally; with vaginal injections containing Babúl Bark (9), Alum (30*), Galls (149), or Lime Water (224), are indicated.

Lice infesting the hair on various parts of the body, especially the pubes.

May be destroyed by Cocculus Indicus Ointment (107), Vernonia Seeds (373b), or Kerosene Oil (416). Carbolised Oil (1 Acid to 20 of Sweet Oil), applied night and morning, is said to be an effectual remedy.

Lime, Particles of, in the Eye.

May be dissolved and removed by dilute Vinegar (382).

Liver, various Affections of.

Are often greatly benefited by Sal Ammoniac (331). Enlargement of, Sal Ammoniac (331*), Papaw Juice (296). Congestion of this organ, especially if arising from over-feeding, often subsides under a dose of Calomel (three or four grains) at night, followed, in the morning, by an active aperient of Kaladana (187), or Castor Oil (83). Further relief may be obtained by Hot Water Fomentations (393), Turpentine Stupes (362), or Betel Leaves (48) over the region of the liver; if these fail, Leeches to the same site, or to the verge of the anus (211), may afford manifest relief. All, however, will be useless without strict attention to diet, and careful avoidance of all stimulating articles of food and drink.

Lock-jaw.

See Tetanus.

Loins, pain in the.

See Lumbago.

Lumbago.

Sal Ammoniac (326) internally, with Liniments of Camphor (68), Lemon Grass Oil (217), Opium (291*), Datura Liniment or Poultices (130), or Turpentine (366) externally, often succeed in affording relief. Turpentine Stupes (362) may be tried in severe or obstinate cases.

Lungs, Affections of.

See Coughs, Consumption, and Bronchitis. Bleeding from. See Hæmorrhage.

Maggots on surface of Ulcers, to destroy.

Butea Seeds (65).

Maggots in the Nose (Pecnash).

Injections of Oil of Turpentine (363b).

Measles.

An occasional mild aperient, just sufficient to keep the bowels gently open, the plentiful use of Lemonade (232), or Rice Conjee (322), with or without Nitre (264), together with confinement to bed in a cool, well-aired apartment, and farinaceous diet for a few days, will generally suffice for recovery in mild, uncomplicated cases. To allay irritation of the surface, sponge with diluted Vinegar (376) or Water (385), and dust the surface well over with Rice Flour (322). Should Cough occur, use some of those means enumerated under Coughs. The advanced stages, in bad cases, characterised by great exhaustion, call for the use of Camphor (74), Brandy Mixture (426), and plentiful nourishment.

Menstrual Discharge, Suspension, or Irregularity of (Amenorrhœa).

Aloes (18), Borax (58), and Sulphate of Iron (174*), alone or combined, may prove serviceable. Try also hip bath with Sesamum Seeds (338a). Excessive or long-continued Menstruation, Alum (25) and Vinegar (379). When attended with much pain and distress (Dysmenorrhœa), Opium Liniment (291) or Datura Poultice or Liniment (130) to the loins; also hip bath containing Sesamum Seeds, which also may be tried internally (338a).

Mercury, salts of, as Corrosive Sublimate, Poisoning by.

If vomiting is not already present it must be excited by a Mustard (246) or other emetic, and the stomach having thus been emptied of any of the poison it may contain, prompt recourse should be had to the white and yolk of raw eggs, which may be given alone or beaten up with rice-flour into a paste with milk or water. The after-treatment consists in the free use of Rice Conjee and other demulcent drinks, gargles of Alum (29) or Borax (55), to control the salivation; small doses of Opium, should there be much pain, and a milk or farinaceous diet.

Mesenteric Affections of Children.

Are best treated with Fish Liver Oil (139).

Milk, for Increasing the Secretion of.

Leaves of Castor Oil Plant (85), or of Physic Nut Plant (302); for Diminishing or Arresting the Secretion of, Betel Leaves (49), or flowers of Jasminum Sambac (Aiton).

This twining plant is cultivated throughout India for the sake of its white fragrant flowers, which are used as votive offerings. The lactifuge property of these flowers was first brought to notice by Mr. J. Wood (Ph. of India, p. 136), who speaks of the fact being well known in Madras. Two cases illustrative of their efficacy occurring in the practice of Dr. Mackenzie, C.B., are recorded by Dr. Bidie (Madras Jour. Med. Sci., Aug. 1870). In one case especially, an English lady, all ordinary means had failed to arrest the flow of milk before the flowers were applied; within a few hours they afforded complete relief, and the secretion of milk, which had been unusually copious, was from that time entirely arrested. The results of the other trial were equally satisfactory. For this purpose two or three handfuls of the fresh flowers bruised are to be applied unmoistened to each breast and renewed once or twice a day. The secretion is sometimes arrested in twenty-four hours, though this generally requires two or three days (Wood). The native names of these flowers are Mogra ka phúl (Hind., Duk.), Mogra phúl (Beng., Guz.), Malligraip-pú, Mallip-pú (Tam.), Mallelú (Tel.), Mullup-pú (Mal.), Pich-chi-mal (Cing.), Múgra (Punj.).

