Martin Van Buren

by Edward Morse Shepard

FOOTNOTES

[1] "I shall not, whilst I have the honor to administer the government, bring a man into any office of consequence, knowingly, whose political tenets are adverse to the measures which the general government are pursuing; for this, in my opinion, would be a sort of political suicide."—Washington to Pickering, secretary of war, September 27, 1795. Vol. 11 of Sparks's edition of Washington's Writings, 74.

[2] I use the political name then in vogue. The greater part of the Republicans have, since the rearrangement of parties in John Quincy Adams's time, or rather since Jackson's time, been known as Democrats.

[3] The more conspicuous difficulty in 1801 arose from the voting by each elector for two candidates without distinguishing which he preferred for president and which for vice-president. But the awkwardness and not improbable injustice of a choice by the House was also well illustrated in February, 1801.

[4] Gales and Seaton's Debates in Congress give here the word "act" instead of "think,"—but erroneously, I assume.

[5] The comparison cannot of course be complete, as some who were senators in 1826 were not senators in 1828.

[6] This and several other references of mine to Gladstone were written ten years and more before his death. These years of his brief but extraordinary Home Rule victory, of his final defeat,—for Lord Rosebery's defeat was Gladstone's defeat,—and of his retirement, have not only added a mellow and almost sacred splendor to his noble career, but have still better demonstrated his superb political gifts. What politician indeed, dead or living, is to be ranked above him?

[7] This was written nine years before the lamentable surrender of the organization of Van Buren's party at Chicago in 1896. It is safe to say that these traditions, even if fallen sadly out of sight, still make a deep and powerful force, which must in due time assert itself.

[8] After the Dissenting Liberals had acted with the Conservatives, not only in the first Home Rule campaign in 1886, but during the Salisbury administration from 1886 to 1892, and in the campaigns of 1892 and 1895, the coalition was ended and a new and single party formed, of which the Duke of Devonshire and Mr. Chamberlain were leaders as really as Lord Salisbury or Mr. Balfour. The accession of the former to the Unionist ministry of 1895 was in no sense a reward for bringing over some of the enemy.

[9] This was written in 1887. The Albany Regency, after a life of sixty years, ended with the death of Daniel Manning, in Mr. Cleveland's first presidency, and with it ended the characteristic influence of its organ. The Democratic management at Albany has since proceeded upon very different lines and has engaged the ability of very different men.

[10] A month or two after his arrival Van Buren wrote Hamilton that his place was decidedly the most agreeable he had ever held, but added: "Money—money is the thing." His house was splendid and in a delightful situation; but it cost him £500. His carriage cost him £310, and his servants with their board $2,600.

[11] In estimating the popular vote in 1828, Delaware and South Carolina are excluded, their electors having been chosen by the legislature. In Georgia in that year there was no opposition to Jackson. In 1832 no popular vote is included for South Carolina or for Alabama. In Mississippi and Missouri there was no opposition to Jackson. In 1829, upon Van Buren's recommendation when governor, the system in New York of choosing electors by districts, which had been in force in the election of 1838, was abolished; and there was adopted the present system of choosing all the electors by the popular vote of the whole State.

[12] The Treasurer's statement for August, 1837, gave eighty-four deposit banks. But of these, nine had less than $5000 each on deposit, six from $5000 to $10,000, and eight from $10,000 to $20,000. Fourteen had from $50,000 to $100,000 each. Only twenty-nine had more than $100,000 each. It is not unfair to speak of the deposits as being substantially in fifty banks.

The enormous land sales at the Southwest had placed a most disproportionate amount of money in banks in that part of the country. John Quincy Adams seemed, but with little reason, to consider this an intentional discrimination against the North. It is quite probable that, if the deposits had been in one national bank, the peculiarly excessive strain at that point would have been modified. But this was no great factor in the crisis.

[13] I cannot refrain from noticing here the curious fact that Dr. Von Holst, after a contemptuous picture of Van Buren as a mere verbose, coarse-grained politician given to scheming and duplicity, was not surprised at his meeting in so lofty a spirit this really great trial. For surely here, if anywhere, the essential fibre of the man would be discovered. I must also express my regret that this writer, to whom Americans owe very much, should have been content (although in this he has but joined some other historians of American politics) to accept mere campaign or partisan rumors which when directed against other men, have gone unnoticed, but against Van Buren have become the basis for emphatic disparagement and contumely. Even Mackenzie, the publisher of the purloined letters, writing his pamphlet with the most obvious and reckless venom, is quoted by this learned historian as respectable authority. Van Buren had refused during nearly a year to pardon Mackenzie from prison for his unlawful use of American territory to prepare armed raids on Canada. Sir Francis B. Head's opinion was doubtless somewhat colored; but he was not entirely without justification in applying to Mackenzie the words: "He lies out of every pore in his skin. Whether he be sleeping or waking, on foot or on horseback, together with his neighbors or writing for a newspaper, a multitudinous swarm of lies, visible, palpable, and tangible, are buzzing and settling about him like flies around a horse in August." (Narrative of Sir F. B. Head, London, 1839.)

[14] The reference was to commercial paper and not to bank-notes. But both had been active characteristics of American speculation.

[15] The depositories now authorized for the proceeds of the internal revenue secured the government by a deposit of the bonds of the latter, which the depositories must of course purchase and own. (U. S. Rev. Stats. § 5153.)

[16] I cannot refrain in this revised edition to note that England, although not always a ready scholar, has in later years learned a farseeing wisdom which in colonial administration makes her the teacher of the world. The modern policy of deference to local sentiment and of finding her own advantage in the independent prosperity of the colony, has bound continents, islands, races, religions, to the English empire, and brought from them wealth to England, as the old rule of force never did.

[17] It should be remembered that several great expenses of the White House were then and are now met by special and additional appropriations.

[18] I must again complain of the curious though unintended unfairness of Professor Von Holst (Const. Hist. of the U. S. 1828-1846, Chicago, 1879, p. 663). He treats this letter with great contempt. He assumes indeed that Van Buren's declaration for annexation would have given him the nomination; and admits that Van Buren declared himself "decidedly opposed to annexation." After this sufficient proof of courage, for Van Buren could at least have simply promised to adopt the vote of Congress on the main question, it was not very sensible to declare "disgusting" Van Buren's efforts "to creep through the thorny hedge which shut him off from the party nomination." Professor Von Holst's "disgust" seems particularly directed against the passage here annotated where, after his strong argument against annexation, he declared that he would not be influenced by sectional feeling, and would obey the wishes of a Congress chosen with reference to the question. Few, I think, will consider this promise with reference to such a question, either cowardly or "disgusting," made, as it was, by a candidate for the presidency, of a democratic republic, after clearly and firmly declaring his own views in advance of the congressional elections.

[19] James G. Blaine's Twenty Years, vol. i. pp. 269, 272.

[20] An engraving of this portrait accompanies Holland's biography, written for the campaign of 1836.

[21] The mania for election betting among public men was very curious. In the letters and memoranda printed by Mackenzie, the bets of John Van Buren and Jesse Hoyt are given in detail. They ranged from $5000 to $50; from "three cases of champagne" or "two bales of cotton," to "boots, $7," or "a ham, $3." They were made with the younger Alexander Hamilton, James Watson Webb, Moses H. Grinnell, John A. King, George F. Talman, Dudley Selden, and other notable men of the time.

[22] One of the latest and most important historians of the time, after saying that "nothing ruffled" Van Buren, is contented with a different explanation from mine. Professor Sumner says that "he was thick-skinned, elastic, and tough; he did not win confidence from anybody." But within another sentence or two the historian adds, as if effect did not always need adequate cause, that "as president he showed the honorable desire to have a statesmanlike and high-toned administration." (Sumner's Jackson, p. 451.)

[23] Here again I spoke of Gladstone, to whom, as this revised edition is going to press, the civilized world is bringing, in his death, a noble and fitting tribute.

[24] This expression was not original with Van Buren, as has been supposed. It was used by Fisher Ames in 1788; and Bartlett's Quotations also gives a still earlier use of part of it by Matthew Henry in 1710.

