The history of human marriage

by Edward Westermarck

FOOTNOTES:

[1] McLennan, ‘Studies in Ancient History,’ p. 1.

[2] Post, ‘Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft der Urzeit,’ p. 17. In his later works, however, Dr. Post has changed his opinion (see, especially, ‘Studien zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Familienrechts,’ p. 58).

[3] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 479.

[4] Ibid., p. 480.

[5] McLennan, loc. cit. p. 5.

[6] ‘Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland,’ vol. xviii. pp. 245-269.

[7] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 487.

[8] Muir, ‘Original Sanskrit Texts,’ vol. ii. p. 327.

[9] Goguet, ‘The Origin of Laws, Arts, and Sciences,’ vol. iii. pp. 311, 313.

[10] Ibid., vol. i. p.  22.

[11] Goguet, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 19.

[12] v. Düben, ‘Lappland och Lapparne,’ p. 330.

[13] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. ix. p. 16.

[14] Günther, ‘Introduction to the Study of Fishes,’ p. 163.

[15] Wood, ‘Illustrated Natural History,’ vol. iii. p. 3.

[16] Espinas, ‘Des sociétés animales,’ p. 416.

[17] Milne Edwards, ‘Leçons sur la physiologie et l’anatomie comparée,’ vol. viii. p. 496.

[18] Espinas, p. 417.

[19] The ostrich forms, however, a curious exception. The male sits on the eggs, and brings up the young birds, the female never troubling herself about either of these duties (Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ p. 324).

[20] Ibid., p. 285. These statements concerning birds are taken from Brehm’s ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iv., the same author’s ‘Bird-Life,’ and Hermann Müller’s ‘Am Neste.'

[21] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iii. p. 679.

[22] Ibid., vol. iii. pp. 593, 594, 599.

[23] Ibid., vol. iii. p. 578.

[24] Rengger,‘Naturgeschichte der Säugethiere von Paraguay,’ p. 354.

[25] Brehm, vol. iii. p. 206.

[26] Ibid., vol. iii. p. 256. Espinas, p. 447.

[27] Brehm, vol. iii. p. 124.

[28] Rengger, p. 240.

[29] Brehm, vol. ii. p. 270.

[30] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 263.

[31] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 39.

[32] Ibid., vol. i., p. 347.

[33] Ibid., vol. i. p.  387.

[34] Rengger, pp. 147, et seq.

[35] Brehm, vol i. p.  535.

[36] Ibid., vol. i. p.  224.

[37] Rengger, p. 62.

[38] Ibid., pp. 20, 38.

[39] Schomburgk, ‘Reisen in Britisch-Guiana,’ vol. iii. p. 767.

[40] Brehm, vol. i. p.  228.

[41] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. i. p.  97.

[42] ‘Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society,’ vol. xvi. p. 177.

[43] Mohnike, ‘Die Affen auf den indischen Inseln,’ in ‘Das Ausland,’ 1872, p. 850. See also Hartmann, ‘Die menschenähnlichen Affen,’ p. 230.

[44] Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p.  93.

[45] Savage, ‘Description of Troglodytes Gorilla,’ pp. 9, et seq.

[46] Du Chaillu, ‘Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa, p. 349.

[47] Reade, ‘Savage Africa,’ p. 214.

[48] Ibid., pp. 218, 214.

[49] v. Koppenfells, ‘Meine Jagden auf Gorillas,’ in ‘Die Gartenlaube,’ 1877, pp. 418, et seq.

[50] Savage, ‘On Troglodytes Niger,’ in ‘Boston Journal of Natural History,’ vol. iv. p. 385.

[51] ‘Die Gartenlaube,’ 1877, p. 418.

[52] Waitz, ‘Anthropologie der Naturvölker,’ vol. iii. p. 109. Carver, ‘Travels through the Interior Parts of North America,’ p. 367.

[53] Powers, ‘Tribes of California,’ p. 222.

[54] Heriot, ‘Travels through the Canadas,’ p. 338.

[55] Azara, ‘Voyages dans l’Amérique méridionale,’ vol. ii. p. 22.

[56] King and Fitzroy, ‘Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle,’ vol. ii. p. 182.

[57] v. Tschudi, ‘Reisen durch Südamerika,’ vol. ii. p. 283.

[58] Lumholtz, ‘Among Cannibals,’ p. 161.

[59] Fison and Howitt, ‘Kamilaroi and Kurnai,’ p. 206.

[60] Meyer, ‘Manners and Customs of the Encounter Bay Tribe,’ in Wood’s, ‘The Native Tribes of South Australia,’ p. 186.

[61] Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 373.

[62] Martin, ‘Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands,’ vol. ii. p. 167.

[63] Pritchard, ‘Polynesian Reminiscences,’ p. 134.

[64] Johnston, ‘Maoria,’ pp. 28, et seq.

[65] Kotzebue, ‘Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea,’ vol. iii. p. 173.

[66] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  14.

[67] Ibid., vol. i. p.  139.

[68] Letourneau, ‘Sociology,’ p. 386.

[69] Wilson and Felkin, ‘Uganda and the Egyptian Soudan,’ vol. ii. p. 90.

[70] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 209.

[71] Emerson Tennent, ‘Ceylon,’ vol. ii. p. 441.

[72] Rosset, ‘On the Maldive Islands,’ in ‘Journal of the Anthropological Institute,’ vol. xvi. pp. 168, et seq.

[73] Stewart, ‘Notes on Northern Cachar,’ in ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 614.

[74] Emerson Tennent, vol. ii. pp. 458, et seq. note 1.

[75] Schwaner, ‘Borneo,’ vol. i. p.  199.

[76] Fytche, ‘Burma,’ vol. ii. p. 73.

[77] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 958.

[78] Rossbach, ‘Untersuchungen über die römische Ehe,’ p. 32, &c.

[79] Dall, ‘Alaska and its Resources,’ p. 196.

[80] Buchanan, ‘Sketches of the History, Manners, and Customs of the North American Indians,’ p. 323.

[81] Im Thurn, ‘Among the Indians of Guiana,’ p. 221. Cf. v. Martius, ‘Beiträge zur Ethnographie Amerika’s,’ vol. i. pp. 247, 645, 688.

[82] Wilkes, ‘United States Exploring Expedition,’ vol. v. p.  363. Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ pp. 216, 221, &c.

[83] Dalton, ‘Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal,’ p. 40.

[84] Bickmore, ‘Travels in the East Indian Archipelago,’ p. 205.

[85] Strabo, ‘Γεωγραφικά,’ book xv. p. 727.

[86] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 515.

[87] Livingstone, ‘Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa,’ p. 147.

[88] Freycinet, ‘Voyage autour du monde,’ vol. ii. pp. 227, et seq.

[89] Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,’ p. 125.

[90] Hooper, ‘Ten Months among the Tents of the Tuski,’ p. 100.

[91] Endemann, ‘Mittheilungen über die Sotho-Neger,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. vi. p. 40.

[92] Jellinghaus, ‘Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche der Munda-Kolhs in Chota Nagpore,’ ibid., vol. iii. p. 370.

[93] ‘Union d’un homme et d’une femme, faite dans les formes légales’ (Larousse, ‘Grand dictionnaire universel de XIX^e siècle,‘ vol. x. p.  1174).

[94] ‘Die Verbindung zweyer Personen verschiedenen Geschlechts zum lebenswierigen wechselseitigen Besitz ihrer Geschlechtseigenschaften’ (Kant, ‘Die Metaphysik der Sitten,’ vol. i. p.  107).

[95] Schäffner, ‘Geschichte der Rechtsverfassung Frankreichs,’ vol. iii. p. 186.

[96] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iii. p. 649.

[97] Ibid., vol. iii. p. 479.

[98] Ibid., vol. iii. p. 400.

[99] Ibid., vol. i. p.  299.

[100] The Orang-utan is said to be not full-grown till fifteen years of age (Mohnike, in ‘Das Ausland,’ 1872, p. 850). Cf. Fiske, ‘Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy,’ vol. ii. pp. 342, et seq.

[101] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1872, p. 894.

[102] ‘Science,’ vol. vii. p. 172.

[103] Hyades, in ‘Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn,’ vol. vii. pp. 377, et seq.

[104] Moore, ‘Marriage Customs, Modes of Courtship,’ &c., p. 292.

[105] Klemm, ‘Allgemeine Cultur-Geschichte der Menschheit,’ vol. ii. p. 75.

[106] Rowney, ‘The Wild Tribes of India,’ pp. 203, et seq. v. Siebold, ‘Die Aino auf Yesso,’ p. 31. Gray, ‘China,’ vol. ii. p. 304.

[107] Lubbock, loc. cit. p. 80.

[108] Burckhardt, ‘Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys,’ p. 153.

[109] Nachtigal, ‘Sahara und Sudan,’ vol. ii., p. 177.

[110] Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 186.

[111] Erman, ‘Ethnographische Wahmehmungen an den Küsden des Berings-Meeres,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. iii. p. 162.

[112] Harkness, ‘The Neilgherry Hills,’ p. 116.

[113] Bérenger-Féraud, ‘Le mariage chez les Nègres Sénégambiens,’ in ‘Revue d’Anthropologie,’ 1883, pp. 286, et seq.

[114] Blumentritt, ‘Versuch einer Ethnographic der Philippinen,’ pp. 27, et seq.

[115] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 103.

[116] Ibid., p. 103.

[117] St. John, ‘Wild Tribes of the North-West Coast of Borneo,’ in ‘Transactions of the Ethnological Society,’ new series, vol. ii. p.237. Low, ‘Sarawak,’ p. 195. Wilken, ‘Plechtigheden en gebruiken bij verlovingen en huwelijken bij de volken van den Indischen Archipel,’ in ‘Bijdragen tot de taal-, land-en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië,’ ser. v. vol. iv. p. 442.

[118] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157.

[119] Lewin, ‘Wild Races of South-Eastern India,’ p. 202.

[120] v. Zmigrodzki, ‘Die Mutter bei den Völkern des arischen Stammes,’ pp. 246-248. Cf. Man, ‘On the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p.81 (Andamanese).

[121] Powers, loc. cit. p. 239.

[122] Schoolcraft,‘Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge,’ vol. v. p.  272.

[123] Wagner, ‘Handwörterbuch der Physiologie,’ vol. iv. p. 862. Gruenhagen, ‘Lehrbuch der Physiologie,’ vol. iii. p. 528. Cf. Haycraft, ‘Some Physiological Results of Temperature Variations,’ in ‘Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,’ vol. xxix. p. 130.

[124] Janke, ‘Die willkürliche Hervorbringung des Geschlechts,’ pp. 220-222.

[125] Gruenhagen, vol. iii. p. 528.

[126] Thus, the bat pairs in January and February (Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. i. p.  299); the wild camel in the desert to the east of Lake Lob-nor from the middle of January nearly to the end of February (Prejevalsky ‘From Kulja to Lob-nor,’ p. 91); the Canis Azarae and the Indian bison in winter (Rengger, loc. cit. p. 147). (Forsyth, ‘The Highlands of Central India,’ p. 108); the wild-cat and the fox, in February (Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. i. pp. 453, 662); the weasel, in March (ibid., vol. ii. p. 84); the kulan, from May to July (ibid., vol. iii. p. 19); the musk-ox, at the end of August (ibid., vol. iii. p. 377); the elk, in the Baltic provinces, at the end of August, and, in Asiatic Russia, in September or October (ibid., vol. iii. p. 111); the wild yak in Tibet, in September (Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. p. 192); the reindeer in Norway, at the end of September (Brehm, vol. iii. p. 123); the badger, in October (ibid., vol. ii. p. 149); the Capra pyrenaica, in November (ibid., vol. iii. p. 311); the chamois, the musk-deer, and the orongo-antelope, in November and December (ibid., vol. iii. pp. 274, 95. Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. p. 205); the wolf, from the end of December to the middle of February (Brehm, vol. i. p. 534).

[127] Brehm, vol. iii. pp. 275, 302. Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. pp. 199, 206.

[128] Brehm, vol. i. pp. 370, 404, 431; vol. ii. pp. 6, 325, 420; vol. iii. pp. 111, 158, 159, 578, 599.

[129] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. ii. p. 313.

[130] Ibid., vol. iii. pp. 699, 723.

[131] Ibid., vol. iii. p. 482.

[132] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 440.

[133] Ibid., vol. i. pp. 119, 147, 182, 228. Schomburgk, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 767.

[134] Brehm, vol. iii. pp. 480. It is also remarkable that the birds on the Galapagos Islands, which are situated almost on the equator, seem to have no definite breeding season (Markham, ‘Visit to the Galapagos Islands,’ in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ii. p. 753).

[135] Reade, loc. cit. p. 214.

[136] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1872, p. 850. Hartmann, loc. cit. p. 230. Huxley, ‘Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature,’ p. 33.

[137] Burton, ‘Gorilla Land,’ vol i. p.  248.

[138] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 224.

[139] Powers, loc. cit. p. 206.

[140] Foreman, ‘The Philippine Islands,’ p. 212.

[141] This statement, however, seems to be an exaggeration (cf. Curr, ‘The Australian Race,’ vol. i. pp. 310, et seq.).

[142] Oldfield, ‘The Aborigines of Australia,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. iii. p. 230.

[143] Bonwick, ‘Daily Life and Origin of the Tasmanians,’ p. 198.

[144] Dalton, loc. cit., pp. 196, et seq.

[145] Ibid., p. 300.

[146] Watson and Kaye, ‘The People of India,’ vol. i. no. 2. Rowney, loc. cit. p. 76.

[147] Shortt, ‘Contribution to the Ethnology of Jeypore,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vi. p. 269.

[148] Idem, ‘Account of the Hill Tribes of the Neilgherries,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 282.

[149] Bancroft, ‘Native Races of the Pacific States,’ vol. i. pp. 551, et seq.

[150] Fritsch, ‘Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika’s,’ p. 328.

[151] Rowley, ‘Africa Unveiled,’ p. 165.

[152] Kovalevsky, ‘Modern Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia,’ pp. 10, et seq.

[153] Westropp and Wake, ‘Ancient Symbol Worship,’ p. 26.

[154] Mannhardt, ‘Wald-und Feldkulte,’ vol. i. ch. v. §§ 8-11, especially pp. 449, 450, 469, 480, et seq. See also Kulischer, ‘Die geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl bei den Menschen in der Urzeit,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. viii. pp. 152-156.

[155] Wargentin, ‘Uti hvilka Månader flera Människor årligen födas och dö i Sverige,’ in ‘Kongl. Vetenskaps-academiens Handlingar,’ vol. xxviii. pp. 249-258.

[156] Wappäus, ‘Allgemeine Bevölkerungsstatistik,’ vol. i. p.  237.

[157] Sormani, ‘La fecondità e la mortalità umana in rapporto alle stagioni ed ai clima d’Italia;’ quoted by Mayr, ‘Die Gesetzmässigkeit im Gesellschaftsleben,’ p. 242.

[158] Mayr, p. 240. Beukemann, ‘Ein Beitrag zur Untersuchung über die Vertheilung der Geburten nach Monaten,’ pp. 15-22.

[159] Haycraft, in ‘Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh,’ vol. xxix. pp. 119, et seq.

[160] Mayr, loc. cit., p. 241.

[161] Beukemann, loc. cit. p. 26.

[162] Wargentin, in ‘Kongl. Vet.-acad. Handl.,’ vol. xxviii. p. 252. Wappäus, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  237.

[163] Wappäus, vol. i. pp. 250, 237.

[164] Hill, ‘The Life Statistics of an Indian Province,’ in ‘Nature,’ vol. xxxviii., p. 250.

[165] See, for instance, Ploss, ‘Das Weib,’ vol. i. p.  414; Wappäus, vol. i. pp. 239, 247.

[166] Rousselet, ‘India and its Native Princes,’ p. 173.

[167] Reclus, ‘Nouvelle géographie universelle,’ vol. viii. p. 70.

[168] Tod, ‘Annals and Antiquities of Rajast’han,’ vol. i. p.  495.

[169] Villermé. quoted by Quetelet, ‘Treatise on Man,’ p. 21.

[170] Beukemann, loc. cit. pp. 18, 28.

[171] Powers, loc. cit. p. 206.

[172] Ante, p. 27.

[173] Cf. Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p.  354.

[174] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. ii. p. 149.

[175] Ibid., vol. iii. p. 124.

[176] Wappäus, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  241.

[177] Wargentin, in ‘Kongl. Vet.-acad. Handl.,’ vol. xxviii. p. 254.

[178] Wappäus, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  242. Bertillon, ‘Natalité (démographie),’ in ‘Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales,’ ser. ii. vol. xi. p. 479.

[179] Beukemann, loc. cit. p. 59.

[180] Hill, in ‘Nature,’ vol. xxxviii. p. 250.

[181] Professor Nicholson says (‘Sexual Selection in Man,’ p. 9) that Darwinism fails to assign any adequate cause for this.

[182] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 113.

[183] Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. iii. pp. 269, et seq.

[184] Darwin, ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 255.

[185] Wappäus, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  247.

[186] Ibid., vol. i. p.  246. Quetelet, loc. cit. p. 20. Bertillon, in ‘Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales,’ ser. ii. vol. xi. p. 480.

[187] Wappäus, vol. i. p.  343.

[188] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iii. p. 333.

[189] Ibid., vol. iii. p. 43.

[190] Ibid., vol. iii. pp. 549, 557.

[191] Müller, loc. cit. pp. 2, 86, 104. I myself know of a canary that laid eggs as early as March.

[192] Peschel, ‘The Races of Man,’ pp. 229, et seq.

[193] Giraud-Teulon, ‘Les origines du mariage et de la famille,’ p. 148. Lippert, ‘Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit,’ vol. ii. pp. 54, et seq. Von Hellwald, ‘Die menschliche Familie,’ p. 207: ‘Was später der Vater, das ist der Oheim zur Zeit des Mutterrechtes und des Matriarchats.’ Kovalevsky, ‘Tableau des origines et de l’évolution de la famille et de la propriété,’ pp. 15, 16, 21.

[194] Giraud-Teulon, loc. cit. pp. 199, et seq.

[195] Kovalevsky, ‘Tableau des origines de la famille,’ pp. 21, et seq.

[196] Bastian, ‘Die Rechtsverhältnisse bei verschiedenen Völkern der Erde,’ p. 181.

[197] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026.

[198] Munzinger, ‘Ostafrikanische Studien,’ p. 528.

[199] Cain, ‘The Bhadrachellam and Rekapalli Taluqas,’ in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 34.

[200] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 150.

[201] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  268. Cf. Bartram, ‘The Creek and Cherokee Indians,’ in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p.  65.

[202] Codrington, ‘The Melanesians,’ p. 34. Cf. Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 60, 62, 69.

[203] Kautsky, ‘Die Entstehung der Ehe und Familie,’ in ‘Kosmos’ vol. xii. p. 198.

[204] Cf. Tylor, ‘Primitive Society,’ in ‘The Contemporary Review,’ vol. xxi. pp. 711, et seq.

[205] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p.  166.

[206] Savage, ‘Description of Troglodytes Gorilla,’ p. 9.

[207] Reade, loc. cit. p. 220.

[208] Du Chaillu, loc. cit. p. 349.

[209] ‘Die Gartenlaube,’ 1877, p. 418.

[210] Savage, in ‘Boston Journal of Natural History,’ vol. iv. pp. 384, et seq.

[211] Du Chaillu, p. 358.

[212] Hartmann, loc. cit. p. 221: ‘Dieses Thier lebt in einzelnen Familien oder in kleinern Gruppen von solchen beieinander.'

[213] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Psychology,’ vol. ii. pp. 558, et seq.

[214] Savage, in ‘Boston Journal of Natural History,’ vol. iv. p. 384. Cf. v. Koppenfels, in ‘Die Gartenlaube,’ 1877, p. 419.

[215] Spencer, vol. ii. p. 558.

[216] Herr Kautsky is certainly mistaken when he says (‘Kosmos,’ vol. xii. p. 193), ‘Nicht Familien, sondern Stämme sind es, denen wir bei den Völkern begegnen, die sich ihre ursprünglichen Einrichtungen noch bewahrt haben.'

[217] Pridham, ‘Account of Ceylon,’ vol. i. p.  454. Cf. Hartshorne, ‘The Weddas,’ in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.

[218] Bailey, ‘The Wild Tribes of the Veddahs of Ceylon,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ii. p. 281.

[219] Stirling, ‘Residence in Tierra del Fuego,’ in ‘The South American Missionary Magazine,’ vol. iv. p. 11.

[220] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  124.

[221] Hyades, ‘Ethnographie des Fuégiens,’ in ‘Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p.  333.

[222] Bove, ‘Patagonia, Terra del Fuoco,’ p. 134. Lovisato, ‘Appunti etnografici sulla Terra del Fuoco,’ in Guido Cora’s ‘Cosmos,’ vol. viii. p. 150.

[223] Bridges, ‘Manners and Customs of the Firelanders,’ in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 204.

[224] Salvado, ‘Mémoires historiques sur l’Australie,’ pp. 265, et seq. Idem, ‘Voyage en Australie,’ p. 178.

[225] Stanbridge, ‘The Tribes in the Central Part of Victoria,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. i. pp. 286, et seq.

[226] Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. p. 278.

[227] Fritsch, loc. cit. pp. 443, et seq.

[228] Thulié, ‘Instructions sur les Bochimans,’ in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. iv. pp. 409, et seq. Lichtenstein, ‘Travels in Southern Africa,’ vol. i. p.  48.

[229] Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 194.

[230] v. Martius, ‘Civil and Natural Rights among the Aboriginal Inhabitants of Brazil,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 192.

[231] v. Tschudi, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 283.

[232] v. Martius, ‘Beiträge zur Ethnographic Amerika’s,’ vol. i. pp. 244, 400, 247.

[233] Bates, ‘The Naturalist on the River Amazons,’ vol. ii. p. 376.

[234] Ibid., vol. ii. pp. 381, 377, et seq.; vol. i. p.  328.

[235] Southey, ‘History of Brazil,’ vol. ii. p. 373.

[236] v. Spix and v. Martius, ‘Travels in Brazil,’ vol. ii. p. 244.

[237] Petroff, ‘The Population, Industries, and Resources of Alaska,’ p. 135.

[238] Ahlqvist, ‘Die Kulturwörter der westfinnischen Sprachen,’ p. 220.

[239] Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 49, 194.

[240] King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 177, et seq.

[241] Hunter, ‘Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk Island,’ p. 62.

[242] Meyer, loc. cit. p. 191.

[243] Brough Smyth, ‘The Aborigines of Victoria,’ vol. i. pp. 146, et seq.

[244] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 207, et seq.

[245] Cf. Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. §§ 24, 27.

[246] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p.  72.

[247] Lubbock, ‘The Development of Relationships,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p.  2.

[248] Bachofen, ‘Das Mutterrecht,’ pp. xxi., xx., 10. Idem, ‘Antiquarische Briefe,’ pp. 20, et seq. McLennan, loc. cit. pp. 92, 95. Morgan, loc. cit. pp. 480, 487, et seq. Idem, ‘Ancient Society,’ pp. 418, 500-502. Lubbock loc. cit. pp. 86, 98, 104. Bastian, loc. cit. p. xviii. Giraud-Teulon, loc. cit. p. 70. Lippert, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 7.  Post, ‘Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft der Urzeit,’ pp. 16, et seq. Idem, ‘Die Grundlagen des Rechts,’ pp. 183, et seq. Idem, ‘Studien zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Familienrechts,’ pp. 54, et seq. Wilken, ‘Over de primitieve vormen van het huwelijk en den oorsprong van het gezin,’ in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol ii. p. 611. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft,’ vol. iv. p. 267. Engels, ‘Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats,’ p. 17. Mr. Herbert Spencer, though inferring (‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  635) that even in prehistoric times promiscuity was checked by the establishment of individual connections, thinks that in the earliest stages it was but in a small degree thus qualified.

[249] Fiske, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 345. Kulischer, in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. viii. pp. 140, et seq. Gomplowicz, ‘Grundriss der Sociologie,’ p. 107. Bevel, ‘Woman in the Past, Present, and Future,’ p. 9.

[250] Herodotus, ‘Ιστορία,’ book i. ch. 216. Strabo, loc. cit. book xi. p. 513.

[251] Herodotus, book iv. ch. 180.

[252] Solinus, ‘Collectanea Rerum Memorabilium,’ ch. xxx. § 2.

[253] Nicolaus Damascenus, ‘Ἐθῶν συναγω γή,’ §§ 3, 14.

[254] Wolkov, ‘Rites et usages nuptiaux en Ukraine,’ in ‘L’Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 164.

[255] Garcilasso de la Vega, ‘The Royal Commentaries of the Yncas,’ vol. ii. p. 443.

[256] Lubbock, loc. cit. pp. 86-95.

[257] Belcher, ‘The Andaman Islands,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. v. p. 45.

[258] Poole, ‘Queen Charlotte Islands,’ p. 312.

[259] Baegert, ‘The Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Californian Peninsula,’ in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1863, p. 368.

[260] Lubbock, loc. cit. pp. 87, et seq.

[261] Buchanan, ‘Journey from Madras,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages and Travels,’ vol. viii. p. 736. Lubbock, p. 87.

[262] Watson and Kaye, loc. cit. vol. ii. no. 85.

[263] Dubois, ‘Description of the People of India,’ p. 3.

[264] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 240.

[265] Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. pp. 36, 51, 53. Ridley, ‘Kámilarói,’ pp. 161, et seq.

[266] Schürmann, ‘The Aboriginal Tribes of Port Lincoln,’ in Wood’s ‘The Native Tribes of South Australia,’ p. 223.

[267] King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 182.

[268] Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. pp. 610, et seq. Idem, ‘Over de verwantschap en het huwelijks-en erfrecht bij de volken van het maleische ras,’ pp. 20; 82 note.

[269] Bastian, ‘Ueber die Eheverhältnisse,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. vi. p. 406.

[270] Idem, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. lxi., note 36.

[271] Idem, ‘Die Culturländer des Alten America,’ vol. ii. p. 654, note 4.

[272] Quoted by Giraud-Teulon, loc. cit. p. 72.

[273] Baegert, in ‘Smith Rep.,’ 1863, p. 368.

[274] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  239.

[275] Lubbock, loc. cit. pp. 104, et seq. Morgan in his ‘Introduction’ to Fison and Howitt’s ‘Kamilaroi and Kurnai,’ p. 10. Kohler, ‘Ueber das Recht der Australneger,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. p. 344. Kovalevsky, ‘Tableau des origines de la famille,’ pp. 13, et seq.

[276] Fison and Howitt, p. 60.

[277] Ibid., pp. 159, et seq.

[278] Howitt, ‘Australian Group Relations,’ in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1883, p. 817.

[279] As regards the Melanesians, Dr. Codrington remarks (loc. cit. pp. 22, et seq.): ‘Speaking generally, it may be said that to a Melanesian man all women, of his own generation at least, are either sisters or wives, to the Melanesian woman all men are either brothers or husbands.... It must not be understood that a Melanesian regards all women who are not of his own division as, in fact, his wives, or conceives himself to have rights which he may exercise in regard to those women of them who are unmarried; but the women who may be his wives by marriage and those who cannot possibly be so, stand in a widely different relation to him.'

[280] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  126.

[281] Ibid., vol. i. p.  142.

[282] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S.  Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 404.

[283] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 135.

[284] Burchell, ‘Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 60.

[285] Barrow, ‘Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa,’ vol. i. p.  276.

[286] Woldt, ‘Capitain Jacobsen’s Reise an der Nordwestküste Amerikas,’ pp. 20, 21, 28, et seq.

[287] Ratzel, ‘Völkerkunde,’ vol. ii. p. 430.

[288] Schwaner, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  231, note: ‘De Koeteinezen verhalen, dat hunne Ot geene huwelijken sluiten, geen woningen hebben, en als de dieren des wouds door hen gejaagd worden.'

[289] Ibid., vol. i. p.  230.

[290] Richardson, ‘Arctic Searching Expedition,’ vol. i. p.  383. Kirby, ‘Journey to the Youcan,’ in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 419. Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  131.

[291] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  693.

[292] Schomburgk, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 459, et seq. Brett, ‘The Indian Tribes of Guiana,’ p. 98.

[293] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 472.

[294] Dalton, ‘The “Kols” of Chota Nagpore,‘ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vi. p. 25.

[295] Lubbock, loc. cit. p. 81.

[296] Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p.  304.

[297] With reference to the Tahitians, Forster says (‘Voyage round the World,’ vol. ii. p. 132), ‘We have been told a wanton tale of promiscuous embraces, where every woman is common to every man: but when we inquired for a confirmation of this story from the natives, we were soon convinced that it must, like many others, be considered as a groundless invention of a traveller’s gay fancy.’ Regarding the Peruvian natives alleged to live in a state of promiscuity, Garcilasso de la Vega assures us (loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 443) that he saw them with his own eyes when on his way to Spain, for the ship stopped on their coast for three days.

[298] Pliny, ‘Historia Naturalis,’ book v. ch. 8: ‘Garamantes, matrimoniorum exsortes, passim cum foeminis degunt.... Blemmyis traduntur capita abesse, ore et oculis pectori affixis.'

[299] Rowney, loc. cit. pp. 140, 142, 143.

[300] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ii. p. 293.

[301] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 85, et seq.

[302] Post, ‘Die Grundlagen des Rechts,’ p. 187. Cf. Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 1195.

[303] Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  206.

[304] Proyart, ‘History of Loango,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 568.

[305] Reade, loc. cit. p. 261.

[306] Forbes, ‘Dahomey and the Dahomans,’ vol. i. p.  26.

[307] Barth, ‘Reisen in Nord-und Central-Afrika,’ vol. ii. p. 18.

[308] Chavanne, loc. cit. p. 315.

[309] Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 326.

[310] Baker, loc. cit. p. 124.

[311] Munzinger, p. 243. For certain other African peoples, see Moore, loc. cit. p. 221; Munzinger, pp. 145, 146, 208; d’Escayrac de Lauture, ‘Die Afrikanische Wüste,’ p. 132.

[312] Hanoteau and Letourneux, ‘La Kabylie et les coutumes Kabyles,’ vol. ii. pp. 148, 187.

[313] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 240.

[314] Klemm, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 166.

[315] Liebich, ‘Die Zigeuner,’ p. 50, note 1.

[316] Georgi, ‘Beschreibung aller Nationen des russischen Reichs,’ p. 311.

[317] Klemm, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 26.

[318] Prejevalsky, ‘From Kulja to Lob-nor,’ p. 112.

[319] Fytche, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  343.

[320] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen tot de taal-, land-en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië,’ ser. v. vol. iv. p. 444.

[321] Low, loc. cit. pp. 300, 247.

[322] St. John, ‘Life in the Forests of the Far East,’ vol. i. pp. 52, et seq.

[323] Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 66.

[324] Meyer, ‘Die Igorrotes von Luzon,’ in ‘Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte,’ 1883, pp. 384, et seq. Blumentritt, loc. cit. p. 27. For other tribes of the Indian Archipelago, see Marsden, ‘The History of Sumatra,’ p. 261; and Matthes, ‘Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes,’ p. 6.

[325] Earl, ‘Papuans,’ p. 81. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 629. Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ pp. 77, 82, 92, 101.

[326] Bonwick, loc. cit. p. 60.

[327] Finsch, p. 101.

[328] Bonwick, pp. 59, 11.

[329] Erskine, ‘The Islands of the Western Pacific,’ p. 341.

[330] Ibid., p. 255.

[331] Codrington, loc. cit. p. 235.

[332] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 138.

[333] Turner, ‘Nineteen Years in Polynesia,’ p. 184.

[334] Quoted by Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 318.

[335] Dawson, ‘Australian Aborigines,’ pp. 33, 28.

[336] Quoted by Petroff, loc. cit. p. 155.

[337] Egede, ‘Description of Greenland,’ p. 141.

[338] Cranz, ‘The History of Greenland,’ vol. i. p.  145.

[339] Hearne, ‘Journey to the Northern Ocean,’ p. 311.

[340] Catlin, ‘Illustrations of the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians,’ vol. i. p.  121.

[341] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  654.

[342] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  514.

[343] See Meares, ‘Voyages,’ p. 251; Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 112.

[344] Dobrizhoffer, ‘Account of the Abipones,’ vol. ii. p. 153.

[345] Nansen, ‘The First Crossing of Greenland,’ vol. ii. p. 329.

[346] Powers, loc. cit. p. 381.

[347] Lord, ‘The Naturalist in Vancouver Island,’ vol. ii. p. 233.

[348] Woldt, loc. cit. p. 28.

[349] King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 173.

[350] Musters, ‘At Home with the Patagonians,’ p. 197.

[351] Vancouver, ‘Voyage of Discovery,’ vol. i. pp. 171, et seq.

[352] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 108. Brenchley, ‘Jottings during the Cruise of H.M.S. Curaçoa among the South Sea Islands,’ p. 208. Cf. Meade, ‘A Ride through the Disturbed Districts of New Zealand,’ p. 163 (Maoris).

[353] Ellis, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  270.

[354] Stephens, ‘The Aborigines of Australia,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S.  Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 480.

[355] Sibree, ‘The Great African Island,’ p. 252.

[356] Krauss, ‘Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven,’ ch. xii. pp. 197-227.

[357] Ahlqvist, loc. cit. p. 214.

[358] Vámbéry, ‘Die primitive Cultur des turko-tatarischen Volkes,’ p. 72.

[359] Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 444.

[360] Drury, ‘Adventures during Fifteen Years’ Captivity on the Island of Madagascar,‘ p. 323.

[361] Wappäus, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 484.

[362] v. Oettingen, ‘Moralstatistik,’ p. 317.

[363] v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 199.

[364] Ibid., pp. 199, 216.

[365] Ibid., p. 327.

[366] Cf. Barth, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 18; v. Holten, ‘Das Land der Yurakarer,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. ix. p. 109; Hunter, ‘The Annals of Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p.  205.

[367] Cf. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 114; vol. iii. pp. 111, 343; vol. vi. pp. 125, 774; Powers, loc. cit. p. 415; Lewin, loc. cit. p. 348; Martin, loc. cit. vol ii. p. 175; Riedel, ‘De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua,’ pp. 5, 42; Marsden, loc. cit. p. 261.

[368] Lewin, p. 193.

[369] Ibid., p. 203.

[370] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 248.

[371] Watt, ‘The Aboriginal Tribes of Manipur,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 358.

[372] St. John, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  53.

[373] Rogers, ‘Scotland Social and Domestic,’ p. 109.

[374] Lubbock, loc. cit. p. 536.

[375] Herodotus, loc. cit. book i. ch. 199.

[376] Strabo, loc. cit. book xi. p. 532.

[377] Lubbock, pp. 535-537.

[378] McLennan, loc. cit. p. 341.

[379] Herodotus, book iv. ch. 172. Pomponius Mela, ‘De Situ Orbis,’ book i. ch. 8.

[380] Garcilasso de la Vega, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 442.

[381] Diodorus Siculus, ‘Βιβλιοθήκη ἱστορική,’ book v. ch. 1.

[382] v. Langsdorf, ‘Voyages and Travels,’ vol. i. p.  153.

[383] McLennan, loc. cit. p. 341. The case stated by Garcilasso de la Vega must, however, be excepted.

[384] Lubbock, loc. cit. p. 132. Post, ‘Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft der Urzeit,’ pp. 34, et seq. Le Bon, ‘L’homme et les sociétés,’ vol. ii. p. 292. Lippert, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 17. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss,’ vol. vii. p. 327.

[385] It occurs among the Kafirs (v. Weber, ‘Vier Jahre in Afrika,’ vol. ii. p. 218), several Central African peoples (Reade, loc. cit. p. 262. Du Chaillu, loc. cit. p. 47. Merolla da Sorrento, ‘Voyage to Congo,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 272. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 114), the Aleuts (Dall, loc. cit. p. 399. Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 92, et seq. Georgi, loc. cit. p. 372), Eskimo (Bancroft, vol. i. p.  65), Crees (Mackenzie, ‘Voyages to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans,’ p. xcvi.), Comanches (Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  684), Apaches (Bancroft, vol. i. p. 514), some Californians (Powers, loc. cit. p. 153), the aborigines of Surinam (Moore, loc. cit. p. 267), and Brazil (v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 118), Sinhalese (Pridham, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  250), Dyaks of Sidin (Western Borneo) and Orang-Saki (Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen tot de taal-, land-en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië,’ ser. v. vol. iv. p. 451), the Australians (Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  93. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 195. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss,’ vol. vii. pp. 326, et seq. Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  110), Tasmanians (Bonwick, loc. cit. p. 75), Papuans (Zimmermann, ‘Die Inseln des indischen und stillen Meeres,’ vol. ii. p. 183), Caroline Islanders (Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 212), and some other Pacific Islanders (Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 194. Post, ‘Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’ p. 35), as also the Votyaks and certain Siberian peoples (Buch, ‘Die Wotjäken,’ p. 48). This list might easily be enlarged.