Milk Abscess.

In the early stages apply either Sal Ammoniac Lotion (325), or hot Vinegar Stupes (381). Should matter form, treat as Abscess.

Mouth, Ulceration of.

Try first Sulphate of Copper (112) or Lime Juice (231); if these fail use some of the other remedies mentioned in Art. Gums, Ulceration and Sponginess of. For Aphthous Ulcerations, i.e., small white specks or ulcers in the mouths of infants and young children, apply Borax (55*), or Alum (29), or Sulphate of Copper (112); Country Sarsaparilla (163) may at the same time be advantageously given internally. In severer forms (Ulcerative Stomatitis), try Alum (29).

Mumps.

Beyond a dose of Castor Oil (83) or Infusion of Senna (336), so as to keep the bowels gently open, little is required beyond keeping the swollen parts covered with a piece of flannel, to protect them from cold draughts of air, and the use of a farinaceous diet for a few days. Should there be much pain, Opium Liniment (291) may be smeared over the surface of the swollen gland at bedtime. Should there be much fever, heat of skin, &c., a few doses of solution of Nitre (264) may be given.

Muscles, Pains in.

Give Sal Ammoniac (327) internally, and use Liniments containing Camphor (68), Lemon Grass Oil (217), Opium (291), or Turpentine (366) externally.

Mosquito Bites, to relieve the irritation.

Try Lime Juice (235), or Vinegar (380).

Nettle-rash, to allay irritation.

Apply Borax Lotion (57).

Neuralgia.

Try Sal Ammoniac (326), or when the pain returns periodically, Sulphate of Iron (177), or better still Cinchona Febrifuge (402*). When Neuralgia of the Head or Face (Tic Douloureux) recurs at stated periods, and is apparently of malarious origin, no remedy is equal to Quinine, which may be given in one large dose (ten grains) shortly before the time when the pain is expected to return. Should it not yield after three or four doses, no advantage will be gained by continuing it. Another plan is to give it in three-grain doses in a glass of wine thrice daily between the paroxyms of pain. Some obstinate cases which resist these and other remedies yield to a course of Fish Liver Oil (141). Among external applications are Datura Liniment or Poultices (130), Lemon Grass Oil (217), Mustard Poultices (253), and the Camphorated Opium (291), or Turpentine Liniment (366).

Nipples, sore or cracked.

Are benefited by Borax Lotion (56), or Castor Oil (84), or Lime Water (225), locally applied. As a preventive use Infusion of Catechu (90). [To ensure prevention, the nipple should be carefully washed and dried immediately the child is removed from the breast, and the tissues may be hardened by washing them for a short time before delivery, and after each application to the breast, with a little brandy and water. It is also a useful practice to wear over the nipple a metallic shield, which should be constantly applied when the child is not at the breast.—Prof. Ringer.]

Nodes, or Painful Swellings on the Shin-bone.

Apply Datura Poultice (130), or other means mentioned in Tumours, painful.

Nose, discharge of Matter from.

Use injections of Lime Water (225), or tepid Milk and Water, and give Fish Liver Oil (138) internally. Maggots in, see Pecnash.

Nux Vomica, Poisoning by.

Follow the treatment advised for poisoning by Cocculus Indicus (see Index). Bland Oils, e.g., Til, Cocoa-nut, or Ground-nut Oil, seem to retard its action, hence may be given largely.

Ophthalmia.

See Eyes, Diseases of.

Opium, Poisoning by.

The stomach having been emptied as speedily as possible by an emetic of Sulphate of Copper (117) or Mustard (246), every means should be adopted for rousing the patient; this is to be effected by dashing cold water over the head and chest, walking him quickly about, supported by two attendants in the open air, applying strong salts, &c., to the nostrils, irritating the leg by flagellation with a wet towel, and administering strong coffee, café noir, or if there should be great depression, a little brandy or other stimulant. When the patient can swallow, Decoction of Galls should be given as directed in Paragraph 152. In extreme cases artificial respiration (subsequently described in Appendix, in Art. Drowning, Recovering from) must be tried. These measures should be long persevered in; as long as life lasts, hope of recovery is not to be banished.

