BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND EXPLANATORY NOTES
[1] C. J. H. Hayes, A Brief History of the Great War (New York, 1920), pp. 71–72; “A Rival to the Bagdad Line,” in The Near East, May 25, 1917.
[2] Supra, Chapter V.
[3] Regarding the diplomatic situation at Constantinople during the critical months of July to November, 1914, cf. “Correspondence respecting events leading to the rupture of relations with Turkey,” Parliamentary Papers, No. Cd. 7628 (1914); C. Mehrmann, Der diplomatische Krieg in Vorderasien (Dresden, 1916); J. Aulneau, La Turquie et la Guerre (Paris, 1916); C. Strupp, Diplomatische Aktenstücke zur orientalischen Frage (Berlin, 1916); Historicus, “Origines de l’alliance turco-germanique,” in Revue, 7 series, Volume III (Paris, 1915), pp. 267 et seq.; Ostrorog, op. cit., Chapters XII-XVI; footnote 40, Chapter X, supra.
[4] Quoted from Current History, Volume I (New York, 1915), p. 1032.
[5] Die deutsch-türkische Waffenbrüderschaft, p. 30.
[6] Notably Dr. Ernst Jäckh and Dr. Hugo Grothe.
[7] The following list of books is given without any pretence that it is a complete bibliography of German publications on the Near Eastern question during the year 1914–1915: A. Ritter, Berlin-Bagdad, neue Ziele mitteleuropäischer Politik (Munich, 1915) and Nordkap-Bagdad, das politische Programm des Krieges (Frankfort a. M., 1914); Hugo Grothe, Die Türken und ihre gegnerkriegsgeographische Betrachtungen (Frankfurt a. M., 1915), Deutsch-türkische wirtschaftliche Interessengemeinschaft (Munich, 1915), and Deutschland, die Türkei und der Islam (Leipzig, 1915); C. A. Schäfer, Deutsch-türkische Freundschaft (Stuttgart, 1915); Carl H. Becker, Deutschland und der Islam (Leipzig, 1914); J. Ritter von Riba, Der türkische Bundesgenosse (Berlin, 1915); J. Hall, Der Islam und die abendländische Kultur (Weimar, 1915); Ernst Marré, Die Türken und wir nach dem Kriege (Leipzig, 1916); Tekin Alp, Türkismus und Pantürkismus (Weimar, 1915); R. Schäfer, Der deutsche Krieg, die Türkei, Islam und Christentum (Leipzig, 1915); W. T. Vela, Die Zukunft der Türkei in Bundnis mit Deutschland (Berlin, 1915); W. Blanckenburg, Die Zukunftsarbeit der deutschen Schule in der Türkei (Berlin, 1915); H. Schmidt, Das Eisenbahnwesen in der asiatischen Türkei (Berlin, 1914); H. Margulies, Der Kampf zwischen Bagdad und Suez in Altertums (Weimar, 1915); M. Horten, Die islamische Geisteskultur (Leipzig, 1915); Fritz Regel, Die deutsche Forschung in türkische Vordasien (Leipzig, 1915); M. Roloff, Arabien und seine Bedeutung für die Erstärkung des Osmanenreiches (Leipzig, 1915); A. Paquet, Die jüdische Kolonien in Palästina (Weimar, 1915); C. Nawratzki, Die jüdische Kolonisation Palästinas (Munich, 1914); D. Trietsch, Die Juden der Türkei (Leipzig, 1915). Two notable magazine articles are: R. Hennig, “Der verkehrsgeographische Wert des Suez- und des Bagdad-Weges,” in Geographische Zeitschrift, 1916, pp. 649–656; A. Tschawisch, “Der Islam und Deutschland—Wie soll man sich die Zukunft des Islams denken?”, in Deutsche Revue, 1915, Volume III, pp. 249 et seq.
[8] See advertisements regarding the society and its work in a series of pamphlets Länder und Völker der Turkei, edited by Dr. Hugo Grothe (Leipzig, 1915, et seq.), and descriptions of similar organizations in a series Orientbücherei, edited by Dr. Ernst Jäckh (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1914, et seq.).