[386] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 111. Regnard, ‘Journey to Lapland,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. i. pp. 166, et seq. Moore, loc. cit. p. 267. Marco Polo, ‘The Kingdoms and Marvels of the East,’ vol. ii. p. 34. Post, ‘Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’ pp. 34, et seq. Coxe, ‘The Russian Discoveries between Asia and America,’ p. 245.

[387] Rochon, ‘Voyage to Madagascar,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 747.

[388] Sauer, ‘Expedition to the Northern Parts of Russia,’ p. 49.

[389] Sproat, ‘Scenes and Studies of Savage Life,’ p. 95.

[390] Richardson, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  356.

[391] Du Chaillu, loc. cit. p. 47.

[392] Lyon, ‘The Private Journal,’ &c., p. 354. Hearne, loc. cit. p. 129. Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  92. Steller, ‘Beschreibung von Kamtschatka,’ p. 347. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 308; vol. vi. pp. 130, 131, 622. Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 172. Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  247.

[393] Egede, loc. cit. p. 140.

[394] Marco Polo, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 34.

[395] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol ii. p. 316. Cf. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S.  Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 404.

[396] Johnston, ‘The Kilima-njaro Expedition,’ p. 431.

[397] McLennan, loc. cit. p. 337, note. Cf. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 404.

[398] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 698. ‘Revue des deux Mondes,’ 1883, June 1, p. 688.

[399] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 382.

[400] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 113, 428, 485.

[401] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 671.

[402] Ibid., vol. i. pp. 584, et seq. Bastian, in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. vi. p. 408, note.

[403] Bontier and Le Verrier, ‘The Canarian,’ Introduction, p. xxxv. Cf. Glas, ‘The History of the Discovery and Conquest of the Canary Islands,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 819.

[404] Barth, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 571, note *.

[405] Herodotus, loc. cit. book iv. ch. 168.

[406] Navarette, ‘The Great Empire of China,’ in Awnsham and Churchill’s ‘Collection of Voyages and Travels,’ vol. i. p.  320.

[407] Hamilton, ‘New Account of the East Indies,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. viii. p. 374.

[408] Sugenheim, ‘Geschichte der Aufhebung der Leibeigenschaft und Hörigkeit in Europa,’ p. 104. Philip VI. and Charles VI. could not, in the fourteenth century, induce the Bishops of Amiens to give up the old custom, “dass jedes neuvremählte Paar ihrer Stadt und Diöcese die Erlaubniss zur ehelichen Beiwohnung in den drei ersten Nächten nach der Trauung von ihnen mittelst einer bedeutenden Abgabe erkaufen musste.”

[409] Schmidt, ‘Jus primae noctis,’ pp. 379, &c.

[410] See Professor Kohler’s criticism in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iv. pp. 279-287.

[411] Kulischer, ‘Die communale “Zeitehe,”‘ in ‘Archiv. für Anthropologie,’ vol. xi. pp. 228, et seq.

[412] Bachofen, ‘Das Mutterrecht,’ pp. 12, 13, 17, 18, &c. Giraud-Teulon, loc. cit. pp. 32, &c. Kulischer, in ‘Archiv für Anthropologie,’ vol. xi. p. 223. Post, ‘Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’ p. 37. Lubbock, loc. cit. p. 537. Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 1196. See Schmidt, ‘Das Streit über das jus primae noctis,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. xvi. pp. 44, et seq.

[413] Holub, ‘Seven Years in South Africa,’ vol. ii. pp. 160, et seq.

[414] Bastian, ‘Der Mensch in der Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 302. Burton, ‘Mission to Gelele, King of Dahome,’ vol. ii. p. 67.

[415] Bosman, ‘Description of the Coast of Guinea,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 480.

[416] Moore, loc. cit. p. 161.

[417] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 45.

[418] Moore, p. 182.

[419] Marco Polo, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 213.

[420] Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  29.

[421] Yate, ‘Account of New Zealand,’ p. 96.

[422] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 184.

[423] Reade, loc. cit. p. 359.

[424] ‘Ѕалнск? сељскаго св?ще?н?ка,’ in ‘Русская Сгарина,’ vol. xxvii. pp. 63, 77.

[425] Egede, loc. cit. p. 140.

[426] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 113, et seq.

[427] Hamilton, loc. cit. p. 374.

[428] Lubbock, loc. cit. pp. 133, 537-539. Giraud-Teulon, loc. cit. pp. 43-53.

[429] Lubbock, loc. cit. p. 539.

[430] See Giraud-Teulon, loc. cit. p. 44.

[431] McLennan, loc. cit. p. 343.

[432] Juan and Ulloa, ‘Voyage to South America,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection
of Voyages,’ vol. xiv. p. 521.

[433] Regnard, loc. cit. p. 166.

[434] St. Andrew St. John, ‘The Hill Tribes of North Aracan,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 239.

[435] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family,’ p. 12.

[436] ‘Malayan,’ as Mr. Wallace remarks, is a bad term, as this system does not occur among true Malays.

[437] Morgan, pp. 450, et seq.

[438] Idem, ‘Ancient Society,’ pp. 403, et seq. Idem, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ pp. 482, et seq.

[439] Lubbock, loc. cit. p. 184.

[440] Ibid., p. 196.

[441] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., p. 488.

[442] As the second form he assumes the ‘Punaluan family,’ which was founded upon intermarriage of several sisters and female cousins with each other’s husbands (or several brothers and male cousins with each other’s wives) in a group, the joint husbands (or wives) not being necessarily akin to each other, although often so (‘Ancient Society,’ p. 384).

[443] Ibid., p. 502. Cf. Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., pp. 487, et seq.

[444] Buschmann, ‘Ueber den Naturlaut,’ in ‘Philologische und historische Abhandlungen der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,’ 1852, pp. 391-423. Independently of him Sir J. Lubbock has compiled a similar table in ‘The Origin of Civilization,’ pp. 427-432.

[445] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 10, 9.

[446] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 18.

[447] Hunter, ‘Comparative Dictionary of the Languages of India and High Asia,’ p. 122.

[448] von der Gabelentz, ‘Die melanesischen Sprachen,’ vol. ii. p. 139.

[449] Hunter, pp. 122, 143.

[450] von der Gabelentz, vol. ii. p. 52.

[451] Ibid., vol. i. p.  215.

[452] Ibid., vol. i. p.  172.

[453] Klaproth, ‘Asia Polyglotta,’ p. 281.

[454] Barth, ‘Central-afrikanische Vokabularien,’ p. 212.

[455] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 293.

[456] von den Steinen, ‘Durch Central-Brasilien,’ p. 341.

[457] von der Gabelentz, vol. i. p.  71.

[458] Barth, p. 214.

[459] von der Gabelentz, vol. ii. p. 52.

[460] Preyer, ‘Die Seele des Kindes,’ p. 321.

[461] Lubbock, loc. cit. p. 431.

[462] von den Steinen, loc. cit. p. 341.

[463] Schomburgk, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 318. Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 126, 186.

[464] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., pp. 295, 313, 339, 348, 358, 362, 368, 374.

[465] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 366.

[466] Robertson Smith, ‘Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia,’ p. 117.

[467] Vámbéry, ‘Die primitive Cultur des turko-tatarischen Volkes,’ p. 65.

[468] Müller, ‘Comparative Mythology,’ in ‘Oxford Essays,’ 1856, pp. 14, et seq. Idem, ‘Biographies of Words,’ p. xvi.

[469] Lubbock, loc. cit. p. 433. Cf. Sayce, ‘Principles of Comparative Philology,’ p. 211.

[470] Cf. McLennan, loc. cit. p. 259; Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 188.

[471] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., p. 132.

[472] Davy, ‘Account of the Interior of Ceylon,’ p. 117.

[473] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., p. 453, note.

[474] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 127.

[475] Barth, ‘Central-afrikanische Vocabularien,’ p. 216. Vámbéry, ‘Die primitive Cultur,’ &c., p. 69.

[476] Barth, p. 216.

[477] Sibree, loc. cit. pp. 244, et seq.

[478] Reade, loc. cit. p. 258.

[479] Casalis, ‘The Basutos,’ p. 207.

[480] Ahlqvist, loc. cit. p. 209.

[481] Lubbock, loc. cit. p. 431. Nordqvist, ‘Tschuktschisk ordlista,’ in Nordenskiöld, ‘Vega-expeditionens vetenskapliga iakttagelser,’ vol. i. pp. 386, 390.

[482] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 247, et seq.

[483] Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 277. Cf. Collins, ‘New South Wales,’ vol. i. p. 544.

[484] Nicolaus Damascenus, loc. cit. § 3.

[485] Deecke, ‘Die deutschen Verwandtschaftsnamen,’ p. 79.

[486] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 116.

[487] Ahlqvist, p. 209.

[488] Dixon, ‘The Tsuishikari Ainos,’ in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xi. pt. i. p.  43.

[489] Vámbéry, ‘Die primitive Cultur,’ &c., p. 65.

[490] Ahlqvist, p. 212.

[491] Ahlqvist, loc. cit. p. 211.

[492] von den Steinen, loc. cit. p. 341.

[493] Ahlqvist, p. 210. von der Gabelentz, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  172.

[494] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ p. 452, note. Cf. the German ‘Junge.'

[495] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 91, et seq.

[496] Eyre, ‘Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 214.

[497] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  143.

[498] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 247.

[499] Bridges, in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 212.

[500] Mr. A. J.  Swann, in a letter dated Kavala Island, Lake Tanganyika, December 14th, 1888.

[501] Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320. According to M. Le Mesurier (‘The Veddás of Ceylon,’ in Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Branch,‘ vol. ix. p. 347), the Rock or Hill Veddahs use the word for brother, ‘aluwa,’ when they speak of or to any person with whom they are in friendship.

[502] Mr. Bridges, in a letter dated Downeast, Tierra del Fuego, August 28th, 1888.

[503] In dealing with the pretended group-marriages of the Australians, we have noted the distortion of facts to which Mr. Morgan’s hypothesis has given rise. Nowhere has this distortion appeared in an odder way than in Professor Bernhöft’s pamphlet, entitled ‘Verwandtschaftsnamen und Eheformen der nordamerikanischen Volksstämme.’ The author, misled by the systems of nomenclature, asserts that even now group-marriages are extremely common (have ‘eine ungeheure Verbreitung’) not only among the Australians, but also throughout America and Africa, and in many parts of Asia (pp. 8, 16). In a paper of more recent date (‘Altindische Familien-Organisation,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. ix. p. 7), however, Professor Bernhöft admits that the actual practice has mostly become different from that which the terms indicate, and that the progress to individual marriage has already often taken place.

[504] Lubbock, loc. cit. pp. 196, et seq. Morgan, ‘Systems,’ p. 35 note.

[505] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ p. 36, note.

[506] ‘Das Mutterrecht.'

[507] McLennan, loc. cit. p. 88.

[508] See, besides the works of Bachofen and McLennan, Lubbock, loc. cit. pp. 151-156; Giraud-Teulon, loc. cit. ch. vii.-x.; Idem, ‘La Mère chez certains peuples de l’antiquité;’ Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ pp. 183, et seq.; Lippert, ‘Die Geschichte der Familie,’ sec. i.; Idem, ‘Kulturgeschichte,’ vol. ii. ch. ii.; Dargun, ‘Mutterrecht und Raubehe,’ pp. 2-9; Post, ‘Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’ pp. 93, et seq.; Idem, ‘Der Ursprung des Rechts,’ pp. 37, et seq.; Idem, ‘Baustiene,’ vol. i. pp. 77, et seq.; Starcke, ‘The Primitive Family,’ sec. i. ch. i.-v.; Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1881, vol. li. pp. 244-254; Friedrichs, ‘Ueber den Ursprung des Matriarchats,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. viii. pp. 382, et seq.; Frazer, ‘Totemism,’ pp. 70-72; Letourneau, ‘L’évolution du mariage et de la famille,’ ch. xvi.-xviii.; Wake, ‘The Development of Marriage and Kinship,’ ch. viii., et seq.

[509] Cf. Hale, in ‘Science,’ vol. xix. p. 30.

[510] Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  176.

[511] Heriot, loc. cit. pp. 343, et seq.

[512] Powers, loc. cit. p. 371 (Yokuts). Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 242.

[513] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 182, 194.

[514] Ibid., vol. iii. p. 234.

[515] Sproat, loc. cit. pp. 98, 116.

[516] Frazer, loc. cit. p. 71.

[517] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Ancient Mexicans, &c., pp. 5, et seq.

[518] v. Humboldt, ‘Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent,’ vol. vi. p. 41. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 383.

[519] Buckley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. iii. p. 31.

[520] Waitz, vol. iii. pp. 471, et seq. Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ American Races, p. 10.

[521] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 352, et seq. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 499.

[522] Hyades, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p.  334.

[523] Cook, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  412.

[524] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., pp. 579, 583.

[525] Ellis, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  260.

[526] Cook, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 172.

[527] Ellis, ‘Tour through Hawaii,’ pp. 391, et seq.

[528] Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 247. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 203.

[529] Gill, ‘Myths and Songs from the South Pacific,’ p. 36.

[530] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 366.

[531] Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. pp. 209, et seq. Cheyne, ‘Islands in the Western Pacific Ocean,’ p. 109. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 119.

[532] Marsden, loc. cit. p. 244.

[533] Hickson, ‘A Naturalist in North Celebes,’ pp. 285, et seq. Wilken, ‘Over de verwantschap, etc., bij de volken van het maleische ras,’ p. 21.

[534] Wilken, p. 21.

[535] Kohler, ‘Das Recht der Papuas auf Neu-Guinea,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. pp. 373, 375. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 395. Chalmers, ‘Pioneering in New Guinea,’ p. 188.

[536] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  85.

[537] Taylor, ‘Te Ika a Maui,’ p. 326. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 210.

[538] According to Mr. Frazer (loc. cit. p. 70), the proportion of tribes with female to those with male descent is as four to one.

[539] Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. pp. 276, 285. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 777. Eyre, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 328. Frazer, p. 70.

[540] Taplin, ‘The Narrinyeri,’ in Wood’s, ‘The Native Tribes of South Australia,’ pp. 12, 51.

[541] Gason, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 186.

[542] Grey, ‘Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and Western Australia,’ vol. ii. pp. 226, 236.

[543] Marshall, ‘A Phrenologist amongst the Todas,’ p. 206.

[544] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Asiatic Races, pp. 10, et seq.

[545] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 274.

[546] Rowney, loc. cit. p. 167.

[547] Hunter, ‘The Annals of Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p.  202.

[548] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Asiatic Races, p. 11.

[549] Burckhardt, ‘Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys,’ p. 75. Wilken’s ‘Das Matriarchat bei den alten Arabern’ and Professor Robertson Smith’s (loc. cit. p. 151) suggestion that the maternal system alone prevailed among the ancient Arabs, must be regarded as a mere hypothesis. Cf. Redhouse, ‘Notes on Prof. E. B.  Tylor’s “Arabian Matriarchate.”‘

[550] Wake, loc. cit. p. 271.

[551] Cf. Dargun, loc. cit. p. 5.

[552] Batchelor, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. x. p.  212.

[553] Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 458. Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 54, 57, 63 (Jyntias, Khasias, Garos). Dargun, p. 5, note.

[554] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 522. Cf. Burton, ‘First Footsteps in East Africa,’ p. 123.

[555] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  169.

[556] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 469.

[557] Bosman, loc. cit. p. 421.

[558] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 230.

[559] Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ p. 228. Chapman, ‘Travels in the Interior of South Africa,’ vol. i. p.  341.

[560] Conder, ‘The Native Tribes in Bechuana-Land,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 85. Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 185.

[561] In a letter dated Imbizane River, Natal, October 10th, 1888.

[562] In a letter dated Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony, October 1st, 1888.

[563] Maclean, ‘Compendium of Kafir Laws and Customs,’ pp. 71, 116. v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 220. Cf. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 391. Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 92.

[564] Starcke, loc. cit. p. 75. Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ African Races, p. 7.

[565] Andersson, p. 333.

[566] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Types of Lowest Races, &c., p. 10. For other instances of male descent in Africa, see Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. pp. 26-28.

[567] Maine, ‘Dissertations on Early Law and Custom,’ p. 149.

[568] Bachofen, ‘Das Mutterrecht,’ and ‘Antiquarische Briefe.’ McLennan, loc. cit. pp. 118-120, 195-246. Idem, ‘The Patriarchal Theory.’ Giraud-Teulon, ‘Les origines du mariage,’ ch. xiv., xvi.

[569] Tacitus, ‘Germania,’ ch. xx.

[570] Schrader, ‘Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples,’ p. 395.

[571] Müller, ‘Biographies of Words,’ p. xvii.

[572] Mr. Horatio Hale thinks (‘Science,’ vol. xix. p. 30) that in North America the paternal and maternal systems are both primitive.

[573] Cf. Friedrichs, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. viii. pp. 371, &c.

[574] Maine, loc. cit. p. 202.

[575] Cf. Lippert, ‘Die Geschichte der Familie,’ pp. 5, 8, 9, &c.

[576] Carver, loc. cit. p. 378.

[577] Cameron, ‘Notes on some Tribes of New South Wales,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv., p. 352.

[578] Howitt, in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1883, p. 813.

[579] Wilkinson, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians,’ vol. i. p.  320.

[580] Ribot, ‘L’hérédité psychologique,’ p. 362.

[581] Maine, loc. cit. p. 203.

[582] Cf. Tylor, ‘Researches into the Early History of Mankind,’ pp. 295, et seq.; Kohler, in ‘Kritische Vierteljahrschrift für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft,’ N. S.  vol. iv. pp. 182, et seq.

[583] Cf. Lubbock, loc. cit. pp. 150, et seq.

[584] Belt, ‘The Naturalist in Nicaragua’ p. 322.

[585] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  273.

[586] Hooker, ‘Himalayan Journals,’ vol. ii. p. 276.

[587] Quoted by Starcke, loc. cit. p. 69, note 4.

[588] Ibid., pp. 27, 28, 35, 36, 40, 41, &c.

[589] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 184, 192, et seq. It is remarkable, he says (p. 187), that while all children, among the Efatese, belonged, by the family name, to the mother’s family, each child had its own name, and any one bearing the name at once knew the father’s family thereby.

[590] Casalis, loc. cit. p. 181.

[591] Moore, loc. cit. p. 298. Powers, loc. cit. p. 382. Schoolcraft, ‘The Indian and his Wigwam,’ p. 72.

[592] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 383.

[593] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  136. Cf. Livingstone, loc. cit. pp. 622, et seq.

[594] Hickson, ‘Notes on the Sengirese,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 138.

[595] Hooker, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 276.

[596] Marsden, loc. cit. p. 262.

[597] Starcke, loc. cit. p. 80.

[598] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 258.

[599] Early Arabians (Robertson Smith, loc. cit. pp. 74, et seq.), Sumatrans (Marsden, loc. cit. p. 225), Sinhalese (McLennan, ‘Studies in Ancient History,’ pp. 101, et seq.).

[600] Küchler, ‘Marriage in Japan,’ in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p 115.

[601] Starcke, loc. cit. p. 36.

[602] Grey, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 226, 231. Lubbock, loc. cit. pp. 136, et seq.

[603] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406.

[604] McCall Theal, ‘History of the Emigrant Boers,’ p. 16.

[605] Medhurst, ‘Marriage, Affinity, and Inheritance in China,’ in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 29.

[606] Munzinger, loc. cit. pp. 484, 490. Proyart, loc. cit. p. 571.

[607] Marshall, loc. cit. pp. 206, et seq.

[608] Kearns, ‘The Tribes of South India,’ p. 35.

[609] Wake, loc. cit. p. 271.

[610] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  637, note.

[611] Cf. Bosman, loc. cit. p. 421. Phillips, ‘The Lower Congo,’ in ‘Jour. Anth. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 229. Grade, in ‘Aus allen Welttheilen,’ vol. xx. p. 5.  Powell, ‘Wanderings in a Wild Country,’ p. 60.

[612] Maine, loc. cit. pp. 204, et seq.

[613] Ibid., pp. 204, et seq. note.

[614] Mantegazza, ‘Die Hygieine der Liebe,’ p. 405.

[615] Quoted by Witkowski, ‘La génération humaine,’ p. 218.

[616] ‘Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet,’ &c., note to p. 74.

[617] Wilson, ‘The Abode of Snow,’ p. 215.

[618] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  82. Cf. Erman, in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. iii. p. 163.

[619] Lisiansky, ‘Voyage Round the World,’ p. 83.

[620] Bontier and Le Verrier, loc. cit. p. 139.

[621] Harkness, loc. cit. pp. 122, et seq.

[622] de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p.  227.

[623] Hamilton, loc. cit. pp. 374, et seq.

[624] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 395.

[625] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 394.

[626] Le Bon, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 289, et seq. Kautsky, in ‘Kosmos,’ vol. xii. p. 262.

[627] Giraud-Teulon, ‘Les origines de la famille,’ p’ 79, note.

[628] Le Bon, vol. ii. p. 293.

[629] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  125.

[630] Breton, ‘Excursions in New South Wales,’ &c., p. 231. Wilkes, vol. ii. p. 195. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 774. Schürmann, loc. cit. p. 223. Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 280.

[631] Grey, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 252.

[632] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 100, 109.

[633] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn, Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ii. p. 292.

[634] Holmberg, ‘Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker des russischen Amerika,’ in ‘Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. pp. 332, et seq. Dali, loc. cit. p. 421.

[635] Petroff, loc. cit. p. 158. Richardson, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  383. Hardisty, ‘The Loucheux Indians,’ in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1866, p. 312. Dixon, ‘Voyage round the World,’ pp. 225, et seq. Harmon, ‘Journal of Voyages and Travels,’ p. 293. Franklin, ‘Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea,’ p. 67. Cf. Waitz, vol. iii. p. 328; Hearne, loc. cit. p. 310; Mackenzie, loc. cit. p. 147; Hooper, loc. cit. p. 390.

[636] Harmon, loc. cit. p. 343.

[637] Powers, loc. cit. p. 412.

[638] Adair, loc. cit. p. 143.

[639] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 209.

[640] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  693.

[641] v. Schütz-Holzhausen, ‘Der Amazonas,’ p. 70.

[642] v. Martius, vol i. p.  322. Keane, ‘On the Botocudos,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 206.

[643] v. Spix and v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 241.

[644] Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 128.

[645] Ibid., i. p.  82.

[646] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  239.

[647] Moncelon, in ‘Bull Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 368. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 115.

[648] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 329.

[649] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 194.

[650] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 315.

[651] Riedel, loc. cit. pp. 5, 335, 448. Cf. Modigliani, ‘Un viaggio a Nías,’ p. 471 (Nias).

[652] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144.

[653] Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 348, et seq.

[654] Chavanne, loc. cit. p. 315.

[655] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. xx. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 516.

[656] Bosman, loc. cit. p. 479.

[657] Forbes, ‘Dahomey and the Dahomans,’ vol. i. p.  25. Cf. Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iv. p. 498; ‘Globus,’ vol. xli. p. 237; Bosman, p. 480.

[658] Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 434. This rule is not, however, strictly observed among the lower classes in Arabia (Palgrave, ‘Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia,’ vol. i. pp. 271, et seq.), nor by the Mohammedans of Africa (d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. p. 63. Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 511. Chavanne, p. 349).

[659] Lane, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians,’ vol. i. p. 138.

[660] Polak, ‘Persien,’ vol. i. p.  224.

[661] Balfour, ‘The Cyclopædia of India,’ vol. iii. p. 252.

[662] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. viii. p. 361 (New Caledonians).

[663] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  201.

[664] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 661.

[665] Reade, loc. cit. p. 61.

[666] Some Californian tribes (Powers, loc. cit. pp. 75, 246, 270), the Comanches (Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 132), Guanas (Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 95), Patagonians (Falkner, ‘Description of Patagonia,'p. 126), Kaupuis in Manipur (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355), Ladrone Islanders (Moore, loc. cit. p. 187), the ancient people of Honduras (de Herrera, ‘The General History of the West Indies,’ vol. iv. p. 140).

[667] North American Indians (Schoolcraft, vol. i. p.  236; vol. ii. p. 132; vol. v. pp. 683, 684, 686. Carver, loc. cit. p. 375. Adair, loc. cit. p. 145. Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  514), Africans (Wake, ‘The Evolution of Morality,’ vol. ii. p. 128, note 2. Waitz, vol. ii. p. 115), Gonds and Korkús (Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 149), Kolyas (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 358), inhabitants of Nepaul (Smith, ‘Five Years’ Residence at Nepaul,‘ vol. i. p.  153), South Slavonians (Krauss, loc. cit. pp. 569, et seq.), Egyptians (Wilkinson, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  304).

[668] Liebich, loc. cit. p. 50, note 3.

[669] ‘Uplands-Lagen,’ Aerfdæ Balkær, ch. vi.

[670] Adair, pp. 144, et seq. Lewin, loc. cit. p. 245.

[671] Crees (Schoolcraft, vol. v. p.  167), Chibchas (Waitz, vol. iv. p. 367), Abyssinians (Lobo, ‘Voyage to Abyssinia,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xv. pp. 25, et seq.), Kolyas (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst,’ vol. xvi. p. 358), &c.

[672] Sproat, loc. cit. p. 95.

[673] Keating, ‘Expedition to the Source of St. Peter’s River,’ vol. ii. pp. 169, et seq.

[674] Heriot, loc. cit. p. 339. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 505.

[675] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  632.

[676] Squier, ‘The Archæology and Ethnology of Nicaragua,’ in ‘Trans. Am. Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p.  127. Acosta, ‘The Natural and Moral History of the Indies,’ vol. ii. p. 370.

[677] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen tot te taal-, land-en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië,’ ser. v. vol. iv. pp. 446-448. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397.

[678] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 95. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 80. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 127.

[679] Reade, loc. cit. p. 547. Cf. Waitz, vol. ii. p. 389; Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  740; Park, ‘Travels in the Interior of Africa,’ p. 221 (Mandingoes); Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 151, note * (Arabs of Upper Egypt).

[680] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 113. Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. pp. 396, et seq. Johnston, ‘The People of Eastern Equatorial Africa,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 11. Cf. Reade, loc. cit. p. 45.

[681] Grade, in ‘Aus. allen Welttheilen,’ vol. xx. p. 5.

[682] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 522.

[683] d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. p. 192.

[684] ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxii. vv. 15-17.

[685] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  209.

[686] Manzoni, quoted by Janke, loc. cit. p. 555. Cf. Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 63.

[687] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 461

[688] Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  213.

[689] Klemm, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 26.

[690] Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 79, 104, 237, 238, 283.

[691] Ibid., p. 232.

[692] Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. xix.

[693] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 133.

[694] Ibid., vol. iv. p. 226; vol. v. p.  217.

[695] Mackenzie, loc. cit. p. xcviii.

[696] Seemann, ‘The Voyage of Herald,’ vol. i. p.  316.

[697] Acosta, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 313.

[698] Reade, loc. cit. p. 359. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 192, 193, 419.

[699] Schrader, loc. cit. p. 391.

[700] In Bali this practice was carried to the utmost excess (Crawfurd ‘History of the Indian Archipelago,’ vol. ii., p. 241. Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  19).

[701] Navarette, loc. cit. p. 77.

[702] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp. 130, 640, et seq.

[703] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 96. Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 359, 377. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ pp. 192, 398. Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands,’ p. 557. Pritchard, loc. cit. p. 372.

[704] Inglis, ‘Missionary Tour in the New Hebrides,’ in ‘Journal of the Ethnological Society of London,’ vol. iii. p. 63.

[705] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 435. Cf. Richardson, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 31.

[706] Hardisty, in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1866, p. 319.

[707] Bouche, ‘La Côte des Esclaves,’ p. 218.

[708] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 280.

[709] Bancroft, loc. cit. p. 173.

[710] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 191; vol. vi. p. 130.

[711] de Rubruquis, ‘Travels into Tartary and China,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. vii. p. 33. Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 57.

[712] Garcilasso de la Vega, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  305.

[713] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  215.

[714] Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 152.

[715] Schrader, loc. cit. p. 391.

[716] Dubois, loc. cit. pp. 99, 164.

[717] Malcolm, ‘Essay on the Bhills,’ in ‘Trans. Roy. Asiatic Soc. Gr. Britain and Ireland,’ vol. i. p.  86.

[718] Krauss, loc. cit. p. 578.

[719] Pausanias, ‘Ἑλλάδος περιήγησις,’ book ii. ch. 21.

[720] Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 262.

[721] Fulton, ‘The Laws of Marriage,’ pp. 204, et seq. St. Paul, ‘1 Timothy,’ ch. v. vv. 11, 12, 14, et seq.

[722] Gibbon, ‘The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,’ vol. i. p.  319.

[723] Adair, loc. cit. p. 186.

[724] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  269.

[725] Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 621.

[726] Munzinger, loc. cit. pp. 488, 387.

[727] Schomburgk, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  227. Lord, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 235. Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  95.

[728] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 255. v. Siebold, loc. cit. p. 34. Falkner, loc. cit. p. 119. Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 238 (Dacotahs). Powers, loc. cit. p. 383 (Yokuts). Munzinger, loc. cit. pp. 208, 241 (Takue, Marea). Finsch, loc. cit. p. 82 (certain Papuans).

[729] Heriot, loc. cit. p. 325 (Californians). Ashe, ‘Travels in America,’ p. 250 (Shawanese). Lyon, loc. cit. p. 369 (Eskimo at Igloolik).

[730] Munzinger, p. 387.

[731] Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 63.

[732] Greenlanders (Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  148), Eskimo at Igloolik (Lyon, loc. cit. 369), Aleuts (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  93, note 133, Petroff, loc. cit. p. 159), Indians of Oregon (Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 655), Dacotahs (ibid., vol. iii. p. 238), Yokuts (Powers, loc. cit. p. 383), Shawanese (Ashe, loc. cit. p. 250), Chibchas (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 367), Macusís (v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  649), Ainos (Dall, loc. cit. p. 524. Bickmore, ‘Notes on the Ainos,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 20. v. Siebold, loc. cit. p. 34), Igorrotes of Luzon (Meyer, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1883, p. 385. Blumentritt, loc. cit. p. 28), Old Kukis (Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 620).

[733] Adair, loc. cit. pp. 186, et seq.

[734] Fries, ‘Grönland,’ p. 76.

[735] Cf. Casalis, loc. cit. p. 225 (Basutos); Rochon, loc. cit. p. 747 (people of Madagascar); Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 126 (natives of Northern Queensland); Letourneau, ‘L’évolution du mariage et de la famille,’ pp. 258, et seq.

[736] In Fernando Po (Reade, loc. cit. p. 61) and among the Fulah (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 472).

[737] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 195.

[738] Reade, loc. cit. p. 44. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1028.

[739] Franklin, loc. cit. pp. 67, et seq.

[740] Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 82.

[741] Bonwick, ‘The Last of the Tasmanians,’ p. 308.

[742] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  110. Cf. Lumholtz, loc. cit. pp. 345, et seq.

[743] Grey, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 252, et seq.

[744] Bosman, loc. cit. p. 525.

[745] Lisiansky, p. 128.

[746] Powers, loc. cit. p. 413.

[747] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  218.

[748] Georgi, loc. cit. p. 349.

[749] Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 163.

[750] Giraud-Teulon, ‘Les origines du mariage et de la famille,’ p. 70.

[751] As a curious exception to this rule, Dr. Brehm (‘Bird-Life,’ p. 289) mentions a bereaved hen sparrow, who, though she had eggs to hatch and young to rear, would not take a second mate.

[752] Among the Kaniagmuts and Aleuts (Dall, loc. cit. p. 402), as also occasionally among other North American tribes, certain men were dressed and brought up like women, and never married; whereas, among the Eastern Eskimo, there are some women who refuse to accept husbands, preferring to adopt masculine manners, following the deer on the mountains, trapping and fishing for themselves (ibid., p. 139).

[753] Harmon, loc. cit. p. 339.

[754] Ashe, loc. cit. p. 250.

[755] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 238.

[756] Adair, loc. cit. p. 187.

[757] ‘Science,’ vol. vii. p. 172.

[758] Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 21.

[759] Burchell, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 58. Cf. ibid., vol. ii. p. 565.

[760] Bosman, loc. cit. p. 424.

[761] Caillié, ‘Travels through Central Africa,’ vol. i. p.  348.

[762] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. i. p.  489.

[763] Davy, loc. cit. p. 284.

[764] Marshall, loc. cit. pp. 220, et seq.

[765] Lewin, loc. cit. pp. 193, 175.

[766] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 233.

[767] Fytche, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 69, note.

[768] Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p.  141.

[769] Marsden, loc. cit. pp. 256, et seq. Cf. Schellong, ‘Familienleben und Gebräuche der Papuas,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. xxi. p. 17 (Papuans of Finschhafen, Kaiser Wilhelm Land).

[770] Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  86.

[771] Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 168.

[772] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  xxiv. Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  110.

[773] Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 184.

[774] Cf. Lansdell, ‘Through Siberia,’ vol. ii. p. 226 (Gilyaks); Armstrong, ‘The Discovery of the North-West Passage,’ p. 192 (Eskimo); Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 633, note 2 (natives of the Indian Archipelago).

[775] Man, ‘Sonthalia and the Sonthals,’ p. 101.

[776] v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 215.

[777] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 110.

[778] Southey, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  240.

[779] Pritchard, loc. cit. pp. 368, 372. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ pp. 399, et seq.

[780] Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 320.

[781] Powers, loc. cit. p. 413. Catlin, loc. cit. vol i. p.  121. Cf. Ross, ‘The Eastern Tinneh,’ in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1866, p. 305 (Chippewyans); Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 132 (Comanches); vol. iii. p. 238 (Dacotahs).

[782] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  632.

[783] Bovallius, ‘Resa i Central-Amerika,’ vol i. p.  248.

[784] Morelet, ‘Reisen in Central-Amerika,’ p. 257.

[785] v. Spix and v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 248.

[786] Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 60, 61, 94.

[787] Bove, loc. cit. p. 132.

[788] Parkyns, ‘Life in Abyssinia,’ vol. ii. p. 41.

[789] Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 324. Petherick, ‘Egypt, the Soudan and Central Africa,’ p. 396.

[790] Chavanne, loc. cit. p. 401. Krapf, ‘Travels in East Africa,’ p. 354. ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  168.

[791] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 145, et seq.

[792] Davy, loc. cit. p. 284.

[793] Hodgson, ‘The Kócch, Bodo and Dhimál People,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 734.

[794] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p.  205. Cf. Man, loc. cit. p. 20.

[795] Hunter, vol. iii. p. 82.

[796] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 125.

[797] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. pp. 366, et seq.

[798] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 64.

[799] Neale, ‘Residence in Siam,’ p. 155.

[800] Fytche, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 69.

[801] Huc, ‘Travels in Tartary,’ vol. i. p.  184.

[802] Batchelor, ‘The Ainu of Japan,’ p. 141.

[803] Prejevalsky, ‘From Kulja to Lob-nor,’ pp. 111, et seq.

[804] Bickmore, loc. cit. p. 278. Cf. Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p.  143.

[805] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 195.

[806] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  107.

[807] Stone, ‘Port Moresby and Neighbourhood,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. xlvi. p. 55. Ploss, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  392.

[808] Klemm, loc. cit. vol. v. pp. 46, et seq. Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 251, et seq.

[809] Garcilasso de la Vega, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 306, et seq.

[810] Balfour, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 882.

[811] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  186.

[812] Ibid., vol. i. pp. 216, et seq.

[813] Marco Polo, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 234, et seq.

[814] Ross, ‘History of Corea,’ p. 313.

[815] d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. p. 67.

[816] Niebuhr, ‘Travels in Arabia,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. x. p.  151. Cf. Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 64 (Arabs).

[817] Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  205.

[818] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  213.

[819] Andree, ‘Zur Volkskunde der Juden,’ pp. 140, et seq.

[820] Michaelis, ‘Commentaries on the Laws of Moses,’ vol. i. p.  471.

[821] Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten, Athener und Römer,’ pp. 286, 353. Lichtschein, ‘Die Ehe nach mosaisch-talmudischer Auffassung,’ p. 6.

[822] Fustel de Coulanges, ‘The Ancient City,’ p. 63. Hearn, ‘The Aryan Household,’ pp. 69, 71. Mayne, ‘Treatise on Hindu Law and Usage,’ pp. 68, et seq.

[823] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ii. vv. 66, et seq. Monier Williams, ‘Indian Wisdom,’ p. 246. Cf. Mayne, p. 69.

[824] Muir, ‘Religious and Moral Sentiments,’ p. 110.

[825] Dubois, loc. cit. pp. 99-101.

[826] Geiger, ‘Civilization of the Eastern Irānians,’ vol. i. p.  60.

[827] Müller, ‘The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race,’ vol. ii. pp. 300, et seq. Smith, ‘Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,’ p. 735. Fustel de Coulanges, loc. cit. pp. 63, et seq. Hearn, loc. cit. p. 72.

[828] Plato, ‘Νόμοι,’ book vi. p. 773.

[829] Isaeus, ‘Περὶ τοῦ Ἀπολλοδώρου κλήρου,’ p. 66.