Pains, Muscular.

See Muscles, Pains in.

Palpitations of the Heart, Nervous.

These may in a great measure be controlled by Asafœtida (35), Camphor (70), or Infusion of Jatamansi (184), either alone or used conjointly. Palpitations or flutterings in the region of the Heart which occur in weak, nervous, hysterical subjects, often yield to Bromide of Potassium, in dose of five to ten grains dissolved in water, twice or thrice daily.

Paralysis.

Little can be done by non-professionals beyond giving internally Fish Liver Oil (142), alone or with Sulphate of Iron (177), in anæmic or debilitated subjects, and applying irritants, as Croton Liniment (122), Petroleum (410), externally.

Pecnash (Maggots in the Nose).

Oil of Turpentine (363b).

Phthsis.

See Consumption, Pulmonary.

Physic Nut, Poisoning by.

See Croton Seeds.

Piles.

Sulphur (344) internally, and Gall Ointment (148), or astringent enemas, as Decoction of Babúl Bark (9), or Galls (148), suffice in ordinary cases. In old debilitated subjects Confection of Pepper (300) proves very useful. When inflamed and painful, the Hip Bath, or sitting over the steam of hot water (392), and the application of a solution of Borax (56) and soft Rice Poultices (322), with or without the addition of Opium (293), give great relief. The Acetate of Lead Solution advised for Inflammations (see Index) is peculiarly serviceable in these cases. It may be used cold or warm, as is most agreeable to the patient's feelings. To control bleeding from, use Alum (25), or enemas of Sulphate of Iron (179). When bleeding from piles in residents in hot climates has been long continued, it is unadvisable, so long as it remains within moderate bounds, to take any means of arresting it suddenly; the suppression of the discharge having in some instances been known to be followed by congestion and even abscess in the liver, and in others by congestive headaches and determination of blood to the head. It seems to be an effort of nature to relieve the abdominal circulation, which it is unwise to interfere with, unless the discharge be so profuse as to debilitate the patient, and then the object should be rather to moderate than to arrest it altogether. Persons subject to Piles will do well to avoid the use of coffee, as this often appears to aggravate the severity of the symptoms. Cleanliness in these cases is of the greatest importance: the parts should be well washed with soap and water after each motion, and if the piles are internal and protrude during evacuations, they should be washed before they are returned.

Pregnancy.

For Pains in the Loins use Camphor (68) or Camphorated Opium Liniment (291). To allay the Vomiting try Infusion of Cloves (105), Mustard Poultice (251). A cup of hot coffee and a piece of dried toast should be taken in bed very early in the morning, after which the woman should remain quiet until the usual hour for rising; by this means the vomiting may often be prevented. When procurable, a glass or two of Sparkling Moselle is often productive of the best effects, allaying the vomiting, and enabling the patient to retain and digest food.

Prickly Heat.

May in a great measure be relieved by Solution of Borax (57) or Sulphate of Copper (115), and subsequently dusting the surface with Rice Flour (322) or finely powdered Sandal Wood (333).

Pyrosis.

See Water Brash.

Rectum, Stricture and Painful Affections of.

Castor Oil (83), Fish Liver Oil (139).

Rheumatism, Acute.

Rheumatic Fever may be treated much in the same way as Ardent or Continued Fever (see Fever, Index); by confinement to bed in a cool, well-ventilated apartment, farinaceous diet, and abstinence from alcoholic and other stimulants. Nitre (270) should be given freely, with Lemonade (232) as an ordinary drink. The bowels should be carefully regulated, one or two motions procured daily by a dose of Calomel (three or four grains) and Opium (one grain, or even two grains if there should be great pain or restlessness) at bedtime, followed by Infusion of Senna (336), or Castor Oil (83), in the morning. To the swollen and painful joints a strong solution of Nitre (270) should be kept constantly applied; it generally affords great relief; if not, a Datura Poultice or moistened Datura leaf (or Tobacco leaf), applied as directed in Paragraph 130, may be tried.

Rheumatism, Chronic.

Here Sal Ammoniac (327) and Country Sarsaparilla (163) promise to be of much use. Chaulmúgra (94), Mudar (242), and Gulancha (352), have been advised, but in long-standing cases more benefit may be expected from Fish Liver Oil (142). The action of the skin may be kept up by Camphor, both internally and in the form of Vapour Bath (69), and by hot Infusion of Ginger (156) at bedtime, and by constantly wearing flannel next to the skin. Amongst external applications, Camphorated Opium Liniment (291) and Lemon Grass Oil (217) are the best; the others comprise liniments containing Camphor (68), Croton Oil (122), Oil of Country Nutmeg (274), Petroleum (410), Physic Nut Oil (302), Sulphur (343), and Turpentine (366); Piney Tallow (373) has been well spoken of. Should one or more joints be specially attacked, make trial of the applitions advised in Acute Rheumatism, or of Flour of Sulphur, as directed in Paragraph 343.

