NOTES
[124] The illustrations given are typical, and to one familiar with the works of the period on geographical and astronomical subjects, others suggest themselves.
[125] For popular accounts of the Este family of Ferrara, see Gardner, E. G. Princes and Poets of Ferrara. London, 1904; Cartwright, J. Isabella d’Este. London, 1903.
[126] Harrisse. Discovery. pp. 422-425; same author, Les Corte-Real et leur voyages au Nouveau Monde. Paris, 1883, with reproduction of the western half of the map, in colors; Stevenson, E. L. Maps illustrating early discovery and exploration in America. New Brunswick, 1906. No. 1 of this series is a reproduction of the Cantino map in the size of the original.
[127] Fischer, J. The Discoveries of the Norsemen in America. London, 1903. pp. 112-118. Professor Fischer enjoys the distinction of being the foremost living authority on Ptolemy.
[128] D’Arco, C. Delle arti e degli artefici di Mantova. Mantova, 1857. Vol. II, p. 53.
[129] Bertolotti, A. Artisti in relazione coi Gonzaga Signori di Mantova. Modena, 1885. p. 143. (In: Estr. dagli Atti e Memorie delle Deputazioni di storia patria per le Provincie Modenesi e Parmensi. Série III, Vol. III, parte 1.)
[130] Harrisse. Discovery. p. 434.
[131] Denza, F. Globi celesti della Specola Vaticana. (In: Publicazioni della Specola Vaticana. Torino, 1894. Vol. IV, p. xvii.)
[132] Fiorini, op. cit., pp. 88-89.
[133] See the edition of Ptolemy. Geographia—MDVIII. Rome. Chap. xii.
[134] Fiorini, op. cit., pp. 94-96, the citation being made from Badia, Jodoco del. La bottega di Alessandro di Francesco Rosselli merciaje e stampatore (1525). (In: Miscellanea fiorentina di erudizione e storia. Luglio, 1894. Vol. II, p. 14.)
[135] Zach, F. v. Monatliche Korrespondence. Gotha, 1806. Vol. XIII, p. 157. Harrisse. Discovery. pp. 445-446.
[136] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 99.
[137] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 101.
[138] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 72.
[139] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 102. Of the further interest taken by Cardinal Salviati in geography, see Stevenson, op. cit., No. 7.
[140] Trithemius. Epistolae familiares. Haganoae, 1536. p. 294.
[141] This is part of the letter of August 12.
[142] D’Avezac, M. A. P. Martin Hylacomylus Walzemüller ses ouvrages et ses collaborateurs. Paris, 1867; Gallois. Les Géographes. Chap. iv. “L’école Alsacienne-Lorraine”; Schmidt, C. Histoire littéraire de l’Alsace a la fin du XVe et au commencement du XVIe siècle. Paris, 1879.
[143] Schmidt, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 111; Humboldt, A. v. Kritische Untersuchungen. Berlin, 1852. Vol. II, p. 363; Gallois, L. Le Gymnase Vosgien. (In: Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de l’Est. Paris, 1900. pp. 88 ff.); D’Avezac, op. cit., p. 11.
[144] A canon of the cathedral of St. Dié. Lud gives us the information that he was the translator of the Vespucci narrative from the French into the Latin.
[145] Gravier, N. F. Histoire de Saint-Dié. Epinal, 1836. p. 202. The author refers to the character of Lud and to the influence of the St. Dié press. Copies of Lud’s most important little tract may be found in the British Museum, and in the Imperial Library of Vienna; it was printed in the St. Dié in the year 1507.
[146] The full title of this significant volume reads: ‘Cosmographiae Introductio cum quibusdam geometriae ac astronomiae principiis ad eam rem necessariis, insuper quatuor Americi Vespucci navigationes. Universalis Cosmographie descriptio tam in solido q̄ȝ plano eis etiam insertis que Ptholomeo ignota a nuperis reperta sunt.’ ‘Introduction to Cosmography with certain necessary principles of geometry and astronomy to which are added the Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci a representation of the entire world, both in the solid (globe?) and projected on the plane, including also lands which were unknown to Ptolemy, and have been recently discovered.’ Two editions of the work appeared in 1507, and others at later dates. An excellent reproduction of Waldseemüller’s book in facsimile, with English translation, was published by the United States Catholic Historical Society under the title, ‘The Cosmographiae Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller in Facsimile followed by the Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci with their Translation into English.’ Ed. by C. G. Herbermann. New York, 1907.
[147] This is one of the best of the early printed editions of Ptolemy.
[148] May it not have been the Canerio chart to which allusion was made by Lud, or a chart of exactly that type? See Stevenson, E. L. Marine World Chart of Nicolo de Canerio Januensis (ca.) 1502. With Facsimile of the unique original, measuring 115 x 225 cm. New York, 1908.