[830] Mommsen, ‘The History of Rome,’ vol. i. p.  62.

[831] Cicero, ‘De Legibus,’ book iii. ch. 3. Fustel de Coulanges, loc cit. p. 63.

[832] Mommsen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 432; vol. iii. p. 440; vol. iv. p. 547.

[833] Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 418.

[834] Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ p. 104.

[835] Cæsar, ‘De Bello Gallico,’ book vi. ch. 21.

[836] Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. xx.

[837] Ibid., ch. xix.

[838] Cf. Klemm, loc. cit. vol. x. p.  79.

[839] Mackenzie Wallace, ‘Russia,’ vol. i. p.  138.

[840] Cf. v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 216 (Kafirs).

[841] Campbell, ‘The Wild Tribes of Khondistan,’ p. 143.

[842] Watson and Kaye, loc. cit. vol. i. no. 18. Dalton, loc. cit. p. 192.

[843] Romilly, in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ix. p. 8.

[844] Richardson, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  383 (Kutchin). Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 126 (Tahitians). Chavanne, ‘Reisen im Kongostaate,’ p. 399 (Bafióte tribes). Ross, loc. cit. p. 313 (Coreans). Ahlqvist, loc. cit. pp. 203, et seq. (Tartars). Idem, ‘Unter Wogulen und Ostjaken,’ in ‘Acta. Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. xiv. p. 291 (Ostyaks).

[845] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  102.

[846] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 291. Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 281. Dawson, loc. cit. p. 35. Mr. Curr states (loc. cit. vol. i. p.  110) that, as a rule, wives are not obtained by the Australian men until they are at least thirty years of age.

[847] Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 312.

[848] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  224.

[849] Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 125. Wilkes, vol. v. p.  74. Romilly, ‘The Western Pacific,’ pp. 69, et seq.

[850] Dall, loc. cit. p. 420.

[851] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. pp. 171, et seq.

[852] Lubbock, loc. cit. p. 131. Cf. Bosman, loc. cit. pp. 419, 424 (Negroes of the Gold Coast).

[853] Marsden, loc. cit. pp. 256, et seq.

[854] v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 140, note.

[855] Wappäus, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 267.

[856] Haushofer, ‘Lehr-und Handbuch der Statistik,’ pp. 404-406.

[857] Wilkens, in ‘Nationaloekonomisk Tidsskrift,’ vol. xvi. p. 90.

[858] Haushofer, p. 396. Wappäus, vol. ii. p. 229. v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 120.

[859] ‘Forty-sixth Annual Report of the Registrar-General,’ pp. viii. et seq.

[860] v. Oettingen, pp. 125, et seq. Block, ‘Statistique de la France,’ vol. i., p. 69.

[861] v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 60.

[862] Haushofer, loc. cit. pp. 400, et seq. ‘Forty-seventh Ann. Rep. Reg.-Gen., p. viii. Cf. Wappäus, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 216.

[863] Speaking of the Santals, Sir W. W.  Hunter remarks ('Rural Bengal,’ vol i. p.  205), ‘In the tropical forest, a youth of sixteen or seventeen is as able to provide for a family as ever he will be; and a leaf hut, with a few earthen or brazen pots, is all the establishment a Santal young lady expects.’ This holds good not only for the savages of the tropics.

[864] Bickmore, loc. cit. p. 278.

[865] Niebuhr, loc. cit. p. 151.

[866] Heriot, loc. cit. p. 337.

[867] ‘Forty-sixth Ann. Rep. Reg.-Gen.,’ p. ix.

[868] A report, in ‘Nya Pressen,’ 1887, no. 339, of a lecture delivered by Professor Vallis at Helsingfors.

[869] ‘Forty-ninth Ann. Rep. Reg.-Gen.,’ p. viii.

[870] Haushofer, loc. cit. pp. 404, et seq.

[871] Ploss, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  384.

[872] ‘Why is Single Life becoming more General?’ in ‘The Nation,’ vol. vi. p. 190.

[873] Walker, ‘Beauty,’ pp. 34, et seq.

[874] Forel, ‘Les Fourmis de la Suisse,’ quoted in Darwin’s ‘Life and Letters,’ vol. iii. p. 191.

[875] Ribot, loc. cit. p. 150.

[876] ‘The Nation,’ vol. vi. p. 191.

[877] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 367.

[878] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 181.

[879] Cook, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 164.

[880] Ashe, loc. cit. p. 250.

[881] Powers, loc. cit. p. 31.

[882] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  113.

[883] Guillemard, ‘The Cruise of the Marchesa,’ p. 389. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. p. 372.

[884] Dawson, loc. cit. p. 32. Curr, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 245.

[885] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 130.

[886] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Reichtswiss.,’ vol. v. p.  343.

[887] v. Schroeder, ‘Die Hochzeitsgebräuche der Esten,’ pp. 192-194.

[888] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 261.

[889] Egede, loc. cit. p. 143, note.

[890] Seemann, ‘Mission to Viti,’ p. 191.

[891] Lafitau, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  576.

[892] Cf. Carver, loc. cit. p. 241 (Naudowessies); Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 345 (natives of Queensland); Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 172 (people of Radack); Schellong, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xxi. p. 18 (Papuans of Finschhafen); Riedel, loc. cit. p. 96 (Alfura of Ceram); Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 94 (Andamanese).

[893] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 387.

[894] Falkner, loc. cit. p. 117.

[895] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  734. Waitz, vol. iv. p. 152.

[896] Garcilasso de la Vega, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 291-299, 305.

[897] Acosta, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 333, et seq.

[898] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 307.

[899] Pomponius Mela, loc. cit. book iii. ch. 6.

[900] Monier Williams, ‘Buddhism,’ pp. 88, 99.

[901] Rhys Davids, ‘Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion,’ p. 148.

[902] Oldenberg, ‘Buddha,’ pp. 350, et seq.

[903] Wilson, loc. cit. p. 213.

[904] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 18.

[905] Monier Williams, ‘Buddhism,’ p. 88.

[906] Dubois, loc. cit. pp. 99, et seq.

[907] Josephus, ‘Ἰουδαῖκή ἅλωσις,’ book ii. ch. 8, § 2. Solinus, loc. cit. ch. xxxv. §§ 9, et seq.

[908] St. Paul, ‘1 Corinthians,’ ch. vii. v. 38.

[909] Ibid., ch. vii. vv. 1, 2, 9.

[910] Mayer, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 289, et seq.

[911] Lecky, ‘History of European Morals,’ vol. ii. p. 122. Milman, ‘History of Latin Christianity,’ vol. i. p.  152.

[912] Gibbon, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 318, et seq.

[913] Draper, ‘History of the Intellectual Development of Europe,’ vol. i. p. 415.

[914] Fulton, loc. cit. pp. 140, 142.

[915] Lea, ‘Sacerdotal Celibacy in the Christian Church,’ p. 66.

[916] Gieseler, ‘Text-Book of Ecclesiastical History,’ vol. ii. p. 275.

[917] Sachs, ‘Text-Book of Botany,’ p. 897.

[918] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 343, et seq.

[919] Ibid., vol. i. p.  343.

[920] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p.  344.

[921] ‘Sir R. Heron states that with pea-fowl, the first advances are always made by the female; something of the same kind takes place, according to Audubon, with the older females of the wild turkey’ (ibid., vol. ii. p. 134).

[922] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 86.

[923] Rengger, loc. cit. p. 11.

[924] Moore, loc. cit. p. 261.

[925] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 64. Cf. ibid., pp. 142, 233 (Bhúiyas, Muásís).

[926] Batchelor, loc. cit. p. 324.

[927] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 127.

[928] Shooter, ‘The Kafirs of Natal,’ p. 52.

[929] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 457.

[930] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 459, 501.

[931] Haeckel, ‘Generelle Morphologie,’ vol. ii. p. 244.

[932] Hearne, loc. cit. pp. 104, et seq.

[933] Richardson, loc. cit. v. ii. pp. 24, et seq. Cf. Mackenzie, loc. cit. p. 145; Ross, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 310.

[934] Hooper, loc. cit. p. 303. Cf. Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 319 (Greenlanders).

[935] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 224. Powers, loc. cit. pp. 221, et seq.

[936] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 132.

[937] Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 94.

[938] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 412, 509.

[939] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 195. Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 176, note 1. Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 279.

[940] Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 213.

[941] Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 184.

[942] Dawson, loc. cit. p. 36. Cf. Ridley, ‘The Aborigines of Australia,’ p. 6.

[943] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  601.

[944] Dieffenbach, ‘Travels in New Zealand,’ vol. ii. pp. 36, et seq.

[945] Taylor, loc. cit. p. 337.

[946] Pritchard, loc. cit. pp. 55, 269.

[947] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  72.

[948] Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 48.

[949] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iii. p. 352.

[950] Steller, loc. cit. p. 348. Cf. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 738 (Tanguts).

[951] Samuelson, ‘India, Past and Present,’ p. 48.

[952] Pausanias, loc. cit. book iii. ch. 12.

[953] Pindar, ‘Πύθια,’ ode ix. v. 117.

[954] Pausanias, book iii. ch. 12.

[955] Homer’s ‘Odyssey,’ Books xxi.-xxiv. (edited by Hamilton), Preface, p. 5.

[956] Krauss, loc. cit. pp. 163, et seq.

[957] Young, ‘Tour in Ireland,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. iii. p. 860.

[958] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 257.

[959] Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 174. Cf. Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 445 (Bushmans).

[960] Hooper, loc. cit. p. 390.

[961] Powers, loc. cit. pp. 238, et seq.

[962] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 601, et seq.

[963] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  90.

[964] Klemm, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 207.

[965] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  64.

[966] Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 443.

[967] Hawkesworth, ‘Voyages,’ vol. ii. p. 55.

[968] Eyre, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 209.

[969] Spencer, vol. i. p.  64.

[970] Sherwill, ‘Tour through the Rájmahal Hills,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xx. p. 584.

[971] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  17.

[972] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 62.

[973] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. p. 514. Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 577.

[974] v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 115. v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  351. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 514.

[975] Finsch, loc. cit. p. 39. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 26. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 569, et seq.

[976] Carver, loc. cit. p. 227.

[977] v. Martius, vol. i. pp. 319, 620.

[978] Johnston, loc. cit. pp. 429, et seq.

[979] Beechey, ‘Voyage to the Pacific,’ vol. i. p.  38. For the artificial enlargement of the ear-lobe, see also Park Harrison, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. pp. 190-198.

[980] Crawford, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 216, et seq.

[981] Sturt, ‘Expedition into Central Australia,’ vol. ii. pp. 9, 61. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 570.

[982] Holub, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 259.

[983] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 301.

[984] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 308.

[985] Baker, ‘The Albert N’yanza,’ vol. i. p.  198.

[986] Hearne, loc. cit. p. 306, note.

[987] Catlin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 23.

[988] Brett, loc. cit. p. 343. King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 138. v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  271. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 483.

[989] Holub, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 351.

[990] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p.  185.

[991] Carver, loc. cit. p. 227.

[992] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  230.

[993] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 738.

[994] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 356.

[995] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  316. Labillardière, ‘Voyage in Search of La Pérouse,’ vol. ii. p. 266.

[996] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 369.

[997] Lacassagne, ‘Les tatouages,’ p. 9.  Cæsar, loc. cit. book v. ch. 14. Herodotus, loc. cit. book v. ch. 6.

[998] Beechey, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  39.

[999] Parkyns, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 29.

[1000] Agassiz, ‘Journey in Brazil,’ p. 320.

[1001] Freycinet, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 580. Cf. Beechey, vol. i. p.  140.

[1002] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 210.

[1003] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 310.

[1004] Curr, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 475.

[1005] Williams and Calvert, ‘Fiji and the Fijians,’ p. 137.

[1006] Gason, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Dieyerie Tribe,’ in Wood’s, ‘The Native Tribes of South Australia,’ p. 267.

[1007] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. pp. 317, et seq.

[1008] Squier, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p.  129.

[1009] Williams and Calvert, loc. cit. p. 138. Pritchard, loc. cit. p. 391. Seeman, ‘Viti,’ p. 113. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 355.

[1010] Wilkes, vol. v. p.  88. v. Siebold, loc. cit. p. 15.

[1011] Egede, loc. cit. p. 132, et seq. Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 468.

[1012] ‘A totem is a class of material objects which a savage regards with superstitious respect, believing that there exists between him and every member of the class an intimate and altogether special relation’ (Frazer, loc. cit. p. 1).

[1013] Frazer, loc. cit. pp. 26-30.

[1014] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 36-39.

[1015] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 38.

[1016] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. ii. p. 72.

[1017] Colquhoun, loc. cit. p. 213.

[1018] Keyser, ‘Our Cruise to New Guinea,’ pp. 44, et seq.

[1019] Mackenzie, loc. cit. p. cxx. Powers, loc. cit. p. 109. Beechey, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 401. Agassiz, loc. cit. p. 318. v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 484, 501, &c. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 434. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 38.

[1020] Quoted by Heriot, loc. cit. p. 293, note.

[1021] Spencer, vol. ii. pp. 183-186.

[1022] Cf. v. Barth, ‘Ostafrika,’ p. 32.

[1023] v. Martius, vol. i. pp. 321, 738. ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 89. Bonwick, ‘Daily Life of the Tasmanians,’ p. 24. Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  159. Heriot, p. 305.

[1024] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. pp. 237, et seq.

[1025] Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 249, et seq.

[1026] Colquhoun, loc. cit. p. 76.

[1027] Meyer, loc. cit. p. 189.

[1028] Anderson, ‘Notes of Travel in Fiji and New Caledonia,’ p. 136.

[1029] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  275.

[1030] Armstrong, loc. cit. p. 194. Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 243. Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 301. Dixon, loc. cit. p. 187. v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 115. Holmberg says expressly that the men undergo this operation to make themselves agreeable to the young women.

[1031] Franklin, ‘Second Expedition,’ p. 118. Holub, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  35. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. ii. p. 225.

[1032] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. pp. 250, 365.

[1033] v. Humboldt, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 224. ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 317. Powell, ‘Wanderings in a Wild Country,’ p. 254.

[1034] Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 533. Chapman, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 285. Holub, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  328. Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 62. ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 16. Andersson, loc. cit. p. 226. Ploss, ‘Das Kind,’ vol. ii. p. 264. Breton, loc. cit. p. 233. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp. 786, et seq.

[1035] Man, ‘Account of the Nicobar Islanders,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 441.

[1036] Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 215, et seq.

[1037] Tuckey, ‘Expedition to Explore the River Zaire,’ pp. 80, et seq.

[1038] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 211.

[1039] Cf. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 493; v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 197.

[1040] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 240.

[1041] Riedel, loc. cit. p. 292.

[1042] Harmon, loc. cit. p. 288.

[1043] Moseley, ‘On the Inhabitants of the Admiralty Islands,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 400. Short hair is often regarded as a symbol of chastity. Every Buddhist ‘novice’—that is, a person admitted to the first degree of monkhood—has to cut off his hair, in order to prove that ‘he is ready to give up the most beautiful and highly-prized of all his ornaments for the sake of a religious life’ (Monier Williams, ‘Buddhism,’ p. 306); and, in Mexico, the religious virgins, as also men who decided upon a life of chastity, had their hair cut (Acosta, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 333; Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 251, et seq.). A similar idea probably underlies the custom which requires that women, when they marry, shall be deprived of their hair, the husband trying in this way to preserve the fidelity of his wife (see Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 354; Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 567; Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 286; de Rubruquis, loc. cit. p. 32; Heriot, loc. cit. p. 335); whilst many men in New Guinea and Bornu deprive their wives of all ornaments (‘Ymer,’ vol. vi. p. 154; Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iii. p. 31, note). Even at Sparta and Athens, as well as among the Anglo-Saxons, the bride or newly-married wife had her hair cut short (Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 290). Mr. Wright suggests (‘Womankind in Western Europe,’ p. 68) that, among the people last mentioned, this was done in order to show that she had accepted a position of servitude towards her husband, as the cutting of hair in either sex indicated slavery. But that this explanation cannot be applied to every case of hair-cutting appears from the fact, reported by Heriot (loc. cit. p. 333), that, among the Tlascalans, it was customary to shave the head of a newly-married couple, both man and woman, ‘to denote that all youthful sports ought in that state to be abandoned.'

[1044] Sparrman, ‘Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope,’ vol. ii. p. 80.

[1045] Bonwick, ‘Daily Life of the Tasmanians,’ pp. 25, et seq.

[1046] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  217.

[1047] Angas, ‘South Australia Illustrated,’ no. 22.

[1048] Sproat, loc. cit. p. 28.

[1049] Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 10, 127, et seq. (Charruas and Payaguas). Ploss, ‘Das Kind,’ vol. ii. p. 259 (Manáos and Tamayos). ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 45 (Zulus); &c.

[1050] Reade, loc. cit. p. 246.

[1051] Nieuhoff, ‘Voyages and Travels into Brazil,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xiv. p. 878.

[1052] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  98.

[1053] Armstrong, loc. cit. p. 195. Bancroft, vol. i. p.  47.

[1054] Moore, loc. cit. p. 276.

[1055] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  217.

[1056] Dobrizhoffer, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 20.

[1057] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 97.

[1058] Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 148.

[1059] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 189.

[1060] Schadenberg, ‘Die Negritos der Philippinen,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 136.

[1061] Fijians (Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 355), Samoans (ibid., vol. ii. p. 141), Kingsmill Islanders (ibid., vol. v. p.  103), Tahitians (Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  262), natives of Eimeo (Montgomery, ‘Journal of Voyages and Travels,’ vol. i. p.  127), Tongans (Pritchard, loc. cit. p. 393), Nukahivans (v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  118), Gambier Islanders (Beechey, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  139).

[1062] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 739, 785, 787.

[1063] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 39. Cf. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  314 (New Zealanders).

[1064] Mauch, ‘Reisen im Inneren von Süd-Afrika,’ in Petermann’s ‘Mittheilungen,’ Ergänzungsband viii. no. 37, pp. 38, et seq.

[1065] Taylor, loc. cit. p. 321.

[1066] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 88.

[1067] Pritchard, loc. cit. pp. 144, et seq.

[1068] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  262 (Tahiti). Montgomery, loc. cit. vol i. p.  127 (Eimeo). Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 328 (Marquesas Islands). Idem, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  314 (New Zealand). Fytche, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 61 (Burma). Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 331 (Andaman Islands). St. John, ‘The Ainos,’ ibid., vol. ii. p. 249 (Ainos of Yesso).

[1069] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 67.

[1070] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol i. p.  72.

[1071] Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 286.

[1072] Barrington, ‘The History of New South Wales,’ p. 11.

[1073] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  402.

[1074] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. pp. 308, et seq.

[1075] Chalmers, loc. cit. p. 166.

[1076] Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 170.

[1077] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 90. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  266.

[1078] Ellis, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 262, et seq.

[1079] Wundt, ‘Ethik,’ p. 93.

[1080] Cf. Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 71; Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 170; Dalton, loc. cit. p. 251; Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 331.

[1081] Beechey, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  139. Yate, loc. cit. pp. 147, et seq.

[1082] Forster, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 14, et seq.

[1083] Darwin, ‘Journal of Researches,’ pp. 481, et seq. Beechey, vol. i. p.  39.

[1084] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 573. Jones, ‘The Grammar of Ornament,’ p. 13, note. Cf. the tattooed circle round the mouth of the Jurís (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 510) and the female Arecunas (Brett, loc. cit. p. 268); the rings round the eyes of the women in the Admiralty Islands (Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 401), of the Australians (Angas, ‘South Australia Illustrated’), and the Patagonians (King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 135); the cicatrices like parallel ridges upon the chest, thighs, and shoulders of the Tasmanians (Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 24); and the tattoos on the hands and feet of Egyptian women (Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 54, 57).

[1085] After this chapter had been prepared for the press, I became acquainted with Herr Joest’s magnificent work on tattooing (‘Tätowiren, Narbenzeichnen und Körperbemalen’). Herr Joest, who is an experienced ethnographer, has come to the same conclusion as myself regarding the origin of this practice. He says that ‘der hauptsächliche Trieb, welcher beide Geschlechter bewegt, sich zu tätowiren, der ist, ihre Reize in den Augen des andern Geschlechts zu erhöhen’ (p. 56). He also observes:—‘Je weniger sich ein Mensch bekleidet, desto mehr tätowirt er sich, und je mehr er sich bekleidet, desto weniger thut er letzteres’ (pp. 56, et seq.).

[1086] Mr. Walker observes (‘Beauty,’ p. 41) that ‘an essential condition of all excitement and action in animal bodies, is a greater or less degree of novelty in the objects impressing them.'

[1087] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305.

[1088] Dobrizhoffer, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 15.

[1089] Schweinfurth, ‘Im Herzen von Afrika,’ vol. ii. pp. 7, et seq.

[1090] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. p. 475.

[1091] Franklin, ‘Second Expedition,’ p. 197 (cf. Mackenzie, loc. cit. p. 126). Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  235.

[1092] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 281. Cf. v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  597.

[1093] d’Albertis, ‘New Guinea,’ vol. i. p.  200. Cf. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 570.

[1094] Moseley, ‘Notes by a Naturalist on the Challenger,’ p. 461. Idem, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 399. Romilly, loc. cit. p. 115.

[1095] Campbell, ‘A Year in the New Hebrides,’ p. 145. Strauch, ‘Bemerkungen über Neu-Guinea,’ &c., in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. p. 43. Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 105.

[1096] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 735. Bonwick, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 204. Breton, loc. cit. pp. 210, et seq.

[1097] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 372, et seq. Lubbock, loc. cit. p. 54. Forster, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 219. Mackenzie, loc. cit. pp. 126, et seq.

[1098] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  35.

[1099] Brett, loc. cit. p. 411.

[1100] d’Albertis, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 415, 418. Strauch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. pp. 43, 62.

[1101] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 120, 575, 626.

[1102] Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 267. Williams and Calvert, loc. cit. p. 145. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 332.

[1103] Elliott, ‘Report on the Seal Islands of Alaska,’ pp. 21, et seq.

[1104] Beechey, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  138.

[1105] Bove, loc. cit. p. 129. Proyart, loc. cit. p. 575.

[1106] Mackenzie, loc. cit. p. xciv. Cf. Harmon, loc. cit. pp. 319, et seq.

[1107] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 290-295.

[1108] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  275.

[1109] Tylor, ‘Anthropology,’ p. 243.

[1110] Moseley, loc. cit. p. 412.

[1111] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  121.

[1112] Wundt, loc. cit. p. 127.

[1113] Baegert, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1863, p. 361.

[1114] Powers, loc. cit. p. 348.

[1115] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 210. Ling Roth, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 275. Waitz, vol. iv. p. 193, note. v. Humboldt, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 230. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 513. v. Schütz-Holzhausen, loc. cit. p. 179. Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, ‘Travels in Brazil,’ p. 59. Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 83.

[1116] Charruas, Pampas, Tupis, Payaguas (Azara, vol. ii. pp. 12, 42, 74, 126), and often the Nutkas (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  182) and Patwin (Powers, p. 220).

[1117] Aborigines of Trinidad (Columbus, ‘The History of the Life and Actions of Christopher Colon,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xii. p. 101), Mundrucüs, Maurauás, Jurís (v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 388, 427, 504), Uaupés, and Curetús (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ pp. 492, 509).

[1118] Forster, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 499. King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  23. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  121. Bove, loc. cit. p. 129. Armstrong, loc. cit. p. 33. Darwin, ‘Journal of Researches,’ p. 228.

[1119] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S.  Wales,’ vol. xxiii. pp. 391, et seq. Breton, loc. cit. pp. 211, et seq. Labillardière, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 27, et seq. Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ &c., pp. 104, et seq. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 737. Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 281, note. Sir G. Grey remarks that he never saw a cloak or covering worn north of lat. 29° (Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  93).

[1120] Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ pp. 24, 104. Breton, p. 398. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 812.

[1121] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 183.

[1122] Forbes, ‘The Kubus of Sumatra,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 122.

[1123] Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 5.

[1124] Labillardière, vol. ii. pp. 287, 289.

[1125] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 274.

[1126] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 277; vol. v. p.  46 (Drummond’s Island). Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 215, note (Pelew Islands).

[1127] Nukahiva (Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 85), Pelli of the Caroline Group (Kotzebue, vol. iii. p. 191), New Britain (Powell, loc. cit. p. 250. d’Albertis, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  255), the Duke of York Group (Powell, pp. 74, et seq.), many parts of New Guinea and neighbouring islands (d’Albertis, vol. ii. p. 380. Earl, loc. cit. p. 48. Gill, ‘Life in the Southern Isles,’ p. 203. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 568).

[1128] Gill, p. 230.

[1129] Forbes, ‘Tribes of Timor,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 406.

[1130] Man, ibid., vol. xii. p. 330.

[1131] Johnston, loc. cit. p. 433.

[1132] Ibid., p. 437. Holub, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 299.

[1133] Kretzschmar, ‘Südafrikanische Skizzen,’ p. 225. Chapman, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  78. Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  276.

[1134] Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, ‘Tre år i Kongo,’ vol. i. p.  15.

[1135] Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 305.

[1136] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 53.

[1137] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  36.

[1138] Wilson and Felkin, vol. ii. p. 96.

[1139] Schweinfurth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  322.

[1140] Ibid., vol. i. p.  163.

[1141] Cameron, ‘Across Africa,’ vol. i. pp. 285, et seq.

[1142] Last, in ‘Proceed. Royal Geo. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. v. p.  530.

[1143] Johnston, p. 413, note.

[1144] Bontier and Le Verrier, loc. cit. pp. 138, 139, xxxv.

[1145] Wundt, loc. cit. p. 127.

[1146] Powers, loc. cit. p. 233.

[1147] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 446.

[1148] Heriot, loc. cit. pp. 306, et seq.

[1149] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 642; 702, 703, note; 579.

[1150] v. Spix and v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 76.

[1151] Macgillivray, ‘The Voyage of Rattlesnake,’ vol. i. p.  146.

[1152] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  85.

[1153] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. pp. 16, et seq. Idem, ‘Journal of a Voyage round the World,’ p. 44.

[1154] Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 168.

[1155] Cheyne, loc. cit. p. 144.

[1156] Forster, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 383.

[1157] New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Ulaua (Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 561, 565).

[1158] Torres Islands, New Guinea (Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 567).

[1159] Admiralty Islands (Labillardière, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 279, et seq. Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. pp. 397, et seq.).

[1160] Marsden, loc. cit. p. 52.

[1161] Godwin-Austen, ‘Gāro Hill Tribes,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 394.

[1162] Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  169.

[1163] Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  155.

[1164] Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 276, et seq.

[1165] Bosman, loc. cit. p. 524.

[1166] ‘Nur das Verborgene reizt,’ says Dr. Zimmermann (loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 84), ‘und Diejenigen welche auf den Gesellschafts-Inseln die verhüllende Kleidung und den heimlichen Genuss und das Verbergen der natürlichen Gefühle einführten, haben gewiss die Sitten nicht verbessert.'

[1167] Forster, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 383.

[1168] Hunter, ‘Historical Journal,’ &c., p. 477.

[1169] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 296.

[1170] Rowley, loc. cit. p. 146.

[1171] Snow, ‘Two Years’ Cruise off Tierra del Fuego,‘ vol. ii. p. 51.

[1172] Speaking of the naked women of New Ireland, he says (loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 103, et seq.), ‘In der That muss ich auch sagen, dass nach kurzer Zeit, nach einer durchaus nicht lange dauernden Gewöhnung an diese Sache, man gar nichts anstössiges mehr in diesem gänzlichen Mangel an Kleidung findet.... Ich habe sehr häufig bemerkt, dass ein Kleid irgend einer Dame, welches nicht nach der allgemeinen Mode geschnitten war, mir stärker auffiel als mir der gänzliche Mangel an Bekleidung der Eingeborenen der tropischen Inseln aufgefallen ist; dazu kommt noch, dass die Leute dem Beobachter durchaus keine Veranlassung geben, an etwas unschickliches zu denken. Eine Europaërin, wenn sie auf eine so glückliche Insel verschlagen und ihrer Kleidung beraubt wäre, würde selbst nach jahrelangem Aufenthalt in solchen Regionen sich die Hände vor die Brust oder irgend einen anderen Theil halten und gerade durch dies Verbergenwollen würde sie die Aufmerksamkeit gegen das zu Verbergende lenken.'

[1173] Reade, loc. cit. p. 546.

[1174] Johnston, loc. cit. p. 437.

[1175] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 349.

[1176] Forster, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 230, 276, et seq.

[1177] Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  154.

[1178] Lewin, loc. cit. pp. 116, et seq.

[1179] Gumilla, ‘Histoire naturelle, civile et géographique de l’Orenoque,’ vol. i. pp. 188, et seq.

[1180] v. Humboldt, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 230.

[1181] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 357.

[1182] Quoted by Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 174.

[1183] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. pp. 467, et seq.

[1184] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S.  Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 392.

[1185] Barrington, loc. cit. pp. 23, et seq.

[1186] Freycinet, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 748.

[1187] Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 286; 281, note.

[1188] Snow, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 46.

[1189] Macgillivray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  49; vol. ii. pp. 19, et seq.

[1190] Southey, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 240, et seq. Cf v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 111.

[1191] Taplin, loc. cit. p. 15. Cf. Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  275.

[1192] Curr, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 19.

[1193] Wanyoro (Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 49; ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 82), New Caledonians (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 342), Papuans of Dorey (Finsch, loc. cit. p. 96), aborigines of Hayti (Ling Roth, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 275), Fuegians (Snow, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 46).

[1194] Wilson and Felkin, vol. ii. p. 62. Cf. ibid., vol. ii. p. 97 (Baris); Shooter, loc. cit. p. 6 (Kafirs).

[1195] Macgillivray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  263.

[1196] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 355. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 351.

[1197] Forster, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 280. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 562. Cf. Dalton, loc. cit. p. 27 (Abors).

[1198] Tacullies (Harmon, loc. cit. p. 305), Uaupés (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 281), Oráons (Dalton, loc. cit. p. 250), Ysabel Islanders (Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 604), Samoans (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 121), Papuans of Humboldt Bay (Finsch, loc. cit. p. 139). As to the indecent character of savage dances, see, for instance, Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 754 (Australians); Turner, p. 95 (Samoans); Ehrenreich, ‘Ueber die Botocudos,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xix. p. 33 (Botocudos); Powers, loc. cit. p. 57 (Californians).

[1199] Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ pp. 27, 38.

[1200] Curr, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 472.

[1201] Wallace, pp. 281, 493. v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  597.

[1202] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  235.

[1203] Casalis, loc. cit. p. 269.

[1204] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 42. Riedel, loc. cit. p. 463. Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 123. Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 128. Reade, loc. cit. pp. 45, 245, et seq. Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 221. Chapman, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  36. Caillié, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  351. ‘Globus,’ vol. xli. p. 237.

[1205] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 98, et seq. Cf. Bonney, ‘The Aborigines of the River Darling,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 127; Cameron, ibid., vol. xiv. p. 358; Bonwick, ‘The Australian Natives,’ ibid., vol. xvi. p. 209.

[1206] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 300.

[1207] v. Humboldt, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 10.

[1208] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 41.

[1209] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. p. 473. Cf. Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, vol. i. p.  269.

[1210] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 207.

[1211] Ibid., p. 192.

[1212] Stricker, ‘Der Fuss der Chinesinnen,’ in ‘Archiv für Anthropologie,’ vol. iv. p. 243.

[1213] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 477, et seq.

[1214] Man, loc. cit. pp. 80, et seq.

[1215] Harmon, loc. cit. p. 289. Cf. Hearne, loc. cit. pp. 314, et seq.

[1216] Moore, loc. cit. pp. 259, et seq. Cf. Buchanan, loc. cit. p. 323.

[1217] Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. pp. 397, et seq. Labillardière, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 279, et seq.

[1218] Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 365. Dr. Brown, however, thinks that this custom serves another end.

[1219] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  211.

[1220] Atooi (Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. pp. 192, 232), Tonga (Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 266), Samoa (Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 34), Vaitupu (ibid., vol. v. pt ii. p. 188), Fiji (Wilkes, loc. cit. vol iii. p. 355). The natives of Ponapé have their lower extremities most richly tattooed, and, to quote Dr. Finsch (‘Die Bewohner von Ponapé,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. pp. 311, 314), ‘als Bassis und Mittelpunkt der Zeichnung dieser Partien ist ein viereckiges Feld zu betrachten, welches die Gegend des Venusberges bedeckt und von der Behaarung unmittelbar beginnend, etwas über denselben hinausreicht.'

[1221] Riedel, loc. cit. p. 293. Cf. Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 189, et seq. (Papuans).

[1222] Andree, ‘Die Beschneidung,’ in ‘Archiv für Anthropologie,’ vol. xiii. p. 74. The following statements, when other references are not given, are borrowed from this paper.

[1223] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 217.

[1224] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 560, et seq.

[1225] Lafitau, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  412.

[1226] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  582, note.

[1227] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 517.

[1228] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 958.

[1229] Parkyns, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 38.

[1230] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 58.

[1231] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. ii. p. 216.

[1232] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 75. Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. xx.

[1233] See, for instance, Burton, ‘Notes on the Dahoman,’ in ‘Memoirs Read before the Anthr. Soc. of London,’ vol. i. p.  318; Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp. 41, 784; Müller,‘Allgemeine Ethnographie,’ pp. 337, et seq.; Reade, loc. cit. pp. 539, et seq.; Modigliani, loc. cit. p. 702.

[1234] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 78.

[1235] Sturt, loc. cit. vol ii. p. 140.

[1236] Spencer, ‘Sociology,’ vol. ii. p. 67.

[1237] Galton, ‘The Narrative of an Explorer in Tropical South Africa,’ pp. 192, et seq. Andersson, loc. cit. p. 465.

[1238] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 160. Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  39.

[1239] Spencer, vol. ii. p. 67.

[1240] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  60. Cf. Eyre, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 315; Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. iii. p. 256.

[1241] Cf. Lane, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 320 (Copts); Sibree, loc. cit. p. 217 (people of Madagascar); Maclean, loc. cit. p. 157 (Kafirs).

[1242] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 75.

[1243] Fytche, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 65, note.

[1244] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 77.

[1245] Maclean, loc. cit. p. 157.

[1246] Cook, ‘Journal of a Voyage,’ p. 106.

[1247] Atooi, of the Sandwich Islands (idem, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 233), Nukahiva (Lisiansky, loc. cit. pp. 85, et seq.), &c. (Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 28, 565, 576).

[1248] ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 96.

[1249] The same kind of mutilation, spoken of by Mr. Curr as ‘the terrible rite,’ occurs among several other Australian tribes (Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 75; Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S.  Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 411).

[1250] Schürmann, loc. cit. p. 231.

[1251] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 316.

[1252] Abyssinians (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 504), Barea (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 528), Negroes of Benin and Sierra Leone (Bosman, loc. cit. p. 526. Griffith, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 308, et seq.), Mandingoes (Waitz, vol. ii. p. 111), Bechuanas (Holub, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  398), Kafirs (v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 218), Malays of Java (Ploss, ‘Das Weib,’ vol. i. p.  146), Indians of Peru (ibid., vol. i. p.  146).

[1253] Ploss, vol. i. p.  143.

[1254] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 316.

[1255] Macgillivray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  263.

[1256] Forster, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 383.

[1257] v. Humboldt, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 12, et seq.

[1258] Lubbock, ‘Prehistoric Times,’ p. 477.

[1259] Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 267.

[1260] Letourneau, ‘Sociology,’ p. 59.

[1261] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 301.

[1262] Ebers, ‘Durch Gosen zum Sinai,’ p. 45.

[1263] ‘Dr. E. Vogel’s Reise nach Central-Afrika,’ in Petermann’s ‘Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes’ geographischer Anstalt,‘ 1857, p. 138.

[1264] Peschel, loc. cit. p. 172.

[1265] Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  209.

[1266] La Pérouse, ‘Voyage round the World,’ vol ii. p. 142.

[1267] Lisiansky, loc. cit. pp. 85, et seq.

[1268] Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 398. Cf. Labillardière, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 279, et seq.

[1269] Forbes, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. pp. 125, et seq.

[1270] Bain, ‘The Emotions and the Will,’ p. 211.

[1271] Fries, loc. cit. p. 109.

[1272] Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 305.

[1273] Peschel, loc. cit. p. 171.

[1274] Ibid., p. 171.

[1275] Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 364, et seq. Dall, loc. cit. pp. 139, 397.

[1276] Harmon, loc. cit. p. 286.

[1277] Kane, ‘Arctic Explorations,’ vol ii. p. 114. On the East Coast of Greenland, according to Dr. Nansen (loc. cit. vol. i. p.  338; vol. ii. p. 277), the Eskimo, men and women alike, when indoors, are completely naked with the exception of the ‘nâtit,’ a narrow band about the loins, of dimensions ‘so extremely small as to make it practically invisible to the stranger’s inexperienced eye.’ Many, indeed, assume some covering when Europeans enter their dwellings, but Dr. Nansen thinks this must be rather from affectation, and a desire to please their visitors, than from any real feeling of modesty (ibid., vol. ii. pp. 277, et seq.).