Rickets.

Fish Liver Oil (138) may be used with great advantage: it may be combined with Sulphate of Iron (177) if the child is weak and anæmic. Lime Water and Milk (222) forms an eligible ordinary drink.

Ringworm.

Apply Borax and Vinegar (60), Cassia alata Ointment (81), Unripe Papaw fruit (295), Sulphate of Copper (115), Oil of Turpentine (367), or Kerosene Oil (416).

St. Vitus's Dance.

See Chorea.

Salivation.

Use gargles of Alum (29) or Borax (55), or try Catechu in substance (89).

Scalled Head.

See Ringworm.

Scarlatina or Scarlet Fever.

Commence with an emetic of Country Ipecacuanha (368) or Mudar (241); place the patient in a cool, well-ventilated apartment; give plentifully of Lemonade (232) or rice Conjee (322) to allay thirst and feverishness, and give Capsicum Mixture (78) internally. For the sore throat, inhale the fumes of hot Vinegar (377), and use Capsicum gargle (78). Sponging the surface with diluted Vinegar (376) or Water (385) is attended with great comfort to the patient, and is otherwise beneficial. The advanced stages, complications, and subsequent debility, are treated in the same manner as in Fevers (see Index).

Sciatica.

See Neuralgia. Enveloping the whole of the painful limb in the "Wet sheet" (397b) proves sometimes successful when other remedies fail. Quinine in full doses, five to eight grains thrice daily, may be given at the same time.

Scorpions, Stings of.

Alum (32). See also Bites, Venomous.

Scrofula.

Fish Liver Oil (138) proves most useful in cases in which Abscesses, Ulcers, or Skin Diseases are present. Scrofulous Ophthalmia is also greatly benefited by it. When the patient is debilitated and anæmic, the Oil may advantageously be combined with Sulphate of Iron. Chaulmúgra (94), Hydrocotyle (169), and Lime Water (225), are amongst the remedies occasionally useful. A dose of Opium (283) or Tincture of Datura (128) may be given at night, if the pain or irritation from ulcers or skin disease occasion sleeplessness. A liberal animal diet, gentle outdoor exercise, and sea-bathing are valuable adjuncts to the above remedies.

Scurvy.

Lime-juice (231) holds the highest rank both as a curative and preventive agent. All acidulous fruits, Lemons, Oranges, Tamarinds (346), &c., may be used with the greatest advantage. As a preventive of Scurvy in jails, &c., Lime Juice and other analogous agents will prove of comparatively little use unless attention is paid to hygienic measures, e.g., the cleanliness, ventilation, dryness of the building, reduction of numbers in cases of overcrowding, and the use of a liberal and wholesome diet, containing a large proportion of fresh vegetables. Diarrhœa of, give Bael (44).

A new antiscorbutic called Ám-chur has lately been brought into use amongst our native troops in India, and promises to be a powerful rival to Lime Juice. It consists of green Mangoes, skinned, stoned, cut into pieces, and dried in the sun. According to Dr. Clarke, Deputy Surgeon-General Eastern Frontier District, Ám-chur not only maintains the digestive energy of the men, but its use amongst troops, where neither a variety of food nor vegetables is obtainable, commends itself strongly as a result of practical experiment to the military authorities. One ration should be half an ounce, which would be equivalent to an ounce of Good Lime Juice. (British Med. Jour., Sept. 30, 1882.) Another anti-scorbutic well worthy of attention, especially as an article of diet on long voyages, consists of dried or preserved Bananas. When carefully prepared, they are agreeable to the taste, much resembling dried figs, of small cost, and will keep good for a lengthened period.

Sweet Mango pickle, freely eaten with the diet, is an excellent method of administering Ám-chur.

Seminal Discharges, Involuntary.

Give Camphor (72) at bedtime. When attended with much sexual excitement, a full dose of Bromide of Potassium, 20 to 30 grains in a wineglassful of water at bedtime, is often most serviceable. These discharges being sometimes due to irritation caused by Thread Worm in the lower bowel, attention should be directed to this point. See Worms.

Skin Diseases.

