NOTES
[1] Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. XXVII, p. 242; Aa, A. J. v. d. Biographische Woordenboek der Nederlanden. Haarlem, 1853. “Hondius, Jodocus,” to which notice there is appended a list of short bibliographical references; Kramm, C. De Leven en Werken der Hollandsche en Vlaamsche Kunstenaars. Amsterdam, 1857-1861. “Hondius, Jodocus.”
[2] See for an interesting example of his early work his world map printed at The Hague in the year 1595. This map, in two hemispheres, lays down the track of Drake’s circumnavigation, 1577-1580, and that of Cavendish, 1586-1588. An original of this may be found in the Grenville Library of the British Museum, a reproduction in the work referred to below, n. [42].
[3] Aa, op. cit., “Bertius, Petrus de,” “Montanus, Petrus.” See also Kramm, op. cit.
[4] For a list of the Hondius Atlases of various dates see Phillips, P. L. A list of Geographical Atlases. Washington, 1909-1914. 3 vols.[68]
[5] Stevenson, E. L., and Fischer, J. Map of the World by Jodocus Hondius, with the title, ‘Novissima ac exactissima totius orbis terrarum descriptio magna cura & industria ex optimis quibusque tabulis Geographicis et Hydrographicis nuperrimisque doctorum virorum observationibus duobus planisphaerijs delineata. Auct. I. Hondio.’ New York, 1907. Facsimile in eighteen large sheets with key map and text.
[6] There is much doubt as to the correct reading of the date.
[7] These globes were acquired by Mr. Huntington at the auction sale held in the rooms of the American Art Association, November 24, 1916. They were listed in the catalogue of “Art treasures and Antiquities from the famous Davanzati Palace, and the Villa Pia, Florence, Italy,” under No. 575 as “a pair of sixteenth century Italian globes.” No other printed reference than that contained in this catalogue has hitherto appeared. It is hardly probable that a finer pair of these early Holland globes can be found in any of the museums or private libraries of Europe.
[8] Fiorini. Sfere terrestre e celesti. p. 265.
[9] Wagner, H. Lehrbuch der Geographie. Leipzig, 1903. pp. 78-81; Frisius, G. De principiis astronomiae et cosmographiae. Antwerp, 1530. Chap. titled “De novo modo inveniendi longitudinem”; Ptolemaeus. Geographia. Chap. 4. Ptolemy here refers to an eclipse of the moon, in the year 331 B.C., which was observed in Arbela the fifth hour, in Carthage the second hour. He therefore noted a difference in time of three hours between the two places, and he therefore concluded the difference in longitude to be 43 degrees. Since the actual difference in longitude is but 34 degrees his error was of considerable magnitude, which found expression in his maps, and in the maps of those who followed him, as the greatest of geographical teachers, well into the seventeenth century. The method of determining longitude by means of the observation of the eclipses of the moon remained practically the only method until the end of the fifteenth century. Attention may here be called to work of Cassini and of other astronomers of his period. See II, 141.
[10] Aa, op. cit., “Veen, Adrien,” also Kramm, op. cit.
[11] Baudet, P. J. H. Leven en werken van Willem Jansz. Blaeu. Utrecht, 1871. pp. 156-158; “Extract uit de Resol. der Staten van Holland en West-Vriesland, 5 Aug. 1608.”
[12] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 271.
[13] Information kindly furnished by the director.
[15] The parrot particularly interested the early explorers who visited the South American coast. See the artistic representation appearing on the Cantino map, in apparently the oldest extant representation of an American landscape.
[16] Voyages of Fox and James to the Northwest. Ed. by Christy Miller for the Hakluyt Society. London, 1894. See especially the second part of Vol. II, “The strange and dangerous voyage of Captain Thomas James, London, 1633.”
[17] The voyage of Thomas Button was made in the years 1612-1613, an account of which is given in Voyages of Fox and James, Vol. I. pp. 162-201.
[18] Bauer, L. A. Principal Facts Relating to the Earth’s Magnetism. (In: United States Magnetic Declination Tables and Isogonic Charts for 1902. Washington, 1902.) Printed also as a separate; Wolkenhauer, A. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Kartographie und Nautik des 15 bis 17 Jahrhundert.[69] München, 1904; Hellmann, G. Ueber die Kentniss der magnetischen Deklination vor Christopher Columbus. (In: Meteorologische Zeitschrift. Braunschweig, 1906.) Gilbert, W. De Magnete. London, 1600, and reissued in translation in 1893. This work is one of great significance in its treatment of magnetism and electricity. See especially Bk. IV on Variation, Pedro Medina in his Art de Navigar, Valladolid, 1545, contended that the magnetic needle always points to the true north; Stevenson, E. L. Early Spanish Cartography of the New World. (In: Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. Worcester, 1909.) Attention is called in this paper to certain errors in early Spanish maps, probably due to a failure to note properly the declination of the magnetic needle.
[19] Baudet, op. cit.; same author. Nachscrift, 1872; same author. Notice sur la part prise par Willem Jansz. Blaeu dans la détermination des longitudes terrestres. Utrecht, 1875. Stevenson, E. L. Willem Janszoon Blaeu (1571-1638), a sketch of his life and work with an especial reference to his large world map of 1605 with facsimile. New York, 1914; Aa, op. cit., Vol. II. pp. 578-580; Dozy, C. M. Willem Janszoon Blaeu. (In: Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap. Amsterdam, 1887. pp. 206-215.); Tiele, P. A. Leven en werken van Willem Jansz. Blaeu door P. J. Baudet. (In: De Gids. Amsterdam, 1872. Dorde Serie, Vol. I, pp. 356-367.); Tiele, P. A. Nederlandsche Bibliographie van Land- en Volkerkunde. Amsterdam, 1884. See this work for a bibliography of the works of Blaeu.
