FOOTNOTES

[2] This statement of Hawkins' seems a little exaggerated. Mr Aldis Wright tells me that the statutes provided for an examination in singing for Candidates for Fellowships, and that ability gave a candidate an advantage, in case of equality. Singing was not required of all candidates, but the subject was considered on the fourth day of the examination, along with the essay and verse composition.

[3] Drayton (James I.'s reign) in his "Battle of Agincourt," l. 1199, has—"The common Souldiers free-mens catches sing"—of the French before the battle (freemen is a corruption of threemen).

[4] The Cittern of the barber's shop had four double strings of wire, tuned thus—1st, E in 4th space of treble staff; 2nd, D a tone lower; 3rd, G on 2nd line; 4th, B on 3rd line. The instrument had a carved head. See L.L.L. V. ii., lines 600-603, of Holofernes' head. Also the [frontispiece], where the treble viol and viol-da-gamba have carved heads, both human, but of different types. Fantastic heads, as of dragons or gargoyles, were often put on these instruments.

[5] [Appendix], Ex. 1.

[6] Rimbault's preface to the Musical Antiquarian Society's reprint of Purcell's opera, "Bonduca," says that Mad Tom was written by Coperario in 1612, for the Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn, by Beaumont. This was, 'Forth from my sad and darksome sell.'

[7] See [Frontispiece].

[8] Theorbo, a lute with a double neck; so called from Tiorba, a mortar for pounding perfumes, referring to the basin-shaped back of a lute.

[9] See [Frontispiece].

[10] See [Frontispiece].

[11] Plectra of leather were also in use, as well as those of quill.

[12] See [Frontispiece].

[13] See [Frontispiece].

[14] See [Frontispiece].

[15] 'Besy,' that is, 'busy,' meaning 'fussy,' a bad fault in descant, as it is to this day in counterpoint.

[16] It was the German clavichord that had 'tangents' of brass at the ends of the key levers. These tangents cut off the proper length of the string, and made it sound at the same time. The Italians called an instrument with a 'jack' action like the virginal by the name clavichord.

[17] The Bagpipe appears on a coin of Nero. Also there is a figure of an angel playing it, in a crosier given by William of Wykeham to New Coll., Oxon., in 1403.

[18] What is a 'woollen bagpipe'? See Merchant IV, i, 55.

[19] Selden's Table Talk, article 'King of England,' § 7.

[20] This hardly seems a necessary theory. See the [Note on 'Orchésographie,'] where the 'swinging' movement is fully accounted for.

[21] The branle (not the dance, but as used here) is called Congedium by Anthoine Arena. Arbeau thinks because the dancer appears about to take leave of his partner—i.e., prendre congé. See Hen. VIII., IV. ii. l. 82, stage direction, 'congee.'

[22] Hist. of Philos., by Thomas Stanley, edit. 1701.