Country Sarsaparilla (163*), Chaulmúgra (94), or Mudar (242); or where the affection occurs in debilitated, scrofulous, or leprous individuals. Fish Liver Oil (138) may be given internally. One of the following may at the same time be applied externally: Cassia alata (81), Chaulmúgra (94), Lime Liniment (225-229), Myrobalan Ointment (257), Sulphur (342), Turpentine (367), Kerosene Oil (414*), or Petroleum (411). The Vapour Bath (396) is often very useful where the skin is hard, dry, and rough. Borax lotion (57) in many instances will allay the irritation.

Sleeplessness in Head Affections.

Mustard Bath (249). A full dose of the Bromide of Potassium, 20 to 30 grains in a wineglassful of water, taken at bedtime and persevered in for days and weeks, will often be found more effectual and less hurtful than the most powerful narcotics. From pain attendant on Ulcers, Rheumatism, &c., Opium (283) or Tincture of Datura (128) at bedtime. [N.B.—Sleeplessness, arising from no evident cause, as bodily pain, mental anxiety, &c., is often dependent on an empty state of the stomach, and many a sleepless night may be prevented, and many a wakeful hour obviated, by the simple process of eating a few biscuits or a crust of bread before going to bed, or during the night as occasion may require.]

Small-pox.

Commence with a mild aperient of Castor Oil (83) or Senna (336); place the patient in a cool, well-ventilated room, and give freely Lemonade (232), Rice Conjee (322), &c., with solution of Nitre (264); sponge the surface daily with diluted Vinegar (376) or Water (385); and, still further, to allay irritation, dust the eruption freely with Rice Flour (322). The Carbolic Acid treatment promises the best results. Carbolic Acid, as an external application in Small Pox, is strongly recommended by Dr. Aitchison. He directs that from the very earliest stage of the disease the whole body be rubbed with a mixture of the Acid (one part) and Sweet Oil (ten parts) twice daily. "This application," he remarks, "relieves the patient marvellously—the oil soothing and cooling the skin, the acid deodorising the stench, and destroying the contagious influence of the particles thrown off from the skin. The oil is as much a part of the treatment as the disinfectant, and is an old Egyptian remedy for this disease. In many cases the application seems to destroy the Smallpox poison to the extent that the disease does not reach the pustular stage; the vesicles form themselves into hard lumps, dry up, and disappear, without the usual Small-pox pustular cicatrix." (See Appendix C for details of treatment.) With the view of preventing pitting, apply Lime Liniment (229). In the advanced stages, attended with great exhaustion, delirium, &c., give Camphor (74), Brandy Mixture (426), and other stimulants, with nutriment. Subsequent debility and Convalescence, treat as in Fever. (See Index).

Snake Bites.

See Appendix B.

Sneezing, when violent or prolonged.

Insert lightly into the nostrils a small piece of cotton wool. A case in which this gave instantaneous relief, when all other remedies had failed, is recorded by Dr. Bradley. (British Med. Jour., Dec. 1879.)

Spermatorrhœa.

See Seminal Discharges.

Spleen, Enlargement of, "Ague Cake."

Give Sulphate of Iron and purgatives, as advised in Paragraph 176, or Papaw juice (296), or, better still, Cinchona Febrifuge (402). Extract of Gulancha (353) is worth a trial. Quinine, in doses of five to eight grains thrice daily, produces the best effect in these cases; it may be advantageously combined with Sulphate of Iron (176). The most effectual local application is Biniodide of Mercury Ointment (16 grains of the Biniodide to simple Ointment, one ounce). In obstinate cases change of air is the best and only remedy.

Sprains, Blows, and Bruises.

Solution of Sal Ammoniac (332), Hot Water Fomentations (393), or Evaporating Lotion (380) are most suitable applications for the early stages. Should there be much swelling and heat of skin, Leeches (212) may be necessary. When the active symptoms have subsided, Liniments of Camphor (68), Opium (291), Lemon-grass Oil (217), or Turpentine (366), are indicated. In Sprains, warm applications, with perfect rest of the part, are best suited for the first few days. The sprained part should be kept in a raised position, well supported, and should on no account be allowed to hang down. The following treatment is highly spoken of in cases of Sprained Ankle. As soon after the accident as possible immerse the foot in a tub of hot water for ten minutes, and then into a tub of cold water for a similar period. Afterwards put on a wet bandage pretty tight, and cover with oil-silk, plantain leaf, or other impermeable covering. To remove subsequent swelling, apply Alum Lotion (32). To remove discoloration, Solution of Sal Ammoniac (332).

Stiff Neck.

Apply Opium Liniment (291).

Stomach, Acidity of.

Give Lime Water (221). Bleeding from. See Hæmorrhage from internal organs. Pains in. See Flatulence, Flatulent Colic, and Bowels, Spasmodic Affections of.

