Animal intelligence: Experimental studies - 1

ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
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SAN FRANCISCO

MACMILLAN & CO., Limited
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MELBOURNE

THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd.
TORONTO

ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

BY
EDWARD L. THORNDIKE
TEACHERS COLLEGE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

New York
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1911

Set up and electrotyped. Published June, 1911.

Norwood Press
J. S. Cushing Co.—Berwick & Smith Co.
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.

PREFACE

The main purpose of this volume is to make accessible to students of psychology and biology the author’s experimental studies of animal intellect and behavior.[1] These studies have, I am informed by teachers of comparative psychology, a twofold interest. Since they represent the first deliberate and extended application of the experimental method in animal psychology, they are a useful introduction to the later literature of that subject. They mark the change from books of general argumentation on the basis of common experience interpreted in terms of the faculty psychology, to monographs reporting detailed and often highly technical experiments interpreted in terms of original and acquired connections between situation and response. Since they represent the point of view and the method of present animal psychology, but in the case of very general and simple problems, they are useful also as readings for students who need a general acquaintance with some sample of experimental work in this field.

It has seemed best to leave the texts unaltered except for the correction of typographical errors, renumbering of tables and figures, and redrawing the latter. In a few places, where the original text has been found likely to be misunderstood, brief notes have been added. It is hard to resist the impulse to temper the style, especially of the ‘Animal Intelligence,’ with a certain sobriety and restraint. What one writes at the age of twenty-three is likely to irritate oneself a dozen years later, as it doubtless irritated others at the time. The charitable reader may allay his irritation by the thought that a degree of exuberance, even of arrogance, is proper to youth.

To the reports of experimental studies are added two new essays dealing with the general laws of human and animal learning.

January, 1911.

	PAGE
The Study of Consciousness and the Study of Behavior	[1]
Animal Intelligence	[20]
Introduction	[20]
Description of Apparatus	[29]
Experiments with Cats	[35]
Experiments with Dogs	[56]
Experiments with Chicks	[61]
Reasoning or Inference	[67]
Imitation	[76]
In Chicks	[81]
In Cats	[85]
In Dogs	[92]
The Mental Fact in Association	[98]
Association by Similarity and the Formation of Concepts	[116]
Criticism of Previous Theories	[125]
Delicacy of Association	[128]
Complexity of Associations	[132]
Number of Associations	[135]
Permanence of Associations	[138]
Inhibition of Instincts by Habit	[142]
Attention	[144]
The Social Consciousness of Animals	[146]
Interaction	[147]
Applications to Pedagogy, Anthropology, etc.	[149]
Conclusion	[153]
The Instinctive Reactions of Young Chicks	[156]
A Note on the Psychology of Fishes	[169]
The Mental Life of the Monkeys	[172]
Introduction	[173]
Apparatus	[177]
Learning without Tuition	[182]
Tests with Mechanisms	[184]
Tests with Signals	[195]
Experiments on the Influence of Tuition	[209]
Introduction	[209]
Imitation of Human Beings	[211]
Imitation of Other Monkeys	[219]
Learning apart from Motor Impulses	[222]
General Mental Development of the Monkeys	[236]
Laws and Hypotheses of Behavior	[241]
The Evolution of the Human Intellect	[282]

PREFACE

CONTENTS