[1278] Peschel, loc. cit. p. 175.

[1279] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. pp. 330, et seq.

[1280] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 356.

[1281] Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 86.

[1282] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  99.

[1283] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 105.

[1284] Semper, ‘Die Palau-Inseln,’ p. 68.

[1285] Since the appearance of the first edition of this work I have become acquainted with Mr. Johnston’s book on ‘The River Congo,’ where he says (p. 418), ‘Clothing was first adopted as a means of decoration rather than from motives of decency. The private parts were first adorned with the appendages that were afterwards used by a dawning sense of modesty to conceal them.'

[1286] Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 263. For early engagements among other Eskimo tribes, see Hall, ‘Arctic Researches,’ p. 567; ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 698; Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  146; Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 308.

[1287] Richardson, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 23. Mackenzie, loc. cit. p. cxxiii.

[1288] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 276, et seq. (Inland Columbians). Mayne, ‘Four Years in British Columbia and Vancouver Island,’ p. 276 (Nutkas).

[1289] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  322.

[1290] Falkner, loc. cit. p. 124. King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 152, et seq.

[1291] Shoshones (Lewis and Clarke, ‘Travels to the Source of the Missouri River,’ p. 307), Arawaks (Schomburgk, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 460. Brett, loc. cit. pp. 99, et seq.), Macusís (v. Martius, vol. i. p.  645).

[1292] Holub, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 314.

[1293] Bosman, loc. cit. p. 424.

[1294] Burchell, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 58, 564. Beecham, ‘Ashantee and the Gold Coast,’ p. 126.

[1295] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol vi. p. 772. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 195. Sturt, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 284, et seq. Bonney, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 129, 301. Cameron, ibid., vol. xiv. p. 352.

[1296] Finsch, loc. cit. pp. 102, 116. Guillemard, loc. cit. p. 389.

[1297] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  314.

[1298] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. pp. 267, 270.

[1299] In the Kingsmill Islands (Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  102), Fiji (ibid., vol. iii. p. 92), Hudson’s Island (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 290), Nukahiva (Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 127), Solomon Islands (Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 90), New Caledonia (Turner, p. 340), New Britain (Powell, loc. cit. p. 85), Java (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 569), Buru (Riedel, loc. cit. p. 21), and among the Bataks, Sundanese, and other Malay peoples (Hickson, loc. cit. p. 270. Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. pp. 161-167).

[1300] Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 167.

[1301] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 109.

[1302] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144.

[1303] Hooper, loc. cit. p. 209.

[1304] Andree, loc. cit. p. 141.

[1305] Kutchin (Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 312), Chippewas (Keating, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 157), Iroquois (Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ p. 320), Simoos (Bovallius, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 301).

[1306] Guarayos (v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  217), Hos (Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 201, et seq.), Maoris (Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 125), Fijians (Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 91).

[1307] See ante, p. 40.

[1308] Forbes, ‘On the Ethnology of Timor-laut,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 11.

[1309] Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. iii. p. 248.

[1310] Schoolcraft, ‘The Indian in his Wigwam,’ p. 72. Cf. Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  120; Adair, loc. cit. p. 141.

[1311] Buchanan, loc. cit. p. 184.

[1312] Sauer, loc. cit. p. 177. Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 314. Macfie, ‘Vancouver Island and British Columbia,’ p. 447. Wilkes, vol. iv. p. 457 (Indians of the Interior of Oregon).

[1313] Keating, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 157, et seq.

[1314] Petroff, loc. cit. p. 158.

[1315] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  269.

[1316] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  549, note 206.

[1317] Shawanese (Ashe, loc. cit. p. 249), Comanches (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 216), Patagonians (Musters, loc. cit. p. 186).

[1318] Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 92.

[1319] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 91.

[1320] Bridges, in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 184. Cf. King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 182.

[1321] Fries, loc. cit. p. 111 (Greenlanders). Brett, loc. cit. p. 354 (Caribs). Dobrizhoffer, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 207 (Abipones). King and Fitzroy, vol. ii. p. 153 (Patagonians).

[1322] Hannon, loc. cit. p. 341 (Blackfeet, Chippewyans, Crees, &c.). Schoolcraft, vol. v. p.  683 (Comanches).

[1323] Schoolcraft, vol. iii. p. 238.

[1324] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  108.

[1325] Taplin, loc. cit. p. 10.

[1326] Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. pp. 234, 242.

[1327] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S.  Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 407. Cf. Dawson, loc. cit. p. 34 (tribes of Western Victoria); Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 213 (natives of Northern Queensland).

[1328] Fison and Howitt, pp. 276, 280, 289, 348-354.

[1329] Taylor, loc. cit. p. 299.

[1330] Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 167. Cf. Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  456.

[1331] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 295, et seq.

[1332] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. pp. 267, 270, et seq. Cf. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 99, et seq.

[1333] Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 172. Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 105.

[1334] Romilly, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ix. p. 10.

[1335] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol ix. p. 368. In Samoa (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 95, et seq. Cf. ibid. pp. 92, 132; Turner, ‘Nineteen Years in Polynesia,’ p. 188; Pritchard, loc. cit. pp. 135, et seq.) and the Kingsmill Islands (Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  101), elopements frequently take place, and the parents, however mortified they may be, have to submit. In Fiji, according to Wilkes (vol. iii. p. 92. Cf. Pritchard, pp. 269, et seq.; Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 632), forced marriages are comparatively rare in the higher classes.

[1336] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p.  159.

[1337] Boyle, ‘Adventures among the Dyaks of Borneo,’ p. 236. Cf. Brooke, ‘Ten Years in Sarawak,’ vol. i. p.  69.

[1338] Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  90.

[1339] Hickson, loc. cit. p. 272.

[1340] Riedel, loc. cit. pp. 447, 302.

[1341] Marsden, loc. cit. p. 235. Crawfurd, vol. iii. pp. 129, et seq.

[1342] Colquhoun, ‘Burma and the Burmans,’ p. 12. Fytche, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 69. MacMahon, ‘Far Cathay,’ p. 275 (Indo-Burmese border tribes).

[1343] Anderson, ‘Mandalay to Momien,’ p. 301.

[1344] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 347. Cf. ibid., pp. 145, 146, 179, 285.

[1345] Kols, Abors (Rowney, loc. cit. pp. 67, 159), Santals (ibid., p. 76. Cf. Dalton, loc. cit. p. 215; ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  xxiv.; Man, loc. cit. p. 102; Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. pp. 205, et seq.), Todas (Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 242. Cf. Marshall, loc. cit. p. 212).

[1346] Miris, Khasias, Koch, Muásís (Dalton, pp. 29, 57, 91, 125), Oráons (Rowney, p. 81), Kolyas (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. pp. 358, et seq.), Butias (Cunningham, ‘Notes on Moorcroft’s Travels in Ladakh,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. i. p.  204).

[1347] Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355 (Kaupuis). Dalton, pp. 192, 299, et seq. (Hos, Boad Kandhs). Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology, Asiatic Races,’ p. 8 (Savaras of Jeypore).

[1348] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 254.

[1349] Gray, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 393.

[1350] v. Siebold, loc. cit. p. 30.

[1351] Steller, loc. cit. p. 345.

[1352] Sauer, loc. cit. p. 127.

[1353] v. Haxthausen, loc. cit. p. 402.

[1354] Usbegs (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 369), Kalmucks (Moore, loc. cit. p. 181), Aenezes (Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 61).

[1355] Ross, loc. cit. p. 315.

[1356] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 181.

[1357] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 408. Cf. Reade, loc. cit. pp. 260, 390, 453, 554.

[1358] Beecham, loc. cit. p. 125 (Ashantees). Soyaux, ‘Aus West-Afrika,’ pp. 152, 161 (Negroes of Loango). Merolla da Sorrento, loc. cit. p. 236 (Negroes of Sogno). Bosman, loc. cit. p. 419 (Negroes of the Gold Coast).

[1359] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 61.

[1360] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 103.

[1361] Holub, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 293, 298. Cf. ibid., vol. ii. p. 206.

[1362] Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  261. Leslie, ‘Among the Zulus and Amatongas,’ p. 194. According to other authorities, however, the Kafir girl herself is seldom or never consulted about the matter (Maclean, loc. cit. p. 69), though it generally happens that, after repeated elopements with the man of her own choice, the father gives up his original intention as to the disposal of her (Shooter, loc. cit. pp. 57, 60. Cf. v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 331, et seq.; vol. ii. p. 217).

[1363] Thunberg, ‘Account of the Cape of Good Hope,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 141.

[1364] Burchell, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 59. Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 444. Chapman, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  258.

[1365] Strabo, loc. cit. book xv. ch. i. p.  699.

[1366] Herodotus, loc. cit. book i. ch. 93.

[1367] v. Bohlen, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 148, 367, et seq. Klemm, ‘Die Frauen,’ vol. i. p.  281. Bachofen, ‘Das Mutterrecht,’ p. 196. Grimm, loc. cit. p. 421, note *.

[1368] ‘The Younger Edda,’ p. 158.

[1369] Letourneau, ‘Sociology,’ p. 378.

[1370] Burckhardt, loc. cit. pp. 149, et seq.

[1371] Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. p. 136. The same view is taken by Mr. Howitt (ibid., p. 358).

[1372] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 291.

[1373] Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. p. 354.

[1374] Ibid., pp. 343, 348-354.

[1375] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  61.

[1376] That the male children also are so disposed of appears, for instance, from v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 393 (Mundrucûs), 690 (Arawaks); Lansdell, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 225 (Gilyaks).

[1377] ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p.  403. Cf. Guillemard, loc. cit. p. 389 (Nufoor Papuans).

[1378] Ahts (Sproat, loc. cit. p. 97) and other Indians (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 103), Maravi (ibid., vol. ii. pp. 419, et seq.).

[1379] Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ pp. 321, 323.

[1380] Casalis, loc. cit. p. 186.

[1381] Kisáns, Mundas, Santals, Máriás (Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 132, 194, 215, 279), Mishmis (Rowlatt, ‘Expedition into the Mishmee Hills,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiv. pt. ii. p. 488), Bhils (Malcolm, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc.,’ vol. i. p.  83), Yoon-tha-lin Karens (Stoll, ‘Notes on the Yoon-tha-lin Karens,’ in ‘The Madras Journal of Literature and Science,’ N. S.  vol. vi. pp. 61, et seq.).

[1382] Dalton, p. 252 (Oráons).

[1383] Ibid., p. 132.

[1384] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. iii. p. 72.

[1385] Ibid., vol. iii. p. 83.

[1386] Clavigero, ‘The History of Mexico,’ vol. i. p.  331.

[1387] Clavigero, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  332.

[1388] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 251.

[1389] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Ancient Mexicans, &c., p. 3.

[1390] Heriot, loc. cit. pp. 334, et seq.

[1391] Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 666.

[1392] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 667. Squier, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p.  127.

[1393] Garcilasso de la Vega, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 207.

[1394] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  739.

[1395] Wells Williams, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  646.

[1396] Navarette, loc. cit. p. 75. Cf. ‘The Lî Kî,’ book xxvii. v. 33.

[1397] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 11.

[1398] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  205.

[1399] Ibid., vol. i. p.  189.

[1400] Rein, ‘Japan,’ p. 422.

[1401] Griffis, ‘The Mikado’s Empire,’ pp. 124, 147, 555.

[1402] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. pp. 117-119.

[1403] Amír’ Alí, ‘The Personal Law of Mahommedans,’ p. 179.

[1404] Ewald, loc. cit. p. 190.

[1405] ‘Exodus,’ ch. xxi. vv. 15, 17. ‘Leviticus,’ ch. xx. v. 9.

[1406] ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxi. vv. 18-21.

[1407] Ewald, loc. cit. p. 188. Cf. Gans, ‘Erbrecht,’ vol. i. p.  134.

[1408] Michaelis, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  444.

[1409] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxiv. v. 4; ch. xxviii. vv. 1, et seq. ‘Exodus,’ ch. xxxiv. v. 16. ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. vii. v. 3.  ‘Judges,’ ch. xiv. vv. 1-3.

[1410] Wilkinson, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  320.

[1411] ‘The Precepts of Ptah-Hotep,’ ch. xlii. xxxix. Cf. ibid., ch. xliv.

[1412] ‘Duodecim Tabularum Fragmenta,’ table iv. § 2.

[1413] Plutarch, ‘Ποπλικόλας,’ ch. vii.

[1414] Mommsen, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  64.

[1415] ‘Duodecim Tabularum Fragmenta,’ table iv. § 2. Justinian, ‘Institutiones,’ book i. title ix. § 3.

[1416] Justinian, book i. title x. Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 393. Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ p. 104.

[1417] Mackenzie, p. 104, note 4.

[1418] Fustel de Coulanges, loc. cit. p. 116.

[1419] Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ p. 138. Fustel de Coulanges, pp. 115, et seq. Hearn, loc. cit. p. 92.

[1420] Justinian, book i. title ix. § 2.

[1421] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 122, et seq.

[1422] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. viii. v. 416.

[1423] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ p. 123.

[1424] Nelson, ‘View of the Hindū Law,’ pp. 56, et seq.

[1425] ‘Rig-Veda Sanhitá,’ mandala i. súkta lxx. v. 5.

[1426] Zimmer, ‘Altindisches Leben,’ pp. 327, et seq.

[1427] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 32. Cf. Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 208.

[1428] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. vv. 39-41.

[1429] Spiegel, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 678.

[1430] v. Bohlen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 146.

[1431] Spiegel, vol. iii. pp. 677, et seq.

[1432] Fustel de Coulanges, loc. cit. p. 115.

[1433] Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ pp. 136, et seq.

[1434] Cauvet, ‘De l’organisation de la famille à Athènes,’ in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. 1845, p. 138.

[1435] Becker, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 446. Hermann-Blümner, ‘Lehrbuch der griechischen Privatalterthümer,’ p. 261.

[1436] Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 147.

[1437] Müller, ‘The Doric Race,’ vol. ii. p. 298.

[1438] Grimm, ‘Deutsche Rechts Alterthümer,’ pp. 461, 487, et seq. Weinhold, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ p. 473.

[1439] Laboulaye, ‘Recherches sur la condition civile et politique des femmes,’ p. 80.

[1440] Koenigswarter, ‘Histoire de l’organisation de la famille en France,’ p. 140.

[1441] Pardessus, ‘Loi Salique,’ p. 456.

[1442] Koenigswarter, p. 139.

[1443] Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. xxv.

[1444] Olivecrona, ‘Om makars giftorätt i bo,’ p. 143.

[1445] Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. xviii.

[1446] Weinhold, ‘Die deutschen Frauen in dem Mittelalter,’ vol. i. p.  303. Wilda, ‘Das Strafrecht der Germanen,’ p. 802. Olivecrona, loc. cit. p. 48.

[1447] Accurse, in the beginning of the thirteenth century, says, ‘Aliæ vero gentes quædam, ut servos tenent filios, ut Sclavi, aliæ ut prorsus absolutos, ut Francigenæ’ (Koenigswarter, loc. cit. p. 224, note 2).

[1448] Macieiowski, ‘Slavische Rechtsgeschichte,’ vol. iv. p. 404.

[1449] v. Haxthausen, ‘The Russian Empire,’ vol. ii. pp. 229, et seq.

[1450] Mackenzie Wallace, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 134-136.

[1451] Macieiowski, vol. ii. p. 189.

[1452] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ p. 244, note.

[1453] Krauss, loc. cit. pp. 313, 314.

[1454] Ibid., p. 320.

[1455] Ewald, loc. cit. p. 190.

[1456] Lichtschein, loc. cit. p. 41.

[1457] Amír’ Alí, loc. cit. p. 179.

[1458] Ibid., pp. 180-183.

[1459] Amír’ Alí, loc. cit. pp. 179, 180, 184.

[1460] Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ p. 137.

[1461] Mackenzie, ‘Roman Law,’ p. 141. Koenigswarter, loc. cit. p. 86. Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 47, et seq.

[1462] Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ p. 138. Rossbach, p. 396

[1463] Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 396, 400, et seq.

[1464] Koenigswarter, p. 93.

[1465] Pardessus, loc. cit. p. 666.

[1466] Guizot, ‘The History of Civilisation,’ vol. ii. p. 467. A Council at Orleans, in 541, also forbids ‘any one to marry a girl without the consent of her parents’ (ibid., vol. ii. p. 464).

[1467] Cnut, ‘Dômas,’ Leges Saeculares, ch. lxxiv.

[1468] ‘Westgöta-Lagen,’ Codex Recentior, Kirkyu Balker, ch. lii. Additamenta, § 8.

[1469] ‘Uplands-Lagen,’ Aerfdæ Balkær, ch. i. § 4.

[1470] Nordström, ‘Svenska samhälls-författningens historia,’ vol. ii. pp. 15, et seq. Wilda, loc. cit. p. 803. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p.  304. According to Saxo Grammaticus (‘Historia Danica,’ book v. vol. i. p.  186), a woman was allowed to dispose of her own hand before the days of King Frotho.

[1471] ‘Der Schwabenspiegel,’ Landrecht, § 55.

[1472] Kraut, ‘Die Vormundschaft,’ vol. i. p.  326.

[1473] Weinhold, vol. i. p.  305.

[1474] Quoted in Spencer’s ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ France, p. 38.

[1475] Quoted by de Ribbe, ‘Les familles et la société en France avant la Révolution,’ p. 51.

[1476] Bodin, ‘De Republica,’ book i. ch. iv. p. 31.

[1477] Sully, ‘Memoirs,’ vol. v. p.  180.

[1478] Koenigswarter, loc. cit. p. 231.

[1479] de Goncourt, ‘La Femme au dix-huitième siècle,’ p. 20.

[1480] ‘Code Civil,’ art. 374.

[1481] Ibid., art. 375-383.

[1482] Ibid., art. 148.

[1483] ‘Code Civil,’ art. 151.

[1484] Kent, ‘Commentaries on American Law,’ lecture xxvi.

[1485] Diderot and d’Alembert, ‘Encyclopédie,’ vol. xiii. p. 255.

[1486] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 384.

[1487] Nicholson, loc. cit. p. 1.  Cf. a criticism of ‘The Descent of Man,’ in ‘The Athenæum,’ 1871, March 4th.

[1488] Darwin, vol. ii. p. 252.

[1489] Müller, ‘The Fertilisation of Flowers,’ p. 14.

[1490] Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ p. 223.

[1491] ‘The Colours of Plants and the Origin of the Colour-Sense,’ in ‘Tropical Nature,’ pp. 221-248. ‘Darwinism,’ ch. x.

[1492] Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ pp. 193-195.

[1493] Ibid., p. 187.

[1494] Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ p. 213.

[1495] Idem, ‘Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection,’ pp. 73, et seq.

[1496] Ibid., pp. 259-261.

[1497] Fraser, in ‘Nature,’ vol. iii. p. 489.

[1498] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p.  485.

[1499] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 270.

[1500] The Gallinaceæ, however, form an exception; though almost wholly terrestrial, they have the most pronounced sexual colours. But they are active and wander much.

[1501] Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ pp. 230, et seq.

[1502] Gould, ‘Handbook to the Birds of Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 383.

[1503] Wood, loc.cit. vol. ii. p. 257.

[1504] Prejevalsky, ‘From Kulja to Lob-nor,’ pp. 92, 94.

[1505] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iii. p. 94.

[1506] Gould, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 382, et seq.

[1507] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p.  62.

[1508] Burdach, ‘Physiologie,’ vol. i. p.  277.

[1509] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 284.

[1510] Ibid., p. 294.

[1511] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 293.

[1512] Mr. Belt (loc. cit. p. 112) has seen the female of Florisuga mellivora sitting quietly on a branch, and two males displaying their charms in front of her. ‘One would shoot up like a rocket, then suddenly expanding the snow-white tail like an inverted parachute, slowly descend in front of her, turning round gradually to show off both back and front.... The expanded white tail covered more space than all the rest of the bird, and was evidently the grand feature in the performance.'

[1513] See Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 285.

[1514] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 67, 74.

[1515] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp. 102-104.

[1516] According to Professor Vogt (‘Lectures on Man,’ p. 421), the aversion between allied species in the wild state is more frequently overcome by the males than by the females; and, in crosses between wild and domesticated animals, the female generally belongs to the domesticated species or race (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire naturelle générale,’ vol. iii. p. 177).

[1517] Taylor, loc. cit. pp. 293, et seq.

[1518] Merolla da Sorrento, loc. cit. p. 236.

[1519] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  141.

[1520] de Quatrefages, ‘The Human Species,’ p. 267.

[1521] Peschel, loc. cit. p. 8, note 8.

[1522] Nott and Gliddon, ‘Types of Mankind,’ p. 401.

[1523] Kerry-Nicholls, ‘The Maori Race,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 195.

[1524] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  612.

[1525] Leguével de Lacombe, ‘Voyage à Madagascar,’ vol. ii. pp. 121-123.

[1526] Apollodorus Atheniensis, ‘ Βιβλωθήκη,’ book iii. ch. ix. § 2.

[1527] Cf. Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, p. 12.

[1528] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 216. Cf. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  363; Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 40, et seq. (Nagas of Upper Assam).

[1529] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 251.

[1530] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 310.

[1531] Mitchell, ‘Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia,’ vol. i. p. 307.

[1532] v. Humboldt, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 233.

[1533] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 161.

[1534] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 373, et seq.

[1535] Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 213.

[1536] Hume, ‘Essays,’ vol. i. p.  268.

[1537] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  227. Cf. Sproat, loc. cit. p. 29; Heriot, loc. cit. p. 348.

[1538] Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 280, note.

[1539] Williams, ‘Narrative of Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 539. Cf. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  81; King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 527.

[1540] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305.

[1541] Prichard, ‘Researches into the Physical History of Mankind,’ vol. iv. p. 519.

[1542] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 493. For other instances of different ideas of beauty, see Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 374-381.

[1543] Bombet, ‘The Lives of Haydn and Mozart,’ p. 278.

[1544] Spencer, ‘Essays,’ vol. ii. pp. 156, 162. Mr. Spencer’s view on this point bears a close resemblance to that of Vischer, the Hegelian, according to whom the Indo-European race alone is really beautiful (Vischer, ‘Aesthetik,’ vol. ii. pp. 175, et seq.).

[1545] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Asiatic Races, p. 29.

[1546] v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  174; vol. ii. p. 200. Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 390.

[1547] Reade, loc. cit. p. 74.

[1548] Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 186.

[1549] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 454. Cf. ibid., p. 340.

[1550] This rule does not hold good for all races. Speaking of the natives of King George’s Sound, Cook remarks (‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 303) that ‘the women are nearly of the same size, colour, and form, with the men; from whom it is not easy to distinguish them.’ Ellis states (‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  81) that, among the Tahitians, the difference between the stature of the male and female sex is not so great as that which often prevails in Europe. Diodorus Siculus says (loc. cit. book v. ch. xxxii. § 2) that the Gallic women were as tall as the men; and Dr. Fritsch asserts (loc. cit. p. 398) the same with reference to the Bushman women of South Africa. Among the Californian Shastika, according to Mr. Powers (loc. cit. p. 244), the women are even ‘larger and stronger-featured, and in every way more respectable,’ than the men. Cf. Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 118 (Somals).

[1551] Ploss, ‘Das Weib,’ vol. i. pp. 9, et seq.

[1552] v. Humboldt, loc. cit. vol. iii. pp. 236, et seq.

[1553] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire des anomalies,’ vol. i. p.  268. Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 381. Mantegazza, ‘Rio de la Plata e Tenerife.’ Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 27.

[1554] Martineau, ‘Types of Ethical Theory,’ vol. ii. p. 157. Delaunay, ‘Sur la beauté,’ in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. viii. p. 198.

[1555] Davy, loc. cit. pp. 110, et seq.

[1556] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire des anomalies,’ vol. i. p.  268.

[1557] Castrén, ‘Nordiska resor och forskningar,’ vol. i. p.  229.

[1558] Prichard, loc. cit. vol. iv. pp. 434, et seq.

[1559] de Rubruquis, loc. cit. p. 33.

[1560] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 543.

[1561] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 38; 259, note *.

[1562] v. Humboldt, ‘Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain,’ vol. i. p.  154, note. For other evidence for v. Humboldt’s theory, see—besides Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man’—Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. pp. 62, et seq.; vol. vi. pp. 543, 571; Idem, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305; Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 11.

[1563] Macfie, loc. cit. p. 441. Heriot, loc. cit. p. 348. Catlin, ‘Last Rambles amongst the Indians,’ pp. 145, et seq.

[1564] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  81. Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 272. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 27.

[1565] Marsden, loc. cit. pp. 44, et seq.

[1566] Andersson, loc. cit. p. 196.

[1567] Welcker, ‘Die Füsse der Chinesinnen,’ in ‘Archiv. f. Anthr.,’ vol. v. p. 149. Katscher, ‘Bilder aus dem chinesischen Leben,’ p. 51.

[1568] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 377.

[1569] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 280, 304.

[1570] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305.

[1571] Sibree, loc. cit. pp. 111, 210.

[1572] Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  23. For additional evidence, see Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 183; Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 92; Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 452, 455.

[1573] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 383.

[1574] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 307.

[1575] Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ pp. 381, et seq. Cheyne, loc. cit. p. 105.

[1576] Crawfurd, vol. i. p.  23.

[1577] Marco Polo, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 291.

[1578] v. Humboldt, ‘Political Essay,’ p. 141.

[1579] Cf. Lawrence, ‘Lectures on Physiology,’ &c., p. 474.

[1580] Godron, ‘De l’espèce et des races,’ vol. ii. p. 310.

[1581] Ibid., vol. ii. pp. 175, et seq.

[1582] Quetelet, loc. cit. pp. 59, et seq. Cf. Ranke, ‘Der Mensch,’ vol. ii. pp. 77-79, 116, et seq.

[1583] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 86.

[1584] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire des anomalies,’ vol. i. pp. 158, 159, 182-185. Cf. Ranke, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 131-136.

[1585] Lawrence, loc. cit. p. 400.

[1586] Virchow, ‘Untersuchungen über die Entwickelung des Schädelgrundes,’ p. 121.

[1587] Spencer, ‘Essays,’ vol. ii. pp. 153, et seq.

[1588] Schaaffhausen, ‘On the Primitive Form of the Human Skull,’ in ‘The Anthropological Review,’ vol. vi. p. 416.

[1589] Ibid., p. 419.

[1590] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ pp. 53, et seq. Cf. de Quatrefages, loc. cit. p. 254.

[1591] ‘Edinburgh Medical Journal,’ vol. xxxi. pt. ii. p. 852.

[1592] Joest, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 475. Cf. Peschel, loc. cit. pp. 19, et seq.

[1593] ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 377.

[1594] Cf. Pouchet, ‘The Plurality of the Human Race,’ p. 92; Virchow, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 213.

[1595] ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 475, note.

[1596] Squier, ‘The States of Central America,’ p. 56.

[1597] Godron, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 276.

[1598] Mayer, ‘Die Mechanik der Wärme,’ p. 98.

[1599] Tylor, ‘Anthropology,’ p. 86.

[1600] de Quatrefages, loc. cit. p. 255.

[1601] Rohlfs, ‘Henry Noël von Bagermi,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 255.

[1602] Reade, loc. cit. p. 526.

[1603] Ibid., p. 526.

[1604] Peschel, loc. cit. p. 92.

[1605] Wallace, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. ii. p. 182.

[1606] Quoted by Schaaffhausen, in ‘The Anthropological Review,’ vol. vi. p. 418.

[1607] Cf. Schaaffhausen, ‘Darwinism and Anthropology,’ ibid., vol vi. pp. cviii., et seq.

[1608] M. Elisée Reclus (quoted by de Quatrefages, loc. cit. p. 255) makes a curious mistake when he asserts that, at the end of a given time, whatever be their origin, all the descendants of whites or of negroes who have immigrated to America will become Redskins.

[1609] Weismann, ‘Essays upon Heredity,’ &c., p. 81.

[1610] Weismann, loc. cit. pp. 81, &c. Godron, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 299.

[1611] Rauber, ‘Homo sapiens ferus,’ pp. 69-71.

[1612] Poiret, ‘Voyage en Barbarie,’ vol. i. p.  31.

[1613] Mr. Wallace (‘Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection,’ Essay ix.), so far as I know, is the only investigator who has tried to explain, by the principle of natural selection, the origin of human racial distinctions.

[1614] A negro child is not born black, but becomes so after some shorter or longer time (Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 342. Caillié, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  351). The children of dark races are usually fairer than the adults (Darwin, vol. ii. p. 342. Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 385).

[1615] Camper, ‘Kleinere Schriften,’ vol. i. p.  44.

[1616] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 384, et seq.

[1617] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 383.

[1618] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  316.

[1619] Speaking of the Rejangs of Sumatra, Marsden says (loc. cit. p. 206), ‘The quick, and to them inexplicable, revolutions of our fashions are subject of much astonishment, and they naturally conclude that those modes can have but little intrinsic merit which we are so ready to change.'

[1620] Earl, loc. cit. p. 48.

[1621] Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ pp. 538, et seq.

[1622] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 403, et seq.

[1623] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 410.

[1624] Mr. Wallace, in his ‘Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection’ (p. 359), believes that ‘a superior intelligence has guided the development of man in a definite direction,’ and considers (pp. 348, et seq.) that the hairless condition of the skin comes under this head. Again, Mr. Belt’s experience in tropical countries has led him to the conclusion that, in such parts at least, there is one serious drawback to the advantage of having the skin covered with hair:—‘It affords cover for parasitical insects, which, if the skin were naked, might more easily be got rid of’ (Belt, loc. cit. p. 209).

[1625] Collins, who wrote sixty years before ‘The Origin of Species,’ makes the following observation regarding the natives about Botany Bay and Port Jackson (New South Wales):—‘Their sight is peculiarly fine, indeed their existence very often depends upon the accuracy of it; for a short-sighted man ... would never be able to defend himself from their spears, which are thrown with amazing force and velocity’ (Collins, ‘Account of the English Colony in New South Wales,’ vol. i. pp. 553, et seq.).

[1626] v. Humboldt, ‘Political Essay,’ vol. i. pp. 152, et seq. Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ pp. 113, et seq. Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 30, note; Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ pp. 274, et seq.; Collins, vol. i. p.  553 (Australians). Rengger, loc. cit. pp. 9, et seq. (Indians of Paraguay).

[1627] Lawrence, loc. cit. pp. 422, et seq.

[1628] Reade, loc. cit. pp. 545, 549. Johnston, loc. cit. p. 436.

[1629] Duvernoy, art. ‘Propagation,’ in ‘Dictionnaire universel d’histoire naturelle,’ vol. x. p.  546.

[1630] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire naturelle générale,’ vol. iii. p. 180.

[1631] Ibid., vol. iii. pp. 175, 185, et seq. de Quatrefages, loc. cit. p. 67.

[1632] Vogt, ‘Lectures on Man,’ p. 414.

[1633] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, vol. iii. p. 191.

[1634] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire naturelle,’ vol. iii. pp. 169-175.

[1635] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 189.

[1636] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, vol. iii. p. 208. Blumenbach, ‘Anthropological Treatises,’ p. 73.

[1637] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, vol. iii. pp. 213, et seq.

[1638] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ pp. 160, et seq.

[1639] Darwin, ‘The Origin of Species,’ vol. ii. pp. 44, &c. Cf. Godron, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  209.

[1640] The greater or less degree of sterility of hybrids, although, as Mr. Darwin remarks (‘The Origin of Species,’ vol. ii. p. 46), a very different case from the difficulty of uniting two pure species, yet, to a certain extent, runs parallel with it.

[1641] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire naturelle,’ vol. iii. pp. 168, 169, &c.

[1642] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 180.

[1643] ‘Exodus,’ ch. xxii. v. 19. ‘Leviticus,’ ch. xviii. v. 23; ch. xx. v. 15. ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxvii. v. 21. Pliny, loc. cit. book viii. ch. 42. Virgil, ‘Bucolica,’ Ecloga iii. v. 8.

[1644] Janke, loc. cit. p. 276. Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. xcvii. v. Kraft-Ebing, ‘Psychopathia sexualis,’ pp. 135, et seq.

[1645] See Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 125, 126, 128.

[1646] Cf. Blumenbach, loc. cit. pp. 80, et seq.; Steller, loc. cit. p. 289, note.

[1647] Périer, ‘Essai sur les croisements ethniques,’ in ‘Mémoires Soc. d’Anthr.,’ vol. i. p.  216. Jacquinot, in Dumont d’Urville, ‘Voyage au Pole Sud,’ Zoologie, vol. ii. p. 92.

[1648] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp. 102, et seq.

[1649] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 381.

[1650] de Quatrefages, loc. cit. p. 273.

[1651] Topinard, ‘Anthropology,’ p. 371.

[1652] Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 238.

[1653] Topinard, p. 372.

[1654] Périer, in ‘Mém. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ vol. ii. p. 340.

[1655] Topinard, loc. cit. p. 383.

[1656] Prichard, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  149.

[1657] Godron, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 360, note 2.

[1658] Knox, ‘The Races of Men,’ pp. 497, &c.

[1659] Nott and Gliddon, loc. cit. pp. 397, et seq.

[1660] Broca, ‘The Phenomena of Hybridity,’ p. 60. Pouchet, loc. cit. p. 101.

[1661] Prichard, ‘The Natural History of Man,’ p. 18.

[1662] Godron, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 363.

[1663] de Quatrefages, loc. cit. p. 264.

[1664] Broca, p. 48.

[1665] Ibid., p. 48.

[1666] Curr, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 264. Cf. Topinard, ‘Note sur les métis d’Australiens et d’Européens,’ in ‘Revue d’Anthropologie,’ vol. iv. pp. 243-249.

[1667] Dr. T. R.  H. Thomson says ('On the Reported Incompetency of the “Gins,”‘ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iii. pp. 244, et seq.) that the Australian woman, when she places herself under the roof of a European settler as his concubine or wife, appears to become less fertile, although she has more regular diet, comfort, and covering.

[1668] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp. 148-160.

[1669] Peschel, loc. cit. p. 9.  Eyre, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 324. Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 273.

[1670] Meyer, loc. cit. p. 186.

[1671] Taplin, loc. cit. p. 14.

[1672] Broca, loc. cit. p. 36.

[1673] Peschel, loc. cit. p. 8.

[1674] v. Görtz, ‘Reise um die Welt,’ vol. iii. p. 288.

[1675] Hensen, ‘Die Physiologie der Zeugung,’ in Hermann, ‘Handbuch der Physiologie,’ vol. vi. pt. ii. p. 191.

[1676] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp. 182, et seq.

[1677] Jacobs, ‘On the Racial Characteristics of Modern Jews,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. pp. 26-28.

[1678] Agassiz, ‘Essay on Classification,’ pp. 249-252.

[1679] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp. 105, 181, 190, et seq.

[1680] Vogt, loc. cit. p. 421.

[1681] Sebright, loc. cit. pp. 17, et seq.

[1682] v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 64.

[1683] Ross, in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1866, p. 310.

[1684] Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 22. Idem, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p.  151. Riedel, quoted by Post, ‘Entwickelungsgeschichte des Familienrechts,’ p. 221. Garcilasso de la Vega, describing the Indians of Peru before the time of the Incas, says (loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 58, et seq.), ‘In many nations they cohabited like beasts, without any special wife, but just as chance directed. Others followed their own desires, without excepting sisters, daughters, or mothers. Others excepted their mothers but none else.’ It is said, according to Dr. Hickson (loc. cit. pp. 277, et seq.), that in olden times, in the southern districts of Minahassa, in the neighbourhood of Tonsawang, father and daughter, mother and son, brother and sister, frequently lived together in bonds of matrimony. As regards the Chippewas, Mr. Keating states (loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 170) that ‘incest is not unknown to them, but it is held in great abhorrence.'

[1685] Hübschmann, ‘Ueber die persische Verwandtenheirath,’ in ‘Zeitschr. d. Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellsch.,’ vol. xliii. p. 308.

[1686] Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 83.

[1687] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 276.

[1688] Heifer, ‘The Animal Productions of the Tenasserim Provinces,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. vii. p. 856.

[1689] Cameron, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 70.

[1690] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 49.

[1691] ‘The Kalevala’ (translated by Crawford), vol. ii. p. 548.

[1692] Powers, loc. cit. p. 340.

[1693] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 367.

[1694] Krasheninnikoff, ‘The History of Kamtschatka,’ p. 215.

[1695] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. pp. 294, et seq.

[1696] Janke, loc. cit. p. 276.

[1697] Liebich, loc. cit. p. 49.

[1698] Thomson, ‘Through Masai Land,’ p. 51.

[1699] v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 198. Idem, ‘Beiträge zur Ethnographie,’ &c., vol. i. pp. 115, et seq.

[1700] ‘Rig-Veda Sanhitá,’ mandala x. súkta 10.

[1701] Schrader, loc. cit. p. 392, note.

[1702] ‘Ynglinga Saga,’ ch. iv.; in ‘Heimskringla’ (edited by Unger), p. 6.

