Russian Ordnance.

A = Calibre.
B = Length over all.
C = Number of Grooves.
D = Twist of Rifling.
E = Weight of Gun, including Breech-block.
F = Preponderance.

Name, Nature, and Classification.	A	B	C	D	E	F
	In.	In.		Cal.	Lbs.	Lbs.
Krupp Russian pattern steel Breech-loaders.
Finished.
12 in.	12	240.8	36		89,173	1,958
11 ”	11	219	36	70	57,280	0
9 ”	9	180	32	60	33,150	440
9 ”	9	156	32	60	29,920	748
8 ”	8	175	30	60	19,820	440
Unfinished.
6 ”	6	140	24	45	9,370	352
8 ”	8	175	30	60	17,570	792
6 ”	6	146	24	45	10,090	1,078
9 pdr.	4.2		16		1,738
4 ”	3.4	70	12	40	792	88
Bronze Rifled Muzzle-loaders.
8 pdr.	4				1,650
4 ”	3.4				809
4 ”	3.4				865
American pattern cast-iron Smooth-bore Muzzle-loaders.
20 in.	20				96,360
15 ” new	15	180			72,160	0
15 ” old	15	170			43,340	1,078
10¾ ”	10.75	168			26,180	1,333
60 pdr. No. 1	7.6	135			10,780	792
60 ” ” 2	7.6				7,040
36 ” ” 1	6.8				7,040
36 ” ” 2	6.8				5,610
36 ” ” 3	6.8				4,590
36 ” ” 4	6.8				4,240
30 ” ” 1	6.4				6,864
30 ” ” 2	6.4				5,214
30 ” ” 3	6.4				4,330
30 ” ” 4	6.4				1,770

G = Weight of Upper Carriage.
H = Steel.
I = Chilled.
J = Common.

Name, Nature, and Classification.	G	Projectiles.
		Complete Weight.
		H	I	J
	Lbs.	Lbs.	Lbs.	Lbs.
Krupp Russian pattern steel Breech-loaders.
Finished.
12 in.		649		644
11 ”	10,604	495	462	439
9 ”		270	264	267
9 ”		270	264	267
8 ”	4,686	180	191	172
Unfinished.
6 ”	3,508	96	85.4	84
8 ”	4,868	180	191	182
6 ”	3,322	96	85.4	84
9 pdr.	693			24
4 ”	739			14
Bronze Rifled Muzzle-loaders.
8 pdr.	666			26
4 ”	603			11.5
4 ”	603	Cast-iron Round Shot.		13.5
American pattern cast-iron Smooth-bore Muzzle-loaders.
20 in.		1,000	1,000
15 ” new		440	440	373
15 ” old	6,270	440	440	373
10¾ ”		160	160
60 pdr. No. 1	2,220	57.7	57.7	43
60 ” ” 2	1,518	57.7	57.7	43
36 ” ” 1	1,518	40	40	29
36 ” ” 2	1,210	40	40	29
36 ” ” 3	990	40	40	29
36 ” ” 4	790	40	40	29
30 ” ” 1	1,408	32	32	26
30 ” ” 2	1,188	32	32	26
30 ” ” 3	1,528	32	32	26
30 ” ” 4		32	32	26

A = Steel.
B = Chilled.
C = Common.
D = For Steel and Chilled Shot.
E = Common Shells.
F = Ordinary.
G = Saluting.

Name, Nature, and Classification.	Projectiles.			Powder Charge.
	Bursting Charge.			D	E	F	G
	A	B	C	D	E	F	G
	Lbs.	Lbs.	Lbs.	Lbs.	Lbs.	Lbs.	Lbs.
Krupp Russian pattern steel Breech-loaders.
Finished.
12 in.			16	121		58.5
11 ”	12	7	13.5	82.5		41.2	9
9 ”	7	4.5	9.5	47		23.4	7.2
9 ”	7	4.5	9.5	43		23.4	7.2
8 ”	5	2	6.2	28.5		14.2	7.2
Unfinished.
6 ”		1.8	3	18		10.8	4.5
8 ”	5	2	6	22.5		14.2	7.2
6 ”		1.8	3	14.4		10.8	4.5
9 pdr.			1		2.7	2.5	2.7
4 ”			.5			1.5	1.5
Bronze Rifled Muzzle-loaders.
8 pdr.			1.5		3.6	3.6	3.6
4 ”			.8		1.5	1.5	1.5
4 ”			1	Cast-iron Round Shot.	2	1.8	1.8
American pattern cast-iron Smooth-bore Muzzle-loaders.
20 in.				117
15 ” new			10.75	67.5	45	27	9
15 ” old			10.75	67.5	45	27	9
10¾ ”				36			9
60 pdr. No. 1			1.8	14.5		10	4.5
60 ” ” 2			1.8	10.8		2.6	4.5
36 ” ” 1			1	8		2	3.6
36 ” ” 2			1	8		2	3.6
36 ” ” 3			1	6.2		1.6	8.6
36 ” ” 4			1	5.5		1.4	8.6
30 ” ” 1			.8	9		2.3	2.7
30 ” ” 2			.8	6.7		1.7	2.7
30 ” ” 3			.8	5		1.2	2.7
30 ” ” 4			.8	3.5		.9	2.7

A = Steel.
H = Working Effect.
I = Penetration.