[149] Stevenson, E. L. Martin Waldseemüller and the early Lusitano-Germanic Cartography of the New World. New York, 1904. (In: Bulletin of the American Geographical Society. New York, 1908. pp. 193-215.)
[150] Schmidt, C. (In: Mémoires de la Société d’Archéologie lorraine. Nancy, 1875. p. 227.)
[151] Fischer, J. and Wieser, F. R. v. The oldest map with the name America of the year 1507 and the Carta Marina of the year 1516 by M. Waldseemüller (Ilacomilus). Innsbruck, 1903. Text in German and English, the maps in facsimile. The authors in their text have considered such matters as the Wolfegg collective volume, a description of the two maps, the sources of Waldseemüller, and the influence of the maps on the subsequent cartography, especially of the New World.
[152] Printed on fol. “Aii.”
[153] Printed on the back of folded leaf at the beginning of “Caput IX.”
[154] Gallois. Les géographes. p. 48; Fischer and v. Wieser, op. cit., p. 14.
[155] The crude character of the map is in striking contrast with the world map of 1507.
[156] This is an excellent reproduction of the gores, copy of which was courteously sent the author by Prince Liechtenstein.
[157] Printed in the lower corner of the chart on the left, “Generalem igitur totius orbis typum, quem ante annos aucos absolutum non sine grandi labore ex Ptolomei traditione ... in lucem edideramus et in mille exemplaria exprimi curavinius....”
[158] Harrisse. B. A. V. No. 62.
[159] Harrisse. Discovery. p. 465.
[160] Harrisse. B. A. V. No. 61.
[161] Harrisse. B. A. V. No. 32, Ad.
[162] Harrisse. Discovery. p. 466.
[163] De Costa, B. F. The Lenox Globe. (In: Magazine of American History. New York, 1879. pp. 529-540.) De Costa had the globe map redrawn and printed in plane projection. See for reproduction, Winsor, Nordenskiöld, Encyclopaedia Britannica. An excellent reproduction from a direct photograph of the globe may be found in Stevenson, E. L. Typical early maps of the New World. (In: Bulletin of the American Geographical Society. New York, 1907. pp. 202-224.)
[164] Estreicher, T. Ein Erdglobus aus dem Anfange des XVI Jh. in der Jagellonischen Bibliothek. (In: Bulletin International de l’Académie des Sciences de Cracovie. Cracovie, 1900. pp. 96-105.)
The construction of the clockwork to be found in this small copper sphere in La Nature, 1892. No. 996, p. 75. The globe is referred to by Stevenson, E. L., in Martin Waldseemüller and the Lusitano-Germanic Cartography of the New World. (In: Bulletin of the American Geographical Society. New York, 1904. pp. 193-215.)
[165] Waldseemüller, op. cit., Caput vii.
[166] Luksch, M. J. Zwei Denkmale alter Kartographie. Wien, 1886. (In: Mitteilung der k. k. Geog. Gesellschaft. Wien, 1886. pp. 364-373.); Varnhagen, F. A. Jo. Schöner e P. Apianus. Wien, 1872. On p. 52 the opinion is expressed that the globe was made in Brixen from the fact that this relatively unimportant town is inscribed. Harrisse. Discovery. pp. 491, 492; Nordenskiöld. Facsimile Atlas. p. 76.
[167] Marcel, G. Un globe manuscrit de l’école de Schöner. Paris, 1889. (In: Bulletin de géographie historique et descriptive. Paris, 1889. p. 173.); same author, Reproduction de carte et de globes relatif à la découverte de l’Amérique. Paris, 1894. pp. 11-14.
[168] Harrisse. Discovery. p. 490.
[169] Nordenskiöld. Facsimile Atlas. p. 76; reproduced on pl. XXXVII; same author, Om en märklig globakarta frän början af sextonde seklet. Stockholm, 1884. The latter has been translated under the title, A remarkable globe map of the sixteenth century, with facsimile, by E. A. Elfwing, and published in Journal of the American Geographical Society. New York, 1884.
[170] Here the name “America” is more clearly assigned to the entire continent than in the Waldseemüller map.
[171] See below, p. 176.
[172] Major, R. H. Memoir on a mappemonde by Leonardo da Vinci, being the earliest map hitherto known containing the name America: now in the Royal Collection at Windsor. London, 1865; Wieser. Magalhâes-Strasse. pl. III, a reproduction of the gores showing the New World, joined in a hemisphere; d’Adda, Marquis Girolamo. Leonardo da Vinci e la Cosmografia. (In: La Perzeveranza. Milano, 1870.); Richter, J. P. Literary Works of Da Vinci. London, 1883. Both d’Adda and Richter doubt the Da Vinci origin of these gores.
[173] Harrisse, op, cit., p. 504.
[174] See above, p. 67.
[175] Nordenskiöld, op. cit., p. 76; reproduced on pl. XXXVIII; Catalogue de livres appartenant à M. H. Tross. Paris, 1881, item 4924, with a reproduction of the gores.