Stomatitis.

See Mouth, Ulceration of.

Sunstroke.

Employ Cold Water Affusion and other measures advised in Paragraph 386. Artificial Respiration, as described in Appendix A, is worth a trial where the insensibility is deep and prolonged.

Syphilis.

On the first appearance of a chancre or ulcer on the penis, sprinkle its surface with a little very finely powdered Sulphate of Iron, and this having been removed, dress subsequently with Black Wash (225) till the sore shows signs of healing. As a local application, Dr. Aitchison advocates Carbolic Acid. "No time should be lost," he remarks, "in obtaining medical aid when an ulcer on the penis has formed. But when it is impossible to get such aid, touch the sore with pure Carbolic Acid, taking care that the healthy parts are not touched with it. Apply Sweet Oil to the parts after burning the ulcer, and then dress it as you would any healthy ulcer until the slough caused by the acid falls off." Mercury (if at hand) should be given so as to induce slight soreness of the gums.

To effect this, give one grain of Calomel, with a quarter or half a grain of Opium, night and morning, and should the gums at the end of a week not be affected, the dose of Calomel may be doubled. Soreness of the gums, with a peculiar (mercurial) fetor of the breath and metallic taste in the mouth, may be taken as an indication that the remedy has been carried to the required extent, and this condition it is desirable to maintain until the sore heals or the symptoms subside; this may occupy four or five weeks. No good, but rather great harm, will result from carrying the use of mercury beyond this point. Should it cause much increased flow of saliva (which is very undesirable), use the remedies advised for Salivation, or if during a course of mercury, the sore, instead of improving, becomes worse, it should at once be discontinued. Stimulants and all kinds of excitement, as well as exposure to atmospherical changes, especially wet, should be avoided during its use; in fact, this treatment requires the greatest care throughout, and should, if possible, be never undertaken except under proper medical supervision.

Country Sarsaparilla (163), Hydrocotyle (169), and Mudar (242), are better suited for the more advanced stages of the disease, or when it becomes constitutional. The use of the Country Sarsaparilla, however, may well be conjoined with the mercurial treatment from the very commencement. N.B.—Avoid all the crude preparations of Mercury in use by the native doctors, or sold in the bazaars; they are likely to do incalculable mischief.

Tetanus (Lock-jaw).

Try Datura (131). The treatment of Tetanus by smoking Gunjah (Indian Hemp), introduced by Assistant-Surgeon A. C. Khastagir (Indian Medical Gazette, August 1878), promises to supersede all others in India if it were only from the fact that the remedy is procurable at a trifling cost in every bazaar throughout the country, and that its application is simple in the extreme. A pipe, hookah, or Indian hubble-bubble, charged with about 15 grains of dried Gunjah leaves, alone or mixed with twice as much tobacco leaves, is to be kept in readiness, and immediately on the indication of a spasm coming on it is to be lighted and handed to the patient with directions to smoke. By the time this is finished, or even before, the spasm relaxes, the eyes close, and the patient falls into a kind of slumber. The pipe is again charged, and kept in readiness for the approach of the next spasm, when the process is repeated with similar results. In this way the drug is administered day and night uninterruptedly, during which the irritation of the nervous system slowly but steadily yields to its influence. Mr. K. details five cases successfully treated in this manner. No auxiliary medicine, beyond an occasional purgative if required; no solid food allowed; milk and soup the only nutriments. This treatment is further advocated by Dr. J. C. Lucas, of the Bombay Medical Service (Med. Times and Gaz., February 21, 1880). The advantages which he claims for it are—(1) the spasms are cut short; (2) they reappear gradually at longer and longer intervals; (3) they gradually become not only less frequent, but less severe; this (4) saves the patient's vital powers, and thus, by prolonging life and preventing death, life, which would otherwise have succumbed, may eventually be saved. He places the dose at from eight to thirty grains, commencing with the smaller dose, and gradually increasing it as tolerance is established. He insists, properly, on the vast importance of quiet, perfect quiet, in a pure air (without too much breeze or draught), and he directs that the patient should on no account be disturbed to take his food or for any other reason, for which opportunity is to be taken when the patient awakes of his own accord, or from the recurrence of spasm. In the case of very young children, this mode of treatment cannot, of course, be carried out, but in all others it seems well worthy of a fair trial.

Throat, Dry and Irritable States of, giving rise to Cough.