---

INDEX

Abolitionists, their position in society, [269];
their doctrines, [269], [270];
petition Congress against slavery, [271];
circulate anti-slavery literature in South, [275];
denounced in Democratic Convention of 1840, [379];
also by Harrison, [381], [382];
their effect on sentiment before 1840, [403];
do not affect public men, [437];
their view of slavery situation correct, [438].
Adams, Charles Francis, presides at Buffalo Convention, [427];
nominated for vice-president, [429].
Adams, John, his foreign policy compared by Van Buren to John Q. Adams's, [127-129];
history of his administration used to discredit that of his son, [145-147], [386];
inferior to Van Buren in statesmanship, [464].
Adams, John Quincy, supports Jefferson and Madison's foreign policy, [59];
in peace negotiations, [63];
acquires Florida for United States, [88];
favors Missouri Compromise, [93];
favors tariff of 1824, [103];
attitude of Van Buren towards, as candidate, [107];
his opinion of Van Buren, [107];
the natural choice of New York Republicans, [109];
elected president, [115], [116];
welcomed by Van Buren upon inauguration, [117];
his view of factious nature of Van Buren's opposition, [119];
in reality creates division by his messages and policy, [120], [121];
urges internal improvements, ignores constitutional questions, [121], [122];
urges Panama Congress, [122], [124], [126];
later uses Van Buren's own parliamentary methods, [123];
his opinion of Van Buren's character, [126];
attack of Van Buren upon, as imitator of his father, [127];
realizes consolidation of opposing elements, [130];
his constitutional views attacked by Van Buren, [132];
his disposal of patronage, [139];
attacked by Van Buren as outdoing his father in encroachments on Constitution, [146];
his position as party leader in 1828, [153], [154];
comments of Jefferson on, [154];
visited by Van Buren, [158];
compares him to Aaron Burr, [158];
denounces opposition as unworthy, [159];
his position erroneous, [161];
his principles, not his character, the real issue, [161];
slandered in 1828, [163];
fairly criticised for his coalition with Clay, [163];
connected with anti-Masonic party, [167], [245];
defends Jackson in Monroe's cabinet, [185];
on causes for McLean's removal from postmastership, [207];
his appointees his own and Clay's followers, [213];
his action regarding trade with British West Indies, [218], [219];
becomes an anti-slavery leader, [273];
opposes abolition in the District of Columbia, [274];
optimism of his message of 1827, [288];
on banking situation in 1837, [295];
considers specie circular principal cause of panic, [335];
urges a national bank, [335], [336];
votes for fourth installment of surplus, [338];
denounces American claims on Mexico as a plot to annex Texas, [360];
his course on "gag" rule no more reasonable than Van Buren's, [381];
as president, presses American claim to fugitive slaves, [381];
considers Van Buren's politeness to be hypocrisy, [395], [396], [451];
on Harrison's ability, [401];
his death, [429];
comparison with Van Buren, [464], [465].
Alamo, defense of, [357], [358].
"Albany Argus," interest of Van Buren in, [191], [192].
Albany Regency, its membership and character, [111], [112];
its high ability and integrity, [112];
its end, [192 n.]
Allen, Peter, his contested election in 1816, [64].
Ambrister, Richard, executed by Jackson, [186].
Ames, Fisher, uses phrase "second thought of the people," [458 n.]
Anti-Masons, in New York election of 1828, [166];
rise and popularity of, [167];
their importance in 1832, [245];
unite with Whigs in New York, [245];
nominate an electoral ticket, [245], [246].
Arbuthnot, execution of, [186].
Armstrong, General John, replaced as United States senator by De Witt Clinton, [51].
Auckland, Lord, his remark to Van Buren, [228].
Bancroft, George, secretary of navy, [362];
at Democratic Convention of 1844, [408].
Bank of United States, incorporation condemned as unconstitutional by Van Buren, [145];
attack upon, begun by Jackson, [203];
removal of deposits, [249-251];
not likely to have prevented crisis of 1837, [296], [297];
demanded by Whigs, [334], [335];
slow to resume specie payments, [348], [349];
its transactions with Pennsylvania, [370];
suspends payments in 1839, [371];
collapses again in 1841, [393];
bill to re-charter, vetoed by Tyler, [402].
Barbour, Philip P., declares Cumberland road bill does not involve question of internal improvements, [95];
candidate for vice-presidency in 1831, [237], [239];
at Whig convention of 1839, [378].
Barnburners, origin of, [415];
their leaders, [415];
attempts of Polk to placate, [415], [416];
at first, control Democratic party in New York, [416], [417];
support Wilmot Proviso, [417];
alienated from Polk, [417];
defeated by Hunkers, [418];
secede in 1847, [419];
announce intention to support no candidate not in favor of Wilmot Proviso, [419];
cause defeat of Hunkers in election of 1847, [422];
hold convention at Utica in 1847, [423], [424];
issue address, [424];
at national convention, [424];
their Utica convention of 1848, [425];
nominate Van Buren for president, [427];
join Free Soil party at Buffalo convention, [427];
nominate Dix for governor, [429];
rejoin Democratic party, [435].
Barry, William T., succeeds McLean as postmaster-general, [179];
helps Blair to establish a Jacksonian paper, [191];
minister to Spain, [199].
Barton, David, votes for Panama Congress, [131].
Beardsley, Samuel, attorney-general of New York, [23].
Beecher, Henry Ward, anti-slavery leader, [273].
Bell, John, defeated for speakership of House, [337].
Bennett, James Gordon, asks aid from Van Buren in return for newspaper support, [192];
upon refusal, becomes Van Buren's enemy, [193].
Benton, Thomas H., on Van Buren's classification act, [62];
describes Van Buren's friendship with King, [72];
enters Senate, his friendship with Van Buren, [94];
votes against internal improvements, [95];
votes for tariff of 1824, [99];
on Van Buren's advocacy of tariff, [102];
supports Van Buren's proposed amendment to electoral articles in Constitution, [106];
on topographical surveys, [117];
votes for Cumberland road, [117];
votes for occupation of Oregon, [117];
not always in harmony with Van Buren, [131];
his report on reduction of executive patronage, [137-139];
urges abolition of salt duty, [140];
opposes a naval academy, [140];
again votes for Cumberland road, [142];
votes for tariff of 1828, [142];
praises Giles, [154];
considers Hayne mouthpiece of Calhoun, [188];
describes plan of Calhoun's friends to cry down Van Buren, [191];
condemns system of removals, [211];
denies large numbers of removals, [211];
defends Jackson, [212];
after Van Buren's rejection as minister, predicts his election as vice-president, [234];
describes Van Buren's reception of Clay's "distress" appeal, [253];
on White's presidential ambition, [257];
moves expunging resolutions, [264];
votes against bill to exclude anti-slavery matter from mail, in order to defy slaveholders, [276];
describes scheme to force Van Buren to vote on bill to prohibit anti-slavery matter in the mails, [277];
on Van Buren's motives for supporting it, [277];
predicts to Van Buren a financial panic, [286];
says Van Buren's friends urged Jackson to approve distribution of surplus, [302];
his advice in speakership contest of 1839, [376];
accuses Whigs of fraud in 1840, [391];
declares for Van Buren's renomination in 1844, [399];
votes against Texas treaty, [413];
considers Wilmot Proviso unnecessary, [418];
praised by Utica convention of 1847, [424];
considers South to be merely blustering, [437];
his friendship for Van Buren, [455].
Berrien, John M., attorney-general, [179];
made to resign, [199].
Biddle, Nicholas, not so important to country as his friends assumed, [254];
not the man to have prevented panic of 1837, [296], [298];
calls on Van Buren, [319].
Bidwell, Marshall S., leader of popular party in Upper Canada, [352].
Birney, James G., vote for, in New York, [413];
defeats Clay, [413].
Blair, Francis P., his character, establishes "Globe," [191];
enters kitchen cabinet, [193];
opposes nullification and the bank, [193];
refusal of Van Buren to aid, [194];
in connection with Kendall suggests removal of deposits, [251], [252];
supports hard money and loses House printing, [338].
Bouligny, Dominique, votes for Panama congress, [131].
Branch, John, secretary of navy, [179];
forced out of cabinet, [199].
British West Indies, negotiations over trade rights in, [217-222].
Bronson, Greene C., attorney-general of New York, [23].
Brougham, Lord, attacks Durham, [356].
Bryant, William Cullen, denounces Loco-focos, [344];
issues circular opposing Texas, but supporting Polk, [415].
Buchanan, James, supported by Van Buren in 1856, [3], [441];
declines offer of attorney-generalship, [393];
letter of Letcher to, on Polk's nomination, [412];
supports compromise of 1850, [437];
letter of Van Buren favoring, [442-444];
praised mildly by Van Buren, [444];
condemned by Van Buren for accepting Dred Scott decision, [446];
his policy in 1861, condemned by Van Buren, [447];
inferior to Van Buren in ability, [463].
Bucktails, faction of New York Democracy, [67];
originate in personal feuds, [67];
proscribed by Clintonians, [67];
support Rufus King for senator against Clintonians, [69];
joined by a few Federalists, [73];
gain election of 1820, [73];
in Congress, vote against a Clintonian speaker, [76];
elect Van Buren to Senate, [76];
try to destroy Clinton's power by removing from office of canal commissioner, [109];
oppose bill for election of electors by people, [111];
secure its defeat in legislature, [113];
punished by defeat in election of 1824, [113];
oppose Clinton for reëlection in 1826, [147], [148].
(See Democratic party of New York.)
Burr, Aaron, his standing in 1802, [17];
acquaintance with Van Buren, [17], [18];
used as a bugbear in American politics, [18];
attorney-general of New York, [23];
in Medcef Eden case, [29];
calls Van Buren to aid before court of errors, [29];
intrigues with Federalists in election of 1801, [38];
his standing in Republican party in 1803, [42], [43];
endeavors to gain governorship with Federalist aid, [43];
defeated, his political career closed, [44];
his friends turned out of office, [51];
compared by Adams to Van Buren, [158].
Butler, Benjamin F., contrasts Van Buren and Williams as lawyers, [20];
enters partnership with Van Buren, his character, [24];
high opinion of Van Buren's legal ability, [31];
on Van Buren's attitude toward Madison, [59];
describes arrogance of Judge Spencer, [84];
on Van Buren's attitude toward tariff, [102];
member of Albany Regency, [111], [112];
succeeds Taney as attorney-general, [255];
continues in office under Van Buren, [283];
resigns, [393];
visits Jackson in Van Buren's interest, [407];
protests against adoption of two-thirds rule by convention of 1844, [408], [409];
reads letter from Van Buren authorizing withdrawal of his name, [411];
leads Barnburners, [415];
declines Polk's offer of War Department, [416];
at Utica convention of 1848, [425];
reports resolutions at Buffalo convention, [427];
his friendship for Van Buren, [455].
Butler, William Allen, on Van Buren's serenity, [451];
on his father's affection for Van Buren, [455].
Calhoun, John C., secretary of war, [94];
vice-president, [131];
inferior to Van Buren as party leader, [150];
his attitude in campaign of 1828, [153];
dislike of Crawford for, [157];
represented by Ingham, Branch, and Berrien in Jackson's cabinet, [179];
his rivalry with Van Buren begins, [179];
his public career and character, [180];
reasons for his defeat by Van Buren, [180];
tries to prevent Van Buren's appointment to State Department, [180];
connection with Eaton affair, [182], [184];
wishes to succeed Jackson in 1832, [184];
dislike of Jackson for, [185];
his condemnation of Jackson in Monroe's cabinet, [185];
betrayed by Crawford, [185], [186];
answers Jackson's demand for an explanation, [186];
his toast in reply to Jackson's Union sentiment, [188];
declaration of Jackson against him as successor, [190];
publishes Seminole correspondence, [191];
attacked by "Globe," [191];
defeats Van Buren's nomination by casting vote, [233], [234];
his secession weakens Jacksonian party, [245];
describes Democratic party as held together only by desire for spoils, [261];
anxious to make Van Buren vote on bill to exclude anti-slavery matter from mail, [277];
rejoins Democratic party, [340];
his reasons, [340], [341];
altercation with Clay in Senate, [346];
votes against sub-treasury bill, [346];
does not bring his followers back to support of Van Buren, [387];
his opinion of Van Buren quoted by Clay, [396];
in Texas intrigue, [408];
compared by Young to Nero, [410];
his slavery doctrines expounded by Supreme Court, [441].
Cambreleng, Churchill C., with Van Buren visits Southern States, [157];
presides over Barnburner Herkimer convention, [419];
Van Buren's criticism of, [452].
Cameron, Simon, at Democratic convention of 1840, [379].
Canada, government of, [350];
popular discontent and parliamentary struggles in, [351];
insurrections in, during 1837, [352];
governorship of Head, [352], [353];
suppression of insurrections in, [353];
attempts of Mackenzie to invade, [353], [354];
the Caroline affair, [354];
attempts of Van Buren to prevent filibustering in, [355];
pacified by Lord Durham, [355], [356];
becomes loyal, [356].
Cass, Lewis, secretary of war, [199];
minister to France, [283];
his "Nicholson letter," [422];
considered a doughface, [423];
nominated for presidency, [424];
refusal of Van Buren to support, on account of his pro-slavery position, [426];
defeated in 1848, [431];
accepts compromise of 1850, [437].
Chambers, Henry, votes for Panama congress, [131].
Chandler, John, votes against Panama congress, [131].
Charles X., urged by Jackson to secure payment of American claims, [216].
Chase, Salmon P., at Buffalo convention, [427].
Cherokee Indians, removed from Georgia, [203].
Chevalier, Michel, compares Van Buren to Talleyrand, [451].
Civil service of United States, Democratic dread of executive power over, [137], [138];
proposal to reorganize, [138-140].
Clay, Henry, his connection with Burr, [18];
contrasted with Van Buren in debate, [21];
connection with Missouri Compromise, [90];
absent from Congress in 1821, [94];
calls protection the "American system," [99];
loses chance for presidency through action of New York, [115];
his action in election of Adams justified, [116];
shares with Adams the responsibility of creating division in 1825, [122];
vote in Senate on confirmation of his nomination, [123];
urges Panama congress, [124], [125];
his opposition to Monroe, [159];
his policy inevitably brings on opposition, [160];
opposes Van Buren's confirmation as minister to England, [230];
denounces Van Buren for sycophancy, [231];
nominated for presidency by Whigs, [246];
by Young Men's convention, [246];
defeated in 1832, [248];
appeals to Van Buren to intercede with Jackson in behalf of the bank, [253];
his attack on Jackson's land bill veto, [263];
condemns abolitionists, [269];
condemns bill to exclude anti-slavery matter from mails, [276];
opposes reduction of taxation, [299];
on real nature of deposit of surplus, [300];
denounces Van Buren's policy in 1837, [337];
demands a national bank, [337];
insists on payment of fourth installment of surplus, [338];
votes against treasury notes, [339];
taunts Calhoun with joining Van Buren, [346];
opposes preëmption bill, [357];
misled by popular demonstrations, [369];
cheated out of nomination in 1839, [378];
on campaign of 1840, [382];
holds Van Buren responsible for panic, [385];
on Van Buren's personal agreeableness, [396], [397];
visited by Van Buren, [400];
discusses Texas question with him, [400];
his position on slavery, [403];
defeated in 1844 by Polk, owing to Birney's candidacy, [412], [413];
writes letter against Texas annexation, [413];
later bids for pro-slavery vote, [413];
discarded for Taylor in 1848, [430];
brings about compromise of 1850, [435], [437];
inferior to Van Buren in real leadership, [465].
Clayton, John M., votes for Panama congress, [131].
Clinton, De Witt, in New York council of appointment of 1801, [48];
introduces and advocates "spoils system," [49], [50];
becomes United States senator, [51];
duel with Swartwout, [51];
justification of his party proscription, [56];
supported by Van Buren in 1812, [58];

