END OF VOLUME III.
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Ar-twa´, former province of France, now forming the greater part of the department Pas-de-Calais. Its name is derived from Arras, its capital.
[2] The Colossus of Rhodes was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It was a huge figure of brass one hundred and twenty feet high, and it strode across the harbour mouth.
[3] This old province of France lies between the Aube on the north, the Rhone on the south, the Meuse on the east, and the Loire on the west.
[4] See Vol. I., p. 197.
[5] See diagrams on the following pages.
[6] It was said that the Germans had 56,000 machine guns at the beginning of the war.
[7] See Vol. II., p. 201.
[8] Gree-nay (gray nose), headland of Pas-de-Calais, the nearest point of the French shore to that of England (South Foreland).
[9] See Vol. II., p. 127
[10] Ar-mon-te-air´ (n nasal).
[11] Dool.
[12] Vō-bān´, born 1633, died 1707.
[13] Roo-bay´.
[14] Toor-kwan´ (n nasal).
[15] Meh-nan´ (n nasal).
[16] Chaucer, "the morning star of English song," born 1340, died 1400.
[17] Diks-müd´.
[18] The most brilliant, and perhaps the greatest, of all English generals, specially famous for his genius in tactics; born 1650, died 1722. (See Highroads of History, Book VI., Chaps. VII. and VIII.). Mr. Winston Churchill (First Lord of the Admiralty from October 1911 to May 1915) is a direct descendant of the great general.
[19] Ow-den-ar´deh.
[20] Doo-ay´.
[21] See Vol. II., p. 107.
[22] See Vol. II., pp. 26 ff.
[23] Mal-Pla-kay´.
[24] See Vol. II., p. 127.
[25] See Vol. II., p. 126.
[26] These high explosive shells were nicknamed "Antwerp expresses."
[27] Seaside resort of Belgium, 11 miles north-east of Ostend.
[28] Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve.
[29] That is, Sea Bruges. Zā-brug´ge, the port of Bruges, with which it is connected by a ship canal seven miles long.
[30] Inhabitants of Brittany, a former province of France, forming the extreme north-west. The people are of Celtic stock, and their language is allied to the Welsh. Brittany was partly settled from England and Ireland in the fifth and sixth centuries, and thereafter was called Britannia Minor. Brittany has always been famous for its sailors. Jacques Cartier, the discoverer of the St. Lawrence, was a Breton.
[31] Ron´ark.
[32] French sailors wear a red pompom on the top of their caps.
[33] Teelt, 15 miles south-east of Bruges.
[34] Too-roo´, 11 miles south-south-west of Bruges
[35] Roo-lare´, 20 miles south by west of Bruges, a textile manufacturing town of 25,000 inhabitants.
[36] In Blackwood's Magazine, March 1915.
[37] Village on the Ypres-Menin road, four miles east of Ypres.
[38] See Vol. I., p. 146.
[39] Ăz-brook´
[40] O´mare.
[41] Zhee-van´shee [n nasal].
[42] Es-tayr´. See map, p. [59].
[43] Ō-bayr´.
[44] Her´lee.
[45] Pee´ye.
[46] Bay-yule´, a small village seven miles north-west of Armentières.
[47] Varn-ton´ (n nasal).
[48] Harbour wall.
[49] See Vol. II., pp. 26 ff.
[50] See Vol. II., p. 91.
[51] Noove Sha-pel´.
[52] See Vol. II., p. 16.
[53] Took them in flank and raked them from end to end.
[54] During the Indian Mutiny. The story of the capture of Delhi is told on p. [149] of this volume.
[55] German rifleman or sharpshooter.
[56] Meadows reclaimed from the sea.
[59] Pair-veez´.
[60] Rams-ka-pel´.
[61] Fought in 1658. Dunkirk was afterwards handed over to the English, and remained in their possession until 1662, when Charles II. sold it to France.
[62] Koor-tray', 27 miles by rail south-west of Ghent, on the Lys; famous for its linen and lace manufactures. The "Battle of the Spurs" (1302) was fought outside its walls.
[63] Rā-mē-yee´, 29 miles south-east of Brussels; scene of one of Marlborough's victories (1706).
[64] Formed of Irishmen in the service of France. They fought gallantly against Marlborough; at Malplaquet the 18th (Royal Irish) Regiment and the Irish Brigade fought with each other, and the Royal Irish were the victors.