[9] “Report of the Commission Appointed by Act of Parliament to Enquire into the Operations of War in Mesopotamia,” Parliamentary Papers, 1917, No. Cd. 8610.
[10] W. S. Churchill, The World Crisis, 1910–1915 (New York, 1923), pp. 529–535; A. MacCallum Scott, Winston Churchill in Peace and War (London, 1916), Chapter X.
[11] C. C. Repington, The First World War, 1914–1918 (2 volumes, London, 1920), Volume I, pp. 42, 51, etc. ad lib.; Churchill, op. cit., pp. 537–538.
[12] The italics are mine. The proposed debarkation of troops, however, was certain to involve a breach of Persian neutrality. Cf. Parliamentary Papers, 1917, No. Cd. 8610.
[13] Ibid. Regarding the Franco-German agreement of February 15, 1914, cf. supra, pp. 246–250.
[14] The text of the agreement between England, France and Russia regarding the disposition of Constantinople and other portions of Turkey is to be found in Full Texts of the Secret Treaties as Revealed at Petrograd (New York, The Evening Post, 1918); cf., also, R. S. Baker, Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement (3 volumes, Garden City, 1922), Volume I, Chapter III. The text of the Treaty of London between Italy and the Allies is to be found in Parliamentary Papers, 1920, No. Cmd. 671, Miscellaneous No. 7.
[15] The best single work on military operations in Turkey during the Great War is Edmund Dane’s British Campaigns in the Nearer East, 1914–1918 (2 volumes, London, 1919). Regarding the Caucasus campaigns of 1914–1915 cf. M. P. Price, War and Revolution in Asiatic Russia (London, 1918), Chapter I; R. Machray, “The Campaign in the Caucasus,” in the Fortnightly Review, Volume 97 (1915), pp. 458–471. Excellent accounts of the first Turkish offensive against the Suez Canal are to be found in G. Douin, Un épisode de la guerre mondiale: l’attaque du canal de Suez, 3 Fevrier, 1915 (Paris, 1922); C. Stiénon, “Sur le chemin de fer de Bagdad,” in Revue des deux mondes, 6 series, Volume 5 (1916), pp. 148–174; T. Wiegand, Sinai (Berlin, 1920); N. Moutran, La Syrie de demain: France et Syrie (Paris, 1916); R. Hennig, Der Kampf um den Suezkanal (Stuttgart, 1915); E. Serman, Mit den Türken an der Front (Berlin, 1915); J. Walther, Zum Kampf in der Wüste am Sinai und Nil (Leipzig, 1916); P. Schweder, Im türkischen Hauptquartier (Leipzig, 1916); Eine Geschichte der Türkei im Weltkriege (Munich, 1919). For the Mesopotamian expedition of 1914–1915 consult Despatches Regarding Operations in the Persian Gulf and Mesopotamia (London, the War Office, 1915); G. M. Chesney, “The Mesopotamian Breakdown,” in the Fortnightly Review, Volume 102 (1917), pp. 247–256; H. B. Reynardson, Mesopotamia, 1914–1915 (London, 1919); C. H. Barber, Besieged in Kut and After (Edinburgh, 1917). Of the great quantity of material available on the Dardanelles campaign, cf., in particular, the following: Gallipoli: der Kampf um den Orient, von einem Offizier aus dem Stab des Marschalls Liman von Sanders (Berlin, 1916); General Sir Ian Hamilton, Gallipoli Diary (London, 1920); H. W. Nevinson, The Dardanelles Campaign (London, 1918); S. A. Moseley, The Truth About the Dardanelles (London, 1916); John Masefield, Gallipoli (London, 1916).
[16] Parliamentary Papers, 1917, No. Cd. 8610; C. V. F. Townshend, My Campaign in Mesopotamia (London, 1920).