his character, nominated for president against Madison, [58];
breaks relations with Van Buren, [63], [64];
removed from mayoralty of New York, [64];
secures passage of law establishing Erie Canal, [65];
supported in this by Van Buren, [65];
thanks Van Buren, [66];
elected governor, [66];
reëlected in 1820, [73];
accuses Monroe's administration of interfering in state election, [75];
supports Jackson, [109], [156];
complimented by Jackson, [109];
his position in New York politics as canal commissioner, [109];
removed by enemies in legislature, [110];
regains popularity, elected governor, [110];
his death, his character, [147];
eulogy of Van Buren upon, [148].
Clinton, George, his separatist attitude toward Constitution, [5];
leads Republican party in New York, [40];
his career as governor of New York, [40];
declines nomination in 1795, [41];
reëlected in 1801, [41];
later aspirations, [41];
supplants Burr in vice-presidency, [43];
attacked by Van Ness, [43];
leads faction of Republicans, [44];
his friends excluded by Hamilton from federal offices, [46];
presides over council of appointment of 1801, [48], [49];
protests against proscription of Federalists, [50].
Clintonians, faction of New York Democrats, [40], [41];
quarrel with Livingstonians, [44];
control regular party caucus, [45];
gain control of council of appointment, [45];
remove Livingstonians from office, [51];
lose and regain offices, [52];
nominate and cast New York electoral vote for De Witt Clinton, [58];
favor Erie Canal, [65];
opposed by Bucktail faction, [67];
joined by majority of Federalists, [73];
defeated in election of 1820, [73];
oppose election of Van Buren to Senate, [76];
join Bucktails in Democratic party, [158].
Cobb, Thomas W., laments absence of principles in campaign of 1824, [108].
Coddington, ——, refusal of Van Buren to appoint to office, [173].
Coleman, William, friend of Hamilton, removed from office by Republicans, [50].
Comet case, urged by Van Buren in England, [229].
Compromise of 1850, its effect on Northern Democrats, [435];
its futility, [435];
defended by John Van Buren, [439], [440].
Constitution, federal, circumstances preceding its formation, [4];
its development by Federalists, [4], [5];
and internal improvements, [96], [132], [201];
proposal of Van Buren to amend in this respect, [97], [98];
and protection, [101];
proposal of Van Buren to amend in election of president by electors, [104-106], [133], [134];
attitude of Adams concerning, causes division of parties, [121], [122];
in relation to Panama congress, [126];
the bank, [145], [203];
distribution of surplus, [265];
its relation to slavery in the States, [272];
to slavery in Territories, [426], [444];
in Dred Scott case, [441].
Constitutional convention of New York, its membership, [77];
its work, [77];
debate on necessity of a landed suffrage, [77-80];
on appointments to office, [81], [82];
abolishes council of revision, [82], [84];
removes judges from office, [85].
Crawford, William H., supported by New York Republicans against Monroe in 1816, [75];
the "regular" candidate of party in 1824, [94], [95];
supported by Van Buren, [95];
opposes tariff of 1824, [103];
his caucus nomination denounced by King, [105];
reasons for his popularity, his career, [106], [107];
nominated by caucus, [114];
his connection with four-year-term act, [139];
leaves public life, [157];
his followers join Jackson's, [157];
visited by Van Buren, [157];
willing to support Jackson, but not Calhoun, [157];
supports Jackson against Calhoun in Monroe's cabinet, [185];
describes Calhoun's attitude to Jackson, [186].
Crockett, Davy, his scurrilous life of Van Buren, [256];
his defense of the Alamo, [358].
Croswell, Edwin, member of Albany Regency, [111].
Cumberland road, Monroe's veto of bill to erect toll-gates upon, [95];
further debates upon, [96], [132].
Cushing, Caleb, denounces Van Buren's
policy in 1837, [336].
Dade, Major Francis, massacred by Seminoles, [366].
Dallas, George M., nominated for vice-president, [411].
Debt, imprisonment for, attempts to abolish, [26], [27], [98], [116], [142].
Democratic party, its relations with Van Buren, [2];
in recent years loses Jeffersonian ideals, [12];
share of Van Buren in forming, [118], [119];
its opposition to Adams justifiable, [119];
caused by Adams's loose constitutional policy, [121], [122];
its policy not factious, [123];
created in debate on Panama congress, [130], [131];
drilled by Van Buren in opposing internal improvements, [131], [132], [142];
its principles stated by Van Buren, [145], [153];
does not yet clearly hold them, [154];
united by Jackson's personality, [155];
different elements in, harmonized by Van Buren, [157];
its opposition to Adams and Clay not causeless, but praiseworthy, [159-161];
significance of its victory, [162];
erroneous descriptions of its administration, [177], [178];
discussion in, over succession to Jackson, [185];
break in, between Calhoun and Van Buren, [191];
Van Buren's resignation from State Department in order not to hurt, [195];
demands offices, [208-212];
enraged at rejection of Van Buren's nomination, [234];
rejects desire of New York to elect him governor, [236];
meets in national convention of 1832, [237];
not forced to adopt Van Buren, [237], [238];
requires two-thirds majority to nominate, [238];
nominates Van Buren for vice-presidency, [239];
avoids adopting a platform, [239];
fears to alienate believers in tariff and internal improvements, [240];
Van Buren's nomination the natural result of circumstances, [240], [241];
successful in election of 1832, [247], [248];
secession of Southwestern members from, [256], [257];
holds its national convention in 1835, [257];
action of party in calling convention defended, [258], [259];
adopts two-thirds rule, [259];
nominates Van Buren and Rives, [259];
Southwestern members of, nominate White and Tyler, [260];
elects Van Buren, [279], [280];
members of, urge Jackson to approve distribution bill, [302];
upholds specie circular during panic, [322], [323];
defeated in elections of 1837, [337], [342];
members of, desert independent treasury bill, [338];
rejoined by Calhoun, [340], [341];
faction of, joins Whigs in opposing Van Buren, [347];
regains ground in election of 1838, [362], [363];
its national convention despondent, [379];
its principles, [379];
declares against abolitionists, [379];
its address to the people, [379], [380];
cried down in election of 1840, [386];
badly defeated in 1840, [390], [391];
significance of defeat, [399];
bound to continue support of Van Buren, [399], [401];
its nomination desired by Tyler, [402];
its delegates to national convention instructed to nominate Van Buren, [404];
majority of, desires annexation of Texas, [405];
national convention of, [408-411];
debate in, between Southern and Northern members, [408], [409];
adopts two-thirds rule, [409];
nominates Polk over Van Buren, [410], [411];
successful in election, [412], [413];
compliments Van Buren on honorable retirement, [414];
at national convention of 1848 wishes to include both New York factions, [424];
nominates Cass, [424];
its rage at Free-soil secession, [429], [430];
defeated in election, [432];
impossibility of its pardoning Van Buren, [434];
nominates Pierce, [439];
nominates Buchanan, [441].
Democratic party, in New York, supports Jackson, [158];
nominates and elects Van Buren governor, [166];
sends address to Jackson on Van Buren's rejection by Senate as minister to England, [234];
proposes to elect Van Buren governor or send him to Senate, [236];
Loco-foco faction in, [342-344];
on reconciliation with Loco-focos, name transferred to whole party, [344], [345];
offers Forrest nomination to Congress, [361];
favors literary men, [361], [362];
loses ground in elections of 1838, [363];
welcomes Van Buren's visit, [369];
continues, in 1839, to regain ground, [370];
its action in convention of 1844, [408-411];
held in support of Polk by Van Buren and Wright, [412], [413];
divides into Hunkers and Barnburners, [415-425];
reunited in 1849-1850, [435].
Denny, Thomas, with Henry Parrish and others, on committee of New York merchants to remonstrate against specie circular, [317].
Derby, Earl of, compared as parliamentarian to Van Buren, [123].
De Tocqueville, Alexis de, on lawyers in America, [35].
Dickerson, Mahlon, condemns too much diplomacy, [129];
votes against Panama congress, [131];
supports tariff of 1828, [143];
secretary of navy under Van Buren, [283];
resigns, [360].
Dickinson, Daniel S., at Democratic Convention of 1844, [408], [411];
leads Hunkers, [415];
uses federal patronage against Barnburners, [417];
suggests idea of squatter sovereignty, [422];
supports compromise of 1850, [437].
Diplomatic history, conduct of State Department by Van Buren, [215];
negotiations leading to payment of French spoliation claims, [216];
payment of Danish spoliation claims, [217];
other commercial treaties, [217];
negotiations relative to British West India trade, [217-222];
Gallatin's mission to England, [219];
American claims abandoned by Van Buren, [220];
mutual concessions open trade, [222];
Van Buren's mission to England, [224-228];
rejection of Texas treaty, [413].
Disraeli, Benjamin, his Jingo policy compared to Clay's and Adams's, [126].
District of Columbia, question of abolition of slavery in, raised, [272], [273];
general understanding that this was impossible, [273], [274];
opinion of Van Buren concerning, [274], [275].
Dix, John A., his desire to be one of Albany Regency, [112];
at Democratic convention of 1840, [379];
leads Barnburners, [415];
praised by Utica convention of 1847, [423];
accepts Free-soil nomination for governor, [429];
his friendship for Van Buren, [456].
Dix, Dr. Morgan, describes honesty of Albany Regency, [112].
Dodge, Henry, nominated by Barnburners for vice-presidency, [427];
declines to abandon Cass, [427].
Douglas, Stephen A., supports compromise of 1850, [437].
Dudley, Charles E., member of Albany Regency, [111];
offers to surrender seat in Senate to Van Buren, [236].
Duer, John, refusal of Van Buren to secure his removal from office, [209].
Duer, William, joins Bucktail Republicans, [73].
Durham, Earl of, sent to Canada, his character, [355];
his successful rule, [355];
recalled, [356];
declines invitation to visit Washington, [356].
Dutch, in New York, Americanized in eighteenth century, [14].
Eaton, John H., supports tariff of 1828, [143];
secretary of war, [179];
marries Peggy Timberlake, [181];
repeats remarks about Calhoun to Jackson, [186];
resigns secretaryship,199;
succeeds Barry as minister to Spain, [199];
opposes Van Buren in 1840, [387].
Eaton, Mrs. "Peggy," scandals concerning, [181];
upheld by Jackson, [181], [182];
ostracized by Washington society, [182];
treated politely by Van Buren, [183], [184].
Eden, Joseph, in suit for Medcef Eden's property, [28].
Eden, Medcef, suit concerning his will, [28-30].
Edmonds, John W., issues circular opposing Texas but supporting Polk, [415].
Election of 1824, nominations for, discussed in Senate, [105];
candidates for, [106-109];
lack of principles in, [108];
nomination of Crawford by caucus, [114];
action of Adams men in New York throws out Clay, [115];
discussion of outcome of vote in House, [116];
its result used in 1828 to condemn Adams, [164].
Election of 1828, a legitimate canvass, [153];
broad principles at stake in, [153], [154];
propriety of opposition to Adams and Clay, [159], [160];
founds principles of both parties until present day, [161];
saves country from dangers of centralization, [162];
slanderous character of, [162], [163];
the cry of corrupt bargain, [163];
the "demos krateo" cry legitimate, [165], [166].
Ellmaker, Amos, nominated for vice-president by anti-Masons, [246].
Ely, Rev. Dr. Ezra S., bitter letter of Jackson to, on clergy, [181].
Emmett, Thomas Addis, attorney-general of New York, [23].
England, lawyers not leaders in, [33];
political prejudice in, against lawyers, [33];
demands land-holding class as leaders, [34];
considers offices as property, [55];
unpopularity of political coalitions in, [116], [164];
attempts to exclude Americans from trade with West Indies, [217], [218];
offers trade upon conditions, [218];
on failure of United States to comply, prohibits trade, [218];
counter-claims of United States against, [219];
claims against, abandoned by Van Buren, [219], [222];
agrees to reciprocal concessions, [222];
Van Buren minister to, [224];
popularity of Irving in, [225];
social life of Van Buren in, [226-228];
its indifference to colonial grievances, [350];
votes to tax Canada without reference to colonial legislatures, [351];
sends Durham to remedy grievances, [356];
recalls him, [356];
second money stringency in, [371].
Erie Canal, agitation for, [65];
favored by Van Buren, [65], [66].
Federalist party, its influence on development of United States government, [5];
despises common people, [38];
only example of a destroyed party, [38];
deserves its fate, [38], [39];
continues to struggle in New York, [39];
aids Burr against Republicans, [43];
supports Lewis against Clintonians, [44];
begins spoils system in New York, [47];
aids Livingstonians to turn out Clintonian officers, [51], [52];
supports De Witt Clinton for president, [59];
controls New York Assembly, [60];
hinders war measures, [61];
struggles for control of New York legislature in 1816, [64];
defeated in elections, [65];
expires in 1820, [72], [88];
divides between Clintonians and Bucktails, [73];
position under Monroe, [89];
its career used by Van Buren to discredit J. Q. Adams, [128], [145], [146].
Fellows, Henry, his election case in 1816, [64].
Fillmore, Millard, signs compromise bills, [435], [437];
Whig candidate in 1856, [445];
an accidental president, [463].
Field, David Dudley, issues circular against Texas but supporting Polk, [415];
offers anti-slavery resolution in New York Democratic convention, [418];
reads Van Buren's letter to Utica convention, [425].
Financial history, removal of deposits from the bank, [249-251];
exaggerated results of the withdrawal, [252-254];
real unwisdom of "pet bank" policy, [254];
causes of panic of 1837, [287-316];
financial depression after war of 1812, [287], [288];
land speculations, [291-294];
large foreign investments, [293];
discussion of "pet bank" policy, [295];
not in any sense the cause of the panic, [295], [296];
rapid increase of government surplus, [297];
question of responsibility for speculation among politicians, [298-302];
refusal to reduce taxation, [299];
distribution of surplus, [300-302];
objections of Jackson to distribution, [301], [302];
warnings of Marcy and Jackson disregarded, [302], [303];
specie circular, [304];
demand for gold payments, [304], [305];
nature of crisis of 1837 misunderstood, [305];
class affected by it small in numbers, [306];
great mass of people unaffected, [307];
over-estimation of new lands, [308], [309];
increased luxury, [309], [310];
high prices, [310], [311];
discovery of over-valuation, [311], [312];
collapse of nominal value, [313];
folly of attempt to conceal collapse, [314];
bread riots against high prices, [315];
disturbance caused by distribution of surplus, [315], [316];
financial crisis begins in England, [316];
failures begin in New York, [316];
general collapse, [317];
specie circular held to be the cause, [317-319];
suspension of specie payments, [319], [320];
general bankruptcy, [320];
use of token currency, [323];
Van Buren's message recommending independent treasury, [327-333];
proposed remedies of Whigs, [333-337];
defeat of first sub-treasury bill, [337];
postponement of fourth installment of surplus, [338];