[65] You will find these and other villages mentioned in this chapter on the map on p. [103].
[67] The Northumberland Hussar Yeomanry rejoice in the proud distinction of being the first of all Territorial regiments to go to the front in this war. They left England about September 15, 1914.
[68] Ploegsteert, about three miles north of Armentières.
[69] Shut off his engine and glided down in zigzags.
[70] Sharpshooter, who hides himself outside the trenches and fires on the enemy when occasion offers.
[72] Lieutenant Wise.
[73] British soldiers are also fond of performing on the mouth organ.
[75] A study of the diagram on p. [128] will explain the meaning of "communication trench" and "traverse." Lieutenant Leach's company was holding a trench such as that marked A on the diagram.
[77] In olden days Norse warriors, or berserks, worked themselves up before a battle into a fierce madness, known as the "berserk rage."
[78] Quoted from Mr. Will Irwin's account of the battle in the Daily Mail.
[79] In Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar, Act iii., Scene 2, Mark Antony, in the course of his speech over the dead body of Cæsar, says, "That day he overcame the Nervii." They were a tribe of Belgic Gauls holding territory from the Sambre to the North Sea. Cæsar overcame them B.C. 57.
[80] Fought during the Crimean War on November 5, 1854.
[81] Fought 1½ miles south of Stirling on June 24, 1314. The bore-stone in which it is said Bruce's banner was fixed still exists on Brock's Brae.
[82] Mes-seen´, between four and five miles south of Ypres.
[83] The name is equivalent to our Theodore, "gift of God."
[84] So called because recruited from Baluchistan, a British territory between Afghanistan and the Arabian Sea.
[86] Forty miles west by north of Toledo, Spain; scene of the famous battle (July 28, 1809) in which Wellington defeated Joseph Bonaparte.
[87] See also the account given on pp. [161]-[3].
[89] So called because they form the sovereign's escort. The Household Cavalry consist of three regiments—1st and 2nd Life Guards, and the Royal Horse Guards (The Blues).
[91] See Vol. II., pp. 23-25.
[92] See Vol. II., pp. 117, 118, 139.
[93] See Vol. II., pp. 213, 214.
[94] See Vol. II., pp. 282 ff.
[95] A high explosive, consisting of picric acid, used as a bursting charge for shells.
[96] Northumberland Fusiliers.
[98] See Vol. 1., pp. 102, 104, 105, 107.
[99] Fought between the Northern and Southern States of what is now the United States of America, mainly on the question of slavery in the Southern States, during 1861-65.
[100] My´dan.
[101] Important city of South Afghanistan. In 1880 British troops in Kandahar were besieged, but Roberts made a great march from Kabul and relieved them.
[102] City of North India, on the Ganges; the scene of two tragedies during the Indian Mutiny of 1857.
[103] Native infantry soldiers of the Indian army. The native cavalry soldier is a "sowar."
[104] On the right bank of the Jumna. It was created capital of India in place of Calcutta in 1911.
[105] British general, of great physical strength and lofty, winning character. Born 1821, killed at Delhi 1857.
[106] Capital of the Transvaal. Entered by Roberts on June 5, 1900.
[107] The Prince of Wales went to the front as a member of Sir John French's Staff in the middle of November 1914.
[108] Ruler of Jodhpur, the largest state of Rajputana, India. He was born in 1844.
[109] In his book Forty-one Years in India, Lord Roberts gives us a story showing the valour of this most famous of Indian soldiers. Roberts had wounded a boar, which attacked Pertab Singh, whose horse had fallen with him. The prince held the boar with his bare hands until Lord Roberts was able to come up and dispatch it. The boar's head was presented by the prince to Lord Roberts, and became one of his cherished possessions at his country house of Englemere, Ascot.
[110] See Vol. II., p. 7.
[111] From With French in France and Flanders, by an Army Chaplain.
[112] The Minenwerfer, or trench-mortar used by the Germans, has a range of some 500 or 600 yards, and throws a bomb loaded with high explosives, weighing up to 200 lbs. It is fired at extreme elevation from the bottom of a pit in the trench.
[113] No elevation.
[114] The eve before All Saints' Day (1st November).
[115] About two miles south of Messines.
[116] About a mile north-east of Gheluvelt.