[1703] Ibid., p. 6.

[1704] Nordström, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 18. Grimm, loc. cit. p. 435.

[1705] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 173.

[1706] Moore, loc. cit. p. 169.

[1707] Forbes, ‘British Burma,’ p. 48, note.

[1708] Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 459.

[1709] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 131.

[1710] Ellis, ‘Hawaii,’ pp. 414, et seq. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 32.

[1711] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 252.

[1712] Herodotus, loc. cit. book iii. ch. 31. Spiegel, loc. cit. vol. iii. pp. 678, et seq.

[1713] Wilkinson, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  319.

[1714] Ibid., vol. i. pp. 318, et seq.

[1715] Garcilasso de la Vega, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  308.

[1716] Acosta, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 425. Prescott, ‘History of the Conquest of Peru,’ p. 9, note 3.

[1717] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., p. 160. Wilken, ‘Huwelijken tusschen bloedverwanten,’ p. 31.

[1718] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406, note.

[1719] Krauss, loc. cit. pp. 221, et seq..

[1720] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xx. v. 12.

[1721] Robertson Smith, loc. cit. p. 163.

[1722] Michaelis, ‘Abhandlung von den Ehegesetzen Mosis,’ p. 128.

[1723] Becker, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 448. In Homer, the marriage of brother and sister, strictly speaking, is to be found only in myth (Schrader, loc. cit. p. 392, note).

[1724] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 664, et seq.

[1725] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p.  147. Idem, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 22.

[1726] Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 289. Cf. v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 116, 393 (certain Brazilian tribes).

[1727] The Rev. B. Danks mentions (‘Marriage Customs of the New Britain Group,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 283) that in the New Britain Group, where upon theoretical grounds a man may without law-breaking marry his niece, as belonging to another clan, there is, nevertheless, a great repugnance to such unions, among the natives, and in one case where such a union was brought about, the natives utterly condemned it.

[1728] Tartars (Castrén, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 298), Somals (Burton, ‘First Footsteps in East Africa,’ p. 120), Negroes of Bondo (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1027).

[1729] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406.

[1730] Balfour, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 880.

[1731] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 422.

[1732] Huth, ‘The Marriage of Near Kin,’ pp. 123, 137.

[1733] Ibid. pp. 123, 139.

[1734] ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. v. 27.

[1735] Dall, loc. cit. p. 399. Petroff, loc. cit. p. 158.

[1736] Lyon, loc. cit. p. 353.

[1737] Heriot, loc. cit. p. 325.

[1738] Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  276.

[1739] v. Siebold, loc. cit. pp. 30, et seq.

[1740] Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 64. Robertson Smith, loc. cit. p. 82.

[1741] ‘The Marriage Customs of the Moors of Ceylon,’ in ‘The Folk-Lore Journal,’ vol. vi. p. 140.

[1742] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vi. p. 406.

[1743] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Asiatic Races, p. 8.

[1744] Shortt, ‘The Wild Tribes of Southern India,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 187.

[1745] Egede, loc. cit. p. 141.

[1746] Rink, ‘The Eskimo Tribes,’ p. 23.

[1747] Dall, loc. cit. p. 196.

[1748] Keating, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 171.

[1749] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  655.

[1750] Powers, loc. cit. p. 192.

[1751] Sproat, loc. cit. p. 99.

[1752] Dall, p. 138.

[1753] Frazer, loc. cit. p. 59.

[1754] Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 315.

[1755] Frazer, loc. cit. p. 60.

[1756] Morgan, ‘Ancient Society,’ pp. 90, et seq.

[1757] Ibid., pp. 91-93. Cf. Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ pp. 79, 81, 83.

[1758] Frazer, pp. 60-62.

[1759] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 665.

[1760] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 665. de Herrera, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 171.

[1761] Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 251.

[1762] Im Thurn, loc. cit. pp. 175, 185.

[1763] Agassiz, ‘Journey in Brazil,’ p. 320.

[1764] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 172.

[1765] Dobrizhoffer, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  63; vol. ii. p. 212.

[1766] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  107. Cf. Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 299.

[1767] Frazer, loc. cit. p. 65. Curr, vol. i. p.  112.

[1768] Frazer, p. 65. Howitt, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1883, p. 800.

[1769] Curr, vol. i. p.  112. Cf. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales, vol. xxiii. p. 402.

[1770] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  118. Frazer, loc. cit. p. 58. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 399. For the Australian exogamy, see also Howitt, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1883, pp. 797-824; Fison and Howitt, loc. cit.; Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 86-92; Ridley, ‘The Aborigines of Australia,’ pp. 7-10; Idem, ‘Kámilarói,’ pp. 161, et seq.; Breton, loc. cit. p. 202; Schürmann, loc. cit. p. 222; Dawson, loc. cit. p. 26; Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 772; Bonney, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 128, et seq.; Cameron, ibid., vol. xiv. p. 351.

[1771] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  112; vol. ii. p. 245. Schürmann, loc. cit. p. 222. Cameron, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 351.

[1772] Curr, vol. i. p.  106.

[1773] Ibid., vol. iii. p. 546.

[1774] Ibid., vol. i. pp. 107, 111. Dawson, loc. cit. p. 26.

[1775] Dawson, p. 27.

[1776] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 386. Cf. Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 62.

[1777] Huth, loc. cit. p. 80. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 131.

[1778] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 92.

[1779] Codrington, loc. cit. pp. 21, 29.

[1780] Danks, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. pp. 282, et seq. Cf. Powell, loc. cit. p. 86.

[1781] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 181, et seq.

[1782] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 106.

[1783] Kubary, loc. cit. p. 35.

[1784] St. John, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  198. Cf. Low, loc. cit. p. 300; Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 23.

[1785] Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 139.

[1786] Hickson, loc. cit. p. 227. Wilken, pp. 21, et seq.

[1787] Wilken, pp. 18, 21.

[1788] Blumentritt, loc. cit. p. 33.

[1789] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p.  147.

[1790] Riedel, loc. cit. p. 206.

[1791] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. pp. 145, et seq.

[1792] Riedel, p. 416.

[1793] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p.  146.

[1794] Ibid., p. 146.

[1795] Ibid., p. 148.

[1796] Wilken, ‘Huwelijken tusschen bloedverwanten,’ pp. 26, et. seq. Riedel, loc. cit. p. 460.

[1797] Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 18.

[1798] Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 640.

[1799] Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 359.

[1800] Lewin, loc. cit. pp. 186, et seq.

[1801] Macpherson, quoted by Percival, ‘The Land of the Veda,’ p. 345. Cf. Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. iii. p. 81.

[1802] Man, loc. cit. p. 103.

[1803] Hale, ‘On the Sakais,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 291.

[1804] Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 158, 189.

[1805] Ibid., p. 63.

[1806] Tod, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  145.

[1807] Lyall, ‘Asiatic Studies,’ p. 156.

[1808] Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ p. 280.

[1809] This relationship extends to six degrees where the common ancestor is a male. Where the common ancestor is a female, there is a difference of opinion; Manu and Âpastamba extending the prohibition in her case also to six degrees, while Gautama, Vishnu, Narada, &c., limit it to four degrees (Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 87).

[1810] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 5.

[1811] Weber, ‘Die Kastenverhältnisse in dem Brâhmana und Sûtra,’ in ‘Indische Studien,’ vol. x. pp. 75, et seq.

[1812] Kearns, loc. cit. pp. 33, et seq. For the marriage restrictions of the Hindus, cf. Steele, ‘The Law and Custom of the Hindoo Castes,’ pp. 26, 27, 163.

[1813] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. pp. 135, et seq.

[1814] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 294.

[1815] ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 3-10, 23-25, 27, et seq.

[1816] Ibid., vol. iv. pp. 21, et seq.

[1817] Ibid., vol. iv. p. 24.

[1818] Ibid., vol. iv. p. 23. Jamieson, ‘Translations from the General Code of Laws of the Chinese Empire,’ in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. pp. 82, et seq. Cf. Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  186; Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ p. 281.

[1819] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 27.

[1820] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 139. Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 171.

[1821] Bastian, p. 172.

[1822] Castrén, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 168. Georgi, loc. cit. p. 282. Finsch, ‘Reise nach West-Sibirien,’ p. 543.

[1823] Georgi, loc. cit. p. 31.

[1824] Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, pp. 12, et seq. Idem, ‘Nordiska resor och forskningar,’ vol. ii. p. 168. de Quatrefages, ‘Hommes fossiles et hommes sauvages,’ p. 604.

[1825] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406, note.

[1826] Ibid. p. 406.

[1827] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 181.

[1828] Reich, ‘Geschichte, Natur-und Gesundheitslehre des ehelichen Lebens,’ p. 333.

[1829] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 120.

[1830] Du Chaillu, ‘The People of Western Equatorial Africa,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. i. p.  307. Ashe, ‘Two Kings of Uganda,’ p. 285.

[1831] Burton, ‘Gorilla Land,’ vol. i. p.  75.

[1832] Cf. Fritsch, loc. cit. pp. 114, et seq.; Bastian, ‘Ethnologische Forschungen,’ vol. i. p.  xxvii.; Holden, ‘The Past and Future of the Kaffir Races,’ p. 200.

[1833] Shooter, loc. cit. pp. 45, et seq.

[1834] Maclean, loc. cit. p. 163.

[1835] Shooter, p. 45.

[1836] Maclean, p. 115.

[1837] Theal, loc. cit. pp. 16, et seq.

[1838] Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 85.

[1839] Casalis, loc. cit. p. 191.

[1840] Kolben, ‘The Present State of the Cape of Good Hope,’ vol. i. pp. 155, et seq.

[1841] Sibree, loc. cit. pp. 185, 248, et seq. Ellis, ‘History of Madagascar,’ vol. i. pp. 164, et seq.

[1842] Marquardt and Mommsen, ‘Handbuch der römischen Alterthümer,’ vol. vii. pp. 29, et seq.

[1843] Smith and Cheetham, ‘Dictionary of Christian Antiquities,’ vol. ii. p. 1727.

[1844] Smith and Cheetham, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 1727, 1729.

[1845] Huth, loc. cit. p. 122.

[1846] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 127.

[1847] Lyon, loc. cit. p. 353. Holm, ‘Ethnologisk Skizze af Angmagsalikerne,’ in ‘Meddelelser om Grönland,’ vol. x. p.  96.

[1848] Daniell, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iv. p. 14.

[1849] Dawson, loc. cit. p. 27.

[1850] de Herrera, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 171.

[1851] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 24, et seq. note.

[1852] Longford, ‘Summary of the Japanese Penal Codes,’ in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 87.

[1853] ‘The Institutes of Vishnu,’ ch. xxxiv. vv. 1, et seq.

[1854] ‘Leviticus,’ ch. xviii. vv. 8, 15, 17; &c.

[1855] ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. vv. 26, et seq.

[1856] Justinian, loc. cit. book i. title x. §§ 6, et seq.

[1857] See Ewald, p. 197, note 6. Cf. Smith and Cheetham, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 1725, et seq.

[1858] Huth, loc. cit. p. 24.

[1859] McLennan, ‘Studies in Ancient History,’ pp. 75, et seq.

[1860] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 614-619.

[1861] McLennan, ‘Exogamy and Endogamy,’ in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. xxi. pp. 884, et seq.

[1862] Hooper, loc. cit. p. 201.

[1863] Sproat, loc. cit. p. 94.

[1864] Seemann, ‘Voyage of Herald,’ vol. ii. p. 66.

[1865] Keene, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 206.

[1866] Powers, loc. cit. pp. 192, 271, 382. Cf. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 106.

[1867] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 243. Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. xcviii.

[1868] Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 77.

[1869] Dall, loc. cit. p. 399

[1870] Reich, loc. cit. pp. 457, et seq.

[1871] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  280.

[1872] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 79. Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 558. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 392.

[1873] Elton, ‘Natives of the Solomon Islands,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 93.

[1874] Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 211.

[1875] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  70.

[1876] Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 272 (natives of Herbert River, Northern Queensland).

[1877] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 400, et seq.

[1878] Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. pp. 134-137. Cf. Farrer, ‘Primitive Manners and Customs,’ p. 244.

[1879] Mr. Bridges, in a letter. Cf. Idem, in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 181; Hyades, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p.  331.

[1880] Powers, loc. cit. p. 207. Cf. ibid., p. 183.

[1881] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  249.

[1882] McLennan, ‘Studies in Ancient History,’ p. 160.

[1883] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  619-621.

[1884] Ibid., pp. 627, et seq.

[1885] Mr. Huth, in the first edition of his work, ‘The Marriage of Near Kin,’ suggests (p. 157) that marriage between parents and children is considered incestuous because marriage between old men and young women in general is considered so. In the second edition, Mr. Huth seems to have given up this most unfortunate hypothesis, as he says (p. 18) that ‘the prohibition of marriage with those who were regarded as near of kin was derived from the same causes which made exogamy imperative,’ that is, the causes suggested by Mr. Spencer.

[1886] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ pp. 135, et seq. Professor Wilken (in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 612) accepts this explanation of the origin of exogamy, and considers it certain (ibid., pp. 618, 619, 623) that prohibitions of close intermarriage have everywhere originated in true exogamy.

[1887] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., p. 345. Among the Australian Gournditch-mara, according to the Rev. J. H.  Stähle, the man who captured a woman in war never kept her himself, but was compelled to give her to some one else (Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. p. 276).

[1888] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. pp. 361, et seq. Professor Kohler also thinks (‘Krit. Vierteljahrschr. f. Gesetzg.,’ N. S.  vol. iv. p. 181) that one of the chief causes of exogamy was the unpleasantly dependent position in which, in endogamous marriage, the husband stood to the family of his wife.

[1889] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 267.

[1890] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  100. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 403. Dawson, loc. cit. p. 28. Frazer, loc. cit. pp. 58, et seq. There seem to be two or three exceptions to this rule among the Australian tribes, but Mr. Curr (vol. i. p.  417) ascribes such cases to the influence of the whites.

[1891] Codrington, loc. cit. p. 23.

[1892] Holm, loc. cit. p. 98.

[1893] Prichard, loc. cit. p. 125.

[1894] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 265.

[1895] Morgan, ‘Ancient Society,’ p. 424.

[1896] Lubbock, ‘The Customs of Marriage and Systems of Relationship among the Australians,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 300. Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 124. Peschel, loc. cit. p. 224.

[1897] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ p. 228.

[1898] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  112.

[1899] Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 21.

[1900] Cf. Lang, ‘Custom and Myth,’ p. 256.

[1901] Huth, loc. cit. p. 342.

[1902] Plato, ‘Νόμοι,’ book viii. ch. vi. p. 838.

[1903] Huth, loc. cit. pp. 10-14.

[1904] Moriz Wagner, in ‘Kosmos,’ 1886, vol. i. pp. 21, &c. v. Hellwald, loc. cit. pp. 179, et seq. Wake, “The Development of Marriage and Kinship,‘ p. 55. Dalton, loc. cit. p. 248, note. Speaking of the Australian tribes, Mr. Mathew says ('Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 403), ‘There may also be an auxiliary cause to exogamy among barbarians in what may be called an instinctive hankering after foreign women.'

[1905] Egede, loc. cit. p. 141. Cf. Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  147.

[1906] Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 330.

[1907] Macpherson, ‘Memorials of Service in India,’ p. 69.

[1908] Codrington, loc. cit. p. 240.

[1909] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 268.

[1910] v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 198. Idem, ‘Beiträge zur Ethnographie,’ &c., vol. i. p.  117.

[1911] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497. v. Martius, vol. i. p.  594.

[1912] Howitt, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1883, pp. 800, 810, 819, et seq. Cf. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 399.

[1913] Forbes, ‘The Eastern Archipelago,’ pp. 142, et seq.

[1914] Forbes, ‘The Eastern Archipelago,’ p. 196. Forbes, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 347. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 58.

[1915] Metz, ‘The Tribes Inhabiting the Neilgherry Hills,’ p. 131.

[1916] Riedel, ‘Galela und Tobeloresen,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 77.

[1917] Bastian, ‘Inselgruppen in Oceanien,’ p. 61.

[1918] Mr. Eyles, in a letter.

[1919] Hildebrandt, ‘Ethnographische Notizen über Wakamba und ihre Nachbaren,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p.  401.

[1920] Krasheninnikoff, loc. cit. p. 212.

[1921] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 172.

[1922] Riedel, loc. cit. pp. 302, 335, 351.

[1923] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 81.

[1924] Kovalevsky, ‘Marriage among the Early Slavs,’ in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. p.  475.

[1925] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 119.

[1926] Morgan, ‘Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines,’ p. 73.

[1927] Ibid., p. 64.

[1928] Powers, loc. cit. p. 168.

[1929] Egede, loc. cit. p. 147. Cf. Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 291, 297.

[1930] Keating, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 153, 170, 171.

[1931] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ pp. 490, 497.

[1932] Mr. Bridges, in a letter.

[1933] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  xxiv.

[1934] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 186-188.

[1935] Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ pp. 25, et seq.

[1936] Hickson, loc. cit. p. 197.

[1937] Buchanan, ‘Journey from Madras,’ p. 738. Bachofen, ‘Antiquarische Briefe,’ pp. 271, et seq. Starcke, loc. cit. p. 83.

[1938] Shooter, loc. cit. pp. 15, 47, 86. Nauhaus, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1882, p. 200.

[1939] Krauss, loc. cit. p. 75.

[1940] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 237, 241, 254, 255.

[1941] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. p. 362.

[1942] Lewis, ‘The Ancient Laws of Wales,’ pp. 56, 57, 196.

[1943] Montesquieu, ‘De l’esprit des loix,’ book xxvi. ch. 14, vol. iii. pp. 47, 49.

[1944] Bertillon, ‘Mariage (hygiène matrimoniale),’ in ‘Dict. encycl. des sciences médicales,’ ser. ii. vol. v. p.  60.

[1945] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ pp. 507, et seq.

[1946] Yate, loc. cit. pp. 103, 154.

[1947] Ibid., p. 114.

[1948] Marshall, loc. cit. pp. 59, et seq.

[1949] Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  276.

[1950] Burchell, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 56.

[1951] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 74.

[1952] Davy, loc. cit. p. 278. Pridham, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 262, 265.

[1953] Ewald, loc. cit. pp. 197, et seq.

[1954] Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. xvi.

[1955] Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 421-423, 429, 439.

[1956] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 264.

[1957] Kearns, loc. cit. pp. 33, et seq.

[1958] Marsden, loc. cit. p. 228.

[1959] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 24, note ‡.

[1960] Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ pp. 285, et seq.

[1961] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 22.

[1962] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406.

[1963] ‘Codex Justinianeus,’ book v. title iv. § 26.

[1964] Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ p. 288.

[1965] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 257, et seq.

[1966] Kohler, ‘Indisches Ehe-und Familienrecht,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. pp. 366, et seq.

[1967] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. v. 235; ch. xi. v. 55; ch. xii. v. 58. ‘The Institutes of Vishnu,’ ch. xxxv. v. 1.

[1968] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  66.

[1969] Cf. Robertson Smith, loc. cit. p. 169; Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 184, 192, et seq.

[1970] Kubary, loc. cit. p. 62.

[1971] Robertson Smith, p. 170.

[1972] Heifer, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. vii. p. 856.

[1973] Virchow, ‘The Veddás of Ceylon,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Branch,’ vol. ix. pp. 355, 369. Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.

[1974] Virchow, in ‘Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Branch,’ vol. ix. p. 370.

[1975] Annamese (Janke, loc. cit. p. 276), Kamchadales (Steller, loc. cit. p. 289, note), Kaniagmuts (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 81, et seq.).

[1976] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 606, et seq. Huth, loc. cit. pp. 14, &c. Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 480. Wilken, ‘Huwelijken tusschen bloedverwanten,’ pp. 24, et seq.

[1977] Mr. Cupples, however, observes that among dogs, the male seems rather inclined towards strange females (Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 294); and I myself have been told by a thoroughly trustworthy person of a stallion that would not approach mares of the same stable. But such instincts seem to be exceptions at least among domesticated animals.

[1978] Huth, loc. cit. p. 9.

[1979] Ibid., p. 9.

[1980] Müller, ‘The Fertilisation of Flowers,’ p. 8.

[1981] Darwin, ‘The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom,’ p. 436.

[1982] Ibid., p. 443.

[1983] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 116.

[1984] Sebright, ‘The Art of Improving the Breeds of Domestic Animals,’ pp. 12, et seq.

[1985] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 161.

[1986] Crampe, ‘Zuchtversuche mit zahmen Wanderratten,’ in ‘Landwirthschaftliche Jahrbücher,’ vol. xii. pp. 402, 409, 418; quoted by Düsing, ‘Die Regulierung des Geschlechtsverhältnisses bei der Vermehrung der Menschen, Tiere und Pflanzen,’ p. 246. ‘Die Kreuzungsproducte der Familien waren mit ihren Brüdern, Vätern, Grossvätern und Mestizen viel fruchtbarer, als die in Blutschande gezogenen Familien unter denselben Verhältnissen.'

[1987] Huth, loc. cit. pp. 286, et seq.

[1988] Preyer, ‘Specielle Physiologie des Embryo,’ p. 8.

[1989] Mitchell, ‘Blood-Relationship in Marriage,’ in ‘Memoirs Read before the Anthropological Society of London,’ vol. ii. p. 451.

[1990] Pouchet, loc. cit. p. 107, note *.

[1991] Sebright, loc. cit. pp. 11, et seq.

[1992] Darwin, ‘Cross and Self Fertilisation,’ p. 445.

[1993] Idem, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 116.

[1994] Idem, ‘Cross and Self Fertilisation,’ p. 457.

[1995] Ibid., p. 465.

[1996] Sebright, loc. cit. p. 12.

[1997] Adam, ‘Consanguinity in Marriage,’ in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. iii. p. 81.

[1998] Huth, loc. cit. p. 36.

[1999] Galton, ‘Hereditary Genius,’ p. 152.

[2000] Huth, p. 37, note.

[2001] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ii. pp. 294, 296.

[2002] Périer, in ‘Mém. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ vol. i. p.  223. Voisin, ‘Contribution à l’histoire des mariages entre consanguins,’ ibid., vol. ii. p. 447.

[2003] Huth, loc. cit. ch. v. pp. 186-241.

[2004] Ibid., pp. 217, 226.

[2005] G. H.  Darwin, ‘Marriages between First Cousins in England,’ in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. xviii. p. 41.

[2006] Idem, ‘Marriages between First Cousins in England,’ in ‘Journal of the Statistical Society,’ vol. xxxviii. pp. 181, 170, 182.

[2007] Idem, ‘Note on the Marriages of First Cousins,’ ibid., vol. xxxviii. pp. 344-346.

[2008] Schmidt’s ‘Jahrbücher des gesammten Medicin,’ vol. clxxxi. p. 89.

[2009] It has escaped even Mr. Huth’s keen observation.

[2010] Mygge, ‘Om Aegteskaber mellem Blodbeslaegtede,’ pp. 162, 272.

[2011] Dahl, ‘Bidrag til Kundskab om de Sindssyge i Norge,’ pp. 99-102.

[2012] Professor Mantegazza has given a list of fifty-seven authors who have opposed these marriages, and of fifteen who have defended them (‘Jour. Statist. Soc.,’ vol. xxxviii. p. 179).

[2013] Huth, loc. cit. pp. 141-143.

[2014] Beechey, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  86.

[2015] Voisin, in ‘Mém. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ vol. ii. p. 447.

[2016] Mygge, loc. cit. p. 126.

[2017] ‘Edinburgh Medical Journal,’ vol. vii. pt. ii. p. 876.

[2018] Mygge, loc. cit. p. 171.

[2019] Darwin, ‘Cross and Self Fertilisation,’ pp. 439, 458.

[2020] Ibid., p. 439. G. H.  Darwin, in ‘Jour. Statist. Soc.,’ vol. xxxviii. p. 175.

[2021] Quoted by Düsing, loc. cit. p. 249.

[2022] Mitchell, in ‘Mem. Anthr. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 447.

[2023] Cf. Devay, ‘Du danger des mariages consanguins,’ p. 10.

[2024] G. H.  Darwin, in ‘Jour. Statist. Soc.,’ vol. xxxviii. p. 163.

[2025] Ibid., pp. 175, et seq.

[2026] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  334.

[2027] Bates, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 199, et seq.

[2028] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 508.

[2029] v. Tschudi, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 284.

[2030] Gisborne, ‘The Isthmus of Darien,’ p. 155.

[2031] Davis, ‘El Gringo,’ p. 146.

[2032] Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 144, 147.

[2033] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 248.

[2034] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 66.

[2035] St. John, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  10.

[2036] Foreman, loc. cit. p. 200.

[2037] Batchelor, loc. cit. p. 290.

[2038] Meade, loc. cit. p. 168.

[2039] Marshall, loc. cit. pp. 110, et seq.

[2040] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 254.

[2041] Ibid., p. 254.

[2042] Metz, loc. cit. p. 15.

[2043] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 233.

[2044] Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 200, 201, 216, et seq.

[2045] Dr. Helfer also thinks (‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. vii. p. 856) that, among the Karens of the Tenasserim Provinces, close intermarrying is the reason why ‘they are a subdued, timid, effeminate, diminishing race.'

[2046] Gason, loc. cit. pp. 260, et seq.

[2047] Richardson, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  406.

[2048] Rink, ‘Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo,’ pp. 390, et seq.

[2049] Reich, loc. cit. pp. 210, et seq.

[2050] Goldziher, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. xviii. p. 26. Cf. Wilken, ‘Das Matriarchat bei den alten Arabern,’ p. 61; Robertson Smith, loc. cit. p. 60.

[2051] Petroff, loc. cit. p. 155.

[2052] Shooter, loc. cit. p. 45.

[2053] Goldziher, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. xviii. p. 26. Robertson Smith, p. 82.

[2054] For instance, Mr. Morgan (‘Systems,’ &c., pp. 479, et seq.) and Professor Wilken (in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1881, vol. ii. p. 622).

[2055] Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, ‘Études de la nature,’ vol. i. p.  94.

[2056] Schopenhauer, ‘The World as Will and Idea,’ vol. iii. pp. 356-359.

[2057] Lucas, ‘Traité de l’hérédité naturelle,’ vol. ii. p. 238; ‘La loi de l’amour est l’accord des contrastes.’ Walker, ‘Intermarriage,’ pp. 119-124. Mantegazza, ‘Die Hygieine der Liebe,’ p. 321. Allen, ‘Falling in Love,’ p. 5.  v. Hartmann, ‘Philosophy of the Unconscious,’ vol. i. pp. 237, et seq.

[2058] Bain, loc. cit. p. 136.

[2059] Lucas, vol. ii. p. 238. Walker, ‘Intermarriage,’ p. 124.

[2060] Quoted by Walker, p. 118.

[2061] Schopenhauer also says (loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 358), ‘Blondes prefer dark persons, or brunettes; but the latter seldom prefer the former. The reason is, that fair hair and blue eyes are in themselves a variation from the type, are almost abnormal, being analogous to white mice, or at least to gray horses.'

[2062] de Candolle, ‘Hérédité de la couleur des yeux dans l’espèce humaine,’ in ‘Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles,’ ser. iii. vol. xii.; quoted in ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  viii.

[2063] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  ix.

[2064] Galton, ‘Natural Inheritance,’ p. 85.

[2065] Mantegazza, ‘Physiologie du plaisir,’ p. 243.

[2066] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Psychology,’ vol. i. pp. 487, et seq. Bain, loc. cit. p. 136. Dr. Duboc remarks (‘Die Psychologie der Liebe,’ p. 14), ‘Es giebt keine inhaltvollere und triumphirendere Beseligung der eignen Selbstliebe als von dem über alle Anderen emporgetragen zu werden, den wir selbst höher wie alle Anderen erblicken, als von dem ausgezeichnet zu werden, der uns selbst mit allen Auszeichnungen geschmückt erscheint.'

[2067] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 250.

[2068] Ellis, ‘The Tshi-speaking Peoples,’ p. 285.

[2069] Duncan, ‘Travels in Western Africa,’ vol. i. p.  79. Sabatier, ‘Étude sur la femme Kabyle,’ in ‘Revue d’Anthropologie,’ ser. ii. vol. vi. p. 58. Bonfanti, ‘L’incivilimento dei negri nell’Africa intertropicale,’ in ‘Archivio per antropologia e la etnologia,’ vol. xv. p. 131.

[2070] Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 325.

[2071] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 345.

[2072] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317.

[2073] Heriot, loc. cit. p. 25.

[2074] Egede, loc. cit. p. 144.

[2075] Jones, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 326. Dall, loc. cit. p. 139.

[2076] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 207, note. Cf. Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  272 (Creeks).

[2077] Chapman, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  258.

[2078] Johnson, ‘The River Congo,’ p. 423.

[2079] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 208, et seq.

[2080] Schweinfurth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  510.

[2081] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 206.

[2082] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol iii. p. 369. Fawcett, ‘The Saoras of Madras,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Soc. Bombay,’ vol. i. p.  219. St. John, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 54, et seq. Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 327.

[2083] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 366.

[2084] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 102.

[2085] Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 171, et seq.

[2086] Seemann, ‘Viti,’ pp. 193, et seq.

[2087] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 283. Bonwick, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 205. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 775, 781. Dawson, loc. cit. p. 37. Lumholtz, loc. cit. pp. 213, et seq.

[2088] Brough Smyth, vol. i. p.  29. Taplin, loc. cit. p. 12. Bonney, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 129.

[2089] Lyon, loc cit. p. 353. Cf. Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 325, et seq. (Greenlanders).

[2090] Harmon, loc. cit. p. 292.

[2091] Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  121.

[2092] Brett, loc. cit. pp. 98, 351.

[2093] Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 44. Mantegazza, ‘Rio de la Plata,’ p. 456.

[2094] Weddel, ‘Voyage towards the South Pole,’ p. 156. Haydes, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p.  334.

[2095] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 236.

[2096] Hall, loc. cit. p. 568.

[2097] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  xxiv.

[2098] Katscher, loc. cit. pp. 58, et seq.

[2099] Dubois, loc. cit. p. 109.

[2100] Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  206.

[2101] Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 155.

[2102] Finck, ‘Romantic Love,’ p. 110.

[2103] Palmblad, ‘Grekisk fornkunskap,’ vol. i. p.  252. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 321.

[2104] Katscher, loc. cit. pp. 71, 84. Hermann-Blümner, loc. cit. p. 261.

[2105] Plato, loc. cit. book vi. p. 771.

[2106] Plutarch, ‘Περὶ τῆς ἠθικῆς ἀρετῆς,’ ch. viii.

[2107] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p.  215.

[2108] Cf. Bain, loc. cit. p. 117; Sully, ‘Outlines of Psychology,’ p. 515.

[2109] Walker, ‘Intermarriage,’ pp. 113-115.

[2110] Haushofer, loc. cit. p. 405.

[2111] Walker, pp. 115, et seq.

[2112] Reich, loc. cit. p. 456.

[2113] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 174.

[2114] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  772.

[2115] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Ancient Mexicans, &c., p. 4.

[2116] Powers, loc. cit. p. 214. Cf. Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. 148 (Beaver and Rocky Mountain Indians).

[2117] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1884, p. 464.

[2118] Hanoteau and Letourneux, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 164.

[2119] Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. pp. 94, et seq.

[2120] Crawfurd, ‘On the Classification of the Races of Man,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. i. p.  357.

[2121] McNair, ‘Perak,’ p. 131.

[2122] Forbes, ‘The Eastern Archipelago,’ p. 241.

[2123] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. pp. 366, 370, 371.

[2124] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. pp. 282, 292.

[2125] de Gobineau, ‘The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races,’ pp. 173, et seq.

[2126] Ibid., p. 174, note 1. Cf. d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. p. 155.

[2127] v. Düben, loc. cit. pp. 200, et seq.

[2128] Morelet, loc. cit. Montgomery, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 491. Godron, loc. cit. vol ii. p. 360. Fries, loc. cit. p. 159.

[2129] Ewald, loc. cit. p. 193.

[2130] Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 465.

[2131] Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. iv.

[2132] Macieiowski, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 191.

[2133] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  703.

[2134] Sproat, loc. cit. p. 98.

[2135] Bancroft, vol. i. p.  512, note 120.

[2136] Davis, loc. cit. p. 146.

[2137] Bancroft, vol. i. p.  663.

[2138] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. iii. p. 227.

[2139] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. iii. pp. 226, et seq.

[2140] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  106.

[2141] Garcilasso de la Vega, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  308.

[2142] Du Chaillu, loc. cit. p. 97.

[2143] Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  144.

[2144] Chapman, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 75.

[2145] Sibree, loc. cit. pp. 109, 256.

[2146] Kolams (Dalton, loc. cit. p. 278), Koch (Hodgson, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. p. 707), Karens of Burma (according to Dr. Bunker; Mason, ‘On Dwellings, &c., of the Karens,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxxvii. pt. ii. p. 151).

[2147] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 201.

[2148] Dalton, p. 28.

[2149] Batchelor, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. x. pp. 211, et seq. v. Siebold, loc. cit. pp. 30, et seq.

[2150] Riedel, loc. cit. p. 325.

[2151] Hickson, loc. cit. p. 277. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ pp. 21, et seq.

[2152] Wilken, p. 23.

[2153] Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396.

[2154] Romilly, in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ix. p. 9.

[2155] Yate, loc. cit. pp. 96, 99.

[2156] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 63, 67. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 398.

[2157] Curr, vol. i. pp. 298, 303, 330, 343, 377; vol. ii. pp. 21, 179, 197, 307; vol. iii. pp. 252, 272.

[2158] Lewis, loc. cit. p. 196.

[2159] Hearn, loc. cit. pp. 156, et seq.

[2160] Müller, ‘The Doric Race,’ vol. ii. p. 302.

[2161] Gaius, ‘Institutiones,’ book i. § 56.

[2162] Marquardt and Mommsen, loc. cit. vol. vii. p. 29.

[2163] Hotz, in de Gobineau, ‘The Diversity of Races,’ p. 239.

[2164] Müller, ‘Chips from a German Workshop,’ vol. i. pp. 322, et seq. Cf. Monier Williams, ‘Hinduism,’ p. 154.

[2165] Rhys Davids, ‘Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion,’ pp. 22, et seq.

[2166] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 64.

[2167] Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 336.

[2168] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 6.  Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 85 (Nukahivans).

[2169] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  82. Cf. Beechey, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 205, et seq.; Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 79.

[2170] Anderson, loc. cit. p. 289.

[2171] Bastian, ‘Beiträge zur Ethnologie,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. i. pp. 267, et seq.

[2172] de Tocqueville, ‘Democracy in America,’ vol. ii. pp. 149-151

[2173] Sproat, loc. cit. pp. 98-99.

[2174] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 659.

[2175] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol i. p.  71. v. Spix and v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 74.

[2176] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 112.

[2177] Ibid., vol. vi. pp. 165, 186.

[2178] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. pp. 171, et seq. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  256.

[2179] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p.  153. Hickson, loc. cit. p. 278 (Minahassers). Matthes, loc. cit. p. 13 (Bugis and Macassars). Riedel, loc. cit. pp. 302, 434 (natives of Timor-Laut and Wetter). St. John, ‘Wild Tribes of the North-West Coast of Borneo,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ii. pp. 234, et seq. (Sea Dyaks).

[2180] Sibree, loc. cit. pp. 185, 256.

[2181] Munzinger, loc. cit. pp. 240, 313.

[2182] Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 443, et seq.

[2183] Negroes of Loango (Soyaux, loc. cit. p. 162), Hottentots (Kolben, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  156), Kunáma and Barea (Munzinger, p. 484).

[2184] Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 63. Cf. Burton, ‘Pilgrimage,’ p. 305.

[2185] Monier Williams, ‘Hinduism,’ pp. 153, 155.

[2186] Idem, ‘Indian Wisdom,’ p. 218, note.

[2187] Davy, loc. cit. p. 284.

[2188] Neale, loc. cit. p. 58.

[2189] Ross, loc. cit. p. 311.

[2190] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 86, note.

[2191] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  187.

[2192] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 117.

[2193] Mommsen, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  318. Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 249, 456, 457, et seq.

[2194] Winroth, ‘Äktenskapshindren,’ pp. 227, 230, 233. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. pp. 349, 353, et seq.

[2195] Weinhold, vol. i. pp. 349, et seq.

[2196] Odhner, ‘Lärobok i Sveriges, Norges och Danmarks historia,’ p. 241.

[2197] Behrend, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie der Rechtswissenschaft,’ pt. i. p.  478.

[2198] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 224, et seq.

[2199] Behrend, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie,’ pt. i. p.  457.

[2200] Balfour, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 885.

[2201] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  137.

[2202] d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. p. 68.

[2203] Neubauer, ‘Notes on the Race-Types of the Jews,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 19.

[2204] Frankel, ‘Grundlinien des mosaisch-talmudischen Eherechts,’ p. xx. Ritter, ‘Philo und die Halacha,’ p. 71.