issue of treasury notes, [338], [339];
beneficent results of these measures, [339], [340];
preparations for resumption of specie payment, [342];
defeat of second independent treasury bill, [346];
practical existence of an independent treasury, [346];
final passage of sub-treasury bill, [347], [348];
revival of business, [348];
resumption of payments by New York banks, [348], [349];
others follow, [349];
return of confidence, [349];
continued depression in South, [370];
brief revival of land speculation, [371];
renewed collapse of Western and Southern banks, [371];
final passage of sub-treasury bill, [377].
Findlay, William, votes against Panama congress, [131].
Flagg, Azariah C., member of Albany Regency, [111];
leads Barnburners, [415];
his friendship for Van Buren, [456].
Florida, acquired in 1819, [88];
vote of Van Buren to exclude slave trade in, [93], [94].
Floyd, John, receives South Carolina's electoral vote in 1832, [248].
Forman, Joshua, proposes safety fund for New York banks, [170].
Forrest, Edwin, declines a nomination to Congress, [361].
Forsyth, John, quotes Crawford's account of Calhoun's proposal in Monroe's cabinet to punish Jackson, [185];
refers Jackson to Crawford as authority, [186];
secretary of state, [255];
retained by Van Buren, [283].
Fox, Charles James, compared to W. B. Giles, [154].
France, urged by Jackson, agrees to pay spoliation claims, [216].
Franklin, Benjamin, his share in effort for Union, [4].
Free-soil party, loses faith in Van Buren, [3];
organized at Buffalo convention, [427];
its platform, [428];
nominates Van Buren over Hale, [428];
analysis of its vote in 1848, [431], [432];
later relations of Van Buren with, [435];
supports Hale in 1852, [439].
Fremont, John C., Van Buren's opinion of, [441];
defeated in election, [445].
"Gag" rule, approved by Van Buren, [380];
his policy justified by executive position, [381].
Gallatin, Albert, nominated for vice-president, withdraws, [114];
fails to settle West India trade question with England, [219];
agrees with Van Buren's position, [231].
Garland, Hugh A., as clerk of the House refuses to decide status of New Jersey congressmen, [375];
justification of his action, [375], [376];
denounced by Adams, [376];
reëlected clerk, [376].
Garrison, William Lloyd, on powers of Congress over slavery, [272];
his position in American history, [273].
Georgia, nominates Van Buren for vice-presidency, [108];
"Clarkite" faction in, abuses Van Buren, [108];
its conduct in Cherokee case rightly upheld by Jackson, [203], [204].
Giddings, Joshua R., anti-slavery leader, [273];
at Buffalo convention, [427].
Giles, William B., his character, [154].
Gilpin, Henry D., attorney-general under Van Buren, [393].
Gladstone, William Ewart, his shrewdness as parliamentarian, [123];
compared to Van Buren, [158] and [n.], [457];
fails to see any principle involved in Canadian question of 1837, [351], [352].
"Globe," defends Jackson, [191];
not established by Van Buren, [194];
supports hard money, loses House printing, [338].
Goschen, George Joachim, his career shows danger of coalitions, [164].
Gouverneur, ——, postmaster in New York city, refuses to forward anti-slavery papers to Charleston, South Carolina, [276].
Granger, Francis, supported for governor of New York by Whigs and Anti-Masons, [245];
nominated for vice-president, [260].
Grant, Ulysses S., his renomination in 1872, [118].
Greeley, Horace, prefers Taylor to Van Buren in 1848, [431].
Green, Duff, editor of "The Telegraph," plans attack of Calhoun papers on Van Buren, [191].
Grosvenor, Thomas P., member of Columbia County bar, [20].
Grundy, Felix, attorney-general under Van Buren, [393].
Gwin, Samuel, letter of Van Buren to, on slavery in the States, [272].
Hale, Daniel, removed from office by New York Republicans, [50].
Hale, John P., defeated for nomination at Buffalo convention, [428];
withdraws from Liberty nomination, [431];
Free-soil candidate in 1852, [439].
Hamilton, Alexander, his aristocratic schemes defeated in Federal convention, [5];
his opinion in Medcef Eden case, [28];
killed by Burr, [29];
advises Federalists not to support Burr for governor, [43];
secures appointment of Clinton's opponents to federal offices in New York, [46];
compared as party-builder to Van Buren, [465].
Hamilton, James A., joins "Bucktails" in New York, [73];
acts as temporary secretary of state, [177];
on Calhoun's attempt to prevent Van Buren's appointment, [181];
visits Crawford in 1828, [185];
receives letter from Forsyth describing Calhoun's attitude toward Jackson in Monroe's cabinet, [185];
refuses to give letter to Jackson, [186];
letter of Van Buren to, on Jackson's principles, [200];
aids Jackson in composing messages, [205];
on Jackson's demand for subservience in associates, [206];
letter of Van Buren to, on removals, [209].
Hamilton, John C., joins Bucktail Republicans, [73].
Hamlin, Hannibal, at Democratic convention of 1840, [379].
Hammond, Jabez D., quoted, [65], [68], [78], [168];
on Van Buren's trickery, [175].
Harrison, William Henry, nominated by Whigs in 1832, [260];
his answers to Williams's questions, [264];
vote for, in election, [279], [280];
renominated for president, [377];
denounced as a Federalist by Democrats, [379];
denies charge of abolitionism, [381], [382];
opposes abolition in District of Columbia, [381];
character of his speeches in the campaign, [386];
vote for, in 1840, [390], [391];
welcomed to White House by Van Buren, [394];
his death, [401];
one of the mediocrities of White House, [463].
Harvard College, confers on Jackson degree of Doctor of Laws, [255].
Hayne, Robert Y., on "era of good feeling," [88];
against tariff of 1824, [99], [100];
his arguments, [101], [102];
votes to reject Clay's nomination to State Department, [123];
on Clay's Panama scheme, [127];
protests against tariff of 1828, [144];
a leader of Senate until 1828, [148];
his debate with Webster, [188];
opposes confirmation of Van Buren as minister to England, [230].
Head, Sir Francis B., on Mackenzie as a liar, [326 n.];
as governor, refuses to placate disaffected Canadians, [352], [353];
leaves Canada, [355].
Henry, John V., New York Federalist, removed from office by Republicans, [50].
Henry, Matthew, on "sober second thought of people," [458 n.]
Henry, Patrick, his separatist attitude, [5].
Hill, Isaac, in kitchen cabinet, [193];
letter of Lewis to, proposing a national convention, [237].
Hoes, Hannah, marries Van Buren, [21];
her death, [36].
Holmes, John, votes against Panama congress, [131].
House of Representatives, defeats independent treasury bill, [337], [338];
rejects renewal of a bank, [340];
defeats second treasury bill, [346];
finally passes it, [348];
struggle for control of, in 1839, [374-377];
case of the five New Jersey congressmen, [374], [375];
refusal of clerk to call names of contestants, [374], [375];
organization of, by Adams and Rhett, [376], [377].
Houston, Samuel, defeats Mexicans, [358].
Hoxie, Joe, in campaign of 1840, [390].
Hoyt, Jesse, letter of Butler to, on Van Buren, [31];
letter of Butler to, on judicial arrogance, [84];
letters of Van Buren to, on appointments to state office, [173], [174];
on Jackson, [190];
on necessity of a newspaper organ, [192];
writes insolent letter, urging Van Buren to dismiss office-holders, [210];
succeeds Swartwout as collector at New York, [364];
his character, [364], [365];
his election bets, [453 n.]
Hoyt, Lorenzo, complains of Van Buren's slowness to remove opponents from office, [209].
Hunkers, origin of, their leaders, [415];
struggle with Barnburners in New York, [417];
aided by Polk, [417];
gain control of party, [418].
Hunter, Robert M. T., elected speaker of House in 1839, [376];
his later career, [376].
Ingham, Samuel D., secretary of treasury, [179];
describes rush of office-seekers, [210].
Inman, Henry, his portrait of Van Buren, [449].
Internal improvements, debates on, in Senate, [95-98], [117], [142];
opposition becomes part of Democratic policy, [98];
advocated by Adams, [121];
bill for, vetoed by Jackson, [201], [202];
not mentioned by Democrats in platform of 1832, [240];
demand for, caused by expansion of West, [290].
Irving, Washington, appointed secretary of legation at London by Van Buren, [224];
his popularity in England, [225];
wishes to resign, but remains with Van Buren, [225];
his friendship for Van Buren, [225];
travels through England with Van Buren, [226];
on Van Buren's career in London, [228];
declines offers of Democratic nominations, [361];
declines offer of Navy Department, [361], [362];
lives at Kinderhook, [398].
Jackson, Andrew, Van Buren a representative of, in 1860, [2];
his connection with Burr, [18];
on "rotation in office," [54];
his victory at New Orleans, [63];
thanked by New York legislature, [63];
urges Monroe to appoint Federalists to office, [89];
elected to Senate, [94];
relations with Benton, [94];
his attitude on internal improvements, [98];
on the tariff, [104];
does not vote on proposed amendment of electoral procedure, [106];
votes for internal improvements, [117];
votes for occupation of Oregon, [117];
his popularity utilized by Van Buren to form a party, [118];
retires from Senate, [119];
slowness of Van Buren to support, [119];
votes to reject Clay's nomination to State Department, [123];
aids his own candidacy, [131];
defends Van Buren from charge of non-committalism, [151];
his congressional record inconsistent with nominal Jacksonian creed, [155];
his career as strict constructionist, [155];
not a mere tool, but a real party manager, [155], [156];
and a real national statesman, [156];
management of his candidacy in New York, [158];
slandered in campaign of 1828, [162], [163];
offers Van Buren State Department, [167];
opposed by Anti-Masons, [167];
erroneous popular view of his first term, [177], [178];
its real significance, [178];
his cabinet, reasons for appointments, [179];
unmoved by Calhoun's objections to Van Buren's appointment, [180], [181];
anger at Mrs. Eaton's defamers, [181], [182];
quarrels with wives of cabinet secretaries, [182];
his condemnation by Calhoun in Monroe's cabinet for Seminole affair, [185];
ignorant of Calhoun's attitude, [185];
told by Lewis and Crawford, [186];
demands an explanation from Calhoun, [186];
his reply to Calhoun, [187];
sends Calhoun's letter to Van Buren, [187];
his toast for the Union, [188];
declares for Van Buren as his successor, [189], [190];
friendly feelings of Van Buren for, [190];
attack upon, prepared by Green, [191];
absurdity of story of his control by kitchen cabinet, [193];
accepts Van Buren's resignation and approves his candidacy, [197];
his answer to invitation to visit Charleston, [198];
appoints Livingston secretary of state, [199];
reorganizes cabinet, [199], [200];
doubts of Van Buren as to his Jeffersonian creed, [200];
his inaugural colorless, [201];
vetoes Maysville road, his arguments, [201], [202];
begins opposition to bank, [202], [203];
defends removal of Cherokees from Georgia, [203];
refuses to follow Supreme Court, [203];
begins to doubt wisdom of high tariff, [204], [205];
gains much development of ideas from Van Buren and others, [205], [206];
not jealous of Van Buren's ability, [206];
adopts Van Buren's theories, [206];
not largely influenced by kitchen cabinet, [207];
angered at opposition in government officials, [212];
defends system of removals from office, [213];
his action less blameworthy than Lincoln's, [215];
urges France to pay spoliation claims, [216];
boasts of his success, [216], [217];
adopts peaceful tone toward England, [219];
his connection with West India trade, [222];
escorts Van Buren from Washington, [224];
complimented by William IV., [229], [230];
sends Van Buren's nomination to Senate, [230];
replying to New York Democrats, justifies Van Buren, [235];
does not desire, by national convention, to throttle the party, [238];
his policy renders a party platform unnecessary, [240];
significance of his election, [247];
issues nullification proclamation, [248];
adopts strict constructionist views, [249];
orders removal of deposits from Bank of United States, [249], [250];
refuses to postpone, [251];
fears to leave deposits in bank, [252];
considers distress fictitious, [253];
cordial relations with Van Buren as vice-president, [254];
his journey in New England, [255];
denounced by friends of White for preferring Van Buren, [256];
urges Tennessee to support Van Buren, [262];
attacked by Clay, [263];
signs bill to distribute surplus, [266];
condemns circulation of abolitionist matter in the mails, [276];
with Van Buren at inauguration, [282];
the last president to leave office with popularity, [282];
his departure from Washington, [283];
tribute of Van Buren to, in inaugural address, [285];
rejoices in high wages, [290];
and in sales of public lands, [294];
finally understands it to mean speculation, [294], [303];
aids speculation by his pet banks, [295];
reluctantly approves distribution of surplus, [301];
issues specie circular, [304];
his prudent attitude as president toward Texas, [358];
urges claims upon Mexico, [359];
dealings with Van Buren regarding Swartwout's appointment, [364];
writes letter supporting Van Buren in 1840, [387];
character of life in White House under, [395];
visited by Van Buren in 1842, [400];
writes letter in favor of Texas annexation, [404];
tries to minimize Van Buren's attitude on Texas, [407], [408];
his death weakens Van Buren politically, [416];
query of Van Buren concerning his family prayers, [453];
his firm affection for Van Buren, [454], [455];
inferior to Van Buren in statesmanship, [463].
Jay, John, leader of New York Federalists, [39];
removals from office under, [47];
controversy with council over appointments, [49].
Jefferson, Joseph, his play of "Rip Van Winkle," [7].
Jefferson, Thomas, Van Buren's discipleship of, [2], [3], [12];
popular feeling at time of his election, [4];
creates American politics, [5], [6];
ill-treated by historians, [6], [10];
implants democracy in American tradition, [6], [7], [9];
bitterly hated by opponents, [9], [10];
his position as Sage of Monticello, [12], [13];
member of land-holding class, [33];
policy toward Europe opposed by Federalists, [39];
relations with Livingston family, [41];
refuses to proscribe Federalist office-holders, [48];
his attitude toward slavery, [91];
condemns constitutional doctrines of J. Q. Adams, [154];
retains popularity to end of term, [282];
sends Van Buren a sketch of his relations with Hamilton, [460];
his policy steadily followed by Van Buren, [460];
one of greatest presidents, [464];
compared as party-builder to Van Buren, [465].
Jessup, General Thomas S., seizes Osceola, [366].
Johns, Rev. Dr., at Democratic convention of 1844, [408].
Johnson, Richard M., leads agitation for abolition of imprisonment for debt by federal courts, [27], [142];
on interest of Holy Alliance in United States, [100];
votes for Panama congress, [131];
candidate for vice-presidency, [239];
nominated for vice-presidency in 1835, [259];
refusal of Virginia to support, [260];
chosen vice-president by Senate, [281].
Johnston, Josiah S., votes for Panama congress, [131].
Jones, Samuel, in Medcef Eden case, [30].
Kane, Elias K., votes against Panama congress, [131];
supports tariff of 1828, [143].
Kansas-Nebraska bill, passed, its effect, [440], [441];
Van Buren's opinion of, [442-444].
Kendall, Amos, helps Blair to establish Jacksonian paper, [191];
in kitchen cabinet, [193];
on Van Buren's non-connection with the "Globe," [194];
postmaster-general, [199];
on good terms with Van Buren, [207];
describes regret at dismissing old government officials, [208], [209];
defends propriety of removals under Jackson, [211];
letter of Lewis to, on a national convention, [237];
describes how he convinced Van Buren on bank question, [250];
asks state banks to accept deposits, [250];
willing to postpone action, [251];
his avowed moderation as to appointments to office, [261], [262];
his letter on abolition matter in the mails, [275], [276];
continues in office under Van Buren, [283];
resigns from Van Buren's cabinet, his reasons, [393], [394].
Kent, James, his legal fame, [19];
dislike of Van Buren for, [25];
his decision in debtors' case reversed, [26];
attacked by Van Buren in Medcef Eden case, [30];
his political partisanship, [44];
in New York constitutional convention, [77];
opposes vigorously proposal to broaden suffrage, [77], [78];