Inhale the vapour of Hot Decoction of Abelmoschus (3) or of Hot Water (390). In Inflammatory States of, without Ulceration, use the same inhalations, and allow a piece of Nitre to dissolve in the mouth (266). Relaxed or Ulcerated Sore Throat. Use gargles of Alum (29), Capsicum (78), Moringa (238), Black Pepper (300), or Pomegranate Rind (313), Catechu (89), Ginger (158), and Omum Seeds (316), used in substance, prove useful in some cases, as do inhalations of the vapour of Hot Vinegar (377), or simple Hot Water (390).

Tic Douloureux.

See Face Ache and Neuralgia.

Tongue, Fissures or Cracks of, in the advanced stages of Fever, &c.

Use Borax (55) or Alum (29).

Toothache.

Sometimes yields to Opium (292*) or Catechu (89) locally applied, with or without Ginger (157), or Mustard Poultices (253) externally. Extraction is the only certain cure in the majority of cases.

Tumours, Painful.

Apply Datura in one of the forms advised in Paragraph 130, and give Opium (283) or Tincture of Datura (128) at night to procure sleep. A Tobacco leaf may often be advantageously substituted for Datura.

Ulcers.

May be successfully treated by the local application of solution of Sulphate of Copper (114*). Ceromel (167*) "Oil Dressing" (338) "Water Dressing" (394), (Dr. Aitchison states that for years he has discarded Water Dressing in any form to ulcers, but has substituted for cleansing and dressing them a mixture of one part of Carbolic Acid and ten of Sweet Oil. He pronounces this a far more effectual mode of treatment), and Rice Poultices (322), varied according to circumstances; if attended with fetid discharge, Charcoal Poultices (91); if with much discharge, Catechu Ointment or Lotion (90) and Myrobalans Ointment (257). To destroy Maggots on surface of, Butea Seeds (65). Sloughing, Gangrenous, or Ill-conditioned Ulcers require Alum Ointment (31), Borax (59), Camphor (75), Ním Poultices (261), Oil of Country Nutmeg (274), Petroleum (412), Toddy Poultices (355*) Turpentine Ointment (367), Resin Ointment (372), or Sugar (408). "Irrigation" (395) is most useful in removing the slough and stimulating to healthy action. If the pain and irritation are so great as to prevent sleep, Opium (283) or Tincture of Datura (128). To excessive Granulations ("Proud flesh"), apply Sulphate of Copper (114). In all cases Country Sarsaparilla (163), Hydrocotyle (170), or Mudar (242) may advantageously be given internally; and for Ulcers occurring in Scrofulous subjects, Fish Liver Oil (137, 138) proves most useful. "Whenever in India an ulcer looks angry and is in an unhealthy and non-healing condition, as is the case with Scind boils, Multan sores, Delhi sores, &c. &c., all applications to the ulcer itself are useless until the general health of the patient undergoes a thorough alteration. The want of power to heal in the ulcer shows that the system is in an unhealthy condition and that it is incapable of putting on the healing process in the ulcer. This state of things is no doubt due to the climate, malaria, poor food, and bad water; these combined develop in the system, scurvy, or a condition of the body allied to scurvy.

"An addition to, and a change in the diet is of the first consequence. This is to be done by administering as drugs a daily liberal proportion of good butter, sugar, and lime-juice.

"In many parts of India, especially during the hot weather, good butter is not to be got as a fresh article of food; an excellent substitute for it is the tinned article, now so readily obtainable, which, if salt, can be carefully prepared for use by having the salt washed out of it. The lime-juice should be, if possible, in the form of fresh limes, lemons, or oranges; rather than the lime-juice of commerce. Where fresh limes, &c., or lime-juice cannot be procured, sweet mango pickles, lime pickles, or the bazaar commodity Ám-chur (see Index, Scurvy) should be employed; from the last excellent preserves and tarts can be made, which are relished as a diet.

"The water supply should be changed, and even, if necessary, condensed water be drunk, in place of the saline stuff so common along our north-west frontier, where the river water is to be preferred to that of brackish wells full of nitrates.

"Other vegetables, such as potatoes, cauliflower, and artichokes should be added to the dietary if obtainable, and when possible an immediate change of climate, even for a few days, and to another water supply is of immense importance.

"The good results in following up the above proposals can be at once seen in the rapid alteration of the conditions of the ulcer, or ulcers, which at once begin to take on a healing action. They require after this but simple dressing, and indeed disappear as if by a miracle, leaving, however, behind them a scar, a well known momento of having once lived in an unhealthy climate."—Aitchison.

Urine, to relieve pain and scalding on passing.

