BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND EXPLANATORY NOTES
[1] Die Bagdadbahn, p. 46.
[2] Stenographische Berichte, XII Legislaturperiode, 1 Session, Volume 231 (1908), pp. 4226a, 4253c.
[3] Wile, op. cit., pp. 39–40.
[4] Riesser, op. cit., p. 543; The Quarterly Review, Volume 235 (1921), p. 315.
[5] Parliamentary Debates, House of Lords, Volume 121 (1903), p. 1348.
[6] For an interesting discussion of this point see George von Siemens, “The National Importance of the Bourse,” in The Nation (London), October 6, 1900. Cf., also, W. M. Shuster, The Strangling of Persia: a Record of European Diplomacy and Oriental Intrigue (New York, 1912).
[7] W. M. Sombart, Die deutsche Volkswirtschaft in neunzehnten Jahrhundert (second edition, Berlin, 1909), p. 184.
[8] Regarding early German interest in Near Eastern colonization cf. K. A. Sprenger, Babylonien, das reichste Land in der Vorzeit und das lohnendste Kolonisationsfeld für die Gegenwart (Heidelberg, 1886); Paul Dehn, Deutschland und die Orientbahnen (Munich, 1883); K. Karger, Kleinasien, ein deutsches Kolonisationsfeld (Berlin, 1892); Deutsche Ansprüche an das türkischen Erbe (Munich, 1896), a symposium including an article by von Moltke.
[9] C. Nawratski, Die jüdische Kolonisation Palästinas (Munich, 1914); Syria and Palestine, p. 59; Mesopotamia, pp. 6–7, 11; Anatolia, pp. 4–7.
[10] Supra, p. 84; H. F. B. Lynch, “The Bagdad Railway,” in the Fortnightly Review, March 1, 1911, pp. 376–377; A. Brisse, “Les intérêts de l’Allemagne dans l’Empire Ottoman,” in Revue de Géographie, June, 1902, pp. 486–487; P. Rohrbach, Die Bagdadbahn, pp. 17–21, 35.
[11] Stenographische Berichte, XII Legislaturperiode, 1 Session, Volume 231 (1908), p. 4253c; P. Rohrbach, Die Bagdadbahn, p. 16, and Deutschland unter den Weltvölkern, pp. 51–53; Von Gwinner, loc. cit., p. 1090.
[12] Die Bagdadbahn, p. 16. Cf., also, R. Henry, Des Montes Bohèmes au Golfe Persique; l’Asie Turque et le Chemin de fer de Bagdad (Paris, 1908), p. 509 et seq.; C. H. Becker, Deutschland und der Islam (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1914); Ernst Jäckh, Die deutsch-türkische Waffenbrüderschaft (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1915).
[13] H. A. Gibbons, The Reconstruction of Poland and the Near East (New York, 1917), pp. 109–110.
[14] Quoted by Marriot, op. cit., p. 356.
[15] Die Bagdadbahn, pp. 18–19.
[16] In this connection see an important statement by Sir Thomas Barclay in the Proceedings of the Central Asian Society (London), March 1, 1911, pp. 21–22, and the opinion of Karl Helfferich, Die deutsche Türkenpolitik, p. 14.
[17] Von Reventlow, op. cit., p. 343. Regarding the so-called Drang nach Osten and the coincidence of Austrian and German interests in the Near East cf. M. Meyer, Balkanstaaten, Bagdadbahn (Leipzig, 1914); J. W. Headlam, “The Balkans and Diplomacy,” in the Atlantic Monthly (Boston), January, 1916, pp. 124 et seq.; N. and C. R. Buxton, The War and the Balkans (London, 1915); M. I. Newbigin, Geographical Aspects of Balkan Problems (London, 1915); Evans Lewin, The German Road to the East (New York, 1917), Chapters VIII, IX, X; P. N. Milyoukov, The War and Balkan Politics (Cambridge, 1917).
[18] Stenographische Berichte, XII Legislaturperiode, 2 Session, Volume 266 (1911), p. 5984c.
[19] Der deutsche Imperialismus und die Arbeiterklasse (Bremen, 1912), pp. 33, 53.
[20] Stenographische Berichte, XII Legislaturperiode, 2 Session, Volume 266 (1911), p. 5984c, Volume 231 (1908), p. 4253c.
[21] Charles Sarolea, The Anglo-German Problem (London, 1912), p. 252.
[22] A Stiftung is a general religious establishment, this particular one serving manifold purposes as school, hospice, home, hospital, etc.
[23] J. Richter, A History of Protestant Missions in the Near East (New York, 1910), pp. 258–270, 416–419; L. M. Garnett, Turkey of the Ottomans (London, 1911), Chapters VII-IX; H. C. Dwight, H. A. Tupper, and E. M. Bliss, Encyclopedia of Missions (second edition, New York, 1910), pp. 260, 263, 720; New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (New York, 1912), Volume XII, pp. 39–41.
[24] Cardinal M. H. Ledochowski (1822–1902). Cf. Catholic Encyclopedia (New York, 1912), Volume IX, pp. 111–112. French Catholics openly charged that Cardinal Ledochowski used his official position as director of all Catholic missions to promote German religious and political interests at the expense of those of France. Cf. an article “La Politique Allemande et le Protectorat des Missions Catholiques,” in the Revue des deux mondes, Volume 149 (1898), pp. 11–12.
[25] On the general subject of German Catholic missions in the Near East consult W. Koehler, Die katholische Kirchen des Morgenlandes (Darmstadt, 1898); H. M. Krose, Katholische Missionsstatistik (Freiburg, 1908); L. Bréhier, article “Turkish Empire-Missions,” in the Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV, pp. 101–102; L. Bertrand, “La Melée des Religions en Orient,” in the Revue des deux mondes, Volume 53 (1909), pp. 830–861.