opposes making county officers elective, [82];
controversy with Van Buren over act to promote privateering, [83];
comment of Van Buren on, [84];
his political narrowness, [246];
nominated on Anti-Mason electoral ticket, [246].
Kent, James, elected governor of Maine in 1840, [390].
King, John A., joins Bucktail Republicans, [73].
King, Preston, at Utica convention, [425].
King, Rufus, leader of New York Federalists, [39];
reëlected to U. S. Senate by Van Buren's aid, [68], [69];
Van Buren's eulogy of, [69-72];
his friendly relations with Van Buren, [72];
opposes admission of Missouri as slave State, [73], [74];
in New York constitutional convention, [77];
opposes making county officers elective, [82];
votes to prevent slave trade in Florida, [93];
opposes tariff of 1824, [99];
his constitutional argument, [100];
denounces caucus nominations, [105];
opposes abolition of imprisonment for debt, [116];
on account of advancing years, declines to be candidate for reëlection, [117].
Kitchen cabinet, its character and membership, [193];
its great ability, [193];
does not control Jackson, [193].
Knower, Benjamin, member of Albany Regency, [111].
Kremer, George, opens Democratic convention of 1835, [258].
Lafayette, Marquis de, compliment of Jackson to, [216].
Lands, public, enormous sales of, [294];
significance of speculation in, not understood by Jackson, [294];
the source of fictitious wealth, [308-312];
specie circular causes depreciation in, [312], [313];
preëmption scheme adopted, [357].
Lansing, Gerrit Y., chancellor of New York, reverses Kent's decision in debt case, [26];
continues as judge to be a politician, [44].
Lawrence, Abbot, denounces administration for causing panic of 1837, [321], [322].
Leavitt, Joshua, reports name of Van Buren to Buffalo convention, [428].
Legal profession, its early eminence in United States, [19], [32], [33], [35];
shares in politics, [44].
Leggett, William, proclaims right of discussion and condemns slavery, [271];
condemns circulation of abolition literature in the South, [275].
Letcher, Robert P., disgusted at nomination of Polk, [412].
Lewis, Morgan, Republican leader in New York, [42];
defeats Burr for governor, [44];
leads Republican faction opposed to Clinton, [44];
asks aid from Federalists to secure reëlection, [44], [45].
Lewis, William B., tells Jackson of Forsyth's letter on the Seminole affair, [186];
asks Jackson to designate his choice for successor, [189];
in kitchen cabinet, [193];
not certain of Jackson's favor, [207];
suggests a national convention to nominate a vice-president, [237].
Liberty party, its vote in 1844 in the State of New York, defeats Clay, [412], [413];
nominates Hale in 1847, [431].
Lincoln, Abraham, contrast with Van Buren in 1860, [3];
his responsibility for spoils system, [215];
attitude on slavery in the States, [272];
elected president on Wilmot Proviso, [416];
opposed by Van Buren in 1860, [445];
supported by Van Buren during war, [447].
Livingston, Brockholst, his judicial career, [41];
both judge and politician, [44].
Livingston, Edward, his career as Republican, [41];
appointed mayor of New York, [49];
favors Jackson for presidency, [156];
asked by Van Buren to succeed him as secretary of state, [194];
appointed by Jackson, [199];
drafts nullification proclamation, [248], [249].
Livingston, Edward P., defeated by Van Buren for state senator, [53].
Livingston, Maturin, removed from office by Clintonians, [51].
Livingston, Robert R., defeated for governor of New York by Jay, [41];
his Revolutionary, legal, and diplomatic career, [41];
jealous of Hamilton, [42];
both judge and party leader, [44].
Livingston family, gains influence through landed wealth, [33];
its political leadership in New York, [41], [42];
attacked by Burrites, [43];
quarrels with Clintonians, [51].
(See New York.)
Livingstonians, faction of New York Democrats, [41], [42];
quarrel with Clintonians, [44];
expel Clintonians from municipal offices, [52].
Loco-foco party, faction of Democrats, [342];
origin of name, [343];
their creed, [343];
denounced as anarchists, [344];
give New York city to Whigs, [344];
reunite with Democrats in 1837, upon a moderate declaration of equal rights, [344].
Louis Philippe, urged by Jackson to pay American claims, [216];
character of his court, [227].
Lovejoy, Elijah P., anti-slavery leader, [273];
his murder not of political interest, [359].
Lundy's Lane, battle of, [62].
McJilton, Rev. ——, at Democratic Convention of 1844, [408].
McKean, Samuel, complains to Kendall of political activity of postmasters, [261].
McLane, Louis, secretary of treasury, [199];
Van Buren's instructions to him when minister to England, [219-221];
his successful negotiations regarding West India trade, [222];
wishes to return, [223];
mentioned as candidate for vice-presidency, [238];
wishes removal of deposits postponed, [250];
disapproving of removal of deposits, resigns State Department, [255].
McLean, John T., appointed to Supreme Court, [179];
refuses to proscribe postmasters, [207];
wishes Anti-Masonic nomination for presidency, [245].
Mackenzie, William L., quoted by Von Holst, [326 n.];
his character, [326];
leads an insurrection in Upper Canada, [353];
flies to Buffalo and plans a raid, [353];
indicted and convicted, [356];
on Van Buren's refusal to pardon him, becomes a bitter enemy, [356].
Madison, James, member of land-owning class, [33];
his foreign policy attacked by Federalists, [39];
voted against by Van Buren in 1812, [58];
his incapacity as war leader, [59];
criticised by Van Buren for sanctioning Bank of United States, [146];
compared to Van Buren in regard to ability, [464].
Maine, threatens war over disputed boundary, [367];
angered at Van Buren's peaceful measures, [367].
Manley, Dr., refusal of Van Buren to remove from office, [174].
Manning, Daniel, member of Albany Regency, [112], [192 n.]
Marcy, William L., aids Van Buren, in behalf of King's election to Senate, [69];
member of Albany Regency, [111], [112];
appointed a judge by Van Buren, [174];
defends spoils system, his famous phrase, [232];
warns against over-speculation in 1836, [302], [303];
calls out New York militia to prevent raids into Canada, [335];
leads Hunkers, [415], [417];
supports compromise of 1850, [437].
Marshall, John, on Jefferson's political principles, [6];
his legal fame, [19].
Massachusetts, supports Webster for president in 1836, [260].
Meigs, Henry, urged by Van Buren to remove postmasters, [75].
Mexico, its war with Texas, [357];
neutrality toward, declared by Van Buren, [358];
claims against, pressed by Van Buren, [359], [360].
Missouri, legislature of, compliments Van Buren, [399].
Missouri question, in New York, [73], [74];
its slight effect on national complacency, [90], [91].
Monroe, James, member of land-owning class, [33];
reëlected president, [72];
voted for by Van Buren in 1820, [75];
his message of 1820, [88];
his character, [89];
his tour in New England, [89];
views on party government, [89], [90];
vetoes internal improvement bill, [95], [96], [121];
discussion in his cabinet over Jackson's action in Seminole matter, [185];
complimentary dinner to, in 1829, [186];
inferior as president to Van Buren, [463].
Monroe doctrine, its relation to Panama congress, [124].
Moore, Gabriel, remark of Benton to, on Van Buren, [234].
Morgan, William, his Masonic revelations and abduction, [167].
Morton, Marcus, elected governor of Massachusetts by one vote, [370];
leads Northern Democrats at convention of 1844, [408];
opposes two-thirds rule, [409].
Napoleon III., explains to Van Buren his reasons for returning to Europe, [362].
National Republicans, attacked by Van Buren, [145], [146];
organized in defense of Adams, [153], [154];
significance of their defeat, [162];
defeated in New York election, [166].
(See Whigs.)
Nelson, Samuel, in New York constitutional convention, [77].
New England, popularity of Van Buren in, [280].
New Orleans, battle of, its effect, [63].
New York, social conditions in, [14], [15];
litigiousness in, [19];
bar of, [20], [23];
Senate of, sits with Supreme judges as court of errors, [23];
imprisonment for debt in, [25];
Medcef Eden case in, [28], [29];
politics in, after 1800, [38], [39] (see Republican (Democratic) party);
council of appointment in, [45], [46];
spoils system in, [46-57];
casts electoral votes for Clinton in 1812, [58], [59];
war measures in, [61], [62];
thanks Jackson in 1814, [63];
popularity of Clinton in, [66];
instructs senators and representatives to oppose admission of slave States, [74];
constitutional convention in, [77-87];
refuses suffrage to negroes, [81];
popular animosity in, against judges, [84];
approves their removal from office, [86];
struggle for vote of, in election of 1824, [109-115];
its vote secured by Adams and Clay, [115];
instructs Van Buren to vote for protection, [144];
reëlects Van Buren senator, [147];
prominence of Van Buren, [166];
election of 1828, [166], [167];
its presidential vote, [167], [168];
career of Van Buren as governor of, [168-176];
bread riots in 1837, [314], [315];
carried by Whigs, [342];
sympathy in, for Canadian insurrection, [353], [363], [369];
visits of Van Buren to, [367-369], [398];
carried by Polk in consequence of Birney's vote, [412], [413];
supports Wilmot Proviso, [417], [418];
carried by Whigs because of Barnburners' bolt, [422], [431];
election of 1860 in, [445].
Newspapers, their early importance in politics, [191], [192].
Niles, John M., of Connecticut, succeeds Kendall in post office in 1838, [394].
Niles's Register, on Democratic convention of 1835, [259].
Noah, Mordecai M., opposes election of Jackson in 1832, [247].
North, its attitude toward slavery in 1820, [91];
economically superior to South, [91];
disclaims responsibility for slavery in South, [92];
but opposes its extension to new territory, [92];
yet acquiesces in compromise, [93];
favors tariff of 1828, [143];
elects Van Buren in 1836, [280];
its attitude toward South after 1840, [437].
Nullification, stated by Hayne in his reply to Webster, [188];
denounced by Jackson, [198], [199], [248], [249].
Oakley, Thomas J., attorney-general of New York, [23];
supplants Van Buren, [24].
Ogden, David B., opposes Burr and Van Buren in Eden case, [30].
Olcott, Thomas W., member of Albany Regency, [111].
Osceola, leads Seminole insurrection, [366];
his capture and death, [366].
Otis, Harrison Gray, votes to prevent slave trade in Florida, [93].
Overton, Judge John, letter of Jackson to, [189].
Palmerston, Lord, compared as parliamentarian to Van Buren, [123], [149].
Panama congress, suggested by Adams, [122];
and by Clay, [124];
its purposes as stated by Adams, [124-126];
contrary to settled policy of country, [125];
opposed by Van Buren in Senate, [126-129];
affected by slavery question, [127];
advocated by Webster, [130];
fails to produce any results, [130];
vote upon, creates a new party, [131].
Papineau, Louis Joseph, heads insurrection in Lower Canada, [352].
Parish, Henry, on New York committee to remonstrate against specie circular, [317].
Parton, James, quoted, [183], [237].
Paulding, James K., succeeds Dickerson as secretary of navy, [360];
a Republican literary partisan, [360];
his appointment resented by politicians, [362];
visits South with Van Buren, [400].
People's party, in New York, rivals of Bucktails, [109];
favors Adams for presidency, [110];
votes to remove Clinton from office, [110];
demands choice of electors by people, [111], [112].
Phillips, Wendell, anti-slavery leader, [273].
Pierce, Franklin, gets electoral vote of New England, but not the popular vote, [280], [281];
opposes Texas annexation, [424];
Democratic candidate in 1852, [439];
supported by Van Buren, [439];
offers Van Buren position of arbitrator, [440];
one of mediocrities of White House, [463].
Plattsburg, battle of, [62].
Poinsett, Joel R., secretary of war under Van Buren, [283];
denounced by Webster for recommending federal organization of militia, [383].
Polk, James K., elected speaker of House, [337];
nominated for president, [410], [411];
his career, significance of his choice, [412];
his election causes a schism in Democratic party, [415], [416];
tries to placate Barnburners, [415], [416];
gives federal patronage to Hunkers, [417];
attitude of Van Buren toward, [420], [421];
one of mediocrities of White House, [463].
Powell. See Osceola.
Preston, William C., offers resolution to annex Texas, [359];
attacks Van Buren in campaign of 1840, [385].
Prussia, treaty with, [127], [128].
Randolph, John, his career in Senate, [131], [148].
Republican (Democratic) party, its ideals as framed by Jefferson, [6], [7];
gains majority of American people, [8], [9];
dominant in New York, [40];
factions and leaders of, [40-43];
defeats Burr in 1804, [44];
controlled by Clintonians, [45];
its share in establishing spoils system, [47-53];
New York members of, oppose war in 1812, [58], [59];
but later support Madison, [60];
recovers control of New York government, its war measures, [61], [62];
in favor at end of war, [63];
makes Jackson its military hero, [63];
commits sharp practice in "Peter Allen" case, [64], [65];
gains control of legislature in 1816, [65];
obliged to permit election of Clinton as governor, [66];
divides into factions of Bucktails and Clintonians, [67], [69];
receives accessions from Federalists, [72], [73];
opposes admission of Missouri as a slave State, [74];
in congressional caucus of 1816 nominates Monroe, [74], [75];
comprises all of country in 1820-1824, [90];
personal rivalries in, [90], [94], [95];
Crawford the regular candidate of, [106], [107].
Republican party of 1856, founded on Wilmot Proviso, [416];
abandons it in 1861, [438];
nominates Fremont in 1856, [441], [442];
attitude of Van Buren toward, [441], [442], [445];
distrusted as dangerous, [445];
in election of 1860, [445].
Rhett, Barnwell, moves election of Adams in 1839 as temporary chairman of House, [376].
Richmond, Dean, member of Albany Regency, [112].
Riggs, Elisha, on New York committee to remonstrate against specie circular, [317].
Ringgold, Samuel, refers to Monroe as only one favorable to Jackson in Seminole matter, [185].
Rives, William C., instructions of Van Buren to, [217];
defeated for vice-presidential nomination, [259];
later leaves party, [260];
opposes independenttreasury, [347];
denounces Van Buren in election of 1840, as covertly planning usurpation, [384], [385].
Rochester, William B., supported by Van Buren for governor against Clinton, [147].
Rogers, Samuel, in London society in 1832, [227].
Root, General Erastus, leads radical party in constitutional convention, [87].

Roseboom, ——, in council of appointment of 1801, [49].
Rowan, John, supports tariff of 1828, [143].
Rush, Richard, his wide views of functions of government, [160].
Russell, Sir John, interferes with Canadian taxation, [351].
Sanford, Nathan, succeeded in United States Senate by Van Buren,76;
in New York constitutional convention, [77];
bound by instructions of New York legislature, [143].
Santa Anna, captured at San Jacinto, [358].
Schurz, Carl, his career in Senate compared with Van Buren's, [118].
Schuyler family, member of landed aristocracy, [33].
Scott, Sir Walter, in London society in 1832, [227].
Scott, General Winfield, sent by Van Buren to prevent troubles on Canadian frontier, [355];
Whig candidate for president in 1852, [439].
Seminole war, Jackson's connection with, [185], [186];
its cause and progress, [365], [366];
policy of removal of Seminoles justified, [366], [367].
Senate of United States, membership of, in 1821, [94];
debates internal improvements, [95-98];
debates tariff of 1824, [99-103];
debates on internal improvements and on Oregon, [117];
confirms Clay's appointment by Adams, [123];
debates Panama congress, [126-131];
position of Van Buren in, [131];
debates internal improvements, [132], [133];
and change in mode of election of president, [133];
debates bills to regulate executive patronage, [137-140];
on bankruptcy bill, [141];
its character during 1821-1828, [148];
more truly a parliamentary body then than later, [149];
debate in, on nomination of Van Buren as minister to England, [230-233];
rejects it, [233], [234];
debates bill to exclude anti-slavery matter from mails, [276-278];