[2205] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxi. v. 21; ch. xxxvi. v. 2.

[2206] Andree, loc. cit. p. 48. Neubauer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 19.

[2207] Jacobs, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 52.

[2208] St. Paul, ‘1 Corinthians,’ ch. vii. v. 39.

[2209] Tertullian, ‘Ad Uxorem,’ book ii. ch. 3.

[2210] Winroth, loc. cit. p. 212.

[2211] Herzog, ‘Abriss der gesammten Kirchengeschichte,’ vol. p. i.  215.

[2212] Winroth, pp. 213-215.

[2213] Ibid., pp. 220, et seq.

[2214] v. Oettingen, loc. cit. § 11.

[2215] Ibid., p. 131.

[2216] Harmon, loc. cit. p. 374.

[2217] Dall, loc. cit. p. 194. Cf. Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  81 (Kaniagmuts).

[2218] Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 678.

[2219] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 246.

[2220] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 121. Cf. Reade, loc. cit. p. 242.

[2221] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  187; vol. ii. p. 49.

[2222] Georgi, loc. cit. p. 382. For other instances, see ‘Science,’ vol. vii. p. 172 (Greenlanders); Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 387 (Kunáma); Low, loc. cit. p. 196 (Dyaks); Waitz-Gerland, vol vi. p. 135 (Nukahivans).

[2223] Rein, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  426.

[2224] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  183.

[2225] v. Bohlen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 142.

[2226] Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  218. For the ancient Iranians, see Spiegel, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 681.

[2227] Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 5, 299.

[2228] Krauss, loc. cit. p. 591.

[2229] Deecke, loc. cit. p. 25.

[2230] Müller, ‘The Doric Race,’ vol. ii. p. 211.

[2231] African races (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 121. Schweinfurth, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 31. Du Chaillu, loc. cit. p. 335), Kaniagmuts (Sauer, loc. cit. p. 176), &c.

[2232] Eskimo (King, ‘The Intellectual Character of the Esquimaux,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p.  150), North American Indians (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 100), Negroes of Benin (Bosman, loc. cit. p. 527), natives of Monbuttu (‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 209) and the Indian Archipelago (Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 633), Kirghiz, Tartars of Kazan and Orenburg, Laplanders (Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 10, 105, 221), Hebrews (Michaelis, ‘Commentaries on the Laws of Moses,’ vol. i. p.  471), ancient Germans (Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. xx.).

[2233] Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 412.

[2234] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  272.

[2235] Marshall, loc. cit. p. 214.

[2236] Reade, loc. cit. p. 547. Buch, loc. cit. pp. 45, et seq. Cf. Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 309 (Gowane people of Kordofan); Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 253, et seq. (Solomon Islanders).

[2237] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 105.

[2238] Josephus, loc. cit. book ii. ch. viii. § 13.

[2239] Marshall, loc. cit. p. 209.

[2240] Quoted by Bain, loc. cit. p. 142.

[2241] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  183.

[2242] Rein, loc. cit. p. 423.

[2243] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 101, 102, 139, &c.

[2244] Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. pp. 326, et seq.

[2245] Cf. Georgi, loc. cit. p. 323; Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p.  205.

[2246] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  268.

[2247] Glasson, ‘Le mariage civil et le divorce,’ p. 470.

[2248] Fries, loc. cit. p. 111. Cf. Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 145, et seq.

[2249] King, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p.  145. ‘Globus,’ vol. xlix. p. 35.

[2250] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  276.

[2251] de Bode, ‘The Yamúd and Goklán Tribes of Turkomania,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p.  75.

[2252] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  683.

[2253] Coxe, loc. cit. p. 257.

[2254] Sproat, loc. cit. p. 98.

[2255] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 224. ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. iii. p. 30.

[2256] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 355. McLennan, ‘Studies,’ p. 34.

[2257] v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 197.

[2258] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  733.

[2259] Alcedo-Thompson, ‘Dictionary of America and the West Indies,’ vol. i. p.  416. Smith, ‘The Araucanians,’ p. 215.

[2260] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497. v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 600.

[2261] King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 182. Hyades, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p.  334.

[2262] Andersson, ‘The Okavango River,’ p. 143.

[2263] Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 83.

[2264] Krapf, loc. cit. p. 354.

[2265] Thomson, loc. cit. p. 51. Johnston, loc. cit. pp. 431, 436, et seq.

[2266] Kames, ‘Sketches of the History of Man,’ vol. i. p.  449.

[2267] Parkyns, loc. cit. vol ii. pp. 55, et seq.

[2268] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  133.

[2269] Cf. Hodgson, ‘Reminiscences of Australia,’ p. 243; Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. ii. pp. 225, et seq.

[2270] Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. p. 343.

[2271] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  108. Cf. Taplin, loc. cit. p. 10; Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 301.

[2272] Curr, vol. i. p.  108.

[2273] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 407.

[2274] Curr, vol. i. p.  108. For marriage by capture among the Australians, cf. also Montgomery, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 153, et seq.; Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol iii. p. 250; Sturt, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 283; Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 773.

[2275] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 813.

[2276] Taylor, loc. cit. p. 336.

[2277] Williams and Calvert, loc. cit. p. 149.

[2278] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 138.

[2279] Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 191.

[2280] Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396.

[2281] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p.  183. Riedel, loc. cit. pp. 69, 133, 415.

[2282] Bodo, Hos, Mundas, Kúrmis (Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 86, 192, 194, 319), Bhils, Káttis, Oráons (Rowney, loc. cit. pp. 37, 46, 81), Gonds (Forsyth, loc. cit. pp. 149, et seq.), Chittagong Hill tribes (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 92), Savaras (Fawcett, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Soc. Bombay,’ vol. i. p.  235).

[2283] Burckhardt, loc. cit. pp. 61, 62, 150, 153. According to Professor Robertson Smith (loc. cit. p. 72), instances of marriage by capture might be accumulated to an indefinite extent from Arabian history and tradition. At the time of Mohammed the practice was universal.

[2284] Huc, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  185.

[2285] Kirghiz (Atkinson, ‘Travels in the Regions of the Upper and Lower Amoor,’ pp. 250, et seq.), Chulims (Georgi, loc. cit. p. 231), Mordvins (Mainoff, ‘Mordvankansan häätapoja’).

[2286] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. p. 121.

[2287] Castrén, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 168.

[2288] Buch, loc. cit. p. 62.

[2289] Teptyars, Tartars of Crimea (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ pp. 523, 541), Ostyaks (Castrén, vol. ii. p. 57), Cheremises, Voguls (Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 56, 67).

[2290] v. Düben, loc. cit. pp. 200, 310.

[2291] Willigerod, ‘Geschichte Ehstlands,’ p. 9.  v. Schroeder, loc. cit. p. 19.

[2292] ‘Kanteletar,’ book iii. song 22. Topelius, ‘De modo matrimonia jungendi apud Fennos quondam vigente,’ pp. 28-30. Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, p. 13.

[2293] ‘Tidningar utgifne af et Sällskap i Äbo,’ 1778, no. 148. Heikel, in ‘Helsingfors Dagblad,’ 1881, nos. 66, 91. Ahlqvist, ‘Kulturwörter,’ p. 204.

[2294] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ book iii. vv. 26, 33.

[2295] Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ‘Ρωμαϊκή ἀρχαιολογος,’ book ii. ch. xxx. § 5.

[2296] Plutarch, ‘Λῦκουργος,’ ch. xv.

[2297] v. Zmigrodzki, loc. cit. p. 250.

[2298] Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 329.

[2299] Ortolan, ‘Histoire de la Législation romaine,’ p. 81.

[2300] Dargun, loc. cit. pp. 111-140. Cf. Grimm, loc. cit. p. 440; Nordström, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 12; Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. pp. 308-310.

[2301] Olaus Magnus, ‘Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus,’ p. 328.

[2302] Kames, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  450. Cf. Lewis, loc. cit. p. 197; Rhys, in ‘Trans. Intern. Folk-Lore Congress, 1891,’ p. 289.

[2303] Macieiowski, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 189.

[2304] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 190. ‘Globus,’ vol. v. p.  317. Kulischer, ‘Intercommunale Ehe durch Raub und Kauf,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. pp. 206-208. Kovalevsky, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 476, et seq. Wolkov, in ‘L’Anthropologie,’ vol. iii. p. 578.

[2305] Krauss, loc. cit. ch. xiv.

[2306] Olaus Magnus, pp. 481, et seq.

[2307] de Gaya, ‘Marriage Ceremonies,’ p. 45.

[2308] Cf. the works of McLennan, Tylor, Lubbock, Post, and Dargun, and the essays of Kulischer (in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x.) and Kohler (‘Studien über Frauengemeinschaft, Frauenraub und Frauenkauf,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. v. pp. 334-368).

[2309] Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. p.  95.

[2310] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 623, et seq. Idem, in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. xxi. pp. 897, et seq.

[2311] Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 316, et seq.

[2312] Abercromby, ‘Marriage Customs of the Mordvins,’ in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. p.  454.

[2313] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ pp. 74, et seq.

[2314] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 265.

[2315] In many cases, however, capture takes place merely because the man wishes to lower the price of the bride or to avoid payment (Cf. Abercromby, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 453, et seq.).

[2316] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S.  Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 407.

[2317] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 62, et seq.

[2318] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 266.

[2319] It is hard to understand how Herr Kulischer can have persuaded himself that marriage by purchase, as he says in an essay especially devoted to this question, ‘kann nur bei sehr wenigen der jetzt lebenden Wilden aufgefunden werden’ (Kulischer, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 210.)

[2320] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  107. Cf. Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. pp. 276, 285, 343; Taplin, loc. cit. p. 10; Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  94; Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 79, 84; Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 164.

[2321] Marsden, loc. cit. p. 259.

[2322] Aleuts (Dall, loc. cit. p. 402), Kaniagmuts (Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 198), Kenai (Richardson, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 406, et seq.), Naudowessies (Carver, loc. cit. p. 373), Arawaks (Brett, loc. cit. p. 101), Quito Indians (Juan and de Ulloa, loc. cit. p. 521), Brazilian aborigines (v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 107, et seq.), Fuegians (King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 182. Bridges, in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 201).

[2323] Bushmans (Chapman, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  259), Zulus (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 48), Basutos (Casalis, loc. cit. p. 183), Banyai (Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 175), &c. (Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. pp. 378, et seq.).

[2324] Nagas of Upper Assam, Kukis, Limbus and Kirantis, Tipperahs (Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 41, 47, 104, 110), Gonds and Korkús (Forsyth, loc. cit. pp. 148, et seq.), Bodo and Dhimáls (Hodgson, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 735), Bhils (Hay, ‘The Túran Mall Hill,’ ibid., vol. xx. p. 507), Mrús (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 234), Lepchas (Hooker, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  125), Gypsies (Liebich, loc. cit. p. 46), Barabinzes, Koriaks (Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 195, 348), Tunguses, Ainos (Dall, loc. cit. pp. 519, 524), Kamchadales (Steller, loc. cit. p. 343), aboriginal tribes of China (Gray, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 304).

[2325] Dyaks (Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 221), Tagalas and Bisayans of the Philippines (Blumentritt, loc. cit. p. 14. Jagor, loc. cit. p. 235); also in New Britain (Romilly, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ix. p. 8).

[2326] Steller, p. 343 (Kamchadales). Jagor, p. 235 (Bisayans).

[2327] Starcke, loc. cit. p. 39.

[2328] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  721.

[2329] Weinhold, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ p. 242.

[2330] v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 215, et seq. (Kafirs). Dalton, loc. cit. p. 43 (Nagas). Borheck, ‘Erdbeschreiburg von Asien,’ vol. i. p.  540 (Tartars of Kazan). Landsell, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 225 (Gilyaks).

[2331] Sproat, loc. cit. p. 97 (Ahts). Shooter, loc. cit. p. 50 (Kafirs). Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  448 (Tedâ); vol. ii. p. 177 (Baele). Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 240 (Marea). Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 62 (Arabs of Syria). Georgi, loc. cit. p. 431 (Buriats). Neumann, ‘Russland und die Tscherkessen,’ p. 117 (Circassians). Rowlatt, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiv. pt. ii. p. 488 (Mishmis). Hickson, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 139 (Talauer Islanders). Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 138 (Samoans). Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 210 (Caroline Islanders).

[2332] Post, ‘Die Anfänge des Staats-und Rechtsleben,’ pp. 41, et seq.

[2333] Powers, loc. cit. p. 22.

[2334] Macfie, loc. cit. p. 446.

[2335] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  654.

[2336] Powers, p. 247.

[2337] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 214. Cf. Letherman, ‘Sketch of the Navajo Tribe of Indians,’ in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1855, p. 294.

[2338] Musters, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p.  201. Falkner, loc. cit. p. 124. Cf. Lewis and Clarke, loc. cit. p. 307 (Shoshones); Dobrizhoffer, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 207 (Abipones).

[2339] v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 215. Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  206.

[2340] Chapman, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  341.

[2341] Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 623.

[2342] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  187.

[2343] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  133.

[2344] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026.

[2345] Caillié, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  348.

[2346] Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 114, 231.

[2347] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 505.

[2348] Huc, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  185. ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144. Georgi, loc. cit. p. 79.

[2349] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 132.

[2350] Griffiths, ‘Journals of Travels,’ p. 35.

[2351] Forbes, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 11.

[2352] Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 210.

[2353] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 93.

[2354] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 92.

[2355] Yurok, Patwin (Powers, loc. cit. pp. 56, 221), Wakamba (Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p.  401), Bedouins of Mount Sinai (Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 152), Mishmis (Cooper, loc. cit. pp. 236, et seq.), Lepchas (Rowney, loc. cit. p. 139), Papuans of New Guinea (Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. p. 371).

[2356] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 86.

[2357] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. pp. 266, 337, 416.

[2358] Gray, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 193. Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. p. 78, note *.

[2359] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 120.

[2360] Robertson Smith, loc. cit. pp. 78, et seq. Ewald, loc. cit. p. 200. Gans, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  128.

[2361] ‘Ruth,’ ch. iv. v. 10. ‘Hosea,’ ch. iii. v. 2.

[2362] Michaelis, ‘Commentaries on the Laws of Moses,’ vol. i. p.  451.

[2363] Lüttke, ‘Der Islam,’ p. 119. Warnkoenig, ‘Juristiche Encyclopädie,’ p. 167. Unger, ‘Die Ehe in ihrer welthistorischen Entwicklung,’ pp. 46, et seq.

[2364] Herodotus, loc. cit. book i. ch. 196.

[2365] Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques sur le développement de la société humaine,’ p. 22.

[2366] Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, p. 13. Cf. Porthan, in ‘Kongliga Vitterhets, Historie och Antiquitets Akademiens Handlingar,’ vol. iv. p. 19; Topelius, loc. cit. §§ 8-10.

[2367] ‘Kalevala,’ runo xviii. vv. 643, et seq.; runo xxii. vv. 49, et seq. ‘Kanteletar,’ book i. songs 133, 156; book iii. song viii. vv. 20, 39.

[2368] Heikel, in ‘Helsingfors Dagblad,’ 1881, no. 68.

[2369] v. Schroeder, loc. cit. pp. 27-29.

[2370] Winternitz, in ‘Trans. Intern. Folk-Lore Congress, 1891,’ p. 287.

[2371] Zimmer, loc. cit. p. 310.

[2372] Dubois, loc. cit. p. 102.

[2373] Aristotle, ‘Τὰ πολιτικά,’ book ii. ch. 8.

[2374] Herodotus, loc. cit. book v. ch. 6.

[2375] Cf. Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 28.

[2376] Geijer, ‘Svenska folkets historia,’ in ‘Samlade skrifter,’ vol. v. p.  88.

[2377] Laband, ‘Die rechtliche Stellung der Frauen im altrömischen und germanischen Recht,’ in ‘Zeitschr. für Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft,’ vol. iii. p. 154. Olivecrona, loc. cit. p. 150.

[2378] Friedberg, ‘Das Recht der Eheschliessung,’ pp. 33, 38.

[2379] Schmidt, ‘Sitten und Gebräuche in Thüringen,’ pp. 13, et seq.

[2380] Schrader, loc. cit. p. 381.

[2381] Cf. Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 80, 87.

[2382] O’Curry, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish,’ Sullivan’s Introduction, vol. i. pp. clxxiv. et seq.

[2383] Ewers, ‘Das älteste Recht der Russen,’ p. 226 (Russians). Macieiowski, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 195 (Bohemians and Pomeranians). Krauss, loc. cit. p. 273 (South Slavonians). Kovalevsky, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 478, et seq. Wolkov, in ‘L’Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 168.

[2384] Krauss, p. 275.

[2385] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 28.

[2386] Bickmore, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 20. Cf. Dixon, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xi. pt. i. p.  43.

[2387] v. Siebold, loc. cit. p. 31.

[2388] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 109, et seq.

[2389] Petroff, loc. cit. p. 161.

[2390] Powers, loc. cit. p. 238.

[2391] Schweinfurth, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 31. Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p.  355.

[2392] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 176.

[2393] Riedel, loc. cit. p. 270.

[2394] Le Mesurier, in ‘Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Branch,’ vol. ix. p. 340. Cf. Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 441; Knox, ‘Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon,’ p. 126.

[2395] Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.

[2396] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317.

[2397] Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 210. Cheyne, loc. cit. p. 119 (Bornabi).

[2398] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333.

[2399] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  101.

[2400] Ellis, ‘Hawaii,’ p. 414.

[2401] Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 274.

[2402] Wilkes, vol. ii. p. 138. Prichard, loc. cit. p. 136. Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 93. Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 538.

[2403] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  270. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 126.

[2404] v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  153.

[2405] New Guinea (Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396. d’Albertis, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  396), New Britain (Romilly, loc. cit. p. 27. Powell, loc. cit. p. 84), Solomon Islands (Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 95), New Hebrides (Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 194. Meinicke, ‘Die Inseln des stillen Oceans,’ vol. i. p.  203), New Caledonia (Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 367), Fiji (Wilkes, vol. iii. p. 92. Cf., however, Williams and Calvert, loc. cit. pp. 144, et seq.), Tukopia (Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 191), Melanesia in general (Codrington, loc. cit. p. 240).

[2406] Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. p. 343.

[2407] Peschel, loc. cit. pp. 209, et seq.

[2408] Labillardière, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 276.

[2409] Weddell, loc. cit. p. 153.

[2410] Hawkesworth, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 634; vol. i. p.  373.

[2411] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 340.

[2412] Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 53.

[2413] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  625.

[2414] Sproat, loc. cit. p. 98.

[2415] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 633.

[2416] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 113.

[2417] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 182.

[2418] Smith, ‘The Araucanians,’ p. 215.

[2419] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 86.

[2420] Taylor, loc. cit. pp. 336, et seq.

[2421] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. p. 121.

[2422] See ante, p. 40.

[2423] Aleuts (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  92), Achomâwi in California (Powers, loc. cit. p. 270), Araucanians (Alcedo-Thompson, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  416. Pöppig, ‘Reise in Chile,’ vol. i. pp. 383, et seq.), Samoans (Prichard, loc. cit. p. 139), Barea and Kunáma (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 487), Kandhs (Percival, loc. cit. pp. 345, et seq.), Igorrotes of Ysarog (Jagor, loc. cit. p. 172), Samoyedes (Pallas, ‘Merkwürdigkeiten der obischen Ostjakken, Samoyeden,’ &c., p. 66).

[2424] Cf. d’Albertis, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 395, 396, 414, et seq. (inhabitants of Naiabui in New Guinea, and of Yule Island); Jagor, loc. cit. p. 235 (Bisayans); McNair, loc. cit. p. 232 (Malays of Perak); Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 178 (Burmese); Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 148 (Gonds); Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 230 (Central Asiatic Turks); Ahlqvist, ‘Kulturwörter,’ p. 203 (Turkish and Finnish peoples); Castrén, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 126 (Ostyaks); Park, loc. cit. p. 220 (Mandingoes); Merolla da Sorrento, loc. cit. p. 235 (Negroes of Sogno).

[2425] Shooter, loc. cit. p. 49.

[2426] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  277. Cf. v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 215, et seq. Kafirs.

[2427] Karok, Yurok (Powers, loc. cit. pp. 22, 56).

[2428] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. vv. 23-25.

[2429] Ibid., ch. iii. v. 51. Cf. ibid., ch. ix. vv. 93, 98.

[2430] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 29.

[2431] Ibid., ch. iii. v. 53.

[2432] Cf. Jolly, ‘Die rechtliche Stellung der Frauen bei den alten Indern,’ in ‘Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen und historischen Classe der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München,’ 1876, p. 433.

[2433] Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 92, 146, 248, 250, &c.

[2434] Grimm, loc. cit. p. 424.

[2435] Laferrière, ‘Histoire du droit civil de Rome et du droit français,’ vol. iii. p. 156. Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 33.

[2436] Olivecrona, loc. cit. pp. 57, 152, 158.

[2437] Gans, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  138.

[2438] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. v. p.  359.

[2439] Cf. Topelius, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1850, p. 326.

[2440] ‘Kalevala,’ runo xviii. vv. 643, et seq. ‘Kanteletar,’ book iii. song viii. vv. 23-25.

[2441] Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. p.  78, note *.

[2442] Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 33. Idem, ‘Histoire de l’organisation de la famille,’ p. 123. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p.  320.

[2443] Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 82.

[2444] Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, ‘Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,’ vol. i. p.  691.

[2445] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 11, et seq.

[2446] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 123.

[2447] Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. xviii.

[2448] Grimm, loc. cit. p. 429.

[2449] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 54.

[2450] Mayr, ‘Das indische Erbrecht,’ p. 170. Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 82.

[2451] Dubois, loc. cit. p. 103.

[2452] Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 220. Hermann-Blümner, loc. cit. pp. 262, 266. Becker, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 471.

[2453] Ginoulhiac, ‘Histoire du régime dotal,’ pp. 187, et seq. Laboulaye, ‘Histoire du droit de propriété foncière en Occident,’ pp. 403, et seq.

[2454] Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. xviii.

[2455] Olivecrona, loc. cit. p. 152. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 325.

[2456] Ginoulhiac, pp. 198, et seq.

[2457] Olivecrona, p. 57.

[2458] In Germany and Switzerland, the practice of presenting a morning gift has been kept up till the present time (Eichhorn, ‘Einleitung in das deutsche Privatrecht,’ p. 726. Bluntschli, ‘Staats-und Rechtsgeschichte der Stadt und Landschaft Zürich,’ vol. ii. pp. 164, et seq.)

[2459] Schlyter, ‘Juridiska afhandlingar,’ vol. i. p.  201. Schlegel, ‘Om Morgongavens Oprindelse,’ in ‘Astræa,’ vol. ii. pp. 189, et seq. Koenigswarter, ‘Histoire de l’organisation de la famille,’ p. 123. The old purchase-money which the husband was obliged to give to the bride, was also represented by the fictitious dowry preserved in the rituals of the Church till the sixteenth century. M. Martene mentions a ritual of the Church of Reims, of 1585, in which the bridegroom, at the moment of putting the nuptial ring on the finger of the bride, placed three deniers in her hand (Koenigswarter, p. 174, note 4).

[2460] Ginoulhiac, p. 202. Warnkoenig and Stein, ‘Französische Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte,’ vol. ii. p. 257.

[2461] ‘Ancient Laws of Ireland,’ vol. i. p.  155; vol. iv. p. 63.

[2462] O’Curry, loc. cit. Sullivan’s Introduction, vol. i. pp. clxxiii. et seq.

[2463] Schrader, loc. cit. p. 382. Cf. Kovalevsky, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 479, et seq.

[2464] Herodotus, loc. cit. book i. ch. 196.

[2465] Saalschütz, ‘Das mosaische Recht,’ vol. ii. p. 736. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 342, et seq.

[2466] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxiv. v. 53.

[2467] Robertson Smith, loc. cit. p. 98.

[2468] Ibid., pp. 78, 91, 100. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 353, et seq. Unger, loc. cit. p. 47. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. v. p.  358.

[2469] Bechuanas (Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 192), Aenezes (Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 62). The Laplanders, according to Laestadius (‘Ett lappfrieri,’ in ‘Svenska folkets seder,’ p. 125), take presents for their daughters, but do not consider it honourable to receive money.

[2470] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  654.

[2471] Sproat, loc. cit. p. 98.

[2472] Musters, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p.  201.

[2473] Cooper, loc. cit. p. 236. Griffith, loc. cit. p. 35.

[2474] Riedel, loc. cit. p. 68.

[2475] Schadenberg, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 12.

[2476] Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 387.

[2477] Harkness, loc. cit. pp. 116, et seq.

[2478] Tuski (Dall, loc. cit. p. 381), Thlinkets (Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 315), Chinooks (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 337), Chippewas (Keating, loc. cit. vol ii. p. 157), Shoshones (Lewis and Clarke, loc. cit. p. 307), Miwok (Powers, loc. cit. p. 354), Quiché (Morelet, loc. cit. p. 257), Budduma, Tedâ (Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 370, 448), Todas (Marshall, loc. cit. p. 211), Central Asiatic Turks (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ pp. 233, et seq.), Laplanders (v. Düben, loc. cit. p. 200), Papuans of Dorey (Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 102), Samoans (Prichard, loc. cit. pp. 139, et seq. Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 93, 96), Nukahivans (v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  153).

[2479] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  66. Seemann, ‘Voyage of Herald,’ vol. ii. p. 66.

[2480] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 238.

[2481] Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 92. For other similar instances, see Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 522 (Somals); Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 324 (Beni-Amer); Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ p. 124 (Arabs of Upper Egypt); Hanoteau and Letourneux, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 161 (Kabyles); Proyart, loc. cit. p. 569 (Negroes of Loango); Caillié, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  349 (Mandingoes); Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 192 (Bechuanas).

[2482] Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  90.

[2483] Moore, loc. cit. p. 181.

[2484] Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 62.

[2485] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333.

[2486] Cooper, loc. cit. p. 236.

[2487] Georgi, loc. cit. p. 182.

[2488] Ibid., p. 55.

[2489] Negroes of Accra (Daniell, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iv. p. 12), Tartars of Kazan (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 433) and Orenburg (Georgi, p. 103), Tunguses (ibid., p. 324), and other semi-civilized peoples belonging to the Russian Empire. For African peoples, see Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p.  417.

[2490] Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 240.

[2491] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. vv. 194, et seq.

[2492] In Gautama’s time, however, the ‘çulka,’ did not belong to the ‘strîdhan’ (Mayr, ‘Das indische Erbrecht,’ p. 170).

[2493] Macnaghten, ‘Principles of Hindu Law,’ pp. 33, et seq. Steele, loc. cit. p.67.

[2494] Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 154.

[2495] Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 155. Meier and Schömann, ‘Der attische Process,’ pp. 518, et seq. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 345, et seq. Hermann-Blümner, loc. cit. p. 265. Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  692.

[2496] Potter, ‘Archaeologia Graeca,’ vol. ii. p. 273.

[2497] Ginoulhiac, loc. cit. p. 70. Sohm, ‘Institutionen des römischen Rechts,’ p. 281. Laboulaye, ‘Recherches sur la condition des femmes,’ P. 38.

[2498] Laboulaye, p. 39. Ginoulhiac, loc. cit. p. 70. Laferrière, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  223.

[2499] Laboulaye, ‘Recherches,’ pp. 39-41. Idem, ‘Histoire du droit de propriété foncière,’ pp. 183-185. Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, vol. i. p. 693. Sohm, p. 282.

[2500] Maine, ‘Early History of Institutions,’ pp. 338.

[2501] Eccius, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie der Rechtswissenschaft,’ pt. ii. vol. i. pp. 412, et seq.

[2502] Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p.  331. Idem, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ pp. 241, et seq.

[2503] Olivecrona, loc. cit. p. 51. Nordström, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 50.

[2504] Macieiowski, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 214-218.

[2505] O’Curry, loc. cit. Sullivan’s Introduction, vol. i. pp. clxxii., clxxviii. Lewis, loc. cit. pp. 8, et seq.

[2506] Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 342-344.

[2507] Macnaghten, ‘Principles of Muhammadan Law,’ p. xxxv. Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  218.

[2508] Lane, vol. i. p.  138, note †.

[2509] Acosta, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 370.

[2510] Kenai (Richardson, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  407), Thlinkets (Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 315), Ahts (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 197), Creeks (Hawkins, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p. 66), Kingsmill Islanders (Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  101), Siamese (Moore, loc. cit. p. 169), Kukis (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 254), Abyssinians (Lobo, loc. cit. p. 26), people of Madagascar (Rochon, loc. cit. p. 747), Touaregs (Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 181).

[2511] Cf. Heriot, loc. cit. p. 335 (North American Indians); Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  270 (Tahitians); Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 110 (Negroes); Burton, ‘The Lake Regions of Central Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 332 (East Africans); Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p.  376 (several African peoples); Huc, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  185 (Tartars); Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 67, et seq. (Voguls).

[2512] Cf. Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 508 (Greenlanders); v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  115 (Brazilian aborigines); Bove, loc. cit. p. 132 (Fuegians); Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 522 (Somals); Marshall, loc. cit. p. 212 (Todas); Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p.  70 (Mongols); Pallas, ‘Merkwürdigkeiten der Morduanen, Kasaken,’ &c., p. 262 (Kalmucks); Post, ‘Die Anfänge des Staats-und Rechtsleben,’ pp. 54, et seq.

[2513] Cf. Last, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. v. p.  532 (Masai); Metz, loc. cit. p. 87 (Badagas); Davy, loc. cit. p. 286 (Sinhalese).

[2514] It is remarkable that dowry is unknown among the Chinese, whereas, in the wild aboriginal tribes of China, it is usual for wives among the wealthy families to receive marriage portions (Gray, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 304).

[2515] Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ vol. ii. p. 344.

[2516] ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. v. 3.

[2517] Potter, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 268. Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 152. Cf. Meier and Shömann, loc. cit. pp. 513, et seq.

[2518] Isaeus, ‘περὶ τοῦ Πυῤῥου κλήρου,’ § 51, p. 43.

[2519] Aristotle, loc. cit. book ii. ch. ix. § 11.

[2520] Laboulaye, ‘Recherches,’ pp. 38, et seq. Ginoulhiac, loc. cit. pp. 66, et seq. Meier and Schömann, pp. 513, et seq.

[2521] Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  693. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. p. 347.

[2522] Ginoulhiac, loc. cit. p. 103.

[2523] For dos necessaria in Germany during the Middle Ages, see Mittermaier, ‘Grundsätze des gemeinen deutschen Privatrechts,’ vol. ii. p. 3.

[2524] Eccius, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie der Rechtswissenschaft,’ pt. ii. vol. i. p.  414.

[2525] ‘Code Napoléon,’ art. 204.

[2526] Maine, ‘Early History of Institutions,’ p. 339.

[2527] Euripides, ‘Μήδεια,’ vv. 231-235.

[2528] Hall, loc. cit. p. 567. Cf. Lyon, loc. cit. p. 352; Dall, loc. cit. p. 139.

[2529] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 223.

[2530] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 132.

[2531] Kaniagmuts (Lisiansky, loc. cit. pp. 198, et seq.), Aleuts (Coxe, loc. cit. p. 230. v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 47. Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  92), Mahlemuts (Bancroft, vol. i. p.  81), Chippewyans (Richardson, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 24), Chippewas (Keating, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 157), Creeks (Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  268), Moxes, Iroquois (Heriot, loc. cit. pp. 326, 332), Navajos (Letherman, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1855, p. 294), Arawaks (Brett, loc. cit. p. 101), Muras (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 512), Tupis, Chiriguana (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. pp. 422, et seq.), Patagonians (Falkner, loc. cit. p. 124), Fuegians (Bove, loc. cit. p. 132).

[2532] Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 62.

[2533] Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 94.

[2534] Breton, loc. cit. p. 398.

[2535] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  107.

[2536] St. Andrew St. John, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 239.

[2537] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 57.

[2538] Ibid., p. 19.

[2539] Dall, loc. cit. p. 524.

[2540] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026.

[2541] Schön and Crowther, ‘Journals,’ p. 162.

[2542] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 49.

[2543] Tartars (Huc, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  186), people of Bornu (Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iii. p. 31, note), Bazes (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 525), Copts (Lane, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 331).

[2544] Bent, ‘The Cyclades,’ p. 137.

[2545] Bakongo (Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, loc. cit. p. 270), &c.

[2546] Tuski, Kaniagmuts (Dall, pp. 381, 402), &c.

[2547] Post, ‘Die Grundlagen des Rechts,’ p. 240.

[2548] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 105. See Lippert, ‘Kulturgeschichte,’ vol. ii. pp. 141, et seq.; Mantegazza, ‘Geschlechtsverhältnisse des Menschen,’ ch. xiii.

[2549] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 216.

[2550] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. iv. p. 405.

[2551] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 251. Dubois, loc. cit. p. 107. v. Schroeder, loc. cit. p. 82. Mantegazza, p. 287. de Gubernatis, ‘Storia comparata degli usi nuziali,’ p. 168.

[2552] v. Eschwege, ‘Journal von Brasilien,’ vol. i. p.  96.

[2553] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 115. For instances of eating and drinking together as a marriage ceremony, see Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. iv. pp. 387-405; v. Schroeder, pp. 82-84; Riedel, loc. cit. p. 460; Winternitz, ‘On a Comparative Study of Indo-European Customs,’ in ‘Trans. Intern. Folk-Lore Congress, 1891,’ pp. 280, et seq.; de Gubernatis, p. 168.

[2554] v. Schroeder, p. 84.

[2555] Winternitz, loc. cit. p. 282. Cf. Haas, ‘Die Heirathsgebräuche der alten Inder,’ in Weber, ‘Indische Studien,’ vol. v. pp. 310, et seq. (Hindus).

[2556] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ ser. v. vol. iv. p. 409.

[2557] Low, cited by Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ ser. v. vol. iv. p. 409.

[2558] Steel, ‘On the Khasia Tribe,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. vii. p. 308.

[2559] Bailey, ibid., N.S. vol. ii. pp. 293, et seq.

[2560] Colebrooke, ‘The Religious Ceremonies of the Hindus,’ in ‘Asiatick Researches,’ vol. vii. p. 309.

[2561] Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 149.

[2562] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 84. Cf. Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 86 (Wukas of New Guinea).

[2563] Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 131, 220, 319.

[2564] Taplin, loc. cit. p. 12.

[2565] Soyaux, loc. cit. p. 161. Cf. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 392 (Arawaks).

[2566] Forbes, ‘Dahomey and the Dahomans,’ vol. i. p.  26.

[2567] Krauss, loc. cit. p. 385.

[2568] Meiners, ‘Vergleichung des ältern und neuern Russlandes,’ vol. ii. pp. 167, et seq.

[2569] The wedding-ring was in use among the ancient Hindus (Haas, in Weber, ‘Indische Studien,’ vol. v. p.  299). According to Mr. Hooper (loc. cit. p. 390), it is also found among the Indians of James’s Bay.

[2570] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 290.

[2571] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 222.

[2572] Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 150.

[2573] Heriot, loc. cit. p. 334.

[2574] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 91.

[2575] Ibid., vol. iii. p. 92. This description, however, does not agree with those given by Williams and Erskine (see Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 632).

[2576] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  271.

[2577] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  101.

[2578] Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. pp. 639, et seq.

[2579] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 129.

[2580] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 64.

[2581] Meyer, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1883, p. 385.

[2582] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 161.

[2583] Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. pp. 169, et seq. For other instances of religious marriage ceremonies, see ibid., vol. iii. p. 281 (Negroes of Congo); Georgi, loc. cit. p. 41 (Chuvashes); Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 307 (Mussus); Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 276 (Humphrey’s Islanders).

[2584] Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 183.

[2585] Lewin, p. 175.

[2586] Gonds, Kúrmis (Dalton, pp. 201, 319), &c.

[2587] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p.  70.

[2588] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ pp. 339, 459, et seq.

[2589] Sinhalese (Davy, loc. cit. p. 285), Naickers (Kearns, ‘Kalyán’a Shat’anku,’ p. 54), Gonds and Korkús (Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 149), Khyoungtha (Lewin, loc. cit. pp. 126, et seq.), Siamese (Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 183), Kalmucks (Georgi, loc. cit. p. 411), Chinese (Wells Williams, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  785), Japanese (Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 121), ancient Mexicans (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 132). In this connection should also be noticed the ‘lucky days,’ when matrimony in general is concluded under the best auspices. In China, these are especially marked in the almanacks (Montgomery, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 268). The spring season and the last month in the year are regarded as the most fortunate nuptial periods in that country (Wells Williams, vol. i. p.  791), whereas the ninth month is considered very unpropitious (Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  187). Among the Bedouins of Mount Sinai (Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 152), the Egyptians (Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 222, et seq.), and the Mohammedan negroes of Senegambia (Reade, loc. cit. p. 453), Friday is esteemed the most fortunate day for marriage; while the Copts generally marry on the night preceding Sunday (Lane, vol. ii. p. 331). In India, the month Phalguna was considered the luckiest period (v. Bohlen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 148), and in Morocco, as I am informed by Dr. Churcher, the month called Moolood (birth of Mohammed). Again, in Thuringia, marriages are generally contracted at the time of the full moon (Schmidt, ‘Sitten und Gebräuche in Thüringen,’ p. 28); whilst in Orkney and Esthonia, no couple would consent to marry except at the time of the crescent moon. The same superstition prevailed among the ancient Hindus, Greeks, and Germans (v. Schroeder, loc. cit. p. 50). In Scotland, formerly, nearly all avoided contracting marriage in May, and the Lowlanders were disinclined to marry on Friday (Rogers, loc. cit. p. 112). The Romans considered May and the first half of June an unlucky period (Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 265). In Egypt, it is a common belief that, if any one make a marriage contract in the month of Moharram, the marriage will be unhappy and soon dissolved, hence few persons do so (Lane, vol. i. p.  219, note *). For ‘unlucky days’ among the tribes of the Indian Archipelago, see Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p.  380.