Name, Nature, and Classification.	Initial Velocity.	H	I
Name, Nature, and Classification.	A	H	I
	Feet.	Ft. Tons.	In.
Krupp Russian pattern steel Breech-loaders.
Finished.
12 in.	1,446	9,408	14.1
11 ”	1,205	5,844	11.6
9 ”	1,341	3,365	9.8
9 ”	1,276	3,043	9.3
8 ”	1,404	2,463	9.0
Unfinished.
6 ”	1,335	1,188	7.1
8 ”	1,246	1,938	7.8
6 ”	1,207	972	6.4
9 pdr.	Common 1,049	183
4 ”	Common 1,003	96
Bronze Rifled Muzzle-loaders.
8 pdr.
4 ”	Common 1,000	77
4 ”
American pattern cast-iron Smooth-bore Muzzle-loaders.
20 in.	1,118	8,581
15 ” new	1,184	4,263
15 ” old	971	2,872
10¾ ”
60 pdr. No. 1
60 ” ” 2
36 ” ” 1
36 ” ” 2
36 ” ” 3
36 ” ” 4
30 ” ” 1
30 ” ” 2
30 ” ” 3
30 ” ” 4

The standard type of Russian ordnance is the Krupp breech-loader, manufactured in their own workshops, and slightly modified in some few details of guns and carriages. Some of their monitors are armed with the Rodman type of 15-inch smooth-bore. During the first period of the development of rifled guns the Russians adopted the Armstrong muzzle-loader, and shortly afterward they passed to the French breech-loader, there being still several armaments of these types in the wooden fleet; but all types have been superseded by the Krupp. The circular iron-clads having their guns firing en barbette, are worked on depressing carriages of Russian invention.

The Razkazoff Depression-Carriage.

This carriage consists of a heavy bed-plate, at the forward end of which is a heavy solid axle forming a turning-point for two solid cast arms, the upper ends of which form seats for the trunnions. Connected to these arms are the piston-rods of hydraulic recoil cylinders. The breech of the gun is supported by auxiliary arms, the bottom rests of which are mounted on screws in such a manner that they may be traversed through short lengths, thus elevating or depressing the gun. When the gun is down in its loading position these arms may be freely traversed, and the desired elevation be thus attained before raising the gun for firing. Both the Palmcrantz and the Hotchkiss machine-guns are used.

Peruvian Ordnance.

The naval ordnance of Peru consists of a few smooth-bores of the Rodman type and some Armstrong muzzle-loaders of the original type. They also have two or three Whitworth muzzle-loaders. The machine-guns are Gatlings.

Portuguese Ordnance.

The Portuguese Navy has a few Krupp breech-loaders, but the wooden fleet is for the greater part armed with Armstrong muzzle-loaders.

Spanish Ordnance.

The greater part of the Spanish fleet is armed with Armstrong muzzle-loaders, but medium-calibred steel guns of the French type are now manufactured in their own government workshops, some of which have been introduced into the navy, and it is supposed that at least for medium calibres this type will be the standard. There are some Krupp armaments, but these are exceptional. The Gatling machine-gun is used.

Turkish Ordnance.

The greater part of the ordnance of the Turkish fleet is of the Armstrong muzzle-loading pattern, although there is a preference for Krupp armaments, which are used to replace the original type of Armstrong guns. The Gatling machine-gun is used.

European Systems.

Of the breech-loading systems of Europe there are at present but two distinct types in use—the French and the Krupp—the latter being the one at present most fully represented, it being the standard ordnance of Germany, Russia, Austria, Denmark, and Holland.

The French type is the standard of France, Spain, Sweden, and, as may now be claimed, Italy. Armstrong, whose artillery is almost as fully represented as Krupp’s, has adopted the French type, and this will in all probability make this type the standard in those countries who purchase guns instead of manufacturing them.

The muzzle-loading types were abolished by all the manufacturing nations of Europe except England by 1864, although the prestige of Armstrong’s ordnance has kept up the supply to the smaller nations to the present time. This ordnance has been steadily growing in disfavor, and the latest development in rifled ordnance (enlarging the powder-chamber) will probably lead to its disuse.