a tie vote in, arranged to force Van Buren to vote, [277];
passes sub-treasury bill, [337];
votes against a bank, [340];
debate in, on second sub-treasury bill, [346];
resolves to recognize Texas, [358].
Sergeant, John, nominated for vice-president, [246].
Seward, William H., his position in Senate compared with Van Buren's, [118-123];
connected with Anti-Masonic party, [167], [245];
approves distribution of surplus, [301];
elected governor of New York, [363];
publicly refuses to accept invitation to reception to Van Buren in New York, [369];
prefers Taylor to Van Buren, [431];
wishes to defy South, [437].
Seymour, Horatio, member of Albany Regency, [112].
Singleton, Miss, marries Van Buren's son, [395].
Skinner, Roger, member of Albany Regency, [111].
Slavery, not a political issue in 1821, [91];
mild popular attitude towards, [91], [92];
attitude of abolitionists towards, [270];
attacked by Van Buren's supporter, Leggett, [271];
debated in connection with Texas, [359];
not in general politics, [359], [403];
enters politics with Texas question, [403], [414];
impossibility of attempts to exclude from politics, [422], [423].
Smith, Gerrit, on Van Buren's nomination, [428].
Smith, Samuel, votes for Panama congress, [131].
South, attitude towards slavery, [91];
opposes tariff of 1828, [143];
condemns abolitionist petitions, [271];
accuses Van Buren of abolitionism, [271], [272];
prohibits circulation of abolition literature, [275];
upheld by Kendall, [275];
justified in its action, [277];
large defection from Van Buren in, [278], [279];
distrusts Van Buren in 1840, [380], [387], [403];
Van Buren charged with subserviency toward, [403];
desires to annex Texas, [404];
wins victory in defeating Van Buren's nomination, [410];
effect of slavery upon, [423];
considered a bully by Seward and Benton, [437];
attitude of "doughfaces" toward, justified by events, [437], [438];
secures Kansas-Nebraska bill, [440];
continues to loathe Van Buren, [444].
South Carolina, votes for Floyd in 1832, [248];
supports White in 1836, [260].
Southwick, Solomon, Anti-Masonic candidate in New York, [166].
Spain, Panama congress a defiance of, [124].
Spencer, Ambrose, attorney-general of New York, [23];
member of Clintonian faction, [44];
in council of appointment of 1801, represents Livingstonians, [48];
introduces spoils system, [49], [50];
promoted to higher offices, [51];
in New York constitutional convention, [77];
his judicial pride described by Butler, [84].
Spencer, John G., Clintonian candidate for Senate in 1819, [69];
appointed by Van Buren to prosecute Morgan murderers, [174];
reasons for his appointment, [175];
nominated for election by Anti-Masons, [246].
Spoils system, established in New York, [46];
attitude of Washington towards, [46];
its origin in struggles of Hamilton and Clinton, [46], [47];
beginnings of removals for political reasons, [47];
attitude of Jefferson toward, [48];
established in 1801 by De Witt Clinton, [48-50];
developed in years 1807-1813, [51], [52];
becomes part of unwritten law, [52], [53];
not to be wholly condemned at this time, [54];
valuable in destroying English idea of property in office, [55];
does not damage public service at first, [56], [57];
popular with voters, [56], [57], [214];
share of Van Buren in, [57], [58];
defense of, by Thurlow Weed, [67], [68];
Van Buren not responsible for its introduction into federal politics, [207];
demand for, by Jacksonian office-seekers, [208-211];
does not secure a clean sweep under Jackson, [211], [212];
justification of removals under, [212], [213];
policy of, defended by Jackson, [213];
much worse under Lincoln, [215];
used as reproach against Van Buren, [232];
advocated by Marcy, [232];
denounced by Whigs, [246];
defense of, by Kendall, in 1836, [261], [262];
does not damage Van Buren in 1840, [387];
Polk's use of, against Van Buren, legitimate, [420].
Squatter sovereignty, proclaimed by Dickinson and Cass, [422].
Stevens, Thaddeus, ignores slavery in organizing Territories in 1861, [438].
Stevenson, Andrew, defends system of national conventions in 1835, [258].
Story, Joseph, legal fame of, [19];
on Van Buren's hospitality, [395].
Suffrage, basis of, debate on, in New York constitutional convention, [77-80].
Sumner, Charles, his leadership in Senate compared with Van Buren's, [118];
position as anti-slavery leader, [273];
supports Van Buren in 1848, [432];
in 1861, abandons Wilmot Proviso, [438].
Supreme Court, jealous attitude of Van Buren toward, [134-137];
Jackson's refusal to support, in Cherokee case, justified, [203], [204];
its opinion in Dred Scott case, [440], [441].
Swartwout, Colonel John, his duel with De Witt Clinton, [51].
Swartwout, Samuel, his letter to Hoyt describes craze for office under Jackson, [208];
his career as collector of customs, [208];
his defalcation while collector of New York discovered, [364].
Sylvester, Francis, studies of Van Buren in his office, [16];
defeated by Van Buren in lawsuit, [17];
a Federalist in politics, [43].
Talcott, Samuel A., attorney-general of New York, [23];
in Eden will case, [30];
member of Albany Regency, [101].
Talleyrand, Marquis de, his position in 1832, [227];
compared by Chevalier to Van Buren, [451].

Tallmadge, Nathaniel P., denounces Van Buren's financial policy, [347].
Tammany Society, nucleus of Bucktail faction, [67];
offers Irving nomination for mayor, [361].
Taney, Roger B., attorney-general, [199];
transferred to Treasury Department, [255];
his decision in Dred Scott case reviewed by Van Buren, [446], [447].
Tappan, Lewis, on powers of Congress over slavery, [272].
Tariff, of 1824, called "American System," [99];
how passed, [99];
aided by fear of Holy Alliance, [99], [100];
arguments against, [100], [101];
not a party question, [103], [104];
of 1828, called a "tariff of abomination," [142];
its character, sectional vote for, [143], [144];
Jackson's views on, [204], [205];
discussion of, in 1842, [240];
not mentioned in Democratic platform, [240];
not an issue in 1832, [247].
Taylor, John W., opposed by Bucktail congressmen as a supporter of Clinton, [76].
Taylor, Zachary, refusal of Van Buren to support, [426];
nominated by Whigs, [430];
sounded by Free-soilers, [430];
preferred by anti-slavery Whigs to Van Buren, [431];
elected in 1848, [431];
one of the mediocrities of the White House, [463].
Tazewell, Littleton W., suggested by Calhoun for State Department, [180].
"Telegraph," its attack on Jackson, [191].
Tennessee, appealed to by Jackson in behalf of Van Buren, [262];
presents Polk as candidate for vice-presidency, [412].
Texas, its war of independence, [358];
recognition refused by Van Buren, [358];
offers annexation and is refused, [358];
opposition to, raises slavery question, [359];
refuge of bankrupts, [370];
annexation of, favored by Tyler, [402];
becomes a party question before Democratic convention in 1844, [404], [409];
admitted to Union in 1845, [413].
Thompson, Smith, Republican and Livingstonian leader in New York, [42];
both politician and judge, [44];
defeated by Van Buren for governor of New York, [166].
Tilden, Samuel J., inherits political ideas from Jefferson through Van Buren, [12];
member of Albany Regency, [112];
error of Democrats in discarding in 1880, [412];
leader of Barnburners, [416];
one of authors of Barnburner address of 1848, [424];
writes address calling Utica Convention, [425].
Tillotson, Thomas, brother-in-law of R. R. Livingston, secretary of state in New York, [49];
removed from office by Clintonians, [51].
Timberlake, ——, first husband of Mrs. Eaton, commits suicide, [181].
Tompkins, Daniel D., as judge, continues party politician, [44];
nominated for governor and elected by Clintonians, [45];
supports Madison in 1814, [60];
reëlected governor, [60];
removes De Witt Clinton from mayoralty of New York, [64];
resigns governorship to be vice-president, [66];
his pecuniary difficulties with State, [68];
defended by Van Buren in Senate, [68];
reëlected vice-president, [72];
defeated for governor in 1820, [73];
candidacy for president in 1816, [74];
inferior in prestige to Van Buren in 1821, [76];
in New York constitutional convention, [77];
comments of Van Buren on, [173].
Tyler, John, nominated for vice-president in 1832, [260];
nominated for vice-president by Whigs, [377];
succeeds Harrison, his character, [402];
his career, [402];
his Texas treaty rejected, [413];
an accidental president, [463].
United States, political character of, formed by Jefferson, [5], [6];
becomes Democratic, [7-9];
gains individuality, [7];
its vulgarity and crudeness, [10];
not understood by foreigners, [10], [11];
its real development into national strength, [14], [17];
prominence of lawyers in, [32], [33], [35];
early political importance of land-holding class, [33], [34];
later position of wealth in, [34];
favors rotation in office as democratic, [57];
prosperity of, in 1821, [88];
believes itself happy, [89];
unpopularity of coalitions in, [116], [164];
considers panic of 1837 due to Jackson, [287];
suffers from depression after war of 1812, [287];
enjoys economic prosperity until Jackson's administration, [288];
optimism of, [288];
expansion of population, [288], [289];
land speculation in, [289-294];
enthusiasm over public works, [290];
people of, homogeneous and optimistic, [290-292];
luxury in, during speculative era, [309], [310];
depression in, during 1839, [377].
University of the State of New York, connection of Van Buren with, [65].
Van Alen, James J., law partner of Van Buren, [18];
succeeded by him as surrogate, [22];
elected to Congress as Federalist, [43].
Van Buren, Abraham, his farm, [14];
keeps a tavern, [15].
Van Buren, Abraham, serves as his father's secretary, [395];
marries Miss Singleton, [395].
Van Buren, John, his appearance, [1];
relations with his father in 1860, [1], [2];
his political attitude, [2];
accompanies his father to England, [224];
leads Barnburners, [415];
at Herkimer convention, [419];
at Utica convention of 1847, [423];
in part, author of Barnburner address, [424];
at Utica convention of 1848, [425];
continues rigidly anti-slavery until 1850, [435];
justifies submission to compromise of 1850, [439];
his election bets, [453 n.]
Van Buren, Lawrence, joins bolting Barnburners, [419].
Van Buren, Martin, relations with his son in old age, [1];
appearance, [1];
his political position in 1860, [2], [3];
resemblance to Jefferson, [3];
lack of friends in later life, [3];
type of early statesmen of republic, [4];
influenced by Jefferson's ideals, [12];
ancestry, [14], [15];
birth and early schooling, [15], [16].
Legal Career. Enters law office, [16];
his education, [16];
becomes successful lawyer, [17];
enters office of Van Ness in New York, [17];
intercourse with Burr, [17], [18];
practises law at Kinderhook, [18];
his successful career, [18-36];
leads Republican lawyers, [20];
his contests with Williams, [20];
contrasted with Williams by Butler, [20], [21];
skill in argument and persuasion, [21];
marriage, [21];
holds office of surrogate, [22];
removes to Hudson, [22];
reading habits, [22];
continues to prosper in law, [22];
later as state senator becomes member of court of errors, [23];
becomes attorney-general, [23];
later removed for political reasons, [24];
moves to Albany, [24];
partnership with Butler, [24];
his opinion criticising Kent, [25];
in court of errors reverses Kent's opinion in a debt case, [26];
condemns practice of imprisoning for debt, [27];
in Medcef Eden case, [29];
his argument, [30];
secures a money competence, [30];
his Oswego estate, [30];
gains political lessons during law practice, [31], [32];
not an orator, [31];
his legal and political careers not strictly separable, [36];
loses wife, [36];
upright private life, [37].
Republican Leader in New York. Early enthusiasm for Jefferson, [39], [40];
not won by Burr faction in 1803, [43];
supports Lewis for governor, [44];
supports Clintonian faction in 1807, [45];
appointed surrogate by Clintonian council of appointment, [45];
not the founder of spoils system, [50], [53];
removed from office by Livingstonian faction, [52];
nominated for state senator, [53];
elected over Edward Livingston, [53];
finds spoils system established, [53];
becomes a master in use of offices, [57], [58];
reëlected senator, [58];
votes for Clintonian electors against Madison, [58];
later condemned for this action, [58];
an advocate of embargo and of war of 1812, [59];
places state party before national, [59];
dissolves relations with Clinton, [59];
in Senate defends war against Clinton's attack, [60];
supports Tompkins for governor, [60], [61];
supports war measures, [61];
becomes leader, [61];
drafts classification act to prepare militia, [62];
on victory at Plattsburg, [62];
drafts resolution of thanks to Jackson, [63];
becomes attorney-general, [63];
in "Peter Allen" election case, [64];
chosen regent of University of State of New York, [65];
leaves party ranks to vote for canal bill, [65];
thanked by Clinton, [66];
reluctant to allow Clinton's election in 1817, [66];
leads faction of "Bucktails," [67];
removed from office of attorney-general, [67];
his efforts in behalf of Tompkins's claims, [68];
writes pamphlet advocating reëlection of King to Senate, [69-71];
skill of his plea, [70], [71];
urges his choice in private, [71], [72];
friendly relations with King, [72];
declares King's election uninfluenced by Missouri question, [73];
calls meeting at Albany to protest against slavery extension, [74];
votes in Senate for instructions to United States senators to oppose admission of a slave State, [74];
present at congressional caucus in 1816 to nominate a president, [74];
votes as elector for Monroe and Tompkins, [75];
urges removal of unfriendly postmasters in New York, [75];
not harmed by publication of this request, [75], [76];
as leader of party in State, chosen United States senator, [76].
Member of Constitutional Convention. Elected from Otsego County, [77];
his share in debate on extending franchise, [78];
not non-committal as charged, [79];
his argument for universal suffrage, [79], [80];
wishes it granted gradually, [80];
opposes restriction of suffrage to whites, [80];
favors property qualification for blacks, [80], [81];
reports on appointments to office, [81], [82];
recommends that militia elect all but highest officers, [81];
his recommendations as to civil office, [81], [82];
opposes election of judges, [82];
his objection to council of revision, [83];
unwilling to say a good word for it, [83];
votes against turning judges out of office, [85];
wisdom of his course in the convention, [86];
prevents his party from making radical changes, [86], [87];
shows courage, independence, and patriotism, [87].
United States Senator. Dislikes slavery in 1821, [93];
votes to restrict admission of slaves to Florida, [93];
his friends and associates in Senate, [94];
supports Crawford for succession to Monroe as "regular" candidate, [95];
votes for Cumberland road bill, [95];
later apologizes for vote, [96];
proposes a constitutional amendment to authorize internal improvements, [97];
probably impressed by Erie Canal, [98];
speech in favor of abolishing imprisonment for debt, [98];
votes for tariff of 1824, [99];
his protectionist views, [99];
his votes upon different sections, [102];
influenced by New York sentiment, [102];
later averse to high protection, [103];
but never considers tariff of supreme importance, [103];
urges constitutional amendment to leave election of president with electors in case of failure on first trial, [104];
defends system of caucus nominations, [105];
prestige as leader of New York in election of 1824, [106];
at first inclined to Adams, [107];
Adams's opinion of, [107];
abused by Crawford's enemies, [108];