[2590] Acosta, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 370.

[2591] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 366.

[2592] Ibid., vol. iv. p. 317. de Herrera, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 172.

[2593] Heriot, loc. cit. p. 333.

[2594] Fytche, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 70.

[2595] Tartars (Huc, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  186), Siamese (Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 185), Kalmucks (Liadov, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 403). In Japan, on the other hand, the marriage ceremony is entirely of a social nature, no religious element entering into it at all (Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 123).

[2596] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  205.

[2597] Ewald, loc. cit. pp. 201, et seq. Cf. Gans, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  140; Frankel, loc. cit. p. xxx.

[2598] Pischon, ‘Der Einfluss der Islâm,’ &c., p. 10. For the modern Persians, see Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 210, et seq.

[2599] Glasson, loc. cit. p. 154.

[2600] Revillout, ‘Les contrats de mariage égyptiens,’ in ‘Journal Asiatique,’ ser. vii. vol. x. p.  262.

[2601] Spiegel, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 677.

[2602] Haas, in Weber, ‘Indische Studien,’ vol. v. pp. 312-316. Colebrooke, in ‘Asiatick Researches,’ vol. vii. pp. 288-310.

[2603] Macnaghten, ‘Principles of Hindu Law,’ p. 46. Cf. Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 202; Colebrooke, pp. 288-311.

[2604] Jacobs, ‘Vermischte Schriften,’ vol. iv. pp. 180-182. Potter, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 279.

[2605] Rossbach, pp. 222, et seq. For other facts stated, see Becker, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  457; Palmblad, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 258, et seq.; Rossbach, pp. 212, 218, 223, 228.

[2606] Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p.  374. Rossbach, p. 231.

[2607] Rossbach, p. 111.

[2608] Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 121, 122, 128, 143.

[2609] Ibid., pp. 294, et seq.

[2610] Ibid., p. 237.

[2611] Ibid., p. 310.

[2612] Ibid., pp. 112, 186.

[2613] Ibid., pp. 102, et seq.

[2614] Ibid., pp. 256, et seq.

[2615] Grimm, loc. cit. pp. 434, et seq. Eichhorn, ‘Deutsche Staats-und Rechtsgeschichte,’ §§ 108, 183.

[2616] St. Paul, ‘Ephesians,’ ch. v. v.  32.

[2617] v. Scheurl, ‘Das gemeine deutsche Eherecht,’ p. 15.

[2618] Glasson, loc. cit. p. 253.

[2619] Ibid., p. 282.

[2620] Garcilasso de la Vega, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 306, et seq.

[2621] Squier, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p.  127.

[2622] Powers, loc. cit. p. 157.

[2623] Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 83.

[2624] Olivecrona, loc. cit. pp. 47, 160, et seq.

[2625] Powers, loc. cit. pp. 22, et seq. Cf. Sibree, loc. cit. p. 251 (Hovas); Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 94 (Bechuanas).

[2626] Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 42.

[2627] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. pp. 654, et seq.

[2628] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Ancient Mexicans, &c., p. 4.

[2629] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 265.

[2630] Garcilasso de la Vega, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  310.

[2631] Rein, loc. cit. p. 423. Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii, p. 129.

[2632] Ross, loc. cit. p. 315.

[2633] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxvi. v. 34; ch. xxix. vv. 23-28.

[2634] ‘i. Kings,’ ch. xi. v. 3.

[2635] ‘ii. Chronicles,’ ch. xi. vv. 21, 23.

[2636] ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxi. v. 15. Scheppig, in Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Hebrews and Phœnicians, p. 8.

[2637] Andree, loc. cit. p. 147.

[2638] Ibid., pp. 147-149. Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  209.

[2639] ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. v. 3.

[2640] Lane Poole, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. v. p.  684.

[2641] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 958. d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. p. 68.

[2642] Diodorus Siculus, loc. cit. book i. ch. 80.

[2643] Wilkinson, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 318, et seq.

[2644] Rawlinson, ‘The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World,’ vol. i. p.  505.

[2645] Rawlinson, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 319.

[2646] Ibid., vol. iii. pp. 216-219. Herodotus, loc. cit. book iii. ch. 68, 88. Spiegel, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 680.

[2647] Jolly, in ‘Sitzungsberichte Münch. Akad.,’ 1876, p. 445.

[2648] Schrader, loc. cit. p. 387. Zimmer, loc. cit. pp. 324, et seq.

[2649] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 12; ch. viii. v. 204; ch. ix. vv. 85-87.

[2650] Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 252.

[2651] Becker, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 438, et seq. Jacobs, ‘Vermischte Schriften,’ vol. iv. pp. 215, et seq.

[2652] ‘The Iliad,’ book xxi. v. 88. Grote, ‘History of Greece,’ vol. ii. p. 25, note 2.

[2653] Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  525.

[2654] Palmblad, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  256.

[2655] Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 5.

[2656] Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. xviii.

[2657] Geijer, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  88. ‘The Heimskringla’ (transl. by Laing and Anderson), vol. i. p.  127.

[2658] ‘The Heimskringla,’ vol. i. pp. 127, et seq.

[2659] Ewers, loc. cit. p. 106.

[2660] Gottlund, ‘Otava,’ vol. i. p.  92. Topelius, loc. cit. p. 45. Tengström, in ‘Joukahainen,’ vol. ii. pp. 130, et seq.

[2661] Thierry, ‘Narratives of the Merovingian Era,’ pp. 17-21. Hallam, ‘Europe during the Middle Ages,’ vol. i. p.  420, note 2.

[2662] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  665.

[2663] v. Hellwald, loc. cit. p. 558.

[2664] Saalschütz, ‘Archäologie der Hebräer,’ vol. ii. p. 204, note.

[2665] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 85.

[2666] Serpa Pinto, ‘How I crossed Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 33.

[2667] Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 557.

[2668] Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  118.

[2669] Reade, loc. cit. p. 44.

[2670] Heriot, loc. cit. p. 323.

[2671] Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ p. 324.

[2672] Wilkes, loc cit. vol. v. p.  188. Powers, loc. cit. p. 56.

[2673] Powers, p. 22.

[2674] Domenech, ‘Seven Years’ Residence in the Deserts of North America,‘ vol. ii. p. 305.

[2675] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 87. Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  661.

[2676] Acawoios (Brett, loc. cit. p. 275), Chavantes, Carajos (v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 274, 298), Curetús, Purupurús, Mundrucûs (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ pp. 509, 515-517), Guaycurûs (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 472).

[2677] Glas, loc. cit. p. 818. Bontier and Le Verrier, loc. cit. Major’s Introduction, p. xxxix.

[2678] Price, ‘The Quissama Tribe,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p.  189. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 315.

[2679] Chavanne, p. 454.

[2680] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ii. pp. 291, et seq. Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.

[2681] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 135.

[2682] Distant, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. iii. p. 4.

[2683] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 91. Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 621.

[2684] Dalton, pp. 28, 54. Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 370.

[2685] Harkness, loc. cit. p. 117. Dalton, pp. 41, 132. Rowney, loc. cit. p. 145.

[2686] Lewin, loc. cit. pp. 193, 235, et seq.

[2687] Man, ‘Sonthalia,’ p. 15.

[2688] Smeaton, ‘The Loyal Karens of Burma,’ p. 81.

[2689] Kadams, Ka-káu (Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ pp. 72, 80), Mantras (Bourien, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. iii. p. 80), Italones of the Philippines (Blumentritt, loc. cit. p. 33), Galela (Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 77). In Sumatra, a man married by ‘semando,’ i.e., a regular treaty between the parties on the footing of equality, cannot take a second wife without repudiating the first one (Marsden, loc. cit. pp. 263, 270).

[2690] Sea Dyaks (Low, loc. cit. p. 195), the Rejang tribe of the Milanowes in Borneo (ibid., p. 342), Kyans of Baram (St. John, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  113), Alfura of Letti (Bickmore, loc. cit. p. 125), Watubela Islanders (Riedel, loc. cit. p. 206).

[2691] Meyer, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1883, p. 385. Cf. Foreman, loc. cit. p. 216 (Tinguianes of the Philippines).

[2692] Low, p. 300.

[2693] Hickson, loc. cit. p. 277.

[2694] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 128.

[2695] Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 101. Earl, loc. cit. p. 81.

[2696] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  402.

[2697] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 371.

[2698] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 378.

[2699] Certain Californians (Waitz, vol. iv. p. 243), Calidonian Indians (Gisborne, loc. cit. p. 155), Chiriguana, Jabaána, Paravilhana (v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 217, 627, 632), Guaranies (Southey, loc. cit. vol ii. pp. 368, et seq.).

[2700] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 416.

[2701] v. Siebold, loc. cit. p. 31.

[2702] Campbell, ‘A Year in the New Hebrides,’ p. 143.

[2703] Maclean, loc. cit. p. 44.

[2704] Last, in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. v. p.  533.

[2705] Phillips, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 225.

[2706] Proyart, loc. cit. pp. 568, et seq.

[2707] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 108. Chavanne, ‘Reisen und Forschungen im Kongostaate,’ pp. 398, et seq. (Bafióte tribe). Grade, in ‘Aus allen Welttheilen,’ vol. xx. p. 6 (people of the Togoland).

[2708] Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  206. Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 261, et seq.

[2709] Holub, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  302.

[2710] Thunberg, loc. cit. p. 141. Kretzschmar, loc. cit. p. 209.

[2711] Archdeacon Hodgson, in a letter.

[2712] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iv. p. 497.

[2713] Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  447.

[2714] Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 248.

[2715] Ibid., p. 326.

[2716] Takue, Bazes (ibid., pp. 209, 524), Arabs and Berbs of Morocco (Rohlfs, ‘Mein erster Aufenthalt in Marokko,’ p. 68).

[2717] Honateau and Letourneux, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 167.

[2718] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  252.

[2719] Munzinger, p. 326.

[2720] d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. p. 250. Pischon, loc. cit. p. 13. Burton, ‘Sindh Revisited,’ vol. i. p.  340. Burckhardt, loc. cit. pp. 61, 158 (Arabs). Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  209 (Persians).

[2721] Amír’ Alí, loc. cit. pp. 29, et seq.

[2722] Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 251. Rowney, loc. cit. pp. 68, 158 (Kols, Abors). Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 110, 216 (Tipperahs, Santals). Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 282 (Kotars). Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355 (Kaupuis). Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 148 (Gonds and Korkús). Fytche, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 74 (Burmese). Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 186 (Laosians). Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 292 (Shans). Buddhism disapproves of polygyny, though it does not wholly prohibit it (Fytche, vol. ii. pp. 73, et seq.).

[2723] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  184.

[2724] Kirghiz (Finch, ‘Reise nach West-Sibirien,’ p. 167), Galchas (de Ujfalvy, ‘Le Kohistan,’ p. 16), Kalmucks (Pallas, ‘Merkwürdigkeiten der Morduanen, Kasaken, Kalmücken,’ &c., pp. 263, et seq.), Tartars, Tunguses, Kamchadales (Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 103, 116, 118, 324, 341), Chukchi (Nordenskiöld, ‘Vergas färd kring Asien och Europa,’ vol. ii. p. 142), Samoyedes (‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144), Ostyaks (Latham, ‘Descriptive Ethnology,’ vol. i. p.  457), Mordvins and Cheremises (‘Äbo Tidningar,’ 1794, no. 51), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 402), &c.

[2725] Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 76, et seq.

[2726] Raffles, ‘The History of Java,’ vol. i. p.  81. Low, loc. cit. p. 147. Boyle, loc. cit. pp. 25, et seq. Marsden, loc. cit. p. 270. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 40, note 1. Forbes, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 124. Schadenberg, quoted by Blumentritt, loc. cit. p. 7.

[2727] Curr, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 196, 361; vol. iii. p. 36. Freycinet, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 766. Hodgson, loc. cit. p. 213. Cameron, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 352. Bonney, ibid., vol. xiii. p. 135. Bonwick, ibid., vol. xvi. p. 205. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 771.

[2728] Curr, vol. i. p.  252.

[2729] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 386. Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 71. Calder, ‘The Native Tribes of Tasmania,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. iii. p. 22.

[2730] Dieffenbach, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 37.

[2731] Ellis, ‘Tour through Hawaii,’ p. 414. Cf. Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 128.

[2732] New Guinea (Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 82. Lawes, in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ii. p. 614. Stone, ‘A Few Months in New Guinea,’ p. 93. Thomson, ‘British New Guinea,’ p. 193. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. p. 370), New Hanover (Strauch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. p. 62), New Ireland (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 29), Solomon Islands (Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vii. p. 95), Tana of the New Hebrides (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 317), Fiji (Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  400), Caroline Group (‘Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik,’ vol. viii. p. 65), Pelew Islands (‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333), Tonga (Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. i. p.  401), Tahiti (ibid., vol. ii. p. 157), Nukahiva (v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  153), &c.

[2733] Eskimo (Lyon, loc. cit. p. 352. Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 263. Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  147. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 308), Mahlemuts (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  81), Ingaliks (Dall, loc. cit. p. 196), Chippewyans (Richardson, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 23), Tacullies (Bancroft, vol. i. p.  123), Ahts (Sproat, loc. cit. p. 98), Nutkas (Maine, ‘British Columbia and Vancouver Island,’ p. 276), Chinooks (Bancroft, vol. i. p.  241), Mandans (Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  119), other North American tribes (Heriot, loc. cit. pp. 551, et seq. Harmon, loc. cit. pp. 292, 339. Buchanan, ‘North American Indians,’ p. 338), Moxes (Heriot, p. 326), Mosquitoes (Bancroft, vol. i. p.  733, note 37), Indians of Guiana (Schomburgk, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p.  270), Passés, Uaupés, Macusís (v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  511, 600, 642), Coroados (Hensel, ‘Die Coroados der brasilianischen Provinz Rio Grande do Sul,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. i. p. 130), Botocudos (v. Tschudi, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 283), and other Brazilian tribes (v. Martius, vol. i. p.  104), Minuanes, Pampas, Guanas, Mbayas (Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 33, 44, 95, 114), Abipones (Dobrizhoffer, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 138), Patagonians (Musters, loc. cit. p. 187).

[2734] Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 321, note 1.

[2735] v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 133. Bancroft, vol. i. p.  110.

[2736] Ling Roth, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. 272.

[2737] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Hebrews and Phœnicians, p. 8.  Cf. Saalschütz, ‘Das mosaische Recht,’ vol. ii. p. 727; Andree, loc. cit. pp. 146, et seq.; Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 251.

[2738] Wilkinson, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  318. Herodotus, loc. cit. book ii. ch. 92.

[2739] Spiegel, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 677.

[2740] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ p. 235. Schrader, loc. cit. p. 388.

[2741] Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. xviii.

[2742] Dutt, ‘Hindu Civilisation of the Brahmana Period,’ in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 266. Kaegi, ‘The Rigveda,’ p. 15. Roth, ‘On the Morality of the Veda,’ in ‘Jour. American Oriental Soc.,’ vol iii. p. 339.

[2743] ‘Rig-Veda Sanhitá,’ mandala ii. súkta 39.

[2744] Egede, loc. cit. pp. 138, et seq.

[2745] Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 313.

[2746] Ibid., vol. iv. p. 399.

[2747] Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 70.

[2748] Eskimo, Chinooks (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. pp. 308, 338), Ahts (Sproat, loc. cit. p. 98), Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon (Gibbs, ‘Tribes of Western Washington and Northwestern Oregon,’ in ‘Contributions to North American Ethnology,’ vol. i. p.  198), &c.

[2749] Erman, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 162.

[2750] Sproat, p. 100.

[2751] Heriot, loc. cit. p. 324.

[2752] Waitz, vol. iv. p. 130.

[2753] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 671.

[2754] Waitz, vol. iv. pp. 360, 366.

[2755] Garcilasso de la Vega, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  310. Acosta, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 424.

[2756] Squier, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p.  127.

[2757] Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 265.

[2758] Ibid., vol. i. p.  729. v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. p.  548. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497. v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 392.

[2759] Indians of Guiana (Schomburgk, in Ralegh, ‘The Discovery of the Empire of Guiana,’ p. 110, note), Tupis (Southey, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  241), Jurís (Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 177), Araucanians (Alcedo-Thompson, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  416).

[2760] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  126.

[2761] Dawson, loc. cit. p. 33. Taplin, loc. cit. p. 12. Taylor, loc. cit. p. 338.

[2762] Natives of Tonga (Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. i. p.  401), Pelew Islands (Kubary, loc. cit. p. 62), Ponapé (Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317), Marianne Group (Waitz, loc. cit. vol v. pt. ii. p. 107).

[2763] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 96.

[2764] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. pp. 273, et seq.

[2765] Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  77. Cf. ibid., vol. iii. p. 100; Blumentritt, loc. cit. p. 49, and Schadenberg, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol xvii. p. 12 (Philippine Islanders).

[2766] Fytche, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 74. Dalton, loc. cit. p. 216.

[2767] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 182, note 2.

[2768] Dalton, p. 8.  Castrén, in ‘Helsingfors Morgonblad,’ 1843, no. 54.

[2769] Central Asiatic Turks (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 248), Kalmucks (Moore, loc. cit. p. 181), Tunguses, Jakuts (Sauer, loc. cit. pp. 49, 129).

[2770] v. Siebold, loc. cit. p. 31. Bickmore, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol vii. p. 20. St. John, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 254. Dixon, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xi. pt. i. p.  44. Dall, loc. cit. p. 525.

[2771] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p.  69; vol. ii. p. 121.

[2772] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 21. Parker, ‘Comparative Chinese Family Law,’ in ‘The China Review,’ vol. viii. p. 78. Jamieson, ibid., vol. x. p.  80.

[2773] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  212.

[2774] Medhurst, p. 15. When dying, concubines who have not had children are removed from the dwelling-house to a humbler abode; they are not entitled to die in the dwelling-house of their master (Gray, vol. i. p. 213).

[2775] Ibid., vol. i. p.  212-214.

[2776] Jamieson, p. 80. Medhurst, pp. 15, 21.

[2777] Parker, p. 79.

[2778] Pischon, loc. cit. p. 14. Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  252. Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  226. Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 434. Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  723; vol ii. p. 177.

[2779] Waitz, loc. cit. vol ii. pp. 109, et seq. Moore, loc. cit. p. 249. Bosman, loc. cit. p. 419. Burton, ‘On M. Du Chaillu’s Explorations,’ &c., in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. i. p.  321.

[2780] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 110.

[2781] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. pp. 134, et seq.

[2782] Chapman, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  341. Cf. ibid., vol. ii. p. 284; Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ p. 225.

[2783] Casalis, loc. cit. pp. 186, et seq. Cf. Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 185 (Bechuanas).

[2784] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 49.

[2785] Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 92.

[2786] Rochon, loc. cit. p. 747.

[2787] Ebers, ‘Aegypten und die Bücher Moses’s,’ vol. i. p.  310. Cf. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 293.

[2788] Rawlinson, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 216. Cf. Spiegel, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 680.

[2789] Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 92. Jolly, in ‘Sitzungsber. Münch. Akad.,’ 1876, pp. 445-447. v. Schroeder, ‘Indiens Literatur und Cultur,’ p. 430.

[2790] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 12. Jolly, p. 446.

[2791] Steele, loc. cit. p. 31.

[2792] Geijer, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  88.

[2793] Ewers, loc. cit. p. 108.

[2794] Burton, ‘The City of the Saints,’ p. 518.

[2795] Ancient Hindus (‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 12) and Persians (Spiegel, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 679), Chinese (Gray, loc. cit. vol vi. pp. 212, et seq.), Malays (Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  77).

[2796] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 383.

[2797] Darwin, ‘Journal of Researches,’ p. 366.

[2798] v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  329.

[2799] d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. p. 68. Georgi, loc. cit. p. 102.

[2800] Krasheninnikoff, loc. cit. p. 215.

[2801] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 110.

[2802] Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 538.

[2803] Cf. Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  253, note †.

[2804] Carver, loc. cit. p. 368.

[2805] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  210. Cf. ibid., vol. i. p.  236 (Comanches).

[2806] Georgi, loc. cit. p. 153.

[2807] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 253, et seq. note 5.

[2808] Ibid., vol. i. p.  253 (Egyptians). Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 226, et seq. (Persians).

[2809] Gibbs, loc. cit. pp. 198, et seq.

[2810] Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,’ p. 265. Cf. ibid., pp. 263, et seq.

[2811] Schomburgk, in Ralegh, ‘The Discovery of Guiana,’ p. 110, note.

[2812] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 397. Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157. Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 248. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 15. Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 246 (Marea). Thomson, ‘Through Masai Land,’ p. 260 (Masai).

[2813] King, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p.  147. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 698. Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  147.

[2814] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  654.

[2815] Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 278.

[2816] Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 278.

[2817] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 8.

[2818] Ewald, loc. cit. p. 196. Herzog-Schaff, ‘Religious Encyclopædia,’ vol. ii. p. 1415. For other instances, see Georgi, loc. cit. p. 182 (Votyaks); Steller, loc. cit. p. 347 (Kamchadales); Dall, loc. cit. p. 524 (Ainos of the Kuriles).

[2819] v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 47. Christianity has now extirpated this custom among the Aleuts (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 792).

[2820] Coxe, loc. cit. p. 300.

[2821] Dall, loc. cit. p. 416. Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. pp. 315, et seq.

[2822] Seemann, ‘Voyage of Herald,’ vol. ii. p. 66. King, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p.  147. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 308. Regarding the Greenlanders, Cranz says (loc. cit. vol. i. p.  147), ‘Women who cohabit with several husbands are subjected to universal censure.'

[2823] Lafitau, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  555.

[2824] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. p.  549.

[2825] Brett, loc. cit. p. 178.

[2826] Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 83.

[2827] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 367.

[2828] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 386.

[2829] Bontier and Le Verrier, loc. cit. p. 139.

[2830] Thunberg, loc. cit. p. 141.

[2831] Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 227. Theal, loc. cit. p. 19.

[2832] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 253.

[2833] Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 428. Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 250. Davy, loc. cit. p. 286.

[2834] Haeckel, ‘Indische Reisebriefe,’ p. 240.

[2835] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ii. p. 240.

[2836] Balfour, vol. iii. p. 250.

[2837] ‘Asiatick Researches,’ vol. v. p.  13.

[2838] Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 33, 36, 98.

[2839] Rowney, loc. cit. p. 158.

[2840] Fischer, ‘Memoir of Sylhet, Kachar, and the Adjacent Districts,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. ix. pt. ii. p. 834.

[2841] Man, loc. cit. p. 100.

[2842] Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. pp. 245, et seq.

[2843] Bellew, ‘Kashmir and Kashghar,’ p. 118. Moorcroft and Trebeck, ‘Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab,’ vol. i. pp. 321, et seq.

[2844] Dunlop, ‘Hunting in the Himalaya,’ pp. 180, et seq.

[2845] Gordon Cumming, ‘In the Himalayas,’ p. 406.

[2846] Stulpnagel, ‘Polyandry in the Himâlayas,’ in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 133. de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p.  227.

[2847] Wilson, loc. cit. pp. 206, et seq.

[2848] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ p. 98.

[2849] Lansdell, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 225.

[2850] de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p.  227.

[2851] Wilson, p. 206.

[2852] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. pp. 264, et seq., note. Cf. however, Kearns, ‘The Tribes of South India,’ p. 69.

[2853] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 264.

[2854] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 403, note. Le Bon, ‘L’homme et les sociétés,’ vol. ii. p. 295.

[2855] Ahlqvist, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. xiv. p. 292, note.

[2856] v. Haxthausen, p. 402.

[2857] ‘Rig-Veda Sanhitá,’ mandala i. súkta 119, v. 5.

[2858] Strabo, loc. cit. book xi. ch. xiii. p. 526; book xvi. ch. iv. p. 782.

[2859] Rémusat, ‘Nouveaux Mélanges Asiatiques,’ vol. i. p.  245.

[2860] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ p. 99.

[2861] Cæsar, loc. cit. book v. ch. 14.

[2862] Weinhold, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ p. 249.

[2863] Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 428. Davy, loc. cit. p. 286.

[2864] Marshall, loc. cit. p. 213.

[2865] Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 249.

[2866] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 33.

[2867] Ibid., p. 36.

[2868] Fischer, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. ix. pt. ii. p. 834.

[2869] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  xxiv.

[2870] Rowney, loc. cit. p. 158.

[2871] Gordon Cumming, loc. cit. pp. 405, et seq.

[2872] Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 135.

[2873] Cunningham, ‘Ladák,’ p. 306.

[2874] Dunlop, loc. cit. pp. 180, et seq.

[2875] Cunningham, ‘History of the Sikhs,’ p. 18. Cf. Orazio della Penna di Billi, ‘Account of the Kingdom of Tibet,’ in ‘Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle,’ &c., p. 336; Moorcroft and Trebeck, loc. cit. p. 180; Bonvalot, ‘Across Thibet,’ vol. ii. p. 126; Rockhill, ‘The Land of the Lammas,’ p. 212.

[2876] Mr. Wilson says (loc. cit. p. 207) that it is probably the common marriage custom of at least thirty millions of respectable people.

[2877] Wheeler, ‘The History of India,’ vol. ii. p. 241.

[2878] Dutt, in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 266.

[2879] Erman, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 163. Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 399.

[2880] Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 83.

[2881] Moorcroft and Trebeck, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 321, et seq. Turner, ‘Account of an Embassy to Tibet,’ p. 348. Bellew, loc. cit. p. 118.

[2882] Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 246.

[2883] Dunlop, loc. cit. p. 181. Rémusat, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  245.

[2884] Strabo, loc. cit. book xvi. ch. iv. p. 782.

[2885] Cæsar, loc. cit. book v. ch. 14.

[2886] Ganzenmüller, ‘Tibet,’ p. 87.

[2887] Marshall, loc. cit. p. 213.

[2888] Balfour, vol. iii. p. 251.

[2889] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 130. Cf. Man, loc. cit. p. 100.

[2890] Meares, loc. cit. p. 268.

[2891] Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 418.

[2892] Coulter, ‘Notes on Upper California,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. v. p.  67. Seemann, ‘Voyage of Herald,’ vol. ii. p. 66.

[2893] King, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol i. p.  152. Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 237. Powers, loc. cit. p. 243.

[2894] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 577; vol. iii. pp. 601, et seq.; vol. v. p. 707. For other tribes, see ibid., vol. iii. pp. 615, 632; vol. iv. p. 590.

[2895] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 477. Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 119, 212. Cf. Schoolcraft, vol. iii. pp. 562, et seq.

[2896] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 111. Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 60. ‘Bulletin de la Société de Géographie,’ ser. iv. vol. ix. p. 209.

[2897] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  662.

[2898] Schomburgk, ‘Expedition from Pirara,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. xv. p. 45.

[2899] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. pp. 549, et seq.

[2900] Azara, vol ii. p. 93.

[2901] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 304, et seq. note **.

[2902] Cf. Bonwick, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 205.

[2903] Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. p. 148.

[2904] Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. iii. p. 250.

[2905] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  51.

[2906] Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 134. Cf. ibid., p. 184; Dumont d’Urville, ‘Voyage de l’Astrolabe, Histoire du voyage,’ vol. i. p.  495.

[2907] Sturt, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 136, et seq.

[2908] Breton, loc. cit. p. 404.

[2909] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  258.

[2910] Montgomery, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 12.

[2911] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 167. La Pérouse, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 28. Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 226.

[2912] Ellis, ‘Tour through Hawaii,’ p. 414. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 128. Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 94.

[2913] Kerry-Nicholls, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 195.

[2914] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  74.

[2915] Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 191, et seq.

[2916] d’Albertis, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  390.

[2917] Stone, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. xlvi. p. 55.

[2918] Marsden, loc. cit. p. 272.

[2919] Low, loc. cit. p. 146.

[2920] Pridham, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  451. Cf. Davy, loc. cit. p. 107, note.

[2921] Quoted by Chervin, ‘Recherches sur les causes physiques de la polygamie,’ p. 22.

[2922] Marshall, loc. cit. p. 100.

[2923] Dunlop, loc. cit. pp. 181, et seq.

[2924] Wilson, loc. cit. p. 374.

[2925] Cunningham, ‘Ladák,’ p. 289.

[2926] Ritter, ‘Erdkunde,’ vol. vi. p. 773.

[2927] Bowring, ‘The Population of China,’ in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. v. pp. 13, et seq.

[2928] Marshall, pp. 100, 102.

[2929] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p.  71.

[2930] Rémusat, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  245. Gerland, ‘Das Aussterben der Naturvölker,’ p. 49.

[2931] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 112. Price, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p.  189.

[2932] Laing, ‘Travels in the Timannee, Kooranko, and Soolima Countries,’ p. 59.

[2933] ‘Globus,’ vol. xli. p. 253.

[2934] Bosman, loc. cit. p. 424. ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 225. Mr. Swann, in a letter. Thomson, ‘Through Masai Land,’ p. 51.

[2935] Cf. Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  244 (Khosas).

[2936] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  150.

[2937] v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 59. Cf. Wappäus, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 215.

[2938] Sutherland, ‘On the Esquimaux,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iv. p. 213.

[2939] King, ibid. vol. i. p.  152.

[2940] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  133.

[2941] Shastika (Powers, loc. cit. p. 243), Khosas (Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  244), Cis-Natalian Kafirs (Mr. Cousins), people of Baghirmi (Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 616), Waguha (Mr. Swann). In Morocco, according to Dr. Churcher, warfare of a civil or tribal kind has, no doubt, had some influence upon the disproportion of the sexes; and the same is the case in Uganda (Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  151).

[2942] Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  119. Cf. Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 477.

[2943] Ellis, ‘History of Madagascar,’ vol. i. p.  152.

[2944] Kutchin (Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 418), Guanas (Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 93), Hawaiians (Ellis, ‘Tour through Hawaii,’ p. 414), Tahitians (Idem, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. pp. 257, et seq.), natives of Maupiti (Montgomery, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 12), Kulus (de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p.  227), Kashmiri (Wilson, loc. cit. p. 374).

[2945] Lewin, loc. cit. pp. 195, et seq.

[2946] Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 418.

[2947] Ross, ibid., 1866, p. 305. Sproat, loc. cit. p. 94.

[2948] Humboldt, ‘Political Essay,’ vol. i. pp. 251, et seq.

[2949] Belly, ‘À travers l’Amérique Centrale,’ vol. i. p.  253, note.

[2950] Sturt, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 77, 136, et seq.

[2951] Grey, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 251.

[2952] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 813.

[2953] Davy, loc. cit. p. 289.

[2954] Haeckel, ‘Indische Reisebriefe,’ p. 240.

[2955] Marshall, loc. cit. p. 100.

[2956] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 241.

[2957] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 81.

[2958] Bruce, ‘Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile,’ vol. i. pp. 284, et seq.

[2959] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 209.

[2960] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 150, et seq.

[2961] Süssmilch, ‘Die göttliche Ordnung in den Veränderungen des menschlichen Geschlechts,’ vol. ii. pp. 258, 259, &c. Chervin, loc. cit. pp. 38, &c.

[2962] Montesquieu, loc. cit. book xvi. ch. 4.

[2963] v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 55.

[2964] Sadler, ‘The Law of Population,’ vol. ii. pp. 337-339. v. Oettingen, p. 56.

[2965] Hofacker and Notter, ‘Ueber Eigenschaften, welche sich bei Menschen und Thieren von den Aeltern auf die Nachkommen vererben.’ Sadler, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 333, et seq.

[2966] Hensen, loc. cit. p. 206. Berner, ‘Ueber die Ursachen der Geschlechtsbildung;’ quoted by Janke, loc. cit. p. 347.

[2967] Goehlert, ‘Die Geschlechtsverschiedenheit der Kinder in den Ehen,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 119-122.

[2968] Stieda, ‘Das Sexualverhältniss der Geborenen,’ pp. 19, 20, 34, 35, &c.; quoted by v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 67.

[2969] For this statement I am indebted to Mr. Joseph Jacobs.

[2970] Burton, ‘The City of the Saints,’ p. 521. Idem, ‘Abeokuta,’ vol. i. p. 212, note.

[2971] ‘The Anthropological Review,’ vol. viii. p. cviii.

[2972] Sanderson, ‘Polygamous Marriage among the Kafirs of Natal,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. viii. pp. 254-260.

[2973] Burton, ‘The City of the Saints,’ p. 521.

[2974] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 378, et seq.

[2975] Düsing, ‘Die Regulierung des Geschlechtsverhältnisses bei der Vermehrung der Menschen, Tiere und Pflanzen.'

[2976] Ploss, ‘Ueber die das Geschlechtsverhältniss der Kinder bedingenden Ursachen,’ in ‘Monatsschrift für Geburtskunde und Frauenkrankheiten,’ vol. xii. pp. 321-360.

[2977] Ibid., vol. xii. p. 340.

[2978] v. Oettingen, loc. cit. pp. 64, et seq. Düsing, loc. cit. pp. 159, et seq.

[2979] Düsing, pp. 161, et seq. I may call attention to the fact that among the Swedish nobility, according to censuses taken in the years 1851-1860, contrary to the general rule in Europe, female births actually outnumber male (Bertillon, in ‘Diction. encycl. des sciences médicales,’ ser. ii. vol. xi. p. 472).

[2980] Ploss, in ‘Monatsschrift f. Geburtskunde,’ vol. xii. p. 352. In the region between 501 to 1,000 feet, which is the most fertile (ibid., p. 353), the proportion was 105·7 to 100.

[2981] Davy, loc. cit. p. 107, note.

[2982] Seemann, ‘Voyage of Herald,’ vol. ii. p. 66 (Western Eskimo). v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. p.  548 (Avanos and Maypurs). Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 128 (Nukahivans). Haeckel, ‘Indische Reisebriefe,’ p. 240 (Sinhalese). Marshall, loc. cit. p. 214; Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 240 (Todas). Dunlop, loc. cit. p. 181; Fraser, ‘Journal of a Tour through the Himālā Mountains,’ p. 208; Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 133 (Himalayans). Rémusat, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  245 (Massagetæ).

[2983] Seemann, ‘Voyage of Herald,’ vol. ii. p. 66.

[2984] Dunlop, loc. cit. pp. 181, et seq.

[2985] Beauregard, ‘En Asie; Kachmir et Tibet,’ in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. pp. 265, 267, 271. Cf. Wilson, loc. cit. p. 212.

[2986] Koeppen, ‘Die Religion des Buddha,’ vol. i. p.  476.

[2987] Baber, ‘Travels and Researches in the interior of China,’ in ‘Roy. Geo. Soc. Supplementary Papers,’ vol. i. p.  97.

[2988] Rockhill, loc. cit. p. 214, note.

[2989] Koeppen, vol. i. pp. 476, et seq. note 2. Du Halde, ‘Description de la Chine,’ vol. iv. p. 572.

[2990] Cunningham, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. i. p.  202.

[2991] ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p.  229.

[2992] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  xxiii.

[2993] Gordon Cumming, loc. cit. pp. 405, et seq.

[2994] Cunningham, ‘Ladák,’ p. 306.

[2995] Bellew, loc. cit. p. 118.

[2996] Wilson, loc. cit. p. 216.

[2997] Koeppen, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  476. Turner, ‘Embassy to Tibet,’ p. 351. ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p.  266. Wilson, pp. 215, et seq.

[2998] Fraser, loc. cit. p. 207.

[2999] Turner, ‘Embassy to Tibet,’ p. 349. Wilson, pp. 209, 210.

[3000] Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 428.

[3001] Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 135.

[3002] Düsing, loc. cit. pp. 237-242.

[3003] 1150 unions of horses of the same colour gave 91·3 male foals to 100 female; 878 unions of horses of somewhat different colours, 86·2 to 100 respectively; 237 unions of horses of still more different colours, 56 to 100 respectively; 30 unions of horses of the most widely different colours, 30 to 100 respectively (Goehlert, ‘Ueber die Vererbung der Haarfarben bei den Pferden,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xiv. pp. 145-155).

[3004] Düsing, pp. 242-245.

[3005] Powers, loc. cit. pp. 149, 403.

[3006] Starkweather, ‘The Law of Sex,’ pp. 159, et seq.

[3007] Galindo, ‘On Central America,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. vi. p. 126.

[3008] Peschel, loc. cit. p. 221.

[3009] Squier, loc. cit. p. 58.

[3010] Belly, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  253, note.

[3011] v. Spix and v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 33.

[3012] Burton, ‘The Highlands of the Brazil,’ vol. i. p.  115.