[117] Appointed commander of the British forces in Gallipoli in March 1915.
[118] Corporal in the Indian army.
[119] A narrow ditch or trench burrowed out towards the enemy's lines.
[120] In the nineteenth century more than 3½ million Germans emigrated to America and became citizens of the United States.
[121] The great missionary explorer, discoverer of the Zambesi, the upper course of the Congo, Lake Nyassa and other Central African lakes; also founder of Nyassaland. Born 1813; died 1873, at a village south of Lake Bangweolo. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.
[122] Sir Henry Morton Stanley, who did for the Congo what Livingstone did for the Zambesi, and further verified and added to the great discoveries already made. He made what has been called "the greatest journey in African exploration." He laid the foundations of the Congo Free State. Born 1841, died 1904.
[123] Treitschke (trysh´ke), German historian and bitter enemy of Britain. Born 1834, died 1896.
[124] Great lake of equatorial Africa, 26,000 square miles in area, discovered by Captain Speke in 1858, and circumnavigated by Stanley in 1875 and 1889.
[125] Lake lying south-west of Victoria Nyanza, 13,000 square miles in area. Its only outlet is to the Congo.
[126] Spelt in many British maps, Cameroons.
[127] Fulas or Fulahs, the ruling native race in Nigeria, French Sudan, Kamerun, etc.
[128] Near Atakpame, at the head of the railway which runs north from Lomé for a hundred miles.
[129] Cecil John Rhodes (1853-1902), for nearly a quarter of a century the most powerful man in South Africa. Rhodesia was named after him.
[130] Born 1850, died 1894. Scottish novelist and poet. All boys and girls should read his Treasure Island, The Black Arrow, Kidnapped, and Catriona. Many of his verses are in the earlier books of the Highroads of Literature.
[131] See Stevenson's A Footnote to History.
[132] With the exception of Guam, the largest, which belongs to the United States.
[133] Reproduced in Vol. I., p. 142.
[134] Capital of Ashanti.
[135] Capital of the Gold Coast.
[136] Vol. II., p. 170.
[137] She left, however, a legacy of trouble. The United States said, with justice, that the British Government was responsible, for the ship ought never to have been built by a neutral Power nor permitted to leave a neutral harbour. In the end, Britain had to pay the United States three millions of money as damages.
[138] The wireless signal sent out by ships in distress, calling for immediate help.
[139] Chief French settlement in India, 90 miles south-south-west of Madras.
[140] British Crown colony in and off the Malay Peninsula, in south-east Asia. In the Straits Settlements are included Singapore, Malacca, the Dindings, Penang, and Wellesley Province.
[141] Caused by the rays of light being bent in their passage through layers of air of differing density, and therefore giving a delusive appearance to objects.
[142] Coral islands, consisting of a more or less oval belt of coral rock, within which there is a lagoon.
[143] At the Royal Exchange, London. The chief business of Lloyd's is connected with the insurance of ships.
[144] La Lutine, a 32-gun frigate launched in 1785. It originally belonged to the French navy, but was captured by Admiral Duncan.
It sailed from Yarmouth Roads on the morning of October 9, 1799, for Hamburg, and was wrecked the same night off the island of Vlieland, one of the Frisian Islands. All on board were lost, except one man.
The frigate had on board a large amount of specie—gold and silver—the destination of which appears to be somewhat of a mystery. If the specie was merely sent by London Merchants to Hamburg on purely commercial transactions—as is alleged—how was it that a frigate ship was employed, and how did it come to be so near the Zuider Zee? To explain this some say that the specie was intended for the pay of British troops then in the Netherlands.
Up to the present, treasure to the value of £100,000 has been recovered; but it is estimated that gold and silver worth a million pounds still lie buried in the shifting sands north of the Zuider Zee.
Various attempts have been made to recover the specie. On July 17, 1858, divers brought to daylight the bell of the frigate. It was well preserved, and weighed 80 lbs. It now stands at the footboard of the table in the library at Lloyd's, where other relics of the Lutine are also to be found.
[145] Men who undertake the insurance of ships.
[147] Capital of Brazil, on the beautiful bay of Rio.
[148] Europeans gave the name "Boxers" to members of a widespread society in China which had for its object the ridding of the country of foreigners. The German Minister at Pekin was murdered in 1900, and several of the legations were besieged. The expedition referred to above relieved the besieged on August 14, 1900, and exacted a penalty of sixty-four millions from the Chinese Government.