not involved in New York quarrel over canal commissionership, [110];
yet his power endangered by Clinton's return to popularity, [111];
his status in "Albany Regency," [111];
advises New York Republicans to favor congressional caucus, [114];
continues after failure of caucus to work for Crawford, [114];
fails to secure New York for him, [115];
not involved in election of Adams, [115];
does not denounce Adams's election, [116];
takes increasing share in proceedings, [116];
relations with King, [117];
votes against extending Cumberland road, [117];
votes against occupation of Oregon, [117];
on committee to receive Adams, [117];
becomes a parliamentary leader, [117];
the real creator of Democratic party, [118];
his position unique in American history, [118];
does not at first approve of Jackson as leader of opposition, [119];
his attitude toward Adams not factious, [120], [123];
votes to confirm Clay's nomination, [123];
abstains from personalities in opposition, [123];
introduces resolutions against Panama congress, [126];
comment of Adams upon, [126];
his speech upon the proposed mission, [127-129];
accuses Adams of Federalism, [128];
condemns proposed alliance of republics, [129];
most conspicuous member of Senate, [131];
unites opposition on internal improvements, [131];
offers resolutions and votes against roads and canals, [132];
wisdom of his position, [132];
willing to support military roads, [133];
renews movement to take choice of president from the House, [133], [134];
opposes proposal to relieve Supreme Court from circuit duty, [134];
shows desire to make Supreme Court democratic, [135];
opposes regarding it with too great respect, [135-137];
his share in Benton's report on executive patronage, [137-140];
its discrepancy with his later views, [139], [140];
votes against abolition of salt tax, [140];
favors establishment of Naval Academy, [140];
opposes a bankruptcy bill, [141];
speech on restrictions on trade with British colonies, [141];
renews opposition to imprisonment for debt, to internal improvements, and repeal of salt tax in 1828, [142];
votes for tariff of 1828, [142];
bound by instructions of New York legislature, [144];
speech on power of vice-president to call to order, [144-147];
asserts the necessity of defeating Adams in order to curb federal usurpation, [145], [146];
reëlected senator, [147];
supports Rochester against Clinton for governor of New York, [147];
eulogy on Clinton, [148];
survey of Van Buren's parliamentary career, [148-152];
characteristics of his speaking, [150];
clear in announcing opinions, [151];
praised by Jackson for freedom from non-committalism, [151];
courteous in debate, [151], [152].
Manager in Election of 1828. Recognized as chief organizer of new party, [153];
uses cry against Adams and Clay bargain, [154];
not justly charged with intrigue to unite Crawford's friends with Jackson's, [157];
his visit to Crawford in 1827, [157];
visits Adams, [158];
compared by Adams to Burr, [158];
does not announce support of Jackson until 1827, [158];
his opposition to Adams not merely personal, [161];
does not use corrupt bargain cry, [163];
probably promised cabinet position by Jackson, [166];
wishes to increase his prestige by securing governorship of New York, [166];
nominated and elected, [166];
resigns senatorship, [168].
Governor of New York. His inaugural message, [168-173];
favors state aid to canals, [168];
urges reorganization
of banking system, [169];
suggests various devices to increase security of banks, [170];
proposes separation of state and national elections, [170];
denounces increasing use of money in elections, [171];
advocates strict construction of Constitution, [171], [172];
defends reputation of country from results of campaign of 1828, [172];
congratulates legislature on election of Jackson, [172], [173];
his letters to Hoyt on patronage, [173-175];
shows partisanship, but desire to appoint able men, [174];
character of his appointees, [174], [175];
resigns governorship after ten weeks' term to enter cabinet, [175];
congratulated by legislature, [176].
Secretary of State. Unfriendly view of his career in cabinet, [177];
forms creed of Jacksonian Democracy, [178];
shares discredit of introducing spoils system, [178];
easily the strongest man in cabinet, [179];
already rival to Calhoun for succession to Jackson, [179];
reasons for his success over Calhoun, [180];
does not succeed by tricks, [180];
attempt of Calhoun to prevent his appointment as secretary of state, [180];
pleases Jackson by politeness to Mrs. Eaton, [183];
his course both politic and proper, [183], [184];
not responsible for Jackson's dislike of Calhoun, [185];
refuses to take part in quarrel between the two, [187];
his toast at Jefferson's birthday dinner, [188];
becomes an acknowledged candidate for presidency after Calhoun's nullification declarations, [188], [189];
Jackson's letter of recommendation, [189], [190];
his increasing esteem for Jackson, [190];
represented by "Albany Argus" in newspaper controversy, [191];
his high estimate of necessity of an organ, [192];
refuses to subsidize Bennett, [192];
declines to aid new Jackson paper with departmental printing, [194];
yet is held responsible for it, [194];
determines to resign and asks Livingston to take his place, [194];
wishes, as a candidate for presidency, to avoid suspicion, [195], [196];
boldness and prudence of his action, [196], [198];
avows unwillingness to injure Jackson's chances for reëlection, [196], [197];
praised by Jackson in reply, [197];
his political creed fully adopted by Jackson, [200];
at first doubts Jackson's full adherence, [200];
probably assists in preparing Jackson's messages, [205], [206];
wins Jackson's affection, [206];
supplies him with political theories, [206];
on good terms with kitchen cabinet, [207];
not the originator of spoils system in federal offices, [207];
his letter to Hamilton advises caution, [209];
rebukes Hoyt for demanding a removal, [210];
does not practice proscription in the State Department, [214];
does not oppose the system elsewhere, [214];
palliating reasons for his conduct, [215];
successful in conduct of foreign affairs, [215];
advises Jackson to refer to France with politeness, [216];
deserves credit of securing payment of claims by France, [217];
adopts conciliatory policy toward England, [219];
in his instructions to McLane admits error of previous American claims, [219], [220];
alludes in his instructions to overthrow of Adams's administration, [220];
his position not undignified, [221];
yet previously had deprecated entrance of party politics into diplomacy, [222];
success of his diplomacy, [222].
Minister to England. Constantly suspected of intrigue, [223];
desires to escape from politics while candidate for presidency by accepting mission to England, [223], [224];
escorted out of city by Jackson, [224];
appoints Irving secretary of legation, [224];
finds him at London, [224], [225];
his friendship with Irving, [225];
Irving's opinion of, [225];
his travels through England, [226];
social life in London, [227];
learns news of rejection of his nomination by Senate, [227], [228];
his behavior, [228];
leaves England, [228];
character of his dispatches, [229];
presents claims in Comet case, [229];
writes passages in reports complimentary to Jackson, [229];
returns to New York, declines a public reception, [230];
goes to Washington, [230];
attacked in Senate as un-American and cowardly, [230], [231];
insincerity of the attack, [232];
accused also of introducing spoils system, [232];
attacked by Calhoun as an intriguer, [233];
Calhoun's desire to kill him politically, [234];
gains popularity from rejection, [234];
urged for vice-president, [234];
praised by New York legislature, [234];
upheld by Jackson, [235];
receives various offers of offices, [236];
plan to elect him governor of New York repudiated by party leaders, [237];
not concerned in summoning national convention of 1832, [237], [238];
nominated for vice-presidency, [239];
his nomination not the result of coercion, [240];
the natural candidate, [240], [241];
party reasons for his nomination, [241];
his letter of acceptance, [241-243];
affects reluctance and humility, [242];
writes a vague letter on the tariff, [243], [244];
opposes internal improvements, a bank, and nullification, [244];
writes letter on his subjection to calumny, [244];
elected in 1832, [247];
speaks in approval of tariff for revenue, [249].
Vice-President. Opposes removal of deposits, [249];
has heated argument with Kendall, [250];
later adopts Jackson's position, [250];
proposes to Kendall that removal begin in January, 1834, [250];
dislikes bank, [251];
appealed to by Clay to intercede with Jackson, [253];
his conduct as described by Benton, [253];
lives in Washington as heir-apparent, [254];
his position superior to that of any other vice-president, [254];
his harmony
with Jackson, [254], [255];
accompanies Jackson on New England tour, [255];
his candidacy opposed by White of Tennessee, [256];
scurrilous biography of, by Crockett, [256];
nominated unanimously for president in 1835, [259];
letters of Jackson in his behalf, [262];
refuses to answer questions of Williams until after close of Congress, [264];
his reply, [265-267];
condemns distribution of surplus, [265];
courage of this action, [266];
disapproves of Clay's land scheme, [266];
denies constitutionality of internal improvements, [266];
affirms opposition to bank, [267];
on Benton's expunging resolutions, [267];
his previous letter of acceptance of nomination, [267-269];
asserts freedom from intrigue, [268];
and intention to carry out Jackson's principles, [268];
his early record on slavery, [271];
supposed to approve of anti-slavery attitude of New York Democratic papers, [271];
writes to Gwin upon powerlessness of Congress over slavery in the States, [272];
asserts his opposition to abolition in the District of Columbia against wish of slave States, [274];
his attitude the general one at that time, [275];
forced to give casting vote for Jackson's bill to prohibit abolition literature in mails, [277];
his reasons for so voting, [278];
not a "doughface," [278];
vote for, in 1836, [278-281];
elected by New England and Middle States, [280];
only Democrat to carry New England in a contested election by popular and electoral vote, [280];
significance of his election, [281];
triumphs by good sense without enthusiasm, [281].
President. His inauguration, [282], [283];
his farewell to Jackson, [283];
continues Jackson's cabinet, [283];
his inaugural address, [283-286];
personal modesty, [284];
optimism, [284];
repeats declaration against abolition in the District, [285];
tribute to Jackson, [285];
rejects Benton's warning of a financial panic, [286];
his relation to panic of 1837, [287];
said to have urged Jackson to sign distribution bill, [302];
denounced by New York merchants for specie circular after panic has begun, [317];
refuses to modify circular or call a special session of Congress, [319];
visited by Biddle, [319];
obliged by suspension of specie payments to call extra session, [321];
wishes to discourage hasty action, [321];
probably instigates meetings to throw blame on banks, [322];
and declare for metallic currency, [322];
his statesmanlike behavior during crisis, [325];
his message to the extra session, [326-333];
courageously states facts and appeals to reason, [326], [327];
points out inability of government to cure the evils, [327];
indicates real causes of inflation, [327], [328];
opposes renewal of a bank, [328], [329];
urges abandonment of pet banks, [330];
suggests independent treasury, [331];
defends specie circular and advocates retention of surplus installment, [331];
restates limited powers of government, [332];
denounced by Webster, [334];
and others, [336];
not supported by his party in House, [337], [338];
his measures supported by Calhoun, [340], [341];
supported by Loco-foco faction in New York, [344];
his message to regular session of Congress, [345], [346];
refuses to be influenced by Democratic losses in elections, [345];
recommends preëmption law, [345];
refers to boundary troubles, [345];
continues to be denounced by Whigs, [346];
and by Conservative Democrats, [347];
hopes for return of prosperity after resumption in 1838, [349];
issues neutrality proclamation in connection with Canadian insurrection, [354];
takes measures to punish offenses, [355];
invites Durham to visit Washington, [356];
refuses to pardon Mackenzie, [356];
denounced for further warning proclamation, [357];
refuses proposed annexation of Texas, [358];
not connected with anti-slavery agitation at the time, [359];
urges American claims upon Mexico with success, [360];
offers Navy Department to Washington Irving, [361];
thought to have erred in giving it to Paulding, [362];
letter of Louis Napoleon to, [362];
cheerful tone of message to second session of Congress, [363];
reaffirms sound financial doctrine, [363];
on Swartwout's defalcation, [364];
appoints Hoyt to succeed him, [364];
asks for appropriations for Seminole war, [366];
asks Congress for support in northeastern boundary question, [367];
damages Democratic party in Maine by his treatment of frontier disputes, [367];
revisits New York, enthusiastic reception, [367], [368];
snubbed by Whigs, [368], [369];
partisan character of his journey and speeches, [369];
encouraged by elections of 1839, [369];
in message of 1839 regrets renewed bank failures, [372];
announces economy in government, [372];
renews attack on banks, [372], [373];
insists on inability of government aid to help the depression, [374];
signs sub-treasury bill, [377];
his administration defended by Democratic convention, [379];
writes letters in campaign, [380];
approves "gag" rule in Congress, [380];
justification of his attitude, [381];
denunciations of him by Webster in campaign, [384];
other attacks upon, as aristocrat and enemy to people, [385];
tries to rely on past record of party, [386];
abandoned by various Democratic factions, [387];
Jackson's letter in support of, [387];
how ridiculed by Whigs in campaign, [388-390];
vote for, in 1840, [390], [391];
composed under defeat, [391];
his final message repeats his views on bank and sub-treasury, [392];
urges prevention of slave trade, [392];
alterations in his cabinet, [393], [394];
welcomes Harrison to White House, [394];
his conduct as president, economy and elegance, [394], [395];
social charm of his administration, [395];
his civility to Adams, [396];
bitter opinion of, held by Adams, [396];
tribute of Clay to, [396], [397].
In Retirement—Candidate for Renomination. Return to New York and Kinderhook, [398];
his estate, [398];
remains leading single figure in party, [399];
continues to have ambition for reëlection, [399];
practically admits this in 1841, [399], [400];
journey through South, [400];
visits Jackson and Clay, [400];
writes long letters on public questions, [400];
views on low tariff, [401];
promises fidelity to Democratic party, [401];
attends funeral of Harrison, [401];
his renomination considered certain until 1844, [401];
only prevented by Texas question, [402];
his record on slavery a colorless one up to 1844, [403];
not subservient to South, [403];
defense of his vote on abolition circulars in mail, and of his opinion on "gag" rule, [404];
suspected by South of hostility to annexation of Texas, [404];
majority of delegates to national convention instructed for, [404];
asked for a distinct statement on Texas, [405];
writes continuing to oppose annexation policy, [405];
his reasons, [405], [406];
willing to yield to a demand on part of Congress, [406];
courage of this open avowal, [407];
endeavor of Jackson to help Van Buren's candidacy, [407];
his previous nominations by two-thirds rule used as precedents in convention, [408];
his nomination prevented by the rule, [409-411];
keeps promise to support Polk, [412];
urges Wright to accept nomination for governorship of New York, [412];
saves New York for Democrats, [413];
the first victim of the slave power, [414];
complimented by convention, [414];
outwardly placid, but secretly embittered by failure to secure nomination, [414].
Free-soil Leader. His followers form the Barnburner wing of Democrats, [415], [416];
alienated from Polk's administration, [417];
sympathizes with secession of Barnburners in 1847, [419], [420];
revives anti-slavery feelings, [420];
angered at proscription of his friends by Polk, [420];
declares an end of his political ambitions, [420], [421];
refuses to commit himself as to origin of Mexican war, [421];
aids in composing Barnburner address of 1847, [424];
his letter to Utica convention, [425-427];
denounces Democratic national convention, [425];
asserts power of Congress over Territories, [426];
refuses to vote for Cass or Taylor, [426];
nominated for president, [427];
at Buffalo convention nominated by Free-soil party, [428];
his letter urging exclusion of slavery from Territories, [429];
rage of Democratic party with, [430];
fails to secure support of anti-slavery Whigs, [431];
vote for, in 1848, [431], [432];
leads Cass in New York, [431];
does not probably expect to be elected, [432];

