NOTES
[62] Coronelli, V. Epitome Cosmografica. Colonia, 1693. pp. 330-331.
[63] Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, “Olearius”; Varenius, B. Geographia generalis. Cambridge, 1672. Bk. III, chap. xxxii; Moller, G. I. Cimbria literata. Hanniae, 1744. Vol. I, p. 195:
Moller says: “Nec silentio sunt involvenda duo admiranda orbis authomata astronomico-cosmographica, juxta delineationem ipsius ingeniosissimam A. 1654 et seqq. ab And. Boschio Mechanico Dedalaeo et in Mathesi versatissimo, dirigente laborem Ad. Oleario, Principis hujus sui etiam mathematici, fabrefacta, quibus similis Europam, imo orbem majorem universum, non vidisse, praeter Olearium Heun. Heuningi et D. G. Morphosius sunt persuasi....” Weidler, J. F. Historia astronomiae. Wittenberg, 1741, p. 541.
Weidler says: “Globum a. 1654 Fredericus dux Holsatiae, dirigente opus Adamo Oleario, e cupro fabrefieri et in arce Gortorpiensi curaverat. Diameter ejus 10½ pedes capiebat, totusque globus rotis, flumine circumjactis movebatur.”
[64] Günther-Fiorini. Erd- und Himmelsgloben, p. 83; Royal Geographical Journal. London, 1901. p. 219.
[65] Bartholomaei, F. Erhard Weigel; ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der mathematischen Wissenschaften auf den deutschen Universitäten im XVI[133] Jahrhundert. (In: Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik. Leipzig, 1868. Sup. Heft. pt. 1.); Allgemeine deutsche Biographia, “Weigel, Erhard.”
[66] Schimpfer was a native of Nürnberg and active in his profession about the middle of the seventeenth century.
[67] Bartholomaei, op. cit.
[68] Bartholomaei, referring to the popularity of Weigel as a lecturer, states that some of his lectures were given in the open because there was no available room sufficiently large to accommodate his hearers.
[69] Weigel, E. Sphaerica Euclidea methodo conscripta; accessit globorum heraldicorum ipsiusque pancosmi descriptio et usus. Jenae, 1688; Wolf, Geschichte der Astronomie, pp. 420-427. In a very early day the Venerable Bede had suggested a change from the heathen names of the several constellations to Christian names. See in this connection Schiller, J. Coelum stellatum christianum. Augsburg, 1627.
Schiller was a pupil of the famous astronomer, Johannes Bayer, from whom he probably received his impulse to inaugurate a reform in the matter of naming the constellations. Schiller felt much annoyed that heathen names for stars and star groups should be retained by Christian peoples, and it was probably with Bayer that he worked out his scheme for a new nomenclature. To the twelve signs of the zodiac, for example, he gave the names of the twelve apostles. For the constellation Perseus he proposed the Apostle Paul, for the Great Bear the Ship of Peter, for Hercules the Three Kings, for Cassiopeia the name Maria Magdalena, for Auriga Saint Jerome; he further proposed to change the name Ophiuchus to Pope Benedict, Pegasus to the Angel Gabriel, Orion to Joseph, Canis Major to King David, the Ship Argo to the Ark of Noe, the Centaur to Abraham, the Peacock to Eve.
It was proposed to change the name Sun to Christ, the Moon to Maria, Saturn to Adam, Jupiter to Moses, Mars to Joshua, Venus to John the Baptist, and Mercury to Elias.
The suggestions of Schiller, of Bayer, and of their contemporaries, or near contemporaries, Schickard, Bartsch, and Harsdörfer, with the added support of Weigel, seem to have found little favor among astronomers.
[70] Weigel, E. Universi corporis pansophici prodromus. Jena, 1672; same author. Beschreibung der verbesserten Himmels- und Erdgloben. Jena, 1681.
[71] Coronelli, op. cit., pp. 331-332; Wolf, op. cit., pp. 426-427, n. 16; Günther-Fiorini, op. cit., p. 85, n.
[72] Fiorini, op. cit., pp. 308-310.
[73] Quoted by Fiorini, op. cit., pp. 306-307.
[74] Practically the only information we have concerning Moroncelli, aside from that which may be gained from his globes, is contained in a manuscript preserved in the Biolioteca Municipale of Fabriano, titled, “Vite dei Monaci Illustri di S. Benedetto in Fabriano,” by the Monk Feliziani, who died in the year 1683. Extracts from this have courteously been sent the author in reply to letters of inquiry. See also Fiorini, op. cit., p. 310.