Nitre (269), with Rice Conjee (322), Decoction of Abelmoschus (2), or of Ispaghúl Seeds (305) and the Hip Bath (392) generally afford relief. For Retention of Urine, Opium (287*) and a Hip Bath (392), with Hot Water Fomentations to the pubes, often succeed in recent cases; if these fail, no time should be lost in placing the patient under medical care.

Uterus, Painful Affections of.

Camphor (73), Opium (289*), Datura Poultices (130), and Hip Bath (392), either alone or conjointly, are calculated to afford relief. Chronic Affections of, Borax and Cinnamon (58). For Prolapsus or descent of, use vaginal injections of Decoction of Galls (147), or of Babúl Bark (9), holding Alum (25*) in solution. Bleeding from, see Hæmorrhage, and Menstrual Discharge, Excessive.

Vaginal Discharges.

Cubebs (125), and Gurjun Balsam (160) internally (given by the mouth) and vaginal injections of Lime Water (224), Alum (30) and Decoctions of Babúl Bark (9), Galls (149), or Pomegranate Rind (313) are indicated. [Employ at first simply cold or warm water injections, regulating the temperature according to the feelings of the patient; if these do not benefit, try Solution of Sugar (one part), Water (four parts). Add Alum or other astringents, if necessary, but do not commence with them until a fair trial has been given to the simpler means.—Aitchison.] For the Vaginal Discharges of Young Children, the local application of Lime Water (224), with Fish Liver Oil (138) internally offer the best chance of success.

Vaginal Irritation.

Is often removed, like a charm, by the application to the parts of a very weak solution of Carbolic Acid (one to twenty of Sweet Oil); if used stronger it is apt to cause pain, this pain is at once removed by a free application of sweet oil alone (Aitchison).

Voice, Loss of.

Catechu (89), or any of the other measures directed for Hoarseness.

Vomiting.

Amongst the remedies to allay this, are Infusion of Cloves (105), Infusion of Ginger, (155), Lemon Grass Oil (216*), and Omum Water (318), with or without the addition of a little Opium (290). Apply Mustard Poultices (251), or Turpentine Stupes (362). In obstinate cases try Leeches (213). Lime Water (223*), though especially adapted for Vomiting arising from Acidity of the Stomach, is well worthy of a trial in all obstinate cases, especially in the Vomiting of Infants and Young Children. It is best given in milk. Vomiting in Fevers. Hot Water (358).

Warts.

Seldom resist the persevering application for a week or two of Sulphate of Copper (108); a piece of it moistened should be rubbed lightly over the wart, avoiding the surrounding skin. It may be applied once every day, or every other day.

Wasps Stings of.

See Bites, Venomous.

Water on the Brain.

See Hydrocephalus.

Water-brash (Pyrosis).

Butea Gum (62), and Lime Water (223) may often be used with advantage.

Whites.

See Leucorrhœa, and Vaginal Discharges.

Womb, Affections of.

See Uterus, Affections of.

Worms.

For Tænia, or Tape Worm, give Kamala (189), Pomegranate Root Bark (314), or Turpentine (365). When one fails another will often succeed. For Lumbricus or Common Round Worm, try Butea Seeds (64), Vernonia Seeds (373b), or Papaw Juice (295).

The best remedy in these cases is Santonin, and considering the great prevalence of these worms amongst the people of India, and the many anomalous nervous and other affections to which they give rise, it is advisable always to have on hand a supply of this drug. The dose for children under four years is from two to four grains; above twelve years from six to eight grains, rubbed up with about twice its weight of sugar repeated every six or eight hours thrice in succession. A good plan is to give the Santonin at bedtime, and a small dose of Castor Oil in the morning, three days in succession. In many cases, it has been stated, no aperient is needed, one or two stools succeeding its administration containing the worms, if any are present; still, it is safer to follow up its use by an aperient. It is of little or no use in Tape Worm; and in Thread Worm, though it will aid, often strikingly, in removing the worms, it will not prevent their reappearance. For Round Worm it is by far the most effectual remedy we possess. For Ascarides, or Thread Worm, use enemas of Lime Water (227), Asafœtida (36), or Turpentine (365).

Wounds, Ulcerated.

See Ulcers, Bleeding from. See Hæmorrhage.

APPENDIX A.
DIRECTIONS FOR RESTORING THE APPARENTLY DEAD FROM DROWNING.

(Reprinted by permission from the Directions issued by the Royal Humane Society.)

As soon as the body is taken out of the water, lay it on the ground, wipe it dry, and let the wind blow freely upon the surface. With this view, on no account let people crowd round the body.

The points to aim at are—first, and immediately, the RESTORATION OF BREATHING; and secondly, after breathing is restored, the PROMOTION OF WARMTH AND CIRCULATION.