his candidacy not an act of revenge, [433];
undoubtedly sincere in his advocacy of Free-soil principles, [433];
ends political career, [433].
In Retirement. His career up to 1848 logical and creditable, [434];
had he died then, his reputation would stand higher, [434];
separated beyond hope from his party, [434];
until 1859 sympathizes with Free-soilers, [435];
accepts finality of compromise of 1850, [436];
his justification, love of Union and dread of ruin, [436];
stands with majority of Northern statesmen, [438];
not to be condemned more than Clay or Webster, [439];
writes letter favoring Pierce in 1852, [439];
visits Europe, [440];
declines position as arbitrator upon British-American claims commission, [440];
votes for Buchanan in 1856, [441];
expects squatter sovereignty to succeed, [441];
his distrust of Republican party, [441], [442];
letter in behalf of Buchanan, [442-444];
its cheerless tone, [442];
rehearses history of Democratic party, [443];
laments repeal of Missouri Compromise, [443];
hopes question of slavery in Territories may be settled peaceably, [443];
asserts power of Congress over Territories, [444];
thinks Buchanan can save Union, [444];
unpardoned by South, [444];
votes against Lincoln in 1860, [445];
character of his retirement, [445];
writes autobiographical sketch, [446];
his history of American parties, [446];
condemns Buchanan for accepting Dred Scott decision, [446];
sympathizes with North in civil war, [447];
expresses confidence in Lincoln, [447];
last illness and death, [447];
his funeral, [448].
Character and Place in History. His personal appearance, [449];
elegance, [450];
his country life, thrift, and fortune, [450];
pecuniary integrity, [450];
his polished manners, [451];
called insincere by Adams, [451];
his fairness and personal friendliness to opponents, [452];
his skill in reading and managing men, [452], [453];
not stilted, yet free from dissipation, [453];
social agreeableness, [454];
fictitious stories of his cunning, [454];
his friendships, [454-456];
these the true test of his sincerity, [456];
his placidity under abuse thought hypocritical by opponents, [457];
his caution in political papers, [457];
his popularity in New York, [458];
his true democracy, [458];
creed of his followers, [459];
lack of enthusiasm prevents his being a popular hero, [459];
always follows principles of Jefferson, [460];
his fame dimmed by spoils system, [460];
yet his attitude in respect to it not a discreditable one, [461];
his courage a marked quality, [461], [462];
his prolixity and politeness obscure his clear statements of opinion, [462];
does not belong among mediocrities of the White House, [463];
his eminence as a real leader, [463];
superior to Jackson in wisdom, [463];
and to John Adams in party leadership, [464];
stands with Madison and John Quincy Adams, [464];
comparison with Madison, [464];
with Adams, [465];
comparison with Webster and Clay, [465];
superior to either in party leadership, [465];
summary and review of his career, [465], [466];
his fidelity to principle throughout, [466], [467].
Personal Traits. General estimate of, [3], [462-466];
betting habits, [453];
bitterness, lack of, [123], [152], [163], [223], [420], [452];
cheerfulness, [114], [453];
conservatism, [186], [436];
courage, [87], [183], [195], [215], [266], [325], [407], [436], [461-463];
diplomatic ability, [221], [222];
education, [15-17], [22];
friendships, [454-456];
imperturbability, [228], [253], [391], [396], [414], [445], [451], [456];
integrity, [194], [268], [450], [456];
legal ability, [17-21], [25], [29], [30], [31];
magnetism, lack of, [281], [459];
manners, [4], [15], [18], [72], [206], [394], [395], [451];
modesty, [243], [268], [284];
non-committalism, [79], [147], [151], [265], [380], [400], [421], [461];
oratory, [27], [31], [32], [61], [78], [87], [150], [457];
personal appearance, [1], [449], [450];
private life, [37], [453];
political leadership, [58], [61], [69], [76], [87], [117-119], [131], [150], [153], [157], [179], [180], [431], [452], [454];
scrupulousness, [68], [194], [195], [278];
shrewdness, [197], [207], [224], [229], [369], [452-454];
sincerity, [430], [431];
social qualities, [394], [395], [396], [397], [400], [450];
subserviency, alleged, to South, [403], [404], [439];
unfavorable views of, [158], [196], [223], [230], [231], [244], [256], [325 n.], [384], [385], [396], [406], [451], [456];
unpopularity in later years, [3], [444], [458].
Political Opinions. Bank of United States, [145], [244], [250], [251], [267], [328], [329], [345], [363], [373], [391];
banking, [169], [170], [372], [373];
Barnburners, [419], [425], [429];
British West India trade, [141], [219-222];
Canadian rebellion, [354];
compromise of 1850, [436];
conscription, [62];
Democratic party, [145], [147], [242], [443], [446];
debt, imprisonment for, [26], [27], [98], [116], [142];
Dred Scott decision, [446], [447];
election of 1820, [75];
election of 1824, [115], [116];
election of 1828, [173];
election of 1840, [400];
election of 1848, [425];
elections, reform of, [170], [171];
embargo, [59];
Erie Canal, [65], [66];
expunging resolutions, [267];
Federalists, [70], [127], [152];
gag rule, [380], [381];
independent treasury, [330], [331], [377];
internal improvements, [95], [96], [97], [98], [117], [132], [133], [142], [168], [244], [266];
Jeffersonian principles, [3], [4], [12], [39], [40], [145], [147], [171], [249], [284], [329], [332], [458-460];
judiciary, [83], [84], [85], [134-137], [141], [142];
Kansas question, [442-444];
legislative instructions, [143];
Maine boundary, [367];
Mexican claims, [359], [360];
Mexican war, [421];
Missouri Compromise, [73], [74], [443];
naval academy, [140];
nullification, [244];
office, appointments to, [81], [82], [137-139], [173], [364];
Panama congress, [127-129], [141];
panic of 1837, [327], [328], [345];
party allegiance, [43], [59], [70-72], [175], [401], [414], [420], [426], [432];
preëmption law, [345];
presidential ambition, [193], [223], [242], [254], [278], [399], [400], [405-407], [430], [433];
Republican party of 1856, [441], [442];
slave trade, [392];
slavery, [74], [93], [271], [277], [278], [285], [380], [403], [420], [426], [436];
slavery in Territories, [426], [429], [436], [441], [444];
States' rights, [97], [172];
specie circular, [319], [331];
spoils system, [53], [54], [57], [75], [173-175], [207], [209], [210], [214], [215], [233], [460];
suffrage, basis of, [79], [80];
suffrage, negro, [80], [81];
surplus, distribution of, [265];
tariff, [99], [102], [103], [140], [142], [143], [243], [249], [401];
war of 1812, [50];
war of rebellion, [447].
Van Dyke, ——, votes for Panama congress, [131].
Van Ness, William P., studies of Van Buren with, [17];
his career at the bar, [17];
friendship with Burr, [17];
attacks Clintons and Livingstons in Burr's interest, [43];
his residence bought by Van Buren, [398].
Van Ness, William W., competitor of Van Buren at bar, [20].
Van Rensselaer, Jacob R., at Columbia County bar, [20].
Van Rensselaer, ——, commands a filibustering expedition against Canada, [353].
Van Rensselaer family, gains political influence through landed wealth, [33].
Van Vechten, Abraham, succeeded by Van Buren as attorney-general, [23];
removed by Republicans, [63].
Virginia, Democrats of, refuse to support Johnson for vice-presidency, [259], [260].
Von Holst, H. C., praises bearing of Van Buren during panic, [325];
his unhistorical view of Van Buren, [325 n.], [406 n.]
Walker, Robert J., leads annexationists in Democratic convention of 1844, [408];
induces convention to adopt two-thirds rule, [408], [409];
protests against New York Democrats, [409].
War of 1812, Republican opposition to, [58], [59];
causes of, [59].
Ward, Rev. Thomas, at Buffalo convention, [427].
Washington, George, character of his presidential administration, [5], [6];
his prestige aids Federalists, [38];
refuses to appoint political opponents to office, [46];
his recall of Monroe, [89];
appealed to by Van Buren as authority against Adams's foreign policy, [126-129];
leaves office with popularity, [282];
best of American presidents, [464].
Watkins, Tobias, his removal from office, [212].
Webb, James Watson, abandons Jackson in 1832, [247].
Webster, Daniel, compared with Van Buren as lawyer, [32];
not in Congress in 1821, [94];
against tariff of 1824, [100];
on Panama congress, [130];
inferior to Van Buren as parliamentary leader, [150];
on Jackson's manners, [156];
on Van Buren's prominence in 1829, [179];
his debate with Hayne, [188];
votes to reject Van Buren's nomination as minister to England, [230];
condemns him for un-American conduct, [231];
exaggerates results of removal of deposits, [252];
supported for presidency by Massachusetts Whigs, [260];
condemns bill to exclude anti-slavery matter from mails, [276];
vote for, in election of 1836, [280];
urges extension of pet bank system, [299];
later condemns this policy, [300];
approves bill to distribute surplus, [300];
denounces Van Buren for causing panic, [333];
resists attempt to suspend depositing surplus, [334], [338];
ridicules possibility of resumption without government aid, [335];
votes for treasury notes, [339];
votes for preëmption bill, [357];
his speeches in campaign of 1840, [383], [384];
his denunciations of Van Buren, [383], [384];
on Van Buren's vote for the bill to exclude abolition matter from mails, [404];
indignant at Taylor's nomination, [430];
his comment on Van Buren's Free-soil candidacy, [431];
forfeits fame by support of compromise, [435];
his motives, [437];
compared with Van Buren, [465].
Weed, Thurlow, on rotation in office, [67];
praises Albany Regency, [112];
leader of Anti-Masonic party, [245];
manager of New York Whigs, [363];
prevents nomination of Clay in 1840, [378].
Wellington, Duke of, his position in 1832, [227].
West, favors tariff of 1828, [143];
opposes Van Buren in 1836, [280];
development of, after 1820, [288-290];
land hunger in, [289], [294], [309].

Westervelt, Dr. ——, appointed to office by Van Buren, [173];
his "claims," [174].
Whigs, in New York, coalesce with Anti-Masons, [245];
nominate Clay, [246];
their Young Men's convention nominates Clay, [246];
nominate Harrison and Granger in 1836, [260];
their policy in attacking Jackson, [263];
their real platform in Harrison's letter to Sherrod Williams, [264];
their refusal to reduce taxation increases speculation, [299];
and their advocacy of distribution, [300], [301];
rave against Van Buren as author of crisis of 1837, [321], [322], [333];
demand bank, [334-337];
demand payment of fourth installment of surplus, [338];
gain in election of 1837, [337], [342];
in New York, aided by Loco-focos, [344];
transfer name Loco-foco to whole Democratic party, [345];
aided by conservative Democrats, [347];
repeal sub-treasury, [348];
refuse to join popular receptions of Van Buren, [368];
endeavor to force New Jersey congressmen upon House, [377];
nominate Harrison and Tyler, [377], [378];
do not adopt a platform, [378];
their policy in election of 1840, [382-386], [388-390];
campaign songs, [389];
elect Harrison, [390], [391];
their difficulties with Tyler, [401], [402];
defeated in 1844, [412], [413];
support Wilmot Proviso, [417], [418];
nominate Taylor and reject resolution against slavery extension, [430];
anti-slavery members refuse to support Van Buren, [431];
elect Taylor, [432];
accept compromise of 1850, [435];
nominate Scott in 1852, [439];
support Fillmore in 1856, [445].
White, Hugh L., heads secession from Democratic party, [256], [260];
reasons for his candidacy for presidency, [256], [257];
votes for bill to exclude anti-slavery matter from mail, [277];
vote for, [279], [280].
Wilkins, William, receives electoral vote of Pennsylvania in 1832 for vice-president, [248].
William IV., character of his court, [227];
compliments Jackson to Van Buren, [229].
Wilmot, David, offers anti-slavery proviso to three-million bill, [416], [417];
at Barnburner convention, [419].
Wilmot Proviso, origin of Republican party and civil war, [416];
becomes a party question, [417], [418];
discussion of its necessity in New Mexico and California, [418];
abandoned by Republicans in 1861, [438].
Wirt, William, Anti-Masonic candidate for presidency, [167],

[245], [248].
Williams, Elisha, his prominence at Columbia County bar, [20];
his rivalry with Van Buren, [20], [21].
Williams, Sherrod, asks questions of presidential candidates in 1836, [264];
calls Van Buren's reasons for delay "unsatisfactory," [265].
Woodbury, Levi, votes against Panama congress, [131];
secretary of navy, [199];
secretary of treasury under Van Buren, [283].
Wright, Silas, member of Albany Regency, [111];
votes for bill to exclude abolition matter from mail, [277];
votes against distribution of surplus, [301];
leads administration senators, [341];
declines nomination for vice-presidency, [411];
accepts nomination for governor of New York, [412];
elected, [413];
votes against Texas treaty, [413];
leads Barnburners, [415];
offered Treasury Department by Polk, [416];
defeated for reëlection by Hunker opposition, [417];
his friendship for Van Buren, [456].
Young, Samuel, denounces Calhoun for raising Texas question, [410];
presides over Utica convention of 1848, [425].

---

The Riverside Press
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, U. S. A.
ELECTROTYPED AND PRINTED BY
H. O. HOUGHTON AND CO.