[176] Harrisse, op. cit., pp. 494-496.
[177] Marcel, G. Louis Boulengier d’Alby. Paris, 1890. (In: Bulletin de géographie historique et descriptive. Paris, 1890.)
[178] This statement reads: “Habes candide lector tabellam preinsculptam tibi latitudinem graduum regionium ... In globo vero diei quantitatem et noctis ... sic comprehendere potes omni de regione tam per globum quam per sexagenarium.” “You have, dear Reader, before you, a small plate on which are inscribed the degrees of latitude of the countries ... on the globe (you see) the duration of the day and night ... thereby you will be able to ascertain (the position of) every country by the globe as well as by the sexennium.”
[179] Tessier, A. Di Cesare Vecellio e de’ suoi dipinti e disegni in una Collezione di libri dei secoli XV e XVI. Rome, 1876. (In: Bollettino della Societe geografica italiana. Rome, 1876. Série II, Vol. I, pp. 39-42.)
Tessier’s discourse was delivered at the Venetian Atheneum, 1875. Jacoli, F., likewise refers to this globe in Gazzetta di Venezia, January 15, 1876. It is not known just what disposition has been made of the globes by Admiral Acton.
[180] Las Casas. Historia. Tomo IV, lib. III, cap. ci, p. 377; Herrera, A. Descriptione las Indias Ocidentales. Madrid, 1730. Tomo II, lib. II, cap. xix, p. 52.
[181] The first voyage around the world by Magellan. Tr. by Stanley of Alderley, Lord. London, 1874. (In: Hakluyt Society Publications. London, 1874. Vol. 52, p. xliv.); Pigafetta, Antonio. Magellan’s Voyage around the world. The original text of the Ambrosian MS., with English translation, notes, bibliography, and index. Ed. by Robertson, J. A. Cleveland, 1906.
[182] Documentos ineditos por la Historia de España. Madrid, 1847. Vol. I, p. 265.
[183] Harrisse, op. cit., p. 544.
[184] Doppelmayr. Nachrichten. pp. 45-50; Varnhagen, F. A. de. Jo. Schöner e P. Apianus (Benewitz) influencia de um e outro e de varios de seus contemporaneos na adopção do nome America. Vienna, 1872; Stevens, H. Johann Schöner, professor of Mathematics at Nuremberg; a reproduction of his globe of 1523 long lost; his dedicatory letter to Reymer von Streytperck and the ‘De Moluccis’ of Maximilianus Transylvanus, with a new translation and notes of the globe. Ed. with an introduction and bibliography by Coote, C. H. London, 1888. pp. xxxix-xliv contains a short biography of Schöner; Algemeine Deutsche Biographie, “Schöner.”
[185] Harrisse. B.A.V. No. 80. The full title with bibliographical references are here given. In addition to the mere title we read “Cum Globis cosmographicis: sub mulcta quinquaginta florenorum Rhen. et amissione omnium exemplarium.” “With a cosmographical globe: under a fine of five hundred Rhenish florins and forfeiting all copies.”
[186] Wieser. Magalhâes-Strasse. See especially chap. iii, “Der Globus Schöners vom J. 1515,” and reproduction, pl. II; Reproduction in Jomard, Nos. 15-16.
[187] Harrisse. B.A.V. p. xlix, note 156; also Nos. 99, 100.
[188] Stevenson. Martin Waldseemüller and the early Lusitano-Germanic Cartography.
[189] Schöner. Luculentissima. fol. 60.
[190] Schöner. Luculentissima. verso of fol. 60.
[191] Wieser, op. cit.; Ghillany. Geschichte des Seefahrers Ritter Martin Behaim. pp. 8-12. Ghillany reproduces the western hemisphere of the globe in the original colors; Kohl, J. G. History of the Discovery of Maine. (In: Documentary history of the State of Maine. Portland, 1869.) Vol. I, pp. 158-163. This contains a much reduced reproduction of Ghillany’s facsimile of the western hemisphere; Nordenskiöld, op. cit., p. 80; Santarem. Atlas. pl. 52 (H. S. A. copy); Lelewel. Géographie du moyen âge. pl. 46.
[192] The inscription reads as given by Ghillany.
[193] Practically all of the works cited relating to Schöner treat more or less fully of the geographical features of Schöner’s globes. Wieser’s work is particularly valuable.
[194] Stevens, op. cit., gives this letter in facsimile with translation; Wieser, op. cit., pp. 118-122, reprints the Latin of this letter.
[195] Harrisse, op. cit., pp. 519-528.
[196] Wieser, op. cit., p. 121.
[197] Oberhummer, E. Leonardo da Vinci and the art of the renaissance in its relation to geography. (In: The Geographical Journal. London, 1909. See pp. 561-569 on Albrecht Dürer.)