[26] The Jewish Encyclopedia (New York, 1906), Volume XII, pp. 286 et seq.; Sir C. W. Wilson, Handbook for Asia Minor (London, 1895), pp. 240 et seq.
[27] Etienne Lamy, “La France du Levant: le Voyage de l’Empereur Guillaume II,” in Revue des deux mondes, Volume 151 (1899), pp. 336–337; see also Volume 150 (1898), pp. 421–440, 880–911. Further observations on the religious aspects of the Kaiser’s trip to Palestine are to be found in The Times, November 23, 1898; Annual Register, 1898, pp. 255–257; W. von Hohenzollern, My Memoirs, 1878–1918, pp. 210–211.
[28] Annual Register, 1898, pp. 257–258.
[29] Ibid., p. 261. Regarding the French protectorate of Catholics in the Near East cf. infra, Chapter VII.
[30] “La Politique Allemande et le Protectorat des Missions Catholiques,” in Revue des deux mondes, Volume 149 (1898), pp. 8–9.
[31] L. Bertrand, “Les Écoles d’Orient: I. Les Écoles Chrétiennes et Israelites,” in Revue des deux mondes, Volume 52, new series (1909), pp. 755–794; H. M. Kallen, Zionism and World Politics (Garden City, N. Y., 1921), pp. 117 et seq.; A. Paquet, Die jüdische Kolonien in Palästina (Weimar, 1915); M. Blanckenhorn, Syrien und die deutsche Arbeit (Weimar, 1916), pp. 26–30; C. Nawratzki, Die jüdische Kolonisation Palästinas (Munich, 1914); M. Franco, Essai sur l’histoire des juifs de l’empire ottoman depuis les origines jusqu’à nos jours (Paris, 1897); G. Corneilhan, La judaisme en Egypte et en Syrie (Paris, 1889).
[32] German World Policies, pp. 229–231. On this same general subject consult an article by “Immanuel,” entitled “Die Bagdadbahn ein Kulturwerk in Asien,” in Globus, Volume 81 (1902), pp. 181–185; M. Hartmann, Islam, Mission, Politik (Leipzig, 1912). It should be pointed out that the Anatolian Railway itself established two schools, at Haidar Pasha and Eski Shehr, for the instruction of its employees in German and other subjects. Bohler, loc. cit., p. 275.
[33] That Germans were not unfamiliar with the spectacular history of this region is evidenced by the popularity of General von Moltke’s writings on Turkey, which were published in several large editions, apart from his collected works, between 1900 and 1911. Cf., e.g., H. K. B. (Graf von) Moltke, Briefe über Zustände und Begebenheiten in der Türkei aus den Jahren 1835 bis 1839, seventh edition, with explanatory notes by G. Hirschfeld (Berlin, 1911). Of this work H. S. Wilkinson, Professor of Military History at Oxford University, wrote in the Encyclopedia Britannica (eleventh edition), “No other book gives so deep an insight into the character of the Turkish Empire” (Volume 18, p. 678). It is interesting to note, also, that Moltke himself was a firm believer in the great military utility of all railways. For the history of the Near East cf. Jastrow, op. cit., pp. 31–81; A. R. Hall, The Ancient History of the Near East (fourth edition, London, 1919), Chapters V, VIII, IX, X, XII; W. A. and E. T. A. Wigram, The Cradle of Mankind (London, 1914). A curious sidelight on this phase of the question is the assertion of Baron von Hertling, in 1907, that Germany’s chief interest in the Bagdad Railway was scientific—geographic, geological, archæological—not military or economic! Quoted by Dawson, The Evolution of Modern Germany, p. 346.
[34] Stenographische Berichte, XII Legislaturperiode, 2 Session, Volume 266 (1911), p. 5980c.
[35] Karl Maximilan, sixth Prince, Lichnowsky (1860- ) had been a member of the German diplomatic service since his youth. He was attached to the embassy at London when he was but twenty-five and later served at Constantinople, Bucharest, and Vienna and in the Foreign Office at Berlin. He resigned in 1904 to devote himself to the management of his large estates in Silesia, but he was recalled in 1912 to become German ambassador to Great Britain, succeeding Baron Marschall von Bieberstein, who had died after only a few months’ service at his new post. Prince Lichnowsky’s memorandum My London Mission, 1912–1914 was written only to justify the Prince before a small circle of his acquaintances. Fugitive copies reached the press, however, and the full text was published in the Berlin Börsen-Courier of March 21, 1918. The quotations here given are from the translation of Munroe Smith, The Disclosures from Germany (New York, 1918).
[36] The Disclosures from Germany, pp. 37–41, 127.
[37] Stenographische Berichte, XII Legislaturperiode, 2 Session, Volume 226 (1911), p. 5980c. Cf., also, W. H. Dawson, The Evolution of Modern Germany, pp. 346 et seq.
[38] Von Reventlow, op. cit., p. 340; Stenographische Berichte, XII Legislaturperiode, 2 Session, Volume 226 (1911), p. 5994b.
[39] Regarding the Emperor’s personal interest in the Bagdad Railway consider the following Reuter dispatch, published in The Near East, December 6, 1911, p. 143: “By desire of the German Emperor, Herr Gwinner, director of the Deutsche Bank, will give an address on the Bagdad Railway before the Emperor and a number of invited guests, in the Upper House of the Prussian Diet soon after the Emperor’s return to Berlin, December 8.”
[40] E. J. Dillon, quoted by Lothrop Stoddard, The New World of Islam, p. 98.
[41] Jastrow, op. cit., p. 9.