[17] Regarding renewed German activity and interest in the Near East after the elimination of Serbia from the war seemed to bring the Drang nach Osten within the realm of practical politics, cf.: R. Zabel, Im Kampfe um Konstantinopel und die wirtschaftliche Lage der Türkei während des Weltkrieges (Leipzig, 1916); C. H. Müller, Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Bagdadbahn (Hamburg, 1917); R. Junge, Die deutsch-türkischen Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (Weimar, 1916); E. Marré, Die Türken und wir nach dem Kriege: ein praktisches Wirtschaftsprogramm (Berlin, 1916); H. Rohde, Deutschland in Vorderasien (Berlin, 1916); H. W. Schmidt, Auskunftsbuch für den Handel mit der Türkei (Leipzig, 1917); E. Mygind, Anatolien und seine wirtschaftliche Bedeutung (Berlin, 1916); C. V. Bichtligen, “Die Bagdadbahn, eine Hochstrasse des Weltverkehrs in ihrer wirtschaftliche Bedeutung,” in Soziale Revue, 16 year (1916), pp. 1–11, 123–139; F. C. Endres, Die Türkei (Munich, 1916); A. Philippsohn, Das türkische Reich (Weimar, 1916); H. Kettner, Vom Goldenen Tor zum Goldenen Horn und nach Bagdad (Berlin, 1917). For the point of view of Allied sympathizers, cf.: E. F. Benson, Deutschland über Allah (London, 1917), and Crescent and Iron Cross (New York, 1918); E. A. Martel, L’emprise austro-allemande sur la Turquie et l’Asie Mineure (Paris, 1918); H. C. Woods, The Cradle of the War (New York, 1919), and an article, “The Bagdad Railway in the War,” in the Fortnightly Review, Volume 102 (1917), pp. 235–247; J. Thureau, “La pénétration allemande en Asie Mineure,” in Revue politique et parlementaire, Volume 86 (1916), pp. 19–44; R. Lane, “Turkey under Germany’s Tutelage,” in Unpopular Review, Volume 9 (1918), pp. 328 et seq.; N. Markovitch, Le pangermanisme en Orient (Nice, 1916); A. J. Toynbee, Turkey, a Past and a Future (New York, 1917).
[18] Quoted in The Near East, November 12, 1915. For other material regarding construction of the Bagdad Railway during the war and its utilization for military purposes, cf.: Report of the Bagdad Railway Company, 1914, pp. 6–7; 1915, pp. 3–6; The Engineer, February 4, 1915; “Transportation in the War—The Railways of Mesopotamia,” in Modern Transport (London), November, 1919; D. G. Heslop, “The Bagdad Railway,” in The Engineer (London), November 12 and 26 and December 3 and 17, 1920; “Railways of Mesopotamia,” in the Railway Gazette (London), War Transportation Number, September 21, 1920, pp. 129–140; “Die Bagdadbahn und der Durchschlag des letzten grossen Tunnels,” in Asien, 14 year (1917), pp. 97–101.
[19] Dane, op. cit., Volume I, Chapters VIII-XII, inclusive; “The German-Turkish Expedition Against the Suez Canal in 1916,” in Journal of the United Service Institution, Volume 65 (London, 1920), pp. 353–357.
[20] Hayes, op. cit., pp. 142–143.
[21] Quoted from the official text as given in E. E. Robinson and V. J. West, The Foreign Policy of Woodrow Wilson, 1913–1917 (New York, 1917), pp. 403–405.
[22] The New York Times, November 13, 1917.
[23] Supra, p. 285.
[24] Baker, op. cit., Volume I, Chapter IV, contains an excellent account of the inter-Allied negotiations of 1916–1917 regarding Asiatic Turkey, based upon the private papers of Woodrow Wilson. Cf., also, Full Texts of the Secret Treaties as Revealed at Petrograd.
[25] The Treaty provided that the Bagdad Railway should not be extended southward from Mosul or northward from Samarra without the express consent of both France and Great Britain and in no case before the construction of a railway from Bagdad to Aleppo via the Euphrates Valley—the purpose being, as far as possible, to develop southern Mesopotamia and the Syrian coast rather than Kurdistan. By a subsequent agreement of December, 1918, between Messrs. Lloyd George and Clémenceau, Mosul was transferred to Great Britain.