[149] Literally, ten thousand years; "Japan for ever!"
[150] The Japanese Empire.
[151] Picturesque town on the Eastern Alps, 155 miles west by south of Vienna.
[152] Capital of the Tyrol; on the Inn, a tributary of the Danube.
[153] See Vol. II., p. 58.
[154] See Dickens's Old Curiosity Shop, chap. xix. Each of these worthies tried to prove to Little Nell that he was the friend to be trusted and not the other.
[155] See Vol. II., p. 71-72.
[156] Kyel´tseh, on the railway, about eighty miles as the crow flies south-east of Ivangorod.
[157] Natives of the Caucasus, a Russian territory between the Black Sea and the Caspian. The Caucasians are very fierce and warlike.
[158] On the left bank of the Vistula, a few miles above its junction with the San.
[159] See Vol. II., p. 65.
[160] Mr. Stanley Washburn, special war correspondent of the Times. The quotation is from his "Field Notes from the Russian Front."
[161] Between six and seven miles.
[162] Ammunition limbers.
[163] Or Kieff, chief town of Little Russia; on the Dnieper, 660 miles south of Petrograd.
[164] On the railway, about thirty miles west of Ivangorod.
[165] Town of Russia, on a tributary of the Niemen, 190 miles east of Königsberg in East Prussia.
[166] See Vol. II., p. 280.
[167] Doon-a-yetz´, rises in the Carpathians and flows north to the Vistula, about forty miles east of Cracow.
[168] Natives of Russian Central Asia.
[169] Lo´vitch, 44 miles west-south-west of Warsaw.
[170] See Vol. I., p. 148.
[171] A name given to all those usages which civilized states have agreed to observe in their dealings with each other. It is not real law because there is no superior power to enforce it.
[172] Arabs who wander with their flocks and herds from place to place. They are found in the Syrian and Egyptian deserts, in Mesopotamia, and especially in Arabia where they form one-seventh of the population.
[173] The southern half of the triangular and hilly tract of country between the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Akabah, northern arms of the Red Sea.
[174] Osman I., founder of the Ottoman Empire, born 1258, died 1326. Every new Sultan is invested with the sword of Osman, which is preserved in a mosque at Constantinople.
[175] For some account of the Bagdad railway (shown in the inset map), see Vol. I, p. 148.
[178] See map on next page.
[179] Krar-goo´ye-vatz.
[180] See Shakespeare's Henry V., Act iv., Scene 3.
[181] King Peter was born in 1844.
[182] She was afterwards interned at Newport News, on the northern shore of the estuary of the James River, Virginia.
[183] Rocky island belonging to Chile, 400 miles off the coast of that country. Alexander Selkirk lived four years on this island, and his story formed the basis of De Foe's Robinson Crusoe.
[184] From Ye Mariners of England.
[185] A proverb meaning caught in his own trap. The petard was a kind of bomb employed for blowing open gates, etc.
[186] Ver-mell´.
[187] Quin´she.
[188] Five miles south-south-west of Ypres.
[189] See Vol. II., p. 281.
[190] French soldiers specially trained for fighting in the Alps. They are splendid mountaineers, and were quite at home on the high crests of the Vosges.
[192] Sometimes bombs are made in a rough-and-ready fashion out of jam-pots and bully beef tins charged with explosives and loaded with stones or scraps of iron.
Transcriber's Notes:
hyphenation, spelling and grammar have been preserved as in the original
Page 1, Pas de Calais ==> Pas-de-Calais [Ed. for consistency]
Page 29, Pas de Calais ==> Pas-de-Calais" [Ed. for consistency]
Page 38, Book VI., Chaps. ==> Book VI., (Chaps."
Page 59, A Pont Fixe ==> At Pont Fixe
Page 62, Wilcocks ==> Willcocks
Page 109, Zandevoorde ==> Zandvoorde
Page 150, June 5, 1900 ==> June 5, 1900.
Page 163, decent sort of way ==> decent sort of way.
Page 198, See p. 173 ==> See p. 173.
Page 228, garrison at Przemsyl ==> garrison at Przemysl
Page 264, Tsingtau ==> Tsing-tau [Ed. for consistency]