[75] Letter from the director, Dr. G. Coggiola, dated January 4, 1914.
[77] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 323.
[78] Christina, daughter of Gustavus Adolphus; succeeded her father as ruler of Sweden. In the year 1654 she abdicated the throne, became a devout Catholic and passed a considerable part of her remaining years in Rome,[134] residing at first in the Palazzo Farnese, and later in the Palazzo Riario, bringing together in the latter place of residence a large collection of books and objects of art. Much of her collection later passed to the Vatican.
[79] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 323.
[81] Coronelli, op. cit., pp. 325-330; Dictionary of National Biography, “Palmer, Roger” (Count of Castlemaine), to which is appended a somewhat lengthy list of bibliographical references.
[82] Moxon, J. The English globe, being a stabil and immobil one, performing what the ordinary globes do, and much more. Invented and described by the Right honorable, the Earl of Castlemaine. The second edition corrected by J. Moxon. London, 1696.
[83] Coronelli, op. cit., p. 333.
[84] It has been impossible to locate a copy of this work or to get further information concerning Treffler.
[85] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 376.
[86] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 377.
[87] Briefly described in a letter received by the author from the Biblioteca Estense of Modena.
[88] Fiorini, M. Vincenzo Coronelli ed i suoi globi cosmografici. (In: Annuario Astro-Meteorologico. Roma, 1893.); Rigobon. Biografia e studi del P. Vincenzo Coronelli. (In: Archivo Veneto, Vol. III, pt. i, p. 267.); Ginanni, P. P. Memorie storico critiche degli scrittori Ravennati. Faenza, 1769. Vol. I, p. 162; Pasolini, S. Huomini illustri di Ravenna antica ed altri degni professori di lettere ed armi. Bologna, 1703. p. 63.
[89] Among his more important works the following may here be cited: Atlante Veneto, nel quale si contiene la descrittione ... degl’ Imperij. Regni, Provincie, e Stati dell’ Universo. Venetia, 1691-1696. 3 Vols. in 4 pts.; Biblioteca universale sacro-profano, antico-moderna. Venezia, 1701-1706. Vols. I-VIII, but not completed beyond “Caque”; Epitome Cosmografica, o compendiosa introduttione all’ Astronomia, Geographia, et Idrografia. Colonia, 1693; Viaggi del P. C. Venetia, 1697: The Royal Almanack: containing a succinct account of the remarkable actions of K. William III: with the year and the day of the month when each happened. Tr. from Italian into English. London, 1696. See also Giannini, G. Titoli della opere ... stampate dal anno 1704, dal P. M. C. ... publicate dall’ Accademia degli Argonauti in aggiunta dell’ indice già dato in luce. Venetia, 1708.
[90] Not until the following century does it appear that such societies were organized north of the Alps.
[91] See list given by Coronelli, Epitome, in introductory pages under heading “Catalogo ...”
[92] See Coronelli. Epitome.
[93] This privilege is quoted by Coronelli, Epitome, in introductory pages.
[94] Coronelli. Epitome, pp. 334-342.
[95] La Hire, P. de. Description et explication des Globes qui sont placés dans les pavillons du Château de Marly par ordre de Sa Majesté. Paris, 1704.
[96] Born September 16, 1638.
[97] Ludolf, H. Jobi Ludolfi ... ad suam historiam Aetiopicam ante hac editam commentarius. Francforti ad Moenum, 1691. p. 22.
[98] Marcel, G. Les Portugais dans l’Africe Australe. (In: Revue de Géographie. Paris, 1890.)[135]
[99] This château was erected in the year 1693.
[100] Cited by Fiorini, op. cit., p. 338.
[101] Viaggi, del P. C. p. 28. He gives us in this work a statement of prices for his globes as follows:
| “Globes of various sizes. | ||
Celestial and terrestrial three and one half feet in diameter, withthe addition of many stars and of newly discovered lands,painted and varnished, without supports, 100 ducats | L.260: | |
The same with their supports and with meridian of brass | 1240: | |
The same one foot and a half in diameter with their pedestalsand with brass meridians | 155: | |
The same six and a half inches diameter with feet and withmeridisns | L.31: | |
The same four and a half inches in diameter with their feet andwith meridians | 24:16: | |
The same two and a half inches in diameter with their feet andwith meridians | 18:12” | |
[102] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 378.
[103] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 379.
[104] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 370.