[20] Baudet, op. cit., pp. 77-114.
[21] See reference to Tycho Brahe, I, [183].
[23] Pictures of these instruments may be found in Le grand Atlas.
[24] Kepler, J. Astronomia nova ... De Motibus Stellae Martis. Prague, 1609; Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, “Kepler, Johann”; Wolf, Geschichte der Astronomie, pp. 281-310.
[25] In his earliest maps and charts Blaeu clearly had as his main purpose that of being of service to navigators.
[26] Blaeu, J. Le grand Atlas ou Cosmographie Blaviane. Amsterdam, 1663-1671. 12 Vols. Practically the same work in the Latin, the Dutch, and the Spanish languages. A bibliographical list of Blaeu’s principal geographical publications is given in Stevenson, op. cit., pp. 65-67, in Phillips, op. cit., and in Tiele, op. cit.
[27] Stevenson, op. cit., p. 25.
[28] Génard, P. M. N. J. Les globes de Guillaume Blaeu. (In: Bulletin Société Géographie d’Anvers. Anvers, 1883. Vol. VIII, pp. 159-160.); Baudet, op. cit., pp. 35-52; Stevenson, op. cit., pp. 15, 43-50.
[29] The Mercator globe has a diameter of 41 cm. and the Van Langren a diameter of 32 cm.
[30] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 242.
[31] Baumgärtner, J. Zwei alte Globen von Blaeu. Erdkugel von 1599 und Himmel-Globis von 1603. (In: Das Ausland. Stuttgart, 1885. No. 15, pp. 299-300.)
[32] (In: Hakluyt Society Publications, Ser. II, Vol. XVIII, pp. 187, 189.)
[33] Kästner, A. G. Geschichte der Mathematik, Vol. III, p. 86.
[34] Catalogus librorum, tam impressorum, quam manuscriptorum, Bibliothecae publicae Universitatis Lugduno-Batavae. Lugduni apud Batavos, 1716. p. 500.
[35] Van der Noort sailed in the year 1598.[70]
[36] See reference in note 32 above.
[37] Compare the austral land on this globe with that on Mercator’s globe of 1541, on the Hondius globe of 1600, on the Spano globe of 1593, et al.
[38] Photographs of these globes were reproduced in Stevenson, Willem Janszoon Blaeu. p. 44.
[40] There was much discussion throughout these years as to the proper location of the prime meridian.
[41] Asher, G. M. Henry Hudson the Navigator. (In: Hakluyt Society Publications. London, 1860. Ser. I, Vol. 27.)
[42] Drake, Sir F. The World Encompassed, with introduction by Vaux, W. S. W. (In: Hakluyt Society Publications. London, 1854. First Series, 16.)
[43] Stevenson and Fischer. World Map of Jodocus Hondius. The evolution of a knowledge of the Great Lakes region and its cartographical representation should prove to be a topic of absorbing interest.
[44] Brown, A. The Genesis of the United States. Boston and New York, 1891. Vol. I, p. 229.
Historians of this period in American history, with scarcely an exception, have taken it for granted that the expression “from sea to sea” means from the Atlantic to the Pacific, apparently not stopping to inquire as to the geographical notions entertained at the time of the granting of the Charter concerning the regions in question. The interpretation here offered takes into consideration the fact that Jodocus Hondius, perhaps the most distinguished geographer and map maker of his day, was much in favor in England at the time of the formation of the London Company and was much consulted concerning the geography of the New World. What he thought of the Virginia region to the “west and northwest” he has laid down in his large world map. It seems all but proven that the statement “from sea to sea west and northwest” means from the Atlantic to the great but indefinite inland sea “Mare Septentrionale Americae.”
To interpret this expression as meaning from the Atlantic to the Pacific shows the historian, as Freeman has stated it, “in bondage to the modern map.” Here is a striking illustration of the importance attaching to the study of historical geography, and to its subordinate branch, historical cartography. Blaeu, Plancius, Greuter, and others, if not so clear and emphatic in their presentation of this region, evidently entertained practically the same geographical notion as Hondius.
[45] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 257.
[46] Letter to the author signed and dated, D. Fana, 28/1/1914.
[47] Founded in the year 1602.
[48] Jameson, J. F. Willem Usselinx, Founder of the Dutch and Swedish West India Companies. New York, 1887.
[49] Wieder, F. C. De Wereldkaart van Petrus Plancius in het Colegio del Corpus Cristi te Valencia. (In: Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap. Leiden, 1915. pp. 301-318.)
[50] Blundeville. Exercises. pp. 245-278. In this volume pages are numbered on recto only.
[51] Linschoten, J. H. v. Itinerarium ofte schipvaert naer dost ofte Portugaels Indien. Groningen, 1614.
[52] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 278.
[53] Doppelmayr, op. cit., pp. 101, 115, 116.
[55] See reference to Christian Heyden, I, [156].
[56] Garcia de Céspedes. Regimiento de Navigacion. Madrid, 1606. p. 148.
[57] Royal Geographical Journal, London. London, 1893. p. 384.
[58] Baglione, G. Le vite de’ pittori, scultori, architetti ed intagliatori dal pontificato di Gregorio XIII del 1572 fino ai tempi di Urbano VIII nel 1642. Napoli, 1743. p. 282; Vaugondy, R. d. Essai sur l’histoire de la Géographie. Paris, 1775. p. 189; Magini, A. Italia di Gio: Al Serenissimo Ferdinando Gonzaga duca di Mantova e di Monferrato, cum privilegio. Bononiae, MDCXX.
[59] Litta, P. Le famiglie celebri d’Italia. Milano, 1819.
[60] Fiorini, op. cit., pp. 299-301.