[3013] de Castelnau, ‘Expédition dans les parties centrales de l’Amérique du Sud,’ Histoire du voyage, vol. i. pp. 137, et seq.

[3014] Ibid., vol. i. p.  328.

[3015] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1859, pp. 58, et seq.

[3016] v. Görtz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 288.

[3017] Süssmilch, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 260, et seq.

[3018] Felkin, ‘Contribution to the Determination of Sex,’ in ‘Edinburgh Medical Journal,’ vol. xxxii. pt. i. pp. 233-236.

[3019] Jacobs, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. pp. 44, et seq.

[3020] Bell, ‘The History of Improved Short-Horn, or Durham Cattle,’ p. 351.

[3021] Carr, ‘The History of the Rise and Progress of the Killerby, Studley, and Warlaby Herds of Shorthorns,’ p. 98.

[3022] Janke, loc. cit. pp. 373, et seq.

[3023] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 285.

[3024] Metz, loc. cit. p. 131.

[3025] Metz, loc. cit. p. 131.

[3026] Theal, loc. cit. pp. 16, et seq.

[3027] Jacobs, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 26. Mr. Jacobs thinks that English Jews marry their first cousins to the extent of 7·5 per cent. of all marriages, against a proportion of about 2 per cent. for England generally, as calculated by Professor G. H.  Darwin. M. Stieda, in his ‘Eheschliessungen in Elsass-Lothringen’ (1872-1876), gives the proportion of consanguineous marriages among Jews as 23·02 per thousand, against 1·86 for Protestants, and 9·97 for Catholics (Jacobs, ‘Studies in Jewish Statistics,’ p. 53).

[3028] According to Mr. Jacob’s comprehensive manuscript collection of Jewish statistics, which he has kindly allowed me to examine, the average proportion of male and female Jewish births registered in various countries is 114·50 males to 100 females, whilst the average proportion among the non-Jewish population of the corresponding countries is 105·25 males to 100 females. But Mr. Jacobs thinks that the accuracy of these statistics may be called in question, as the abnormal figures for Austria (128 to 100, in the years 1861-1870) and Russia (129 to 100, in the years 1867-1870), when compared with those for Posen (108 to 100, in the years 1819-1873) and Prussia (108 to 100, in the years 1875-1881), render it likely that some uniform error occurs in the registration of Jewish female children in Eastern Europe. It has also been suggested that less care is taken in the registration of females among poor Jews. Moreover, still-born children are not included in the rates of births, and this certainly affects the figures as to sex, because, parturition being more difficult in the case of males than in that of females, there are not so many still-born females as still-born males (v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 57). E. Nagel attributes the excess of male births among Jews to the greater care which Jewish wives take of their health during pregnancy, as also to the smaller number of illegitimate births. But Mr. Jacobs believes that the ratio of male births is greater among Jews than among non-Jewish Europeans, even if we take this objection into account.

[3029] Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ p. 270. Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 382, et seq.

[3030] Chervin, loc. cit. p. 38.

[3031] Goehlert, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xiii. p. 127.

[3032] Armstrong, loc. cit. p. 195.

[3033] Jones, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 326 (Kutchin). Dall, loc. cit. p. 403 (Kaniagmuts). Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  183 (Blackfeet). Bosman, loc. cit. pp. 423, 527; Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 121 (Negroes). Andree, loc. cit. p. 142 (Jews). Steller, loc. cit. pp. 347, et seq. (Kamchadales). Riedel, loc. cit. p. 263 (people of Aru).

[3034] Algonquins (Heriot, loc. cit. p. 329), Pelew Islanders (Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 31), Malays (Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  27), people of Aru (Riedel, p. 263), Negroes (Reade, loc. cit. pp. 45, 243. Moore, loc. cit. p. 242. Waitz, vol. ii. pp. 121, et seq.), Massagetæ (Beauregard, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p.  264, note 6), Azteks (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 267).

[3035] Ashe, loc. cit. p. 249.

[3036] Hearne, loc. cit. p. 93.

[3037] Walla Wallas (Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iv. pp. 400, et seq.), Thlinkets, Mosquitoes, New Zealanders (Waitz, vol. iii. p. 328; vol. iv. p. 291; vol. vi. p. 131), Chinese (Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  185).

[3038] American Indians (Heriot, p. 339), people of Aru (Riedel, p. 263), Caroline Islanders (Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 210), Fijians (Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 191), Wanyoro (‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 84), Waganda (Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  187), Ashantees (Reade, loc. cit. p. 45).

[3039] Moore, loc. cit. p. 223.

[3040] Thomson, ‘Notes on the Basin of the River Rovuma,’ in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. iv. p. 75.

[3041] Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 191.

[3042] Cf. Egede, loc. cit. p. 146; Brett, loc. cit. p. 102; Bonwick, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 205; Idem, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 78; Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  48, note *. ‘Thierische Milche,’ says Lippert (‘Die Geschichte der Familie,’ p. 22), ‘ist so wenig die allgemeine Nahrung der Menschheit auf einer sehr frühen Kulturstufe gewesen, dass vielmehr sämmtliche Völker der neuen Welt aus eigner Entwicklung gar nie diese Stufe erklommen haben.'

[3043] Carver, loc. cit. p. 262; Powers, loc. cit. p. 271 (North American Indians).

[3044] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 38 (Akas). Oldham, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iii. p. 240 (Khasias). Lewin, loc. cit. p. 261 (Kukis). Harkness, loc. cit. p. 78 (Kotars).

[3045] Wilson, loc. cit. p. 179.

[3046] Bastian, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. vi. p. 389.

[3047] Cf. Sproat, loc. cit. pp. 251, et seq.; Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 96, 331; Reade, loc. cit. p. 250; Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 46, 85.

[3048] Cf. Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ.’ vol. iv. pp. 401, et seq. (Kaniagmuts); Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. 242 (Chinooks); Powers, loc. cit. pp. 235, et seq. (Wintun); v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 644, et seq. (Macusís).

[3049] Cf. Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 243; vol. v. p.  176; Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 456; Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 131, 778; Powers, p. 32.

[3050] Reade, loc. cit. p. 45.

[3051] Ploss, ‘Das Weib,’ vol. ii. pp. 376-387.

[3052] Katscher, loc. cit. p. 48.

[3053] v. Żmigrodzki, loc. cit. p. 177.

[3054] Ross, loc. cit. p. 311.

[3055] Powers, loc. cit. pp. 20, 44.

[3056] Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  121.

[3057] Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 312.

[3058] Musters, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p.  196. Schomburgk, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  122.

[3059] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  311. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 15, 22.

[3060] Stavorinus, ‘Account of Java and Batavia,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xi. p. 193.

[3061] Boyle, loc. cit. p. 199, note.

[3062] Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 50, 66.

[3063] St John, ‘The Ainos,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 249.

[3064] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  50. On the Arabs of Upper Egypt, see Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ pp. 124, 265.

[3065] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 119.

[3066] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 397. Cf. ibid., p. 81.

[3067] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  163.

[3068] Reade, loc. cit. p. 447.

[3069] Chapman, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  342. Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ pp. 50, 196. v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 199, 200, 216.

[3070] Thulié, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. iv. p. 421.

[3071] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 471. ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 85.

[3072] Krieger, ‘Die Menstruation,’ p. 174.

[3073] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 143. Forster, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  340.

[3074] Merolla da Sorrento, loc. cit. p. 299.

[3075] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  252.

[3076] Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  147.

[3077] Cunningham, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. 1. p.  204.

[3078] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 71.

[3079] Samuells, ‘Notes on a Forest Race called Puttooas or Juanga, Inhabiting certain of the Tributary Mehals of Cuttack,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxv. p. 300. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 308.

[3080] Dall, loc. cit. p. 381.

[3081] Katscher, loc. cit. p. 97. Moore, loc. cit. p. 178. Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 370.

[3082] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxx. vv. 1-4.

[3083] Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424.

[3084] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  184.

[3085] Andree, loc. cit. p. 146.

[3086] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  252.

[3087] Cf. Waitz, vol. iii. p. 115; v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  353, note; Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 15; d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. p. 132.

[3088] Heriot, loc. cit. p. 551.

[3089] Keating, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 156.

[3090] Burton, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. i. pp. 320, et seq. Cf. Idem, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 121.

[3091] Bosman, loc. cit. p. 481.

[3092] In the language of the Bechuanas, the word ‘motlanka,’ like the ‘παῖς’ of the Greeks and the ‘puer’ of the Romans, signifies at the same time boy and servant (Casalis, loc. cit. p. 188, note).

[3093] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 180, et seq.

[3094] Among the Kamchadales (Georgi, loc. cit. p. 342), Guiana Indians (Brett, loc. cit. p. 413, note 2), Fuegians (Bove, loc. cit. p. 133), Santals (Man, loc. cit. p. 15), Gypsies (Liebich, loc. cit. p. 52), Marea (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 248), Somals, and Kafirs (Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 119), the women are stated to be more or less prolific.

[3095] Catlin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 228.

[3096] Hearne, loc. cit. p. 313 (Northern Indians). Ross, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1886, p. 305 (Eastern Tinneh). Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 169, 218, 242 (Haidahs, Columbians about Puget Sound, Chinooks). Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  684 (Comanches). Dall, loc. cit. p. 194 (Ingaliks). Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. 147 (Beaver Indians). Armstrong, loc. cit. p. 195 (Eskimo). Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  149 (Greenlanders). Baegert, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1863, p. 368 (Indians of the Californian Peninsula). Gibbs, loc. cit. p. 209 (Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon).

[3097] Talamanca Indians (Bovallius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  249), Guaranies (Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 59), Ostyaks (Ahlqvist, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. xiv. p. 290), Kukis (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 255), Dyaks (Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p.  142), Sumatrans (Marsden, loc. cit. p. 257), Australians (Sturt, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 137. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 81, et seq. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 780), Maoris (Angas, vol. i. p.  314), Tedâ (Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  448), Mandingoes, (Park, loc. cit. p. 219), Egbas (Burton, ‘Abeokuta,’ vol. i. p.  207).

[3098] Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p.  143. Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. 147.

[3099] Hearne, loc. cit. p. 313.

[3100] Cf. Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 238 (Dacotahs); Powers, loc. cit. p. 231 (Wintun); Brett, loc. cit. p. 413, note 2 (Indians of Guiana); Bove, loc. cit. p. 133 (Fuegians).

[3101] Reade, loc. cit. p. 242.

[3102] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. pp. 141, et seq.

[3103] Wood, ‘The Natural History of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 685.

[3104] Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 419.

[3105] Powers, loc. cit. p. 259.

[3106] Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  254. Bosman, loc. cit. p. 419.

[3107] Marco Polo, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  220.

[3108] Cf. Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 196; Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  118.

[3109] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  512, note 120.

[3110] King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 153.

[3111] Hooper, loc. cit. p. 100.

[3112] v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 47.

[3113] Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 148.

[3114] Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ p. 465.

[3115] St. John, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 254.

[3116] Dall, loc. cit. p. 388. Coxe, loc. cit. p. 183.

[3117] Hooper, loc. cit. p. 271. Cf. Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 312; Richardson, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  383.

[3118] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  104. Alcedo-Thompson, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 416.

[3119] Reade, loc. cit. p. 259.

[3120] Forbes, ‘Dahomey,’ vol. i. pp. 25, et seq.

[3121] Inglis, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iii. p. 63. d’Albertis, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  395. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  94.

[3122] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  657.

[3123] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  106 (Brazilian aborigines). Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  147 (Greenlanders). Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 389 (Kafirs). Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424 (Arabs). v. Siebold, loc. cit. pp. 31, et seq. (Ainos). Navarette, loc. cit. p. 72 (Chinese). Rein, loc. cit. p. 425 (Japanese).

[3124] Reade, loc. cit. pp. 259, et seq.

[3125] Livingstone, ‘Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi,’ pp. 284, et seq.

[3126] Powers, loc. cit. p. 259.

[3127] Cf. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 93 (Fijians); v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. p.  548 (Indians on Orinoco).

[3128] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 109.

[3129] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  512. Schadenberg, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 12. Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424. Cf. Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 321 (Greenlanders).

[3130] Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ pp. 125-127.

[3131] v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 158.

[3132] Cf. Burdach, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  375.

[3133] Nansen, vol. ii. p. 329. Cf. ibid., vol. ii. pp. 321, 329, et seq.

[3134] Hearne, loc. cit. p. 310. Cf. ibid., p. 125.

[3135] Franklin, ‘Second Expedition,’ p. 301. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 102.

[3136] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. pp. 234, et seq. Cf. ibid., vol. iii. p. 236.

[3137] Brett, loc. cit. pp. 351, et seq. Cf. Schomburgk, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p.  270.

[3138] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. pp. 548, et seq.

[3139] Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 22, et seq.

[3140] Bove, loc. cit. p. 131.

[3141] Williams and Calvert, loc. cit. pp. 152, et seq.

[3142] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 191, et seq.

[3143] Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 282. Cf. Freycinet, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 766; Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp. 758, 781.

[3144] Taplin, loc. cit. p. 11.

[3145] Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 213.

[3146] St. John, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  56.

[3147] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  185.

[3148] Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 251.

[3149] Tod, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  258.

[3150] Pischon, loc. cit. p. 14. d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. pp. 250, et seq.

[3151] Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  226.

[3152] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 253, et seq.

[3153] Saalschütz, ‘Das mosaische Recht,’ vol. ii. p. 727.

[3154] Dutt, ‘The Social Life of the Hindus in the Rig-Veda Period,’ in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 79.

[3155] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 503. Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  134. Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 142. Casalis, loc. cit. p. 189.

[3156] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 161.

[3157] For other instances of female jealousy, see Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 419 (Kutchin); Lyon, loc. cit. p. 355 (Eskimo at Igloolik); Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 70 (Crees); v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  392 (Mundrucûs); Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97 (Samoans); Kubary, loc. cit. p. 61 (Pelew Islanders); Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  269 (Tahitians); Yate, loc. cit. p. 97 (Maoris); Riedel, loc. cit. pp. 335, 448 (natives of Babber and Wetter); Cooper, loc. cit. p. 102 (Assamese); Kearns, ‘The Tribes of South India,’ p. 72 (Reddies); Rowney, loc. cit. p. 38 (Bhils); Steller, loc. cit. p. 288 (Kamchadales); Reade, loc. cit. p. 444 (Moors of the Sahara); Shooter, loc. cit. p. 78; v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 329, et seq.; Maclean, loc. cit. p. 44 (Kafirs).

[3158] Domenech, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 306.

[3159] Eastern Tinneh (Ross, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 310), Naudowessies (Carver, loc. cit. p. 367), Kaviaks (Dall, loc. cit. p. 138), Northern Indians (Hearne, loc. cit. pp. 129, et seq.), Crees (Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ pp. xcvi. et seq.), Indians of the Californian Peninsula (Baegert, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1863, p. 368), Minnetarees and Mandans (Lewis and Clarke, loc. cit. p. 307), Caribs (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 383).

[3160] Indians of Oregon (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  277. Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  654), Crows (Bastian, ‘Der Papua des dunkeln Inselreichs,’ p. 128, note 8), Blackfeet (Idem, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. vi. pp. 403, et seq., note).

[3161] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 438.

[3162] Schoolcraft, vol. iii. pp. 195, et seq.

[3163] Heriot, loc. cit. p. 338.

[3164] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 685.

[3165] Ibid., vol. i. p.  661.

[3166] Strauch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. p. 62. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 28.

[3167] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  363.

[3168] Hickson, loc. cit. p. 282.

[3169] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 327.

[3170] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 28.

[3171] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 369.

[3172] Man, ‘Sonthalia,’ p. 15.

[3173] Macpherson, loc. cit. p. 69. Hodgson, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 744.

[3174] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 454.

[3175] Ibid., p. 181. Cf. ibid., pp. 209, et seq.

[3176] Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  447.

[3177] Bain, loc. cit. pp. 136, et seq.

[3178] Ibid., p. 137.

[3179] Müller, ‘Am Neste,’ p. 102. Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ pt. iv. ch. ii. Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 293-295.

[3180] Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ pp. 288, et seq.

[3181] Houzeau, ‘Études sur les facultés mentales des animaux,’ vol. ii. p. 117.

[3182] Gibbs, loc. cit. p. 198.

[3183] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 102.

[3184] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 273.

[3185] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 117.

[3186] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 45. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 192. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  267.

[3187] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 756. For other instances, see ibid., vol. vi. p. 125; ‘Das Ausland,’ 1857, p. 888.

[3188] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 33 (Miris). Cunningham, ‘History of the Sikhs,’ p. 18 (Tibetans). Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 227 (Damaras). Bastian, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. vi. p. 388.

[3189] Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 134. Cf. Davy, loc. cit. p. 287.

[3190] Gordon Cumming, loc. cit. p. 406 (Tibetans). Beauregard, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. pp. 264, et seq. (Massagetæ). See ante, p. 116.

[3191] Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 429.

[3192] Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. ii. p. 460.

[3193] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 477.

[3194] Quoted by Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 191.

[3195] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 341.

[3196] Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 440, 442.

[3197] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 28.

[3198] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 253.

[3199] Ibid., p. 343.

[3200] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  677.

[3201] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 315, 317.

[3202] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 191.

[3203] Ibid., p. 231.

[3204] Powers, loc. cit. pp. 5, 406.

[3205] Vámbéry, ‘Die primitive Cultur des turko-tatarischen Volkes,’ p. 71.

[3206] Mason, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. ii. pp. 19, et seq. Smeaton, loc. cit. p. 81.

[3207] Dutt, in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 79.

[3208] Goguet, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  22.

[3209] Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 252.

[3210] Dubois, loc. cit. p. 101. Cf. the myths of the Nishinam (Powers, loc. cit. p. 339), Thlinkets (Dall, loc. cit. p. 421), Nicaraguans (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 280), Caroline Islanders (ibid., vol. v. pt. ii. p. 136).

[3211] As, for example, by Post, ‘Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’ p. 27, and Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 664, et seq.

[3212] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p.  334; vol. ii. pp. 394, et seq. Mr. Reade thinks (loc. cit. p. 214) we may infer that Gorillas are polygamous, like stags, cocks, pheasants, and other animals that battle for mates, from the fact that a trustworthy informant had seen two Gorillas fighting. But it is not only polygamous animals that fight for females.

[3213] Hartmann, loc. cit. p. 214.

[3214] Among the Bechuanas, says Mr. Conder (‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 86), a man formerly became richer the more wives he had, because they used to hoe his mealies; ‘now, however, ploughs have been introduced, and the men take pride in driving a team of eight oxen in a plough.'

[3215] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  752.

[3216] Le Bon, ‘La Civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424.

[3217] Letourneau, ‘Sociology,’ p. 378.

[3218] McLennan, ‘The Levirate and Polyandry,’ in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ N.S. vol. xxi. pp. 703-705. Idem, ‘Studies,’ pp. 112, et seq.

[3219] Bellabollahs (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  169, note 34), Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon (Gibbs, loc. cit. p. 199), Miwok (Powers, loc. cit. p. 356), Iroquois, Wyandots (Heriot, loc. cit. p. 330), Shawanese (Ashe, loc. cit. p. 250), Azteks, Mayas, Mosquitoes (Bancroft, vol. ii. pp. 466, 671; vol. i. p.  730), Arawaks (Waitz, loc. cit. vol iii. p. 392), Warraus (Schomburgk, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p.  275), Tupis (Southey, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  241), Australians (Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  107. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 776. Bonney, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 135. Palmer, ibid., vol. xiii. p. 298. Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 278. Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  87. Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 164), Samoans (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 98), New Caledonians (Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 367), people of New Britain (Romilly, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. xi. p. 9), Caroline Islanders (Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 106), peoples of New Guinea (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 66) and the Malay Archipelago (ibid., pp. 32, 39, 54, 57-60. Marsden, loc. cit. pp. 228, 229, 260, et seq. Joest, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1882, p. 70), Mrús (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 234), Kaupuis (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355), Kakhyens (Anderson, loc. cit. p. 142), Pahárias (Dalton, loc. cit. p. 273), Bilúchis (Postans, ‘The Bilúchi Tribes Inhabiting Sindh,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 105), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 403), Ostyaks (Latham, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  457), Kamchadales (Steller, loc. cit. p. 347), Ainos (Dall, loc. cit. p. 524. Dixon, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol xi. pt. i. p.  44), Arabs (Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 64. Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 406), Gallas (Waitz, vol. ii. p. 516), Kûri (Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 375), Kunáma (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 488), Negroes of Senegambia (Reade, loc. cit. p. 455), the tribes in the interior of Western Equatorial Africa mentioned by Mr. Du Chaillu (‘Journey to Ashango-Land,’ p. 429), Bechuanas, Zulus (Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 85), Eastern Central Africans (Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  135), people of Madagascar (Sibree, loc. cit. p. 246), Hebrews (‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxv. vv. 5-10), ancient Egyptians (‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 293). For other instances, see infra, note 3.

[3220] Cf. Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. ii. p. 649.

[3221] Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 488 (Kunáma). v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 117, 118, 691 (Brazilian aborigines, Arawaks). Gibbs, loc. cit. p. 199 (Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon).

[3222] Atkha Aleuts (Petroff, loc. cit. p. 158), Chippewas (Keating, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 170, et seq.), Eskimo (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, pp. 698, et seq.), Crees (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 110), Brazilian aborigines (v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 198), tribes of Western Victoria (Dawson, loc. cit. p. 27), people of Nitendi and the New Hebrides (Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 634), Nufoor Papuans of New Guinea (Guillemard, loc. cit. p. 390), Santals (‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  xxiv.). Among the Gonds it is the duty of a younger brother to take to wife the widow of an elder brother, though the converse is not permitted (Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 150).

[3223] Dall, loc. cit. p. 416.

[3224] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., pp. 112, et seq.

[3225] Fijians, Samoans (Prichard, loc. cit. p. 393), Papuans of New Guinea (Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 77. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 661), Caroline Islanders (Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 209. Waitz-Gerland, vol v. pt. ii. p. 117), the tribes in the interior of Western Equatorial Africa mentioned by Mr. Du Chaillu (‘Journey to Ashango-Land,’ p. 429). Among many other peoples the right of succession belongs in the first place to the brother.

[3226] Man, loc. cit. p. 100.

[3227] Thlinkets (Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. pp. 316, 325), Kunáma (Munzinger, loc. cit. pp. 484, 488).

[3228] Miris (Rowney, loc. cit. p. 154), Tartars (Marco Polo, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 221. de Rubruquis, loc. cit. pp. 33, et seq.), Wanyoro (Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 49), Wakamba (Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p.  406), Baele (Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 176), Egbas (Burton, ‘Abeokuta,’ vol. i. p.  208), Negroes of Fida, &c. (Bosman, loc. cit. p. 480. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 115).

[3229] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  97, note.

[3230] Bosman, p. 528.

[3231] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 16.

[3232] Shooter, loc. cit. p. 86.

[3233] McLennan, ‘The Patriarchal Theory,’ p. 89.

[3234] Cf. Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ p. 241.

[3235] Hebrews (‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxv. vv. 5-10), Hindus (‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. vv. 59-63), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 403), Bechuanas (Livingstone, ‘Missionary Travels,’ p. 185), people of Madagascar (Sibree, loc. cit. p. 246). Among the Hindus, the ‘levir’ did not take his brother’s widow as his wife; he only had intercourse with her. This practice was called ‘Niyoga.'

[3236] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., p. 113.

[3237] Starcke, loc. cit. ch. iii.

[3238] Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 395.

[3239] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 98.

[3240] Shooter, loc. cit. p. 86.

[3241] McLennan, p. 91.

[3242] Lyon, loc. cit. p. 355.

[3243] Davy, loc. cit. p. 287.

[3244] Moorcroft and Trebeck, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  321.

[3245] de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p.  228.

[3246] Fraser, loc. cit. p. 208.

[3247] Bogle, loc. cit. p. 123.

[3248] Wilson, loc. cit. p. 212.

[3249] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ii. p. 292.

[3250] Fraser, loc. cit. p. 209.

[3251] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. i. p.  83.

[3252] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iv. p. 20.

[3253] Ibid., vol. i. p.  33.

[3254] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 135.

[3255] Earl, loc. cit. p. 83. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 66.

[3256] Peoples of Watubela (Riedel, loc. cit. p. 206) and Lampong in Sumatra (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 58), Igorrotes and Italones of the Philippines (Blumentritt, loc. cit. pp. 28, 33). Professor Wilken thinks (pp. 46, et seq.) the same was the case among the Niasians and Bataks.

[3257] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 293.

[3258] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 105.

[3259] Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 508. Cf. Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 319, et seq.

[3260] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. pp. 272, et seq.

[3261] Keane, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol xiii. p. 206.

[3262] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 634.

[3263] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 328. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  101. Lumholtz, loc. cit. pp. 193, 213.

[3264] Quoted by Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 73.

[3265] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97.

[3266] Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  88.

[3267] St. John, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 237.

[3268] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 75.

[3269] Rosset, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 169.

[3270] Quoted by Pridham, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  253.

[3271] Bourien, ‘The Wild Tribes of the Interior of the Malay Peninsula,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. iii. p. 80.

[3272] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 370. Yule, ‘Notes on the Kasia Hills,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. ii. p. 624. Huc, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  186.

[3273] Pischon, loc. cit. p. 13. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 603.

[3274] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 958.

[3275] Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iv. p. 150.

[3276] Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 207, et seq.

[3277] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 247, 251.

[3278] Reade, loc. cit. p. 444.

[3279] Lobo, loc. cit. p. 26.

[3280] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 122.

[3281] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 114.

[3282] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1027.

[3283] Rawlinson, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 353.

[3284] Becker, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 488, et seq. Hermann-Blümner, loc. cit. p. 264.

[3285] Nordström, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 34.

[3286] Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ p. 125.

[3287] Georgi, loc. cit. p. 371.

[3288] Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 173.

[3289] Sibree, loc. cit. pp. 161, 250.

[3290] de Herrera, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 171.

[3291] ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxiv. v. i.  Ewald, loc. cit. p. 203.

[3292] Meier and Schömann, loc. cit. p. 511.

[3293] Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ pp. 123, et seq.

[3294] Grimm, loc. cit. p. 454.

[3295] Chinooks (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol i. p.  241), Chippewas (Keating, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 157), Chippewyans (Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. cxxiii.), Shawanese (Ashe, loc. cit. p. 249), Macusís (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 391), Mundrucûs and other Brazilian tribes (v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  104), Minuanes, Pampas, Mbayas, Payaguas (Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 32, 44, 114, 132), Catalanganes of the Philippines (Blumentritt, loc. cit. p. 41), Siamese (Moore, loc. cit. p. 169), Burmese (Colquhoun, ‘Burma,’ pp. 12, et seq.), Chukmas (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 187), Yakuts (Sauer, loc. cit. p. 129), Chuvashes, Votyaks, Cheremises, Mordvins, Voguls (Georgi, loc. cit. p. 42), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 404), Takue (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 209), Beni-Mzab (Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 315, et seq.)

[3296] Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  148.

[3297] Powers, loc. cit. p. 239.

[3298] Carver, loc. cit. p. 375.

[3299] Harmon, loc. cit. p. 342.

[3300] Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ p. 324.

[3301] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497.

[3302] Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 23. Faulkner, loc. cit. p. 126.

[3303] Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 167.

[3304] Dieffenbach, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 40.

[3305] Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 95.

[3306] Lawes, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 614. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397.

[3307] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 129.

[3308] Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  78.

[3309] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 68.

[3310] Cf. Nauhaus, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1882, p. 210; Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 278; Maclean, loc. cit. p. 70; Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 261, 264.

[3311] Ewald, loc. cit. p. 203. Among the Samaritans, divorce, though permitted, does not occur (Andree, loc. cit. p. 217).

[3312] Glasson, loc. cit. p. 151. Meier and Schömann, loc. cit. p. 510.

[3313] Mackenzie, ‘Roman Law,’ p. 123.

[3314] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 276.

[3315] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 64.

[3316] Dawson, loc. cit. p. 33.

[3317] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p.  208. Lewin, p. 210.

[3318] Peoples of Ceram, Aru, Sermatta, Babber, Letti, Moa and Lakor, Wetter (Riedel, loc. cit. pp. 134, 263, 325, 351, 390, 448), Buru (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 51).

[3319] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 110. Cf. Proyart, loc. cit. p. 569 (Negroes of Loango).

[3320] Kolben, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  157.

[3321] Casalis, loc. cit. pp. 184, et seq.

[3322] Marshall, loc. cit. p. 219.

[3323] Mantras (Bourien, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. iii. p. 80), Butias of Ladakh (Cunningham, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. i. p.  204), Toungtha (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 194), Timorese (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 54).

[3324] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 263, 265. Waitz, vol. iv. p. 132.

[3325] Waitz, vol. iv. p. 278.

[3326] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 25, et seq. Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  219. Müller, ‘Reise der Novara,’ Ethnographie, p. 164.

[3327] Navarette, loc. cit. p. 73.

[3328] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 27.

[3329] Rein, loc. cit. pp. 424, et seq.

[3330] Amír’ Alí, loc. cit. p. 332.

[3331] Lane, loc. cit vol. i. pp. 139, 247. Pischon, loc. cit. p. 13.

[3332] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. vv. 80, et seq. This, however, was not a divorce in our sense of the term. ‘Neither by sale nor by repudiation,’ says Manu (ch. ix. v. 46), ‘is a wife released from her husband.'

[3333] Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 95.

[3334] Glasson, loc. cit. pp. 204, et seq.

[3335] Glasson, pp. 213, 215.

[3336] Ibid., pp. 367, et seq.

[3337] Ibid., pp. 437, 452.

[3338] Ibid., p. 403.

[3339] Carpentier, ‘Traité théorétique et pratique du divorce,’ p. 52. For the laws of divorce in the States of Europe and America, see Neubauer, ‘Ehescheidung im Auslande,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vols. v.-ix.

[3340] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 254.

[3341] Greenlanders (Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 509), Damaras (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 416), Marea (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 241), Kafirs of Natal (Shooter, loc. cit. pp. 85, et seq.), Samoans (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97), Dyaks (St. John, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 237).

[3342] This is especially the case when the wife is superior to the husband in rank [cf. Soyaux, loc. cit. p. 162 (Negroes of Loango); Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 284 (Negroes of Sierra Leone); Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. pp. 140, et seq. (Eastern Central Africans); Sibree, loc. cit. p. 254 (Tanàla of Madagascar); Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 106; vol. vi. p. 128 (Caroline Islanders, Tahitians); ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333 (Pelew Islanders); Moore, loc. cit. p. 289 (Natchez)]; but also when they are of equal rank, as among the Shawanese (Ashe, loc. cit. p. 249), Macassars, Bugis (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 76), Rejangs (Marsden, loc. cit. p. 235), Malays of Perak (McNair, loc. cit. p. 236), Galela (Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 78), Kaupuis (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355), Badagas (Harkness, loc. cit. p. 117), Kerantis (Rowney, loc. cit. p. 136), Mongols (Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p.  70), Beni-Amer, Kunáma (Munzinger, loc. cit. pp. 320, 321, 489), Touaregs Chavanne, (‘Die Sahara,’ p. 209), Ashantees (Waitz, vol. ii. p. 120), Masai (Last, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. v. p.  533), Kafirs (Maclean, loc. cit. pp. 69, et seq.).

[3343] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  277.

[3344] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. pp. 223, et seq.

[3345] Ibid., vol. iv. p. 214.

[3346] Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 93.

[3347] Lisiansky, loc. cit. pp. 127, et seq.

[3348] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  256. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397. Chalmers, loc. cit. p. 167. Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 106, et seq.

[3349] Riedel, loc. cit. pp. 134, 173, 263, 325, 390, 448.

[3350] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 295.

[3351] Fytche, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 73.

[3352] Harkness, loc. cit. p. 92.

[3353] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. iii. p. 83.

[3354] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  140.

[3355] Arnot, ‘Garenganze,’ p. 194.

[3356] Waitz, vol. iv. p. 86.

[3357] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 672.

[3358] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  219. Rein, loc. cit. pp. 424, et seq.

[3359] Glasson, loc. cit. pp. 149, et seq.

[3360] Amír’ Alí, loc. cit. ch. xii. et seq. Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  139.

[3361] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. pp. 386, et seq.

[3362] Glasson, loc. cit. p. 187.

[3363] Ibid., p. 189.

[3364] Ibid., p. 195.

[3365] Ibid., pp. 152, et seq. Meier and Schömann, loc. cit. p. 512.

[3366] Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 42, et seq.

[3367] Mackenzie, ‘Roman Law,’ p. 123.

[3368] Glasson, pp. 291, 298, 304.

[3369] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157.

[3370] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  92.

[3371] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 315. Cf. Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. ii. p. 76 (Abipones); Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. i. p.  258 (Touaregs of Rhāt).

[3372] Glasson, loc. cit. p. 469.

[3373] ‘Revue d’Anthropologie,’ 1883, p. 290. Cf. Keane, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 206 (Botocudos); Krauss, loc. cit. p 568 (South Slavonians).

[3374] v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 150.

[3375] Dall, loc. cit. p. 139 (Western Eskimo). Egede, loc. cit. p. 143 (Greenlanders). Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 141 (Zulus). Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 48 (Wanyoro). Buchner, loc. cit. p. 31 (Duallas). Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  218 (Persians). Krauss, pp. 532, 570, et seq. (South Slavonians); &c.

[3376] Schoolcraft, ‘The Indian in his Wigwam,’ p. 73. Cf. Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 320 (Greenlanders); Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 48 (Bushmans); St. John, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  66 (Sea Dyaks).

[3377] St. John, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 237.

[3378] Bailey, ibid., vol. ii. p. 292. Cf. Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 141 (Zulus).

[3379] For exceptions, see ante p. 19.

[3380] Nutkas, Inland Columbians (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 197, 277), Shans (Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 295), Burmese (Fytche, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 73), Malays of Perak (McNair, loc. cit. p. 236), Beni-Amer, Kunáma (Munzinger, loc. cit. pp. 320, 321, 489).

[3381] Mason, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxxv. pt. ii. p. 20.

[3382] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 51.

[3383] Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 78. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 107.

[3384] Glasson, loc. cit. p. 187.

[3385] Cf. Codrington, loc. cit. p. 244.

[3386] Sauer, loc. cit. p. 129 (Jakuts). Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p.  401 (Wakamba). ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 48 (Zulus). Merolla da Sorrento, loc. cit. p. 235 (Negroes of Sogno). Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 315 (Thlinkets). Cf. Powers, loc. cit. p. 56 (Yurok); Lewin, loc. cit. p. 235 (Mrús); Livingstone, ‘Missionary Travels,’ p. 412 (Negroes of Angola).

[3387] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 404 (Ossetes). Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iv. pp. 26, et seq. (Circassians). Harkness, loc. cit. p. 117 (Badagas). Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 101 (Malays). Merolla da Sorrento, p. 235 (Negroes of Sogno). ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026 (Negroes of Bondo). Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol iv. p. 315 (Thlinkets).

[3388] Casalis, loc. cit. p. 184.

[3389] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317.

[3390] Munda Kols (Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 370), Todas (Marshall, loc. cit. p. 218), Bedouins (Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iv. p. 150), Tartars (Georgi, loc. cit. p. 238), East Africans (Burton, ‘The Lake Regions of Central Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 333).

[3391] Aleuts (Georgi, loc. cit. p. 370), Dacotahs (Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 240), Nukahivans (v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  153), Papuans of New Guinea (Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397).

[3392] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97.

[3393] Pridham, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  253. Cf. Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 672 (Yucatan).

[3394] Greenlanders (Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  148), Thlinkets (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 328), Inland Columbians (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  277), Apaches (ibid., vol. i. p.  513), Iroquois (Buchanan, ‘North American Indians,’ pp. 338, et seq.), Gallinomero in California (Powers, loc. cit. p. 178), and other North American Indians (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 105), Caribs (ibid., vol. iii. p. 383), Payaguas (Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 132), Marianne Islanders (Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 107), Tongans (Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 179), Khasias (Steel, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. vii. p. 308. Dalton, loc. cit. p. 57).

[3395] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 191.

[3396] Katscher, loc. cit. p. 91. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 401.

[3397] Bourien, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. iii. p. 80. Cf. St. John, ibid., vol. p. 237; Mason, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxxv. pt. ii. p. 20.

[3398] Lane Poole, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. v. p.  684.

[3399] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  215.

[3400] Mr. Crawfurd (loc. cit. vol. i. p.  79) points out the connection, in Java, between the frequency of women deserting their husbands and the abundance of food; the laboriousness and industriousness of the women, who can earn a subsistence independent of a husband, and the tameness and servileness of the men.

[3401] Crawfurd, vol. iii. p. 101 (Malays). Marsden, loc. cit. p. 235 (Rejangs). Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 78 (Galela). Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355 (Kaupuis). Rowney, loc. cit. p. 136 (Kerantis). Marshall, loc. cit. p. 217 (Todas). Harkness, loc. cit. p. 117 (Badagas). Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 120 (Negroes).

[3402] Mohammedans (Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  139), Badagas (Harkness, p. 117).

[3403] Bickmore, loc. cit. p. 279. Cf. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 569; Raffles, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  81 (Javanese).

[3404] Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 63. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 454, et seq.

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