[26] W. L. Westermann, “The Armenian Problem and the Disruption of Turkey,” in What Really Happened at Paris—The Story of the Peace Conference, 1918–1919, by American Delegates, edited by E. M. House and C. Seymour (New York, 1921), pp. 176–203. Cf. p. 183.
[27] The text of the Sykes-Picot Treaty was first published by The Manchester Guardian, January 8, 1920, and was reprinted in Current History, Volume XI (1920), pp. 339–341. Cf., also, Bowman, The New World, pp. 100–104; Baker, op. cit., pp. 67–69.
[28] Baker, op. cit., pp. 68–70. The negotiations concerning the St. Jean de Maurienne Agreement extended from the autumn of 1916 to August, 1917. The agreement appears to have been negotiated with the Italians by Mr. Lloyd George, in April, 1917, while Mr. Balfour was in America with the British Mission. It was amended in August, as a result of the insistence of the Italians that they had not received an adequate share of the spoils.
[29] President Wilson’s address to a joint session of the Congress of the United States, January 8, 1918, setting forth the famous Fourteen Points of a durable peace. Quoted from James Brown Scott, President Wilson’s Foreign Policy (New York, 1918), pp. 354–363.
[30] Regarding General Maude’s brilliant campaign in Mesopotamia, cf.: Dane, op. cit., Volume II, Chapters II, III, XII; E. F. Eagan, The War in the Cradle of the World (London, 1918); Kermit Roosevelt, War in the Garden of Eden (New York, 1919); Sir Charles Collwell, Life of Sir Stanley Maude (London, 1920); E. Betts, The Bagging of Bagdad (London, 1920); E. Candler, The Long Road to Bagdad (London, 1920); C. Cato (pseudonym), The Navy in Mesopotamia (London, 1917); F. Maurice, “The Mesopotamian Campaign,” in Asia, Volume 18 (New York, 1918), pp. 933–936.
[31] British intrenchment in Mesopotamia, 1917–1920, is described in the following: “Review of the Civil Administration of Mesopotamia,” Parliamentary Papers, No. Cmd. 1061 (1920); R. Thomas, Report on Cotton Experimental Work in Mesopotamia (Bagdad, 1919); “Cotton Growing in Mesopotamia,” Bulletin of the Imperial Institute, Volume 18 (London, 1920), pp. 73–82; Mesopotamia as a Country for Future Development (Cairo, Ministry of Public Works, 1919); “Transportation and Irrigation in Mesopotamia,” Commerce Reports, No. 50 (Washington, 1919), pp. 948–954; Sir H. P. Hewett, Some Impressions of Mesopotamia (London, 1919); C. R. Wimshurst, The Wheats and Barleys of Mesopotamia (Basra, 1920); Review of the Civil Administration of the Occupied Territories of Irak (Bagdad, 1918); L. J. Hall, Inland Water Transport in Mesopotamia (London, 1921); Sir Mark Sykes, The Commercial Future of Bagdad (London, 1917); “Turkish Rule and British Administration in Mesopotamia,” in The Quarterly Review, Volume 232 (1919), pp. 401 et seq.; W. Ormsby Gore, “The Organization of British Responsibilities in the Middle East,” in Journal of the Central Asian Society, Volume 7 (1920), pp. 83–105; I. A. Shah, “The Colonization of Mesopotamia,” in United Service Magazine, Volume 179 (1919), pp. 350 et seq.
[32] Townshend, op. cit., pp. 375 et seq.; Djemal Pasha, op. cit., Chapter VII; Current History, Volume XII (1920), pp. 117–118; A. D. C. Russell, loc. cit., pp. 325 et seq.; F. C. Endres, Der Weltkrieg der Türkei (Berlin, 1919).