[105] Porena, F. Un cartografo italiano del principio del secolo XVIII. (In: Memorie della Società geog. ital. Roma, 1895. Vol. V, pt. 1, p. 45.)
[106] Published in Mediolani, 1712.
[107] Bernardo, F. da Bologna. Biblioteca Scriptorum Ordinis Minorum S. Francisci Capucinorum. Venetiis, 1747.
[108] Doppelmayr, op. cit., p. 127.
[109] Laland states that these fifty-seven came into the possession of the Jesuit College of Polotzk in Russia.
[110] Eimmarto, G. C. Sphaerae armillaris a Georgio Christophoro Eimmarto ex aurichalco constitutae, interius systema planetarum ex mente Copernici repraesentatis, brevis elucidatio, Ed. Jo. Christ. Sturmio-Altdorfii, 1695.
[111] Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. XXXIX, p. 242.
[112] This work was first published in London in the year 1599.
[113] As a result of Moxon’s interest in this field we have from him one of the most satisfactory of the early manuals of typography, bearing the title ‘Mechanick Exercises or the Doctrine of Handy-Works applied to the Art of Printing,’ London, 1683. This work was reprinted, “line-for-line and page-for-page” of the original, with preface and notes by Theodore L. Devinne. New York, 1896. 2 Vols.
[114] It is from the last-mentioned work that the following citations are made:
“Books. Moxon, J. A Tutor to Astronomy and Geography, or the Use of both the Globes, Celestial and Terrestrial; by Joseph Moxon, A Member of the Royal Society, and Hydrographer to the Kings most Excellent Majesty. Price 5s.
The Use of the Copernican Spheres, teaching to solve the Phaenomena by them, as easily as by the Ptolomaick Spheres; by Joseph Moxon, &c. Price 4s.
The Use of Astronomical Playing Cards, teaching an ordinary capacity by them to be acquainted with all the Stars of Heaven; to know their places, Colours, Natures and Bignesses. Also the Poetical Reasons for every Constellation.[136] Very useful, pleasant and delightful for all lovers of Ingeniety. By Joseph Moxon, &c. Price 6d.
The Astronomical Cards. By Joseph Moxon, &c. Price plain 1s. Coloured 1s. 6d. best coloured, and the Stars Gilt, 5s.
Geographical Playing Cards, wherein is exactly described all the Kingdoms of the Earth, curiously engraved. Price Plain 1s. Coloured 2s. best Coloured and Gilt 5s. the Pack.
The English Globe, invented by the Right Honourable, the Earl of Castlemaine (and of which this Book shews the use) containing about a Foot in Diameter, are made by Joseph Moxon. Price ordinary made up 40s. and with the projection described in Section 6. of this Book. Price 50s.
To the above is added the following interesting information:
A Catalogue of GLOBES, Celestial and Terrestrial, Spheres, Maps, Sea-Plates, Mathematical Instruments, and Books, with their prizes, made and sold by Joseph Moxon, on Ludgate-Hill, at the Sign of Atlas.
GLOBES 26 Inches Diameter. The price 20l. the Pair.
GLOBES near 15 Inches Diameter. The Price 4l.
GLOBES 8 Inches Diameter. The price 2l.
GLOBES 6 Inches Diameter. The price 1l. 10s.
CONCAVE HEMISPHERES of the Starry Orb, which serves for a Case to a Terrestrial Globe of 3 Inches Diameter, made portable for the pocket. Price 15s.
SPHERES, according to the Copernican Hypothesis, both General and Particular, 20 Inches Diameter. Price of the General 5l. of the Particular 6l. of both together 10l.
SPHERES, according to the Ptolomaick System, 14 Inches Diameter. Price 3l.
SPHERES, according to the Ptolomaick System, 8 Inches Diameter. Price 1l. 10s.”
[115] The following works may be cited for further reference to these early Chinese globes of Peking: Wylie, A. Mongol astronomical instruments in Peking. (In: Chinese Researches, Shantung, 1897, Part III, pp. 1-20.); Le Comte, L. D. Memories and Observations. London, 1699; Du Halde, J. B. Description géographique de l’empire de la China. Paris, 1735; Yule, H. Travels of Marco Polo. London, 1893. Vol. I, pp. 448-456, with four illustrations.
[116] Carton, Abbé C. Biographique sur le Père Ferdinand Verbiest. Bruges, 1839; Thompson, J. Illustrations of China and its people. London, 1874. Vol. iv.