[33] Regarding General Allenby’s campaigns in Palestine and Syria, see: H. Pirie-Gordon, A Brief Record of the Advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (London, 1919); W. T. Massey, Allenby’s Final Triumph (London, 1920); C. C. R. Murphy, Soldiers of the Prophet (London, 1921); H. O. Lock, The Conquerors of Palestine Through Forty Centuries (New York, 1921); R. E. C. Adams, The Modern Crusaders (London, 1920); H. Dinning, Nile to Aleppo: With the Light Horse in the Near East (London, 1920); P. E. White, The Disintegration of the Turkish Empire (London, 1920); C. T. Atkinson, “General Liman von Sanders and His Experiences in Palestine,” Army Quarterly, Volume 3 (London, 1922), pp. 257–275; A. Aaronsohn, Mit der türkischen Armee in Palästina (Berne, 1918); J. Bourelly, Campagne d’Égypte et de Syrie contre les Turcs (Paris, 1919); G. Gautherot, La France en Syrie et en Cilicie (Paris, 1920); C. Stiénon, Les campagnes d’Orient et les intérêts de l’entente (Paris, 1918), and La défense de l’Orient et le rôle de l’Angleterre (Paris, 1918); A. Mandelstamm, Le sort de l’Empire Ottoman (Paris, 1917); G. A. Schreiner, From Berlin to Bagdad: Behind the Scenes in the Near East (New York, 1918).
[34] H. Charles Woods, The Cradle of the War, p. 271.
[35] See a suggestive article by Hilaire Belloc, “Europe’s New Paths of Empire,” in Our World (New York), October, 1922, pp. 41–46; The Evening Post (New York), January 3 and March 27, 1919.
[36] The Treaty of Peace with Germany, Articles 155, 258, 260, 261, 297.
[37] “Treaty of Peace with Turkey, Signed at Sèvres August 10, 1920,” Parliamentary Papers, No. Cmd. 964, Treaty Series No. 11, 1920; “Tripartite Agreement Between the British Empire, France, and Italy, Respecting Anatolia, Signed at Sèvres, August 10, 1920,” Parliamentary Papers, No. Cmd. 963, Treaty Series No. 12, 1920. An official summary of the Sèvres treaty was published in The Nation (New York), International Relations Section, Volume 111 (1920), pp. 21–28, and in Current History, Volume XIII (1921), pp. 164–184. An excellent discussion of the main provisions of the treaty and its probable effects is to be found in Bowman’s The New World, Chapters XXIV and XXVI.
[38] Regarding the negotiations at the Paris Conference by which the claims of Italy were disregarded in favor of those of Greece, cf. Baker, op. cit., Volume II, Chapter XXXII, and Volume III, Documents Nos. 1, 31–41.
[39] Preamble to the Tripartite Agreement of August 10, 1920.
[40] Regarding the Turkish Nationalist movement, see: Major General James G. Harbord, “Mustapha Kemal Pasha and His Party,” in the World’s Work, Volume 36 (London, 1920), pp. 470–482; M. Paillarès La kémalisme devant les Alliés (Paris, 1922); “The Recovery of the Sick Man of Europe,” an excellent review, with a colored map, in the Literary Digest, November 11, 1922, pp. 17 et seq.; M. K. Zia Bey, “How the Turks Feel,” in Asia, Volume XXII (1922), pp. 857 et seq., and “The New Turkish Democracy,” in The Nation, Volume 115 (New York, 1922), pp. 546–548; Major General Sir Charles Townshend, “Great Britain and the Turks,” in Asia, Volume XXII (1922), pp. 949–953; Clair Price, “Mustapha Kemal and the Angora Government,” in Current History, Volume XVI (1922), pp. 790–800; Ludwell Denny, “The Turk Comes Back,” in The Nation, Volume 115 (1922), pp. 575–577; “The New Epoch in Turkey,” in the Muslim Standard (London), November 9, 1922.
[41] A. J. Toynbee, The Western Question in Greece and Turkey: A Study in the Contact of Civilizations (New York, 1922), p. 190. Professor Toynbee’s book is the most noteworthy of recent contributions to the history of Turkey since the Great War.
[42] The text of the National Pact, as translated from the French, is to be found in The Nation, Volume 115 (1922), pp. 447–448, in Current History, Volume XVII (1922), pp. 280–281, and in Toynbee, op. cit., pp. 207–211 (in both French and English).
[43] Infra., pp. 